1. Introduction

In the tapestry of societal evolution, the concept of Society 5.0 stands as a beacon, illuminating a path where technological progress converges with human values to amplify the well-being of individuals and propel societal advancement [1, 2, 3]. Unlike its predecessors, Society 5.0 transcends mere industrial and technological growth, prioritizing the harmonious integration of cutting-edge innovations for the benefit of humanity. At its essence, Society 5.0 envisions a world where technology is not just a means to an end but a powerful force that elevates the human experience [4, 5].

At the heart of this transformative vision lies an unwavering commitment to human-centric principles. Society 5.0 places the well-being of individuals and the collective advancement of society at the forefront of its objectives. It strives for a seamless integration of technology into our daily lives, enhancing our capabilities, fostering inclusivity, and addressing societal challenges. In this epoch, the revolution is not merely technological; it is fundamentally human-centric [6, 7, 8, 9, 10].

Central to the realization of Society 5.0 is the catalytic role of nanotechnology. Operating at the infinitesimally small scale of atoms and molecules, nanotechnology emerges as a key enabler, weaving intricate threads that connect technological prowess with the fundamental fabric of human needs. It is within the realm of nanotechnology that we discover the tools and mechanisms to unlock unprecedented possibilities, fundamentally altering the landscape of healthcare, sustainability, education, and beyond [11, 12, 13].

In recent reserchs, many researchers are attempting to use nanotechnology for illness diagnosis, treatment, and prevention since they are aware of the advantages of nanomedicine. For the upcoming generation of medical scientists, there are potential applications in the design of medical instruments and procedures [14]. A growing amount of commentary has been made about how STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math) fields will be affected and how their roles in higher education will be redefined. This has included a thorough analysis of how university-industry partnerships will change as a result of each party adapting to the other’s expanded role [15].

Zero hunger, excellent health and wellbeing, affordable and clean energy, clean water and sanitation, ethical consumption and production, and climate action are all possible with the aid of nanotechnology [16].

In this chapter, we embark on a journey to explore the symbiotic relationship between nanotechnology and the aspirations of Society 5.0. As we navigate through the intricate web of nanoscale marvels, we unravel the ways in which this transformative technology becomes the lynchpin in advancing the human-centric revolution envisioned by Society 5.0. From personalized healthcare solutions to sustainable practices and inclusive education, nanotechnology emerges as a silent architect, shaping the contours of a future where technology is not just a means to progress but a conduit for a more humane and enlightened society.

1.1 Society 5.0

In the ever-evolving narrative of human civilization, each societal epoch marks a distinct chapter in our collective journey. As we stand at the precipice of a new era, the concept of Society 5.0 emerges as a compelling vision, transcending traditional paradigms of societal development. Society 5.0 envisions a future where the seamless integration of advanced technologies not only propels economic growth but, more fundamentally, serves as a catalyst for the enhancement of human well-being and societal advancement [1, 17, 18].

At its core, Society 5.0 is a response to the growing imperative to harmonize the unprecedented capabilities of technology with the innate needs and aspirations of humanity. Unlike previous industrial revolutions that primarily focused on economic and industrial progress, Society 5.0 represents a paradigm shift—a departure from the mechanistic to the human-centric. The emphasis is on the holistic development of individuals and society, recognizing that technology’s true measure lies not in its sophistication but in its ability to enrich lives [19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27].

The focal point of Society 5.0 is a relentless commitment to human well-being. It envisions a society where technology, guided by ethical principles and a profound understanding of human needs, becomes a transformative force for good. From healthcare to education, from urban planning to environmental sustainability, the primary objective is to create a society that is not just technologically advanced but, more importantly, humanely advanced [28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33].

Society 5.0 perceives technology not as an end in itself but as a means to elevate the human experience. It envisions a society where technology acts as an empowering tool, fostering inclusivity, enhancing individual capabilities, and collectively addressing the most pressing challenges of our time. As we delve into the nuances of Society 5.0, we embark on a journey to understand how this vision unfolds, with a keen focus on the profound ways in which technology becomes a cornerstone for societal advancement and, ultimately, the well-being of humanity [34, 35].

Furthermore, Industry 5.0 employs a blend of technological advancements and organizational ideas to create and oversee supply chains and operations as robust, sustainable, and people-focused systems. Although the concept of Industry 5.0 has been clarified, nothing is known about how it will affect supply chains and future operations [36]. Despite the perception that Industry 4.0 will advance sustainable development, a number of pressing sustainability issues have been disregarded or misinterpreted by the movement, giving rise to the Industry 5.0 agenda. Although most people agree that Industry 5.0 has desired sustainability characteristics, little is known about how this agenda may actually bring about sustainable transformation [37].

Moreover, the emergence of ChatGPT has marked a shift in the field of Artificial Intelligence from Algorithmic Intelligence to Linguistic Intelligence. In this new era, real-time and online interactions between humans and machines, as well as between genuine and artificial entities, are crucial and dynamic [38].

1.2 Nanotechnology overview: unveiling the world at the nanoscale

Nanotechnology, an intricate and revolutionary field, ushers us into a realm where the manipulation of matter occurs at the nanoscale. At its essence, nanotechnology is the science, engineering, and application of materials and devices with structures, properties, and performance characteristics that emerge at the scale of nanometers. A nanometer, denoted as one billionth of a meter, is a scale so minuscule that it ventures into the realm of individual atoms and molecules [39, 40, 41, 42].

To put this into perspective, the diameter of a human hair is approximately 80,000–100,000 nanometers. At the nanoscale, materials exhibit unique properties and behaviors that differ markedly from their macroscale counterparts. These properties stem from the quantum effects that dominate at such dimensions, providing a playground for innovation and exploration.

Nanotechnology encompasses a spectrum of applications, from nanomaterials to nanodevices, and it extends across various scientific disciplines, including physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering. The ability to engineer and manipulate materials at the atomic and molecular level grants unprecedented control over their properties. Researchers and engineers delve into this microscopic world with the aim of harnessing its potential to revolutionize industries, from healthcare and electronics to energy and materials science [43, 44, 45].

In the chapters that follow, we embark on a journey into the world of nanotechnology, exploring its fundamental principles, applications, and, most importantly, its transformative role within the paradigm of Society 5.0. As we navigate this intricate landscape [46, 47, 48], we uncover the promise and potential that nanotechnology holds in advancing the human-centric revolution using Artificial Intelligence (AI) [49], shaping a future where the infinitesimally small becomes the foundation for monumental progress [50].

Figure 1 illustrates the structure of the paper and the title of the paper.

2. Methodology

This review paper utilizes a comprehensive analysis of existing literature to explore and synthesize key insights into the role of nanotechnology in advancing the principles of Society 5.0. The methodology involves a thorough examination of academic articles, books, and reports to extract relevant information on nanomaterials, nanoscale manufacturing techniques, educational applications, environmental sustainability, and ethical considerations.

A scoping review was conducted to identify and analyze scholarly works related to nanotechnology and its intersections with Society 5.0.

Information was extracted from the selected literature (the articles with relevance to Nanotechnology principles, applications, and their alignment with Society 5.0 goals) focusing on key themes related to (Nanomaterials, Manufacturing Techniques, Green Revolution, Resource Efficiency, and Ethical Considerations).

The extracted data were then synthesized to provide a cohesive narrative on how nanotechnology aligns with the principles of Society 5.0. The synthesis includes case studies and discussions on the transformative potential, challenges, and future prospects of nanotechnology in fostering a human-centric technological revolution.

3. Key principles and concepts in nanotechnology: unveiling nanomaterials and manufacturing techniques

Nanotechnