Characteristic tryptic peptides before or after removal of signal peptide sequence in hGH or in hPRL.
Abstract
Hormone is a category of important endocrine regulatory proteins in human endocrine systems. Clarification of hormone proteoforms directly leads to understanding of its biological roles. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DGE) in combination with mass spectrometry (MS) plays important roles in identification of hormone proteoforms such as human growth hormone (hGH) proteoforms and human prolactin (hPRL) proteoforms. This book chapter will review the hormone proteoforms focusing on hGH and hPRL, the methodology of hormone proteoform study, and future perspective of human hormone proteoform study to find biomarkers for in-depth understanding of molecular mechanisms, and individualized and precise diagnosis, therapy, and prognostic assessment of hormone-related diseases.
Keywords
- two-dimensional gel electrophoresis
- mass spectrometry
- tandem mass spectrometry
- liquid chromatography
- hormone
- growth hormone
- prolactin
- variant
- proteoform
1. Introduction
Hormone is a category of important endocrine regulatory proteins in the human endocrine systems. Hormone is a chemical message substance synthesized by highly differentiated endocrine cells and directly secreted into the blood, which has high biological activities and transmits information in the body as a messenger. It is a vital substance in human life and plays important roles in regulating physiological processes such as metabolism, growth, and development.
Notably, human growth hormone (hGH) and human prolactin (hPRL) are two key hormones in human body. The hGH, also known as somatotropin, is produced in the acidophilic somatotroph cells of the anterior pituitary gland and is a 191 amino acid single chain polypeptide, which is released into the blood circulation and takes part in the hypothalamic-anterior pituitary-skeletal muscle axis system to regulate growth and development in human body [1, 2]. The synthesis and release of hGHs are affected by multiple complex feedback mechanisms, and the major regulators are growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) synthesized in the hypothalamus, somatostatin derived from various tissues of the body, and ghrelin produced in the gastrointestinal tract. The mechanism of the effect of hGH is to directly bind with target organs for response of stimulation or it is indirectly influenced by the role of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). The IGF-1 secreted from hepatocytes responds to the binding of hGH to surface receptors. If the Janus activating tyrosine kinases (JAKs) 1 and 2 are activated and bound to the cytoplasmic transcriptions factors STAT1, STAT3, and STAT5, and transported into the nucleus, thus enhanced gene transcription and metabolism would be induced, and the corresponding IGF-1 is generated and released into circulation. IGF-1 affects the growth and metabolism of peripheral tissues, which is able to understand as a combined impact of IGF-1 and hGH [2, 3]. The deficiency of hGH leads to growth deficit in children and the GH deficiency syndrome in adults, conversely, hGH hypersecretion results in gigantism or acromegaly [4, 5, 6, 7]. It is obvious that hGH plays an important role in regulation of human life activities. In addition, hPRL should be paid more attention to its relevant functional study. The hPRL, a four long α-helix protein hormone, is mainly secreted by lactotrophs in the anterior pituitary gland except placental PRL [8]. The secretion of hPRL is usually regulated by PRL inhibitors such as dopamine from hypothalamus [9]. The hPRL is a polypeptide hormone with a wide variety of functions such as controls osmotic pressure and vascularization, participates in the immune response, and promotes neurogenesis in maternal and fetal brains [10, 11]. Moreover, the hPRL transports to the target organs and tissues via the blood circulation to bind to two different types of long or short hPRL receptors (hPRLRs) to activate signal pathways including JaK2 activation, Ras-Raf-MAPK pathway, modulatory pathways, PI3K and downstream pathways, and Stats [12]. However, hGH and hPRL exist multiple structural and functional formats, namely different proteoforms. The proteoform can clarify the function and effect of specific protein in human body and is an intuitive and visual expression of the gene. Therefore, the clarification of hormone proteoforms is necessary to understand its biological roles. Protein proteoforms are primarily derived from alternative splicing, post-translational modifications (PTMs), translocation, redistribution, and spatial conformation alterations [13]. The protein proteoforms can be identified with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DGE) and mass spectrometry (MS).
The isoelectric point (
This book chapter will mainly review the hormone proteoforms focusing on hGH and hPRL, the methodology of hormone proteoform study, and future perspective to find effective and potential hormone proteoform biomarkers for in-depth understanding of molecular mechanisms, and individualized and precise diagnosis, therapy, and prognostic assessment of hormone-related diseases.
2. Materials and methods
2.1 Tissues and protein extraction
The human control pituitary tissue samples were post-mortem tissues, and human pituitary adenoma tissue samples were obtained from neurosurgery. The detailed information of those tissue samples were described previously [15, 16]. The collected tissues were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −80°C until used. The protein extraction of pituitary control and adenoma tissues was performed as described previously [17, 18]. In brief, the contaminated blood in each tissue sample was washed with 0.9% NaCl (3 mL, 5×). The proteins were extracted with protein extraction buffer that consists of 2 mol/L thiourea, 7 mol/L urea, 40 g/L CHAPS, 100 mmol/L dithiothreitol (DTT), 5 mol/L immobilized pH gradient (IPG) buffer pH 3–10 NL, and a trace of bromophenol blue, followed by centrifugation (15,000×
2.2 2DGE and 2DGE-based Western blot
Each protein sample was first separated by IEF with pH 3–10 NL IPG strips (180 mm × 3 mm × 0.5 mm), under the IEF condition that was a gradient from 0 to 250 V within 1 h (125 Vh), a gradient from 125 to 1000 V within 1 h (500 Vh), a gradient from 1000 to 8000 V within 1 h (4000 Vh), a step-and-hold at 8000 V for 4 h (32,000 Vh), and a step-and-hold at 500 V for 0.5 h (250 Vh) to achieve a total of 36,875 Vh within ~7.5 h [19]. After IEF, proteins were reduced with DTT, and alkylated with iodoacetamide, and then were separated with the 12% SDS-PAGE resolving gel (250 mm × 215 mm × 1.0 mm) in the Tris-glycine-SDS electrophoresis buffer that contained 192 mmol/L glycine, 25 mmol/L Tris-base, and 1 g/L SDS with an electrophoresis condition (250 V, 360 min, 25°C) [20]. The 2DGE-separated proteins were visualized with silver-staining [21].
After 2DGE, the proteins were transferred onto a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane, blocked with bovine serum albumin (BSA), and incubated with hormone antibodies and secondary antibody. The proteins on the membrane were visualized with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate [15].
The silver-stained 2D gels and 2DE-Western blot images were digitized and analyzed with Discovery Series PDQuest 2D Gel Analysis software [22, 23].
2.3 MS-characterization
2.3.1 MALDI-TOF MS
The tryptic peptide mixture was purified with ZipTipC18, and analyzed with a Perspective Biosystems MALDI-TOF Voyager DE-RP MS (Framingham, MA, USA). The PMF data were obtained to search Swiss-Prot database with PeptIdent software for protein identification. The detailed procedure was described previously [22].
2.3.2 LC-ESI-Q-IT MS
The tryptic peptide mixture was purified with ZipTipC18, and analyzed with LC-ESI-Q-IT MS on an LCQDeca mass spectrometer (Thermo Finnigan, San Jose, CA, USA). The MS/MS data were obtained to search Swiss-Prot database for protein identification. The detailed procedure was described previously [22].
2.3.3 MALDI-TOF-TOF MS
The tryptic peptide mixture was purified with ZipTipC18, and analyzed with MALDI-TOF-TOF MS on Perspective Biosystems UltraFlex III MALDI-TOF-TOF (Bruker Daltonics). The MS and MS/MS data were obtained to search Swiss-Prot database for protein identification. The detailed procedure was described previously [15].
2.4 Bioinformatics
Many phosphorylation sites of hGH proteoforms were identified with MS/MS, and deamidation was found in many hGH proteoforms. The PTM sites of hPRL in human pituitary adenoma and control tissues, including phosphorylation sites, N-glycosylation sites, and O-glycosylation sites were predicted with NetPhos 3.1 Server (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/NetPhos) [24, 25], NetNGlyc 1.0 Server (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/NetNGlyc) [26], and NetOGlyc 4.0 Server (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/NetOGlyc) [27], respectively.
3. Results and discussion
3.1 MS-identification of open reading frames (ORFs) of hGH and hPRL proteoforms within 2DGE pattern, and confirmed with Western blot
Over 1000 protein spots were found in each pituitary 2D gel (n = 30). MS is an effective method to identify ORFs of a gene across 2DGE map, generally cannot identify proteoforms with the common procedure because MS only detects a partial amino acid sequence but not its complete sequence of a protein. However, each proteoform has its specific
Some hGH proteoforms and hPRL proteoforms within 2DGE map (Figure 1) were also validated with Western immunoblot. For example, four hPRL proteoforms were confirmed with 2DGE-Western blot (Figure 2). It demonstrated that 2DGE-MS was an effective and reliable approach to detect and identify proteoforms derived from hGH and hPRL genes. The other hGH proteoforms and hPRL proteoforms were not be validated with immnuoblot, which might be due to no-reactivity of antibody to a specific proteoform.
The hGH proteoforms or hPRL proteoforms in each 2D spot were identified with MS including PMF and MS/MS. For example, the protein in spot 6 in Figure 1A was identified as hGH isoform 1 (P01241) with MALDI-TOF PMF data (Figure 3). The protein in spot v6 in Figure 1B was identified as hPRL (P01236) with MALDI-TOF-TOF PMF data (Figure 4), and MS/MS data (Figure 5).
Therefore, 2DGE-MS clearly identified 24 hGH proteoforms and 6 hPRL proteoforms with different p
3.2 MS-determination of signal peptide contained in each hGH or hPRL proteoform in human pituitaries
If signal peptide is contained in the sequence of hGH or hPRL, then it means that hormone is a prohormone (Figure 6). It is necessary to determine whether signal peptide is contained in each hGH proteoform or hPRL proteoform. MS can identify the characteristic tryptic peptide sequences before and after removal of signal peptide in hGH or hPRL (Table 1). For 24 hGH proteoforms in human pituitaries, checking all MS data of those 24 hGH proteoforms, the tryptic peptide sequence FPTIPLSR (position 27–34) (Figure 3) was detected for each hGH proteoform, but no any characteristic tryptic peptide sequence before removal of signal peptide was found (Table 1). It clearly demonstrated that no signal peptide sequence was contained in those 24 hGH proteoforms in the 2DGE pattern (Figure 1A). For 6 hPRL proteoforms in human pituitaries, checking all MS data of those 6 hPRL proteoforms, the tryptic peptide sequence MNIKGSPWK (position 1–9) (Figure 4) was detected for each hPRL proteoform, but no any characteristic tryptic peptide sequence after removal of signal peptide was found (Table 1). It clearly demonstrated that signal peptide sequence was contained in those 6 hPRL proteoforms in the 2DGE pattern (Figure 1B).
Hormone | Before and after removal of signal peptide | Position | Characteristic tryptic peptide sequence | Calc. [M + H]+ | Observed [M + H]+ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
hGH (signal peptide sequence 1–26) |
Before | 1–6 | MATGSR | 622.3 (MSO: 1; 638.3) | − |
7–34 | TSLLLAFGLLCLPWLQEGSAFPTIPLSR | 3043.7 3100.7(Cys_CAM: 17) |
− − |
||
1–34 | MATGSRTSLLLAFGLLCLPWLQEGSAFPTIPLSR | 3646.9 3704.0 (Cys_CAM: 17) 3662.9 (MSO: 1) |
− − − |
||
7–42 | TSLLLAFGLLCLPWLQEGSAFPTIPLSRLFDNAMLR | 4004.2 4061.2 (Cys_CAM: 17) 4020.1 (MSO: 40) |
− − − |
||
After | 27–34 | FPTIPLSR | 930.5 | + | |
27–42 | FPTIPLSRLFDNAMLR | 1891.0 1907.0 (MSO: 40) |
± − |
||
hPRL (signal peptide sequence 1–28) |
Before | 1–4 | MNIK | 505.2803 | − |
1–9 | MNIKGSPWK | 1060.5608 | + | ||
1–38 | MNIKGSPWKGSLLLLLVSNL LLCQSVAPLPICPGGAAR | 3930.1893 | − | ||
5–9 | GSPWK | 574.2983 | − | ||
5–38 | GSPWKGSLLLLLVSNLLLCQ SVAPLPICPGGAAR | 3443.9268 | − | ||
10–38 | GSLLLLLVSNLLLCQSVAPL PICPGGAAR | 2888.6463 | − | ||
10–44 | GSLLLLLVSNLLLCQSVAPL PICPGGAARCQVTLR | 3589.0154 | − | ||
After | 29–38 | LPICPGGAAR | 954.5189 | − | |
29–44 | LPICPGGAARCQVTLR | 1654.8879 | − | ||
29–49 | LPICPGGAARCQVTLRDLFD R | 2301.1954 | − |
3.3 MS-identification of splicing variants of hGH in human pituitaries
MS is an effective method to identify splicing variants of hGH. hGH splicing variant 2 is derived from deletion of positions 58–72 from hGH, hGH splicing variant 3 is derived from deletion of positions 111-148 from hGH, and hGH splicing variant 4 is derived from deletion of positions 117-162 from hGH (Figure 6). The characteristic tryptic peptides for each hGH splicing variant can be theoretically obtained and observed by MS (Table 2). The MS data of 24 hGH proteoforms were checked one-by-one. The results showed that hGH splicing variant 2 existed in spot 9, hGH splicing variant 3 existed in spots 2 and 23, and hGH splicing variant 4 existed in spot 13. hGH variant 1 existed in the rest 20 spots.
