1. Introduction
The measurement experiment of the fluid-dynamic noise made from the object placed into the air flow is performed using a low noise wind tunnel, a silent airflow wind tunnel, etc. In the low noise wind tunnel, the measures against silence are taken so that the noise generated with a fan or a compressor may not propagate as much as possible to a wind tunnel test section by an air current. As for the surroundings of the test section of a low noise wind tunnel, acoustic free space is provided. Generally a wind tunnel is classified by the form of the channel of a wind tunnel (blow type, suction type and circulating type), the form of the measurement section (open, half-open and sealed), and the existence of circulation of flow. And the practical wind tunnels are classified into 13 kinds (Mochizuki & Maruta, 1996). Figure 1 illustrates the circulation environment for the airflow between the blower and the measurement section, the types of duct in the wind tunnel (blow, suction and circulating) and the types of measurement section (open, half-open and sealed). The merit of each type of the wind tunnel and the weak point are summarized as follows. In the merit of the blow type, the composition is simple and small the installation space. In the liberating measurement section of jet-type, the usage of use becomes various. The week point is to need big power because the pressure loss is large. Flowing quantity will come to receive the fluctuation easily in turbulence. The measurement section is that the temperature raises more than the temperatures of air in the surrounding. The merit of the suction-type should be able to be composed the rectification part short, and more compactly than the blow-type. The temperature of the measurement section is the same as the temperature of the space in the surrounding. The weak point is to receive the influence of the fluctuation of the outer air flow large. The measurement section must become negative pressure from the atmospheric pressure. An enough space for the rectification is needed on the suction side. The merit of the circulating blow-type is not to receive turbulence. The experiment on all-round is possible in the open-type measurement section. The weak point is to take time until stabilizing and it be easy to rise in the temperature. Merits of the circulating suction-type are that turbulence is not received and the rectification part is short. The weak point is to take time until stabilizing. A very wide space is necessary forward of the suction mouth. Merits of the circulating type to unnecessary big power and not to receive turbulence. The stability of the flow is also early. Especially, efficiency is very good and the pressure loss is a little in the sealed-type measurement section. The weak point is to need noting in the rise's of the air flow temperature becoming remarkable. The object flow must be limited. A wide installation space is needed. In addition, there are a peculiar merit and a weak point respectively by the measurement section shape, and they are summarized as follows. The merit of the open-type measurement section is that the limitation concerning the size and the shape of the test piece is a little. The weak point is to receive turbulence by the suck of air. Merits of the half-open type measurement section are permitted the test piece diversity and are hard of turbulence to receive. The weak point is that the measurement room becomes negative pressure easily. The merit of the sealed-type measurement section is to become the most efficient wind tunnel, and to hardly receive turbulence. The weak point is to receive the limitation to the size and the shape of the test piece. Among these, it is required that the wind tunnel aiming at measurement of a fluid-dynamic noise secures the acoustic free space of silence and a test section. Moreover, it is also required that the spatial relationship of a test model and a microphone can be set up freely. Therefore, many blow-type wind tunnels with the measurement room and half-open type test section by which sound insulation processing was carried out with the sound-absorbing material are used. On the other hand, use of a microphone is difficult in an air flow, and the measurement technique of a fluid-dynamic noise has not been established. Therefore, the wind tunnel with a sealed type test section can scarcely be seen. Accordingly, measurement of the fluid-dynamic noise of internal flows, such as a flow inside a gas turbine or a jet engine, and a pipeline, a flow of the around of the support in a duct, is not in the state which can be performed immediately. As for the present condition, there are also few examples of verification of measurement of the fluid-dynamic noise of an internal flow. So, it is very important to establish the measurement technique of the fluid-dynamic noise of an internal flow in engineering. In measurement of the fluid-dynamic noise using a low noise wind tunnel, when an open-type test section is used, it is reported that there is a case where it becomes impossible for a back ground noise not to be amplified by the large turbulence produced with the edge of the jet stream from a nozzle, or for generating of the sound which is not a measuring object to be observed by interference of a jet and a model sample, or to maintain the two dimensional characteristic of a flow etc. Moreover, when a sealed type test section is used, on the usual surface of a wall, sound reflects, and exact measurement cannot be performed, but if the material which can bear wind pressure that sound tends to penetrate the surface of a wall is used, it is reported that the sealed type test section will probably be better (Fujita, 1994, 1996).
The purpose of this study is examination of the measurement technique of the fluid-dynamic noise of an internal flow. In this study, it proposes carrying out burial setting of the microphone to the test section equipped with a fibered glass. The suction type low noise wind tunnel with such a test section for verification was created, and measurement of the fluid-dynamic noise made from the circular cylinder placed into the air flow was tried. Comparison examination of the measurement result obtained by this measurement technique was carried out with the measurement result obtained in the blow type wind tunnel. As a result, it was shown that the same characteristic is obtained about the change in a sound pressure level or peak frequency. Moreover, since the target acoustic frequency was caught clearly, it was shown that it is convenient for examination of an acoustic effect. This measurement technique showed clearly that usefulness is high to fluid-dynamic noise measurement of the internal flow.
2. Experimental apparatus and method
This chapter describes the used equipment, a tool, and the procedure of an experiment.
2.1. Outline of the experimental apparatus
The experimental apparatus consists of a low noise wind tunnel and measuring equipment. Figure 2 shows the schematic diagram of a low noise wind tunnel. The low noise wind tunnel is constituted from the bell mouse, the test section, the silence duct, and the fan by the inhaled type wind tunnel with a sealed type test section. In order to reduce fan generating noise, the inside of a silence duct is divided into four in the shape of a cell, the sound-absorbing material (fibered glass) is stuck on all the surface of a wall, and the fan is installed in the fan room by which interior was carried out with the sound-absorbing material with a silence exhaust port with which three splitter walls were set. Regulation of airflow velocity which passes a test section is performed by carrying out inverter control of the number of rotations of the fan by remote control. A measuring device is divided roughly into fluid-dynamic noise measurement equipment and the air flow velocity measurement equipment. Fluid-dynamic noise measurement equipment consists of directive capacitor microphone (RION, UC-30, hereafter it is called microphone for convenient), precision noise level meter (RION, NA-40), and FFT analyzers (Ono Sokki, CF-5220). The air flow velocity measurement equipment consists of a hot-wire anemometer (DISA, TYPE55) and a digital pressure gauge (Cosmo Instruments, DM-3100B). As for measurement of the turbulence intensity to the flow velocity distribution and a main flow, the hot-wire anemometer was used. The pressure difference between the surface of a wall (static pressure) of a test section and atmospheric pressure was measured with the digital pressure gauge.
2.2. Measurement section and test cylinders
Figure 3 shows the schematic diagram of a measurement section (test section). The measurement section is a rectangular cross-section, 376mm (y direction) in height and 160mm (z direction) in width, with both side walls made of a transparent acrylic resin 700mm (x direction) in length, and a board thickness of 10mm. The turntable installation hole with a diameter of 100mm was installed from the edge of the measurement section upstream side to the position at 350mm in the centerline. Upper and lower walls act as the sound absorbing walls (fibered glass walls), with 50mm-thick fibered glass placed on a 15mm-thick transparent acrylic board. Half free space is made in acoustics by installing this sound absorbing wall. The microphone and the hot-wire probe are set up from the edge of the measurement part upstream side to the position at 400mm in the centerline. The surface of microphone and the surface of fibered glass are set at the same level. The hot-wire probe can be moved in a vertical direction in the measurement section (y direction) using the traverse device. The test circular cylinder can be set within a range of 5mm-45mm up from the center of the turntable. Here, the center-to-center spacing of the microphone and the circular cylinder make adjustments within a range of 5mm-95mm possible. The test circular cylinder is made from brass, span length is 160mm and the surface is finished smoothly. The test circular cylinder is with seven kind, and each diameter is 6mm, 10mm, 15mm, 20mm, 25mm, 30mm, and 40mm.
2.3. Experimental method and procedure
In advance of measurement of the fluid-dynamic noise, the flow velocity distribution in the test section is measured by a hot-wire anemometer, and the state of flow is understood. The relationship between the air flow velocity which passes the test section and the static pressure on the surface of wall is previously authorized using a Pitot tube and a digital pressure gauge. Proofreading of a microphone and a precision noise level meter is performed using the piston phone (RION, NC-72, 250Hz, 114dB). The measurement procedure for the sound of flow is as follows. The test air flow velocity is set by operating the rotational speed controller of the blower. The fluid-dynamic noise is measured by the microphone, and the overall noise level and frequency analyses are done using the precision sound level meter and the fast Fourier transform analyzer. The flow velocity distribution in the measurement section and the measurement of the disturbance intensity relative to the main flow is as follows. The I type probe of the hot-wire anemometer is inserted detaching the microphone, it traverses in a vertical direction (y direction) at 5mm intervals (the interval of traverse is 2.5mm near the wall), and the air flow velocity is measured at the microphone installation position. The frequency of the oscillating flow due to Karman vortex shedding from the circular cylinder is measured as follows. The I type probe of the hot-wire anemometer is fixed in a position such that a clear shape of the waves can be obtained, and the output signal and frequency are using the fast Fourier transform analyzer. Here, averaging is performed ten times in the frequency analysis.
3. Experimental result and discussion
This chapter describes the result of having investigated about the basic characteristic of a producing wind tunnel, and the result of having performed sound verification.
3.1. The fluid-dynamic characteristic and the acoustic characteristic of a producing wind tunnel
In order to understand the performance of a producing wind tunnel, investigation of the minimum flow velocity and the maximum flow velocity was performed using the Pitot tube. The minimum flow velocity in the test section was 2.5m/s, when the number of rotations of a fan was 100min-1, and the maximum flow velocity in the test section was 35m/s when the number of rotations of a fan was 1300min-1.
In a low noise wind tunnel, it becomes important especially to suppress propagation of the operation noise of the fan. Since this wind tunnel is a suction type wind tunnel, it is necessary to make it not accept fan generating noise in a test section. Accordingly, it is important not to leak the operation sound of the fan outside a fan room. So, the noise characteristic of the around of a wind tunnel was investigated. In order to understand the quietness of the wind tunnel, the sound pressure level around the test wind tunnel when it is driven or stopped was measured. Generally, the noise when the wind tunnel is operated is divided into air flow noise, and the operating noise of the blower. It is especially important in the fluid-dynamic noise measurement to suppress the propagation of the operating noise of the blower. The wind tunnel should not accept the blower generation noise in the measurement section. It is important that the operating sound of the blower does not leak outside the fan room. It is necessary, therefore, to understand the noise characteristics around the wind tunnel. The microphone positions for the noise measurement around the wind tunnel are shown in Fig. 4. Microphones are set up outside the fan room at a height of 1m off the ground, at measurement points (A-K). At measurement points (L1, L2) in the blower room, microphones are set up at a height of 1m, and placed a 700mm away from the electric motor and the blower outlet. Figure 5 shows the noise measurements at each measurement point when the circular cylinder is not set up in the measurement section and when the wind tunnel is in operation. The noise levels around the wind tunnel, almost the same, but differ inside and outside of the fan room, and when flow velocity increases, the difference increased. The noise levels inside and outside the fan room were 26dB and 32dB, respectively, when the wind tunnel was not operating. The level of sound intensity is defined by
3.2. Flow characteristics in the measurement section
Flow characteristics in the measurement section where the sound absorbing wall (fibered glass wall) had been used were investigated. The hot-wire probe was inserted in the microphone's installation position; it traversed in a vertical direction (y direction), and the velocity and disturbance intensity were measured. Figure 6 shows the velocity distribution and the disturbance intensity when the air flow velocity is
3.3. The relation between sound source and measurement position
It is known that the fluid-dynamic noise made from the circular cylinder placed into the air flow is a dipole sound. Since there is single directivity also in a microphone, it is important to understand the influence on the measurement result by the spatial relationship of a sound source and its microphone. Figure 7 shows the measurement result of the sound pressure level when varying the distance
3.4. Measurement result and verification of Acoustic frequency
The back ground noise with acoustic half-free space of a test section was measured by making airflow velocity in a test section into
3.5. Comparison of measurement results with a blow-type wind tunnel
Figure 10 shows the variation of the peak frequency of the sound pressure level at the time of varying a circular cylinder diameter. The back ground noise is also shown for comparison. The abscissa is frequency
3.6. Effect of acoustic material and sound directivity
In order to verify the effect of the sound-absorbing material (fibered glass) in the measurement section, the acoustic frequency from the circular cylinder was measured. At this time, the microphone is set up from the bell mouse to 500mm upstream side by equal height to the circular cylinder installation position. The air flow velocity of the measurement section was
In general, because the oscillation amplitude of the lift is far larger than that of the drag, it is expected that the sound pressure level in the direction of the lift is far larger than the sound pressure of the drag direction. However, the sound from the oscillation of the drag direction is easily detected because the directivity microphone is located on the upstream side of the circular cylinder in this measurement, and the fluid-dynamic sound by the oscillation in the direction of the lift is not detected easily. In addition, because the interference pattern of the sound wave in the direction of the lift is different in each circular cylinder, the sound pressure level in the direction of the lift is small. The sound pressure level of the drag direction has a large value, as shown in Figs. 12(c) (d) and (f). Moreover, when the microphone is set up in the measurement section, only the fluid-dynamic sound in the direction of the lift is measured as shown in Fig. 8. Such a phenomenon suggests that the directivity of the sound source and the directivity of the microphone are at issue, and this is the subject of future investigation.
4. Conclusion
This study proposed a technique to measure the fluid-dynamic noise of an internal flow in a wind tunnel, and the fluid-dynamic noise from a circular cylinder placed on the air flow of a suction-type wind tunnel with a sealed-type measurement section with sound-absorbing material (fibered grass) was measured. The following conclusions were obtained.
The acoustic performance and fluid-dynamic performance of a test wind tunnel were good. The following results were obtained for the performance of the test wind tunnel. The noise in the blower room is effectively intercepted. The position of the sound source and the microphone are not influenced by directivity. The uniformity of the flow of the measurement section narrows when sound-absorbing material is used for the measurement section of the test wind tunnel.
The following results were obtained from installing sound-absorbing material in the measurement section. The acoustical free space can be made from the closed space. When the surface of the microphone was arranged and set up on the surface of the sound-absorbing material, the measurement of the fluid sound of an internal flow became possible without any disarrangement of the flow-field.
The acoustic frequency measured by the microphone was confirmed to have a frequency based on the fluid oscillation caused by the Karman vortex shedding measured with the hot-wire anemometer.
The following results were obtained when a comparison was made with the results from a blow-type wind tunnel. The aimed acoustic frequency was measured by the large sound pressure level. Other frequency elements were the same degrees of the sound pressure level as the back ground noise. It has been understood that such a result was convenient when a sound effect was examined.
When an acoustical effect was examined, it was understood that the following consideration is necessary. The distance between the sound source and the microphone must be set in consideration of the influence of the pressure fluctuation of the near-field. The lower bound frequency must be understood. The microphone must be arranged in consideration of the sound directivity with the sound source.
From the results outlined in (2)-(4), this present measurement technique is considered to be a technique useful for the measurement of the fluid sound of an internal flow.
Nomenclature
B.G.N.: back ground noise, dB
x: coordinate component (flow direction), m
y: coordinate component (vertical direction), m
z: coordinate component (horizontal direction), m
δ: thickness of boundary layer, m
ν: kinematic viscosity of air, m2/s
References
- 1.
Fujita, H. (1994). The Present Condition and View for the Basic-study About the Flow and Sound Controls. Proceedings of the 72nd the JSME Fall Meeting of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, pp. 360-363, Tokyo, Japan, October, 1994 - 2.
Fujita, H. (1996). Experimental Study on Aerodynamic Noise Generated from two-Dimensional Models (1st Report, Study on Wind Tunnel Wall Effect and Wall Materials), Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, Series B , Vol. 62, No. 593, (January 1996), pp. 187-193 - 3.
Iida, A., Fujita, H., Kato, C., & Otaguro, Y. (1996). Experimental Investigation of the Generation Mechanism of Aerodynamic Noise (2nd Report, On Correlation Between Surface Pressure Fluctuation and Aerodynamic Sound Radiated from a Circular Cylinder), Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, Series B, Vol. 62, No. 604, (December 1996), pp. 4160-4167 - 4.
Mochizuki, O., & Maruta, Y. (1996). Introduction of Fluid Sound Engineering , Asakura-shoten, ISBN 4-254-23088-5, Tokyo, Japan - 5.
Tomita, S., Suzuki, S., Inagaki, S., Yokoyama, T., Kobayashi S., & Tsukamoto, G. (1982). The Study about Fluid Sound from a Cylinder in a Uniform Flow (1st Report, in the Case of Circular Cylinders), Proceedings of the Thohoku Branchi Meeting of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers , Senday, Japan, October, 1984