Abstract
This chapter presents the influence of the dielectric materials on the output field for the millimeter and infrared regimes. This chapter presents seven examples of the discontinuous problems in the cross section of the straight waveguide. Two different geometrical of the dielectric profiles in the cross section of the straight rectangular and circular waveguides will be proposed to understand the behavior of the output fields. The two different methods for rectangular and circular waveguides and the techniques to calculate any geometry in the cross section are very important to understand the influence of the dielectric materials on the output fields. The two different methods are based on Laplace and Fourier transforms and the inverse Laplace and Fourier transforms. Laplace transform on the differential wave equations is needed to obtain the wave equations and the output fields that are expressed directly as functions of the transmitted fields at the entrance of the waveguide. Thus, the Laplace transform is necessary to obtain the comfortable and simple input-output connections of the fields. The applications are useful for straight waveguides in the millimeter and infrared wave regimes.
Keywords
- wave propagation
- dielectric profiles
- rectangular and circular waveguides
- dielectric materials
1. Introduction
Various methods for analysis of waveguides have been studied in the literature. The review for the modal analysis of general methods has been published [1]. The important methods, such as the finite difference method and integral equation method, and methods based on series expansion have been described. An analytical model for the corrugated rectangular waveguide has been extended to compute the dispersion and interaction impedance [2]. The application of analytical method based on the field equations has been presented to design corrugated rectangular waveguide slow-wave structure
A fundamental technique has been proposed to compute the propagation constant of waves in a lossy rectangular waveguide [3]. An important consequence of this work is the demonstration that the loss computed for degenerate modes propagating simultaneously is not simply additive. The electromagnetic fields in rectangular conducting waveguides filled with uniaxial anisotropic media have been characterized [4].
A full-vectorial boundary integral equation method for computing guided modes of optical waveguides has been proposed [5]. The integral equations are used to compute the Neumann-to-Dirichlet operators for sub-domains of constant refractive index on the transverse plane of the waveguide. Wave propagation in an inhomogeneous transversely magnetized rectangular waveguide has been studied with the aid of a modified Sturm-Liouville differential equation [6].
An advantageous finite element method for the rectangular waveguide problem has been developed [7] by which complex propagation characteristics may be obtained for arbitrarily shaped waveguide. The characteristic impedance of the fundamental mode in a rectangular waveguide was computed using finite element method. The finite element method has been used to derive approximate values of the possible propagation constant for each frequency. A new structure has been proposed for microwave filters [8]. This structure utilizes a waveguide filled by several dielectric layers. The relative electric permittivity and the length of the layers were optimally obtained using least mean square method.
An interesting method has been introduced for frequency domain analysis of arbitrary longitudinally inhomogeneous waveguides [9]. In this method, the integral equations of the longitudinally inhomogeneous waveguides are converted from their differential equations and solved using the method of moments. A general method has been introduced to frequency domain analysis of longitudinally inhomogeneous waveguides [10]. In this method, the electric permittivity and also the transverse electric and magnetic fields were expanded in Taylor’s series. The field solutions were obtained after finding unknown coefficients of the series. A general method has been introduced to analyze aperiodic or periodic longitudinally inhomogeneous waveguides [11]. The periodic longitudinally inhomogeneous waveguides were analyzed using the Fourier series expansion of the electric permittivity function to find their propagation constant and characteristic impedances.
Various methods for the analysis of cylindrical hollow metallic or metallic with inner dielectric coating waveguide have been studied in the literature. A review of the hollow waveguide technology [12, 13] and a review of IR transmitting, hollow waveguides, fibers, and integrated optics [14] were published. Hollow waveguides with both metallic and dielectric internal layers have been proposed to reduce the transmission losses. A hollow waveguide can be made, in principle, from any flexible or rigid tube (plastic, glass, metal, etc.) if its inner hollow surface (the core) is covered by a metallic layer and a dielectric overlayer. This layer structure enables us to transmit both the TE and TM polarizations with low attenuation [15].
A transfer matrix function for the analysis of electromagnetic wave propagation along the straight dielectric waveguide with arbitrary profiles has been proposed [16]. This method is based on the Laplace and Fourier transforms. This method is based on Fourier coefficients of the transverse dielectric profile and those of the input-wave profile. Laplace transform is necessary to obtain the comfortable and simple input–output connections of the fields. The transverse field profiles are computed by the inverse Laplace and Fourier transforms.
The influence of the spot size and cross section on the output fields and power density along the straight hollow waveguide has been proposed [17]. The derivation is based on Maxwell’s equations. The longitudinal components of the fields are developed into the Fourier-Bessel series. The transverse components of the fields are expressed as functions of the longitudinal components in the Laplace plane and are obtained by using the inverse Laplace transform by the residue method.