GH variants | Tryptic peptide that covers the splicing site | Calculated [M + H] + ion ( |
Observed [M + H]+ ion ( |
hGH proteoforms (Spot No.) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 142DLEEGIQTLMGR153 | 1361.7 1377.7 (MSO: 151) |
One or two ions were detected to exclude splicing variants 3 and 4 One, two or three ions were detected to exclude splicing variant 2 |
1; 3–8; 10–12; 14–22; 24 |
121SVFANSLVYGASDSNVYDLLK141 | 2262.1 | |||
46LHQLA FDTYQEFEEAYIPK64 | 2342.1 | |||
68YSF LQNPQTSLCFSESIPTPSNR90 | 2616.2 2673.2 (Cys-CAM: 79) |
|||
43AHRLHQLAFDTYQ EFEEAYIPK64 | 2706.3 | |||
2 | LHQLAFDTYQEF58NPQTSLCFSESIPTPSNR | 3470.6 3527.7 (Cys-CAM: 64) |
— 3527.4 |
9 |
AHRLHQLAFDTYQEF58NPQTSLCFSESIPTPSNR | 3834.8 3891.9 (Cys-CAM: 64) |
— — |
||
LHQLAFDTYQEF58NPQTSLCFSESIPTPSNREETQQK | 4213.9 4271.0 (Cys-CAM: 64) |
— — |
||
3 | ISLLLIQ111TLMGR | 1357.8 1373.8 (MSO: 113) |
1357.7 — |
2; 23 |
ISLLLIQ111TLMGRLEDGSPR | 2112.2 2128.2 (MSO: 113) |
— — |
||
SNLE LLRISLLLIQ111TLMGR | 2183.3 2199.3 (MSO: 113) |
— — |
||
4 | ISLLLIQSWLEPV117QIFK | 2027.2 | 2027.0 | 13 |
ISLLLIQSWLEPV117QIFKQTYS K | 2634.5 | — | ||
SNLE LLRISLLLIQSWLEPV117QIFK | 2852.7 | — |
However, hPRL does not have splicing variants. The
3.4 MS/MS-identification of PTMs in hormone proteoforms
MS/MS was an effective method to identify the PTMs and their modification sites of hGH and hPRL to clarify the reasons of formation of hGH proteoforms and hPRL proteoforms. MS/MS identified phosphorylation at sites Ser-77, Ser-132, and Ser-176 in many hGH proteoforms (Table 3). A representative MS/MS spectrum was shown to determine phosphorylation site Ser-77 in hGH proteoform 6 (Spot 6) (Figure 7). Also, deamidation was found in many hGH proteoforms. In addition, there would be other PTMs in hGH proteoforms that need to be further characterized.
