Operability of PM-mQAM/4QAM above BER threshold of 3.8x10-3for a total trnamsission distance of 9,600km. Tick/Cross (Left) represents performance of mQAM, Tick/Cross (Right) represents corresponding performance of central 4QAM. Tick: Operational, Cross: Non-operational
1. Introduction
The communication traffic volume handled by trunk optical transport networks has been increasing year by year [1]. Meeting the increasing demand not only requires a quantitative increase in total traffic volume, but also ideally requires an increase in the speed of individual clients to maintain the balance between cost and reliability. This is particularly appropriate for shorter links across the network, where the relatively high optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) would allow the use of a higher capacity, but is less appropriate for the longest links, where products are already close to the theoretical limits [2]. In such circumstances, it is necessary to maximize resource utilization and in a static network one approach to achieve this is the deployment of spectrally efficient higher-order modulation formats enabled by digital coherent detection. As attested by the rapid growth in reported constellation size [3,4], the optical hardware for a wide variety of coherently detected modulation formats is identical [5]. This has led to the suggestion that a common transponder may be deployed and the format adjusted on a link by link basis to either maximize the link capacity given the achieved OSNR, or if lower, match the required client interface rate [6] such that the number of wavelength channels allocated to a given route is minimized. It is believed that such dynamic, potentially self-adjusting, networks will enable graceful capacity growth, ready resource re-allocation and cost reductions associated with improved transponder volumes and sparing strategies. However additional trade-offs and challenges associated with such networks are presented to system designers and network planners. One such challenge is associated with the nonlinear transmission impairments which strongly link the achievable channel reach for a given set of modulation formats, symbol-rates [6,7] across a number of channels.
Various methods of compensating fiber transmission impairments have been proposed, both in optical and electronic domain. Traditionally, dispersion management was used to suppress the impact of fiber nonlinearities [8,9]. Although dispersion management is appreciably beneficial, the benefit is specific to a limited range of transmission formats and rates and it enforces severe limitations on link design. Similarly, compensation of fiber impairments based on spectral inversion (SI) [10], has been considered attractive because of the removal of in-line dispersion compensation modules (DCM), transparency to modulation formats and compensation of nonlinearity. However, although SI has large bandwidth capabilities, it often necessitates precise positioning and customized link design (e.g., distributed Raman amplification, etc.). Alternatively, with the availability of high speed digital signal processing (DSP), electronic mitigation of transmission impairments has emerged as a promising solution. As linear compensation methods have matured in past few years [11], the research has intensified on compensation of nonlinear impairments. In particular, electronic signal processing using digital back-propagation (DBP) with time inversion has been applied to the compensation of channel nonlinearities [12,13]. Back-propagation may be located at the transmitter [14] or receiver [15], places no constraints on the transmission line and is thus compatible with the demands of an optical network comprising multiple routes over a common fiber platform. In principle this approach allows for significant improvements in signal-to-noise ratios until the system performance becomes limited only by non-deterministic effects [16] or the power handling capabilities of individual components. Although the future potential of nonlinear impairment compensation using DBP in a dynamic optical network is unclear due to its significant computational burden, simplification of nonlinear DBP using single-channel processing at the receiver suggest that the additional processing required for intra-channel nonlinearity compensation may be significantly lower than is widely anticipated [17,18]. Studies of the benefits of DBP have largely been verified for systems employing homogenous network traffic, where all the channels have the same launch power [19]. However, as network upgrades are carried out, it is likely that channels employing different multi-level formats will become operational. In such circumstances, it has been demonstrated that the overall network capacity may be increased if the network traffic will become inhomogeneous, not only in terms of modulation format, but also in terms of signal launch power [6,7,20]. In particular, if each channel operates at the minimum power required for error free propagation (after error correction) rather than a global average power or the optimum power for the individual channel, the overall level of cross phase modulation in the network is reduced [20].
In this chapter we demonstrate the application of electronic compensation schemes in a dynamic optical network, focusing on adjustable signal constellations with non identical launch powers, and discuss the impact of periodic addition of 28-
2. Simulation conditions
Figure 1 illustrates the simulation setup. The optical link comprised nine (unless mentioned otherwise) 28-
At the coherent receiver the signals were pre-amplified (to a fixed power of 0 dBm per channel), filtered with a 50 GHz 3rd order Gaussian de-multiplexing filter, coherently-detected and sampled at 2 samples per symbol. Transmission impairments were digitally compensated in two scenarios. Firstly by using electronic dispersion compensation (EDC) alone, employing finite impulse response (FIR) filters (T/2-spaced taps) adapted using a least mean square algorithm. In the second case, electronic compensation was applied via single-channel digital back-propagation (SC-DBP), which was numerically implemented by split-step Fourier method based solution of nonlinear Schrödinger equation. In order to establish the maximum potential benefit of DBP, the signals were up sampled to 16 samples per bit and an upper bound on the step-size was set to be 1 km with the step length chosen adaptively based on the condition that in each step the nonlinear effects must change the phase of the optical field by no more than 0.05 degrees. To determine the practically achievable benefit, in line with recent simplification of DBP algorithms, e.g. [17,18,21], we also employed a simplified DBP algorithm similar to [21], with number of steps varying from 0.5 step/span to 2 steps/span. Following one of these stages (EDC or SC-DBP) polarization de-multiplexing, frequency response compensation and residual dispersion compensation was then performed using FIR filters, followed by carrier phase recovery [22]. Finally, the symbol decisions were made, and the performance assessed by direct error counting (converted into an effective Q-factor (Qeff)). All the numerical simulations were carried out using VPItransmissionMaker®v8.5, and the digital signal processing was performed in MATLAB®v7.10.
3. Analysis of trade-offs in hybrid networks
3.1. Constraints on transmission reach
In a dynamic network, there are a large range of options to provide the desired flexibility including symbol rate [23], sub-carrier multiplexing [24], network configuration [25] signal constellation and various combinations of these techniques. In this section we focus on the signal constellation and discuss the impact of periodic addition of PM-mQAM (m= 4, 16, 64, 256) transmission schemes on existing PM-4QAM traffic in a 28-
Note that the total optical path was fixed to be 9,600
The optimum performance of the central PM-4QAM channel at 9,600
It can also be seen from Figure 3 that added channels with higher-order formats induce greater degradation of the through channel. In particular if there are 30 ROADM sites (320
The estimated PAPR evolutions for the various formats are shown in Figure 4. Asymptotic values are reached after the first span, and reach a slightly higher value for m ≥ 16. The PAPR is reduced at the ROADM site itself, particularly for PM-4QAM. Figure 4 implies that harmful increases in the instantaneous amplitude of the interfering channels are not the entire cause of the penalty experienced by the through channel; we can therefore only conclude that the additional distortion results from interplay between channel walk off and nonlinear effects. Given that walk-off is known to induce short and medium range correlation in crosstalk between subsequent bits, effectively low pass filtering the crosstalk [28]. We thus believe that the penalty experienced by the through channel is not only because of variation in PAPR, but also due to the randomization of the crosstalk by the periodic replacement of the interfering data pattern.
This is confirmed by Figure 5, which plots the Qeff of PM-4QAM after last node, for both EDC and single-channel DBP, in terms of a figure of merit (FOM) related to the increased amplitude modulation experienced by the test channel in the spans immediately following the ROADM node, defined as,
where
Having observed that the nonlinear penalty is determined by the reduction in the correlation of nonlinear phase shift between bits arising from changing bit patterns, and to changes in PAPR arising from undistorted signals, it is possible to design a mitigation strategy to minimize these penalties. Figure 6 illustrates, for both EDC and single-channel DBP systems, that if the co-propagating higher-order QAM channels are linearly pre-dispersed, the performance of the PM-4QAM through traffic can be improved. The figure shows that when positive pre-dispersion is applied, such that the neighboring channel constellation is never, along its entire inter node transmission length, restored to a well-formed shape, the impact of cross-channel impairments on existing traffic is reduced significantly.
On the other hand, when negative pre-dispersion of less than the node-length (distance per node) is employed, the central test channel is initially degraded further. This behavior can be attributed to the increased impact of the PAPR of the un-dispersed constellation which is restored in the middle of the link. However, if negative pre-dispersion of more than the node-length is employed, the penalty is reduced due to lower PAPR induced XPM, and the performance saturates for higher values of pre-dispersion, similar to the case of positive pre-dispersion. Note that avoiding well formed signals along the entire link corresponds to maximizing the path averaged PAPR of the signals. The benefits of this strategy have subsequently been predicted from a theoretical standpoint [27].
3.2. Constraints on transmitted power
In this section, we demonstrate that independent optimization of the transmitted launch power enhances the performance of higher modulation order add-drop channels but severely degrades the performance of through traffic due to strong inter-channel nonlinearities. However, if an altruistic launch power policy is employed such that the higher-order add-drop traffic still meets the BER of 3.8x10-3, a trade-off can be recognized between the performance of higher-order channels and existing network traffic enabling higher overall network capacity with minimal crosstalk [19].
As a baseline for this study, we initially consider transmission distances up to 9,600km with the same 80km spans, suitable to enable a suitable performance margin (at bit-error rate of 3.8x10-3) for the network traffic given various modulation schemes at a fixed launch power of -1
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Since higher-order modulation formats have higher required OSNR, we expect the optimum launch power for those channels to be different than those used in the fixed network power scenario which was operated at a launch power of -1
Figure 7 clearly illustrates that the higher-order formats operating over a longer (shorter) reach enable lower (higher) Qeff, but also that the nonlinear effects increase in severity as the modulation order is increased. In particular, the long distance through traffic is strongly degraded before the nonlinear threshold is reached for such formats. Comparing Figure 7a and Figure 7b, we can see that the reduced ROADM spacing in Figure 7b enables improved performance of the add-drop channels; however the degradation of the through channel is increasingly severe. This change in behavior between formats can be attributed to the increased amplitude modulation imposed by un-dispersed signals added at each ROADM site, as discussed previously.
We can use the results of Figure 7 to analyze the impact of various power allocation strategies. Clearly if we allow each transponder to adjust its launch power to optimize its own performance autonomously, a high launch power will be selected and the degradation to the traffic from other transponders increases in severity, and in all six scenarios in Figure 7 the through channel fails if the performance of the add drop traffic is optimized independently. This suggests that launch power should be centrally controlled. Howevercentrally controlled optimization of individual launch powers for each transponder is complex; so a more promising approach would be a fixed launch power irrespective of add-drop format or reach to minimize the complexity of this control. We have already seen (Table 1) that if the launch power is set to favor the performance of PM-4QAM (-1
4. Application in meshed networks
In the previous section, we identified that optimum performance for a given predetermined modulation format was obtained by using the minimum launch power. However, this arbitrary selection of transmitted format fails to take into account the ability of a given link to operate with different formats, leading to a rich diversity of connections. In this section, we focus on the impact of flexibility in the signal constellation, allowing for evolution of the existing ROADM based static networks. We consider a configuration where network capacity is increased by allowing higher-order modulation traffic to be transmitted on according to predetermined rules based on homogenous network transmission performance. In particular we consider a 50 GHz channel grid with coherently-detected 28-
4.1. Network design
To establish a preliminary estimate of maximum potential transmission distance of each available format, we employed the transmission reaches identified in Section 3. These are suitable to enable a BER of 3.8x10-3 at a fixed launch power of -1
We then applied this link capacity rule to an 8-node route from a Pan-European network topology (see highlighted link in Figure 8). To generate a representative traffic matrix, for each node, commencing with London, we allocated traffic demand from the node under consideration to all of the subsequent nodes, operating the link at the highest order constellation permissible for the associated transmission distance, and selecting the next wavelength. We note that none of the links in this chosen route were suitable for 256QAM, indeed only the Strasberg to Zurich and Vienna to Prague links are expected to be suitable for this format.
Once all nodes were connected by a single link, this process was repeated (in the same order), adding additional capacity between nodes where an unblocked route was available until all 20 wavelengths were allocated, and no more traffic could be assigned without blockage.
Table 2 illustrates the resultant traffic matrix showing the location where traffic was added and dropped (gray highlighting) and the order of the modulation format (numbers) carried wavelength (horizontal index) on each link (vertical index). For example, emerging from node 6 are nine wavelengths carrying PM-4QAM and 5 wavelengths carrying PM-16QAM whilst on the center wavelength, PM-16QAM data is transmitted from node 1 (London) to node 5 (Munich) where this traffic is dropped and replaced with PM-64QAM traffic destined for node 6 (Milan). This ensured that various nodes were connected by multiple wavelengths. As it can be seen, the adopted procedure allowed for a reasonably meshed optical network (36 connections) with shortest route of 3 spans and longest path of 57 spans, emulating a quasi-real traffic scenario with highly heterogeneous traffic. At each node, add-drop functionality was enabled using a channelized ROADM architecture where all the wavelengths were de-multiplexed and channels were added/dropped, before re-multiplexing the data signals again. We considered Rectangular and Gaussian-shaped filters for ROADM stages, and the order of the Gaussian filters was varied from 1 through 6.
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1 | 4 | 16 | 16 | 64 | 4 | 16 | 16 | 4 | 64 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 4 | ||||||
2 | 4 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 64 | 64 | 4 | 16 | 4 | 16 | 16 | 4 | 16 | 4 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 4 | |
3 | 4 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 4 | 16 | 4 | 16 | 4 | 16 | 16 | 4 | 16 | 4 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 64 | 16 | 4 |
4 | 4 | 16 | 4 | 16 | 4 | 16 | 4 | 16 | 4 | 16 | 16 | 4 | 16 | 4 | 16 | 16 | 64 | 16 | 16 | 4 |
5 | 4 | 16 | 4 | 16 | 4 | 16 | 4 | 16 | 4 | 16 | 64 | 4 | 16 | 4 | 4 | 16 | 16 | 4 | ||
6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 16 | 16 | 4 | 16 | 4 | 4 | 16 | 16 | 4 | ||||||
7 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 16 | 16 | 4 |
4.2. Results and discussions
4.2.1. Nonlinear transmission with ideal ROADMs
Figure 9 depicts the required OSNR of each connection as a function of transmission distance, after electronic dispersion compensation. Note that in this case we employed rectangular ROADM filters to isolate the impact of inter-channel nonlinear impairments from filtering crosstalk (no cascade penalties were observed with ideal filters).
Numerous conclusions can be ascertained from this figure. First, these results confirm that with mixed-format traffic and active ROADMs, as the transmission distance is increased the required OSNR increases irrespective of the modulation order due to channel nonlinearities. Second, as observed by the greater rate of increase in required OSNR with distance, the higher-order channels are most degraded by channel nonlinearities, even at the shortest distance traversed. Furthermore, even for the shortest distances the offset between the theoretical OSNR for a linear system and the simulated values are greater for higher order formats. These two effectsare attributed to the significantly reduced minimum Euclidian distance which leads to increased sensitivity to nonlinear effects. However, for a system designed according to single-channel DBP propagation limits, as the one studied here, one can observe that majority of the links operate using EDC alone (except the ones highlighted by up-arrows). Note that managing the PAPR for such formats through linear pre-dispersion could further improve the transmission performance, as shown in Section 1.3. Additionally, in order to examine the available system margin, Figure 9 also shows the received OSNR for various configurations, where it can be seen that majority of the links (except 3) have more than 2
As discussed, the results presented in Figure 9 exclude 9 network connections classified as failed (25% of the total traffic), where the calculated BER was always found to be higher than the 3.8x10-3. In order to address the failed routes, we employed single-channel DBP, as shown in [21], on such channels, as shown in Figure 10 (red: simplified, blue: full-precision 40 steps per span).It can be seen that all but one of the links can be restored by using single-channel DBP, with the Qeffincreasing by an average of ~1
These results give some indication of the benefit of flexible formats and DBP. For particular network studied (assuming one of the two failed links works with high precision DBP), if homogeneous traffic, employing 4QAM, is considered, a total network capacity of 4-
4.2.2. Filter order and BW dependence
Figure 11 shows the performance of a selection of links with less than 6
The simulated Qeff versus 3
5. Summary and future work
In this chapter we explored the network aspect of advanced physical layer technologies, including multi-level formats employing varying DSP, and solutions were proposed to enhance the capacity of static transport networks. It was demonstrated that that if the order of QAM is adjusted to maximize the capacity of a given route, there may be a significant degradation in the transmission performance of existing traffic for a given dynamic network architecture. Such degradations were shown to be correlated to the accumulated peak-to-average power ratio of the added traffic along a given path, and that management of this ratio through pre-distortion was proposed to reduce the impact of adjusting the constellation size on through traffic. Apart from distance constraints, we also explored limitations in the operational power range of network traffic. The transponders which autonomously select a modulation order and launch power to optimize their own performance were reported to have a severe impact on co-propagating network traffic. A solution was proposed to operate the transponders altruistically, offering lower penalties than network controlled fixed power approach. In the final part of our analysis, the interplay between different higher-ordermodulation channels and the effect of filter shapes and bandwidth of(de)multiplexers on the transmission performance, in a segment of pan-European optical network was explored. It was verified that if the link capacities are assigned assuming that digital back propagation is available, 25% of the network connections fail using electronic dispersion compensation alone. However, majority of such links can indeed be restored by employing single-channel digital back-propagation. Our results indicated some benefit of flexible formats and DBP in realistic mesh networks. We showed that for particular network studied, if homogeneous traffic, employing 4QAM is considered, a total network capacity of 4
In terms of network evolution, the ultimate goal is to enable software-defined transceivers, where each node would switch itself to
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by Science Foundation Ireland under Grant numbers 06/IN/I969 and 08/CE/11523.References
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