Comparison of performance criteria for of PAPCS using tuned and no tuned FLC.
1. Introduction
In the early days, the parameters of the fuzzy logic systems were fixed arbitrary, thus leading to a large number of possibilities for FLSs. In 1992, it has been shown that linguistic rules can be converted into Fuzzy Basis Functions (FBFs), and numerical rules and its associated FBFs must be extracted from numerical data training. Since that time, a multitude of design methods to construct a FLS are proposed. Some of these methods are intensive on data analysis, some are aimed at computational simplicity, some are recursive and others are offline, but all based on the the same idea:
Two kinds of FLSs, the Mamdani and the Takagi-Sugeno-Kang (TSK) FLSs are widely used and they are currently adopted by the scientific community. They solely differ in the way the consequent structure is defined. The fact that a TSK FLS does not require a time-consuming defuzzification process makes it far more attractive for most of applications.
In this chapter, we consider the first category to design a TSK FLS basing on alinear method. Our design approach requires a set of input-output numerical data training pairs. Given linguistic rules of the FLS, we expand this FLS as a series of FBFs that are functions of the FLS inputs. We use the input training data to compute these FBFs. Therefore, the system becomes linear in the FLS consequent parameters, and we consider each set of FBFs as a basis vector which is easy to be optimized. Then follows the consequent parameters optimization via a minimizing process of the error vector -
2. Fuzzy Logic Systems (FLS) basic concepts
2.1. Fuzzy sets
A
where the membership degree of
2.2. Mamdani FLS
An FLS is an intuitive and numerical system that maps crisp (deterministic) inputs to a crisp output. It is composed of four elements which are depicted in Figure 1. To completly describe this FLS, we need a mathematical formula that maps the crisp input
2.2.1. Rules
The FLS is associated with a set of
where
2.2.2. Fuzzifier
A fuzzifier maps any crisp input
2.2.3. Inference
A fuzzy inference engine combines rules from the fuzzy rule base and gives a mapping from input fuzzy sets in
Usually in Mamdani FLS, the implication is replaced by a
where
Each rule detemines a fuzzy set
Finally, the
2.2.4. Defuzzifier
As we pointed out before, the main idea of a Mamdani FLS is to use crisp inputs to make fuzzy inference and finally find a crisp output which represents the behavior of the FLS. The process of finding a crisp output after fuzzification and inference is called
There are many types of defuzzifiers, but we consider in this paper the
where
2.3. Takagi-Sugeno-Kang (TSK) FLS
A TSK FLS is a special FLS which is also characterized by IF-THEN rules, but its consequent is a polynomial. Its output is a crisp value obtained from computing the polynomial output, so it does not need a defuzzification process. The
where
The output of a TSK FLS is obtained by combining the outputs from the
where
where
2.4. Fuzzy basis functions
For Mamdani FLSs, assuming that all consequent MFs are normalized, i.e.,
The FLS in
where
where
This linear combination allows us to view an FLS as series expansions of FBFs [11], [12], [4] and [10] which has the capability of providing a mix of both numerical and linguistic information.
2.5. Weighted FBF
The crisp output of the TSK FLS in
It can also be expressed as:
where
This linear combination allows us to view the FLS as series expansions of WFBFs [2]. The WFBFs have also a capability of providing a combination of both numerical and linguistic information.
3. Orthogonality principle
We explain in this section how we can obtain, graphically, the optimal scalar that minimizes the norm of an error vector [9].Suppose that we have a set of
As shown in Figure 2, we can see that the optimal scalar
Solving for
4. FLS design based on GOP
GOP is an optimization principle which can be applied to both Mamdani and TSK FLSs. Under the premise of fixed shapes and the parameters of the antecedent MFs over the time, then a training dataset is used to tune the consequent parameters. The consequent parameters are
4.1. Mamdani FLS design
Given a collection of
where
Equation (14) can be decomposed as follows:
So we have
Now, if each FBF is considered as a basis function, we can compose the following vector:
where
and the parameters of the consequent in a vector
By considering the
where the fuzzy basis function matrix
To find the optimal vector
In a matrix form, we obtain:
Solving for
where
4.2. TSK FLS design
In the same way, the consequent parameters of a TSK FLS are tuned. The design approach is related to the following problem:
Given a collection of
where
The WFBF vectors are computed using the training input data, then the GOP is applied to the
Using the elements of the input-output training pairs, the TSK output given in
where
By taking each set of
and each set of
Now we have to tune
If we define the
the output vector
In a matrix form,
So the
The optimal parameters of the consequent conforms a vector,
This may be expressed directly in terms of the WBFM
Solving for
5. FLC design for controlling an inverted pendulum on a cart
5.1. Description of the system
Schematic drawing of an
The Lagrange equation for the position of the pendulum,
The Lagrange equation for the position of the cart,
where
Since the goal of the control system is to keep the pendulum upright the equations can be linearized around
5.2. FLC structure and design
We try to keep the pendulum upright regardless the cart’s position, i.e.,
In this case, we use a Mamdani FLS with four rules. We use gaussian MF to fuzzify the two controller’s inputs
where
The MFs of the antecedents are depicted in Figures 7 and 8.
Figure 9 shows the 56 data training and the optimal fitting given by the GOP method.
The obtained optimal consequent parameters are
Figure 10 shows the response of the pendulum system controlled by the designed FLC to a reference
We evaluate the proposed design by using its error rate. For quantifying the errors, we use three different performance criteria to analyze the rise time, the oscillation behaviour and the behaviour at the end of transition period. These three criteria are:
Table 1 summarizes the obtained values of
No tuning | Tuning | |
ISE | 0.2338 | 0.2224 |
IAE | 4.7343 | 4.0403 |
ITSE | 6.7733 | 4.4278 |
We notice from this table that the errors obtained when tuning is used are all smaller than those obtained with untuned FLC. Fig.11, 12, 13 show the different quantified errors.
Figures 10, 11, 12 and 13 show that the system using tuning is less oscillatory, having a rise time and errors at the end of transition period smaller than those obtained by untuned FLC.
6. FLS design for predicting time series
We apply the GOP to design an FLS which predicts a time series. The FLS has to predict the future value
The training data are obtained by simulating
Figure 14 displays performance of the FLS in training data, and Figure 15 shows its results on Testing data. Note that the GOP-designed is a better forecaster, since the differences from original data are small in both training and testing data sets.
Some additional analyses should be performed to verify the goodness of fit of the method (See [5], and [6]), but in this case, the proposed GOP has shown good results, so we can recommend its application to real cases. Time series analysis is an useful topic for many decision makers, so the use of optimal and easy-to-be-implemented techniques, as the proposed one has a wide potential.
7. Concluding remarks
In this chapter we have presented an enhancement method of fuzzy controllers using the generalized orthogonality principle. We applied the method to two different cases: a first one involving control of an inverted pendulum and a second one for fuzzy forecasting. In the first application, numerical rules and their FBFs were extracted from numerical training data. This combination of both linguistic and numerical information simultaneously become FBFs an useful method. Since a specific FLS can be expressed as a linear combination of FBFs, we generalized orthogonality principle on FBFs that results in a better FLS.
In the second study case, we applied the GOP to design a FLS for time series forecasting. The FLS has been applied to a Mackey-Glass time series with better results compared to a non-GOP FLS. The results were validated with simulations.
All the FBFs can be seen as a basis vector, which allows to optimize the parameters of the consequents. This means that the error vectors are orthogonal to these FBFs, resulting in the minimization of the magnitudes of these error vectors, and consequently an optimal FLS.
The proposed method has a wide potential in complex forecasting problems ([5], and [6]). Its application to hardware design problems ([7]) can improve the performance of fuzzy controllers, so its implementation arises as a new field to be covered.
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