Abstract
Aphids are among the most obnoxious pests of almond and peach in Tunisia. Accurate control of these insect pests requires the determination of their major species as well as the thorough understanding of the biology and identification of their major natural enemies. The scope of this chapter is to identify the main aphid species infesting almond and peach in Tunisia, to describe their biology, to determine their natural enemies and to study their efficiency as biological agents. A field survey was carried out during 2007–2016 period at Almond and Peach orchards in Tunisia. Results demonstrated the presence of Hyalopterus pruni Geoffroy, Hyalopterus amygdali Blanchard, Brachycaudus amygdalinus Schouteden, Myzus persicae Sulzer, Brachycaudus schzartwi Borner and Pterochloroides persicae Cholodkovsky. Biological study of recorded species demonstrated the presence of holocyclic and anholocyclic life cycle depending on host trees and aphid species. For predators, four families (Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Chrysopidae, Cecidomyiidae) and one parasitoid and two entomopathogenic fungi species were identified. For control of Pterochloroides persicae, results showed that Pauesia antennata Mukergi was more efficacy than Coccinella algerica Kovar. This parasitoid should be reared and used in future integrated pest management program in almond and peach orchard in Tunisia.
Keywords
- almond
- peach
- aphids
- biology
- predators
- parasitoids
1. Introduction
Peach and almond are being considered as the most important fruit trees in Tunisia covering more than 22714.5 and 22139.9 hectares, respectively [1]. These fruit trees are tolerant to stress conditions (salinity, water deficiency) and still bear good yields. Nevertheless, a wide range of insect pests infest almond and peach trees reducing yield’s quantity and quality. Among them,
In Tunisia, extensive traditional growth of almond and peach trees in large cultivated areas can result in a flourishing habitat for attracting several aphid species and their natural enemies. In this chapter, we define the composition of aphid fauna and their natural enemies on almond and peach in Tunisia, and describe bioecology of defined aphid species and control methods of
2. Survey of aphid species in almond and peach trees
This study was held in 11 sites of north, center and south of Tunisia, where wild almonds and peach distributed there. This study lasted ten years: 2006 until 2016, throughout the aphid injury presence on almonds and peach. Several almond and peach varieties have been chosen (Figure 1).
3. Aphids species on almond and peach in Tunisia
Aphid species were identified according to Blackman and Eastop and using taxonomy keys [17, 18, 19]. Our results demonstrated the presence of six species that belonged to the Aphidinae and Lachninae subfamilies. For the Aphidinae, species
4. Aphids bioecology infesting peach and almond trees in Tunisia
Biology of infestation of different species that were identified in this study was recorded during the four seasons of each year. For
5. Aphids natural enemies
Our survey on aphid taxonomy infestating almond and peach orchards in Tunisia revealed the co-existence of a wide range of natural enemies living in the same habitat. Insect natural enemies were collected and identified in laboratory according to Le Monnier and Livory [41], Chandler [42], Rotheray [43], Stary [44] and Lawrence [45]. Our results demonstrated the presence of four families of predators (Coccinellidae, Cecidomyiidae, Syrphidae and Chrysopidae). For Coccinellidae, we identified the following species
6. Control methods
6.1 Efficiency of Coccinella algerica Kovar
Efficiency of
6.2 Efficiency of Pauesia antennata Mukerji (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae)
7. Conclusions
This chapter highlighted the major aphid on almond and peach in Tunisia (species, bioecology, natural enemies and control methods). Among six aphid identified species,
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