These are two kinds of different methods that enable us to solve practical problems with different boundary conditions. The calculations in all methods are based on using Laplace and Fourier transforms, and the output fields are computed by the inverse Laplace and Fourier transforms. Laplace transform on the differential wave equations is needed to obtain the wave equations (and thus also the output fields) that are expressed directly as functions of the transmitted fields at the entrance of the waveguide at
All models that are mentioned refer to solve interesting wave propagation problems with a particular geometry. If we want to solve more complex discontinuous problems of coatings in the cross section of the dielectric waveguides, then it is important to develop for each problem an improved technique for calculating the profiles with the dielectric material in the cross section of the straight waveguide.
This chapter presents two techniques for two different geometries of the straight waveguide. The two proposed techniques are very important to solve discontinuous problems with dielectric material in the cross section of the straight rectangular and circular waveguides. The proposed technique relates to the method for the propagation along the straight rectangular metallic waveguide [16]. The examples will be demonstrated for the rectangular and circular dielectric profiles in the straight rectangular waveguide.
In this chapter, we present seven dielectric structures as shown in Figure 1(a)–(g). Figure 1(a)–(e) shows five examples of the discontinuous dielectric materials in the cross section of the rectangular straight waveguide. Figure 1(f)–(g) shows two examples of the discontinuous dielectric materials in the cross section of the circular straight waveguide.
2. Two proposed techniques for discontinuous problems in the cross section of the rectangular and circular waveguides
The wave equations for the components of the electric and magnetic field are given by
and
where
Let us introduce the dielectric profile function for the examples as shown in Figure 1(a)–(g) for the inhomogeneous dielectric materials.
3. The derivation for rectangular straight waveguide
The wave Eqs. (1) and (2) are given in the case of the rectangular straight waveguide, where
3.1 The first technique to calculate the discontinuous structure of the cross section
Figure 2(a) shows an example of the cross section of the straight waveguide (Figure 1(a)) for
The
where
In order to solve inhomogeneous dielectric profiles (e.g., in Figure 1(a)–(b)) in the cross section of the straight waveguide, the parameter
and
The elements of the matrices are given according to Figure 1(b), in the case of b
where
and
The elements of the matrices are given according to Figure 1(a), in the case of b = c by
where
3.2 The second technique to calculate the discontinuous structure of the cross section
The second technique to calculate the discontinuous structure of the cross section as shown in Figure 1(a) and (b).
The dielectric profile
If
The dielectric profile for Figure 1(b) is given by
3.3 The dielectric profile for the circular profile in the cross section
The dielectric profile for the circular profile in the cross section of the straight rectangular waveguide is given by (Figure 1(c))
where
else
3.4 The dielectric profile for the waveguide filled with dielectric material in the entire cross section
The dielectric profile (Figure 1(d)) is given by
3.5 The hollow rectangular waveguide with the dielectric material between the hollow rectangle and the metallic
The dielectric profile of the hollow rectangular waveguide with the dielectric material between the hollow rectangle and the metal (Figure 1(e)) is calculated by subtracting the dielectric profile of Figure 1(b) from the dielectric profile of Figure 1(d).
The matrix
Similarly, the
This method becomes an improved method by using the proposed technique and the particular application also in the cases of discontinuous problems of the hollow rectangular waveguide with dielectric material between the hollow rectangle and the metal (Figure 1(e)), in the cross section of the straight rectangular waveguide. In addition, we can find the thickness of the dielectric layer that is recommended to obtain the desired behavior of the output fields.
Several examples will demonstrate in the next section in order to understand the influence of the hollow rectangular waveguide with dielectric material in the cross section (Figure 1) on the output field. All the graphical results will be demonstrated as a response to a half-sine (
4. The derivation for circular straight waveguide
The wave Eqs. (1) and (2) are given in the case of the circular straight waveguide, where
The proposed technique to calculate the refractive index for discontinuous problems (Figure 1(f) and (g)) is given in this section for the one dielectric coating (Figure 1(f)) and for three dielectric coatings (Figure 1(g)).
4.1 The refractive index for the circular hollow waveguide with one dielectric coating in the cross section
The cross section of the hollow waveguide (Figure 1(f)) is made of a tube of various types of one dielectric layer and a metallic layer. The refractive indices of the air, dielectric, and metallic layers are
The refractive index (n(r)) is dependent on the transition’s regions in the cross section between the two different materials (air-AgI, AgI-Ag).
The refractive index is calculated as follows:
where the internal and external diameters are denoted as 2b, 2a, and 2(a+
4.2 The refractive index for the circular hollow waveguide with three dielectric coatings in the cross section
The cross section of the hollow waveguide (Figure 1(g)) is made of a tube of various types of three dielectric layers and a metallic layer. The internal and external diameters are denoted as 2b, 2
where the parameter
The proposed technique to calculate the refractive indices of the dielectric profile of one dielectric coating (Figure 1(f)) or three dielectric coatings (Figure 1(g)), and the metallic layer in the cross section relate to the method that is based on Maxwell’s equations, the Fourier-Bessel series, Laplace transform, and the inverse Laplace transform by the residue method [17]. This method becomes an improved method by using the proposed technique also in the cases of discontinuous problems of the hollow circular waveguide with one dielectric coating (Figure 1(f)), three dielectric coatings (Figure 1(g)), or more dielectric coatings.
5. Numerical results
Several examples for the rectangular and circular waveguides with the discontinuous dielectric profile in the cross section of the straight waveguide are demonstrated in this section according to Figure 1(a)–(g).
Figure 4(a)–(c) demonstrates the output field as a response to a half-sine (
By increasing only the value of the dielectric profile from
Figure 5(a)–(e) demonstrates the output field as a response to a half-sine (
By increasing only the dielectric profile from
The output fields are strongly affected by the input-wave profile (
Figure 6(a)–(e) shows the output field as a response to a half-sine (
The proposed technique in Section 3.3 is also effective to solve discontinuous problems of periodic circular profiles in the cross section of the straight rectangular waveguides, and some examples were demonstrated in Ref. [20].
The behavior of the output fields (Figures 5(a)–(e) and 6(a)–(e)) is similar when the dimensions of the rectangular dielectric profile (Figure 1(b)) and the circular profile (Figure 1(c)) are very close. The output field (Figure 5(a)–(e)) is shown for c = d = 2 mm as regards to the dimensions a = b = 20 mm. The output field (Figure 6(a)–(e)) is shown where the radius of circular profile is equal to 1 mm (viz., the diameter 2 mm), as regards to the dimensions a = b = 20 mm.
Figure 7(a)–(e) shows the output field as a response to a half-sine (
By changing only the value of the radius of the circular dielectric profile (Figure 1(c)) from 1 mm to 2 mm, as regards to the dimensions of the cross section of the waveguide (a = b = 20 mm), the output field of the Gaussian shape increased, and the half-sine (
The dielectric profile of the hollow rectangular waveguide with the dielectric material between the hollow rectangle and the metal (Figure 1(e)) is calculated by subtracting the dielectric profile of the waveguide with the dielectric material in the core (Figure 1(b)) from the dielectric profile according to the waveguide entirely with the dielectric profile (Figure 1(d)).
Figure 8(a)–(c) shows the output field as a response to a half-sine (
Figure 9(a)–(c) shows the output power density in the case of the hollow circular waveguide with one dielectric coating (Figure 1(f)), where a = 0.5 mm. Figure 9(a)–(b) shows the output power density for
Figure 1(f) and (g) shows two examples of discontinuous problems for circular waveguides. The practical results are demonstrated for Figure 1(f).
Figure 10(a)–(c) shows also the output power density in the case of the hollow circular waveguide with one dielectric coating (Figure 1(f)), where a = 0.5 mm, but for other values of the spot size. Figure 10(a)–(b) shows the output power density for
By changing only the values of the spot size from
The output modal profile is greatly affected by the parameters of the spot size and the dimensions of the cross section of the waveguide. Figure 10(a)–(c) demonstrates that in addition to the main propagation mode, several other secondary modes and symmetric output shape appear in the results of the output power density for the values of
The proposed technique in Section 4.2 is also effective to solve discontinuous problems of the straight hollow circular waveguide with three dielectric layers (Figure 1(g)), and some examples were demonstrated in Ref. [21].
6. Conclusions
Several examples for the rectangular and circular waveguides with the discontinuous dielectric profile in the cross section of the straight waveguide were demonstrated in this research, according to Figure 1(a)–(g).
Figure 4(a)–(c) demonstrates the output field as a response to a half-sine (
Figure 5(a)–(e) demonstrates the output field as a response to a half-sine (
The behavior of the output fields (Figures 5(a)–(e) and 6(a)–(e)) is similar when the dimensions of the rectangular dielectric profile (Figure 1(b)) and the circular profile (Figure 1(c)) are very close. The output field (Figure 5(a)–(e)) is shown for c = d = 2
Figures 6(a)–(e) and 7(a)–(e) show the output field as a response to a half-sine (
Figure 8(a)–(c) shows the output field as a response to a half-sine (
Figures 9(a)–(c) and 10(a)–(c) show the output power density in the case of the hollow circular waveguide with one dielectric coating (Figure 1(f)), where a = 0.5 mm. By changing only the values of the spot size from
The output modal profile is greatly affected by the parameters of the spot size and the dimensions of the cross section of the waveguide. Figure 10(a)–(c) demonstrates that in addition to the main propagation mode, several other secondary modes and symmetric output shape appear in the results of the output power density for the values of
The two important parameters that we studied were the spot size and the dimensions of the cross section of the straight hollow waveguide. The output results are affected by the parameters of the spot size and the dimensions of the cross section of the waveguide.
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