hGH proteoforms (Spot No.) | Splicing variants | Phosphorylation (p) | Deamidation (d) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 1/2 | pSer176 | |
2 | 3; 1/2 | ||
3 | 1 | pSer132 | |
4 | 1 | ||
5 | 1 | pSer176; | dAsn178 |
6 | 1 | pSer77, pSer132, pSer176 | dAsn178 |
7 | 1 | ||
8 | 1 | pSer176, pSer132 | |
9 | 2 | pSer176 | |
10 | 1 | pSer176 | |
11 | 1 | pSer77, pSer132 | |
12 | 1 | pSer176; pSer132 | |
13 | 4; 3 | ||
14 | 1 | pSer132 | |
15 | 1 | pSer176, pSer132 | |
16 | 1 | pSer176 | dAsn178 |
17 | 1 | ||
18 | 1 | pSer176, pSer132 | |
19 | 1 | ||
20 | 1 | ||
21 | 1 | ||
22 | 1 | ||
23 | 3; 1 | ||
24 | 1 | pSer132 |
For hPRL proteoforms, bioinformatics including NetPhos 3.1 Server (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/NetPhos) [24, 25] predicted 14 pS sites, 5 pT sites, and 3 pY sites in the hPRL (Table 4), NetNGlyc 1.0 Server (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/NetNGlyc) [26] predicted ten significantly N-glycosylated sites (Table 5), and NetOGlyc 4.0 Server (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/NetOGlyc) [27] predicted six significantly O-glycosylated sites in the hPRL (Table 6) in human pituitaries. These predicted PTM sites in hPRL proteoforms provided clues and needed to be confirmed with MS/MS in future studies.
Sequence | # | x | Context | Score* | Kinase | Answer |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sequence | 6 | S | NIKGSPWKG | 0.779 | unsp | YES |
Sequence | 11 | S | PWKGSLLLL | 0.848 | PKA | YES |
Sequence | 18 | S | LLLVSNLLL | 0.523 | cdc2 | YES |
Sequence | 42 | T | RCQVTLRDL | 0.891 | unsp | YES |
Sequence | 61 | S | IHNLSSEMF | 0.718 | unsp | YES |
Sequence | 62 | S | HNLSSEMFS | 0.553 | unsp | YES |
Sequence | 66 | S | SEMFSEFDK | 0.991 | unsp | YES |
Sequence | 72 | Y | FDKRYTHGR | 0.503 | INSR | YES |
Sequence | 73 | T | DKRYTHGRG | 0.557 | unsp | YES |
Sequence | 90 | S | CHTSSLATP | 0.585 | DNAPK | YES |
Sequence | 93 | T | SSLATPEDK | 0.737 | unsp | YES |
Sequence | 110 | S | KDFLSLIVS | 0.507 | PKA | YES |
Sequence | 118 | S | SILRSWNEP | 0.749 | unsp | YES |
Sequence | 124 | Y | NEPLYHLVT | 0.956 | unsp | YES |
Sequence | 142 | S | EAILSKAVE | 0.517 | CKII | YES |
Sequence | 151 | T | IEEQTKRLL | 0.983 | unsp | YES |
Sequence | 163 | S | ELIVSQVHP | 0.623 | ATM | YES |
Sequence | 169 | T | VHTEPKENE | 0.541 | CKII | YES |
Sequence | 175 | Y | ENEIYPVWS | 0.804 | unsp | YES |
Sequence | 191 | S | ADEESRLSA | 0.576 | cdc2 | YES |
Sequence | 194 | S | ESRLSAYYN | 0.982 | unsp | YES |
Sequence | 207 | S | LRRDSHKID | 0.993 | unsp | YES |
Seq name | Position | Potential | Jury agreement | N-Glyc result | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sequence | 2 NIKG | 0.7530 | +++ | SEQUON ASN-XAA-SER/THR. | |
Sequence | 19 NLLL | 0.7151 | ++ | ||
Sequence | 59 NLSS | 0.7380 | ++ | ||
Sequence | 84 NSCH | 0.7312 | (8/9) | + | |
Sequence | 104 NQKD | 0.6020 | (7/9) | + | |
Sequence | 120 NEPL | 0.6051 | (6/9) | + | |
Sequence | 172 NEIY | 0.5346 | (5/9) | + | |
Sequence | 198 NLLH | 0.5642 | (5/9) | + | |
Sequence | 212 NYLK | 0.6726 | (8/9) | + | |
Sequence | 224 NNNC | 0.5146 | (5/9) | + | |
Sequence | 225 NNC- | 0.3576 | (8/9) | — | |
Sequence | 226 NC-- | 0.3351 | — |
#Seq name | Source | Feature | Start | End | Score | Strand | Frame | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SEQUENCE | netOGlyc-4.0.0.13 | CARBOHYD | 25 | 25 | 0.134588 | . | . | #POSITIVE #POSITIVE #POSITIVE #POSITIVE #POSITIVE #POSITIVE |
SEQUENCE | netOGlyc-4.0.0.13 | CARBOHYD | 42 | 42 | 0.190888 | . | . | |
SEQUENCE | netOGlyc-4.0.0.13 | CARBOHYD | 54 | 54 | 0.194926 | . | . | |
SEQUENCE | netOGlyc-4.0.0.13 | CARBOHYD | 66 | 66 | 0.176466 | . | . | |
SEQUENCE | netOGlyc-4.0.0.13 | CARBOHYD | 73 | 73 | 0.111052 | . | . | |
SEQUENCE | netOGlyc-4.0.0.13 | CARBOHYD | 80 | 80 | . | . | ||
SEQUENCE | netOGlyc-4.0.0.13 | CARBOHYD | 85 | 85 | . | . | ||
SEQUENCE | netOGlyc-4.0.0.13 | CARBOHYD | 88 | 88 | . | . | ||
SEQUENCE | netOGlyc-4.0.0.13 | CARBOHYD | 89 | 89 | . | . | ||
SEQUENCE | netOGlyc-4.0.0.13 | CARBOHYD | 90 | 90 | . | . | ||
SEQUENCE | netOGlyc-4.0.0.13 | CARBOHYD | 93 | 93 | . | . | ||
SEQUENCE | netOGlyc-4.0.0.13 | CARBOHYD | 128 | 128 | 0.181904 | . | . | |
SEQUENCE | netOGlyc-4.0.0.13 | CARBOHYD | 151 | 151 | 0.11243 | . | . | |
SEQUENCE | netOGlyc-4.0.0.13 | CARBOHYD | 163 | 163 | 0.424529 | . | . | |
SEQUENCE | netOGlyc-4.0.0.13 | CARBOHYD | 169 | 169 | 0.122664 | . | . | |
SEQUENCE | netOGlyc-4.0.0.13 | CARBOHYD | 179 | 179 | 0.380532 | . | . | |
SEQUENCE | netOGlyc-4.0.0.13 | CARBOHYD | 183 | 183 | 0.309982 | . | . | |
SEQUENCE | netOGlyc-4.0.0.13 | CARBOHYD | 191 | 191 | 0.1589 | . | . | |
SEQUENCE | netOGlyc-4.0.0.13 | CARBOHYD | 194 | 194 | 0.249957 | . | . |
4. Conclusions
hGH and hPRL are two important hormones in human endocrine systems, which are synthesized in the pituitary gland and secreted into the circulation system. Clarification of hGH proteoforms and hPRL proteoforms in human pituitary is essential step to elucidate their biological functions. Alternative splicing and PTMs are two important factors to cause proteoforms. 2DGE effectively presented 24 hGH proteoforms and 6 hPRL proteoforms with different p
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the financial supports from the Xiangya Hospital Funds for Talent Introduction (to X.Z.), the Hunan Provincial “Hundred Talent Plan” program (to X.Z.), the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 14JJ7008 to X.Z.), China “863” Plan Project (Grant No. 2014AA020610-1 to X.Z.), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 81572278 and 81272798 to X.Z.).
Conflict of interest
We declare that we have no financial and personal relationships with other people or organizations.
Author’s contributions
X.Z. conceived the concept, designed the book chapter, wrote and critically revised the book chapter, coordinated and was responsible for the correspondence work and financial support. Z.T. participated in analysis of references and wrote partial manuscript.
Acronyms and abbreviations
bovine serum albumin
dithiothreitol
electrospray ionization
growth hormone-releasing hormone
human growth hormone
human prolactin
hPRL receptors
isoelectric focusing
immobilized pH gradient
insulin-like growth factor-1
janus-activating tyrosine kinases
liquid chromatography
matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization
relative mass
mass spectrometry
tandem mass spectrometry
open reading frames
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
isoelectric point
peptide mass fingerprint
post-translational modification
polyvinylidene fluoride
quadruple-ion trap
sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
time-of-flight
two-dimensional gel electrophoresis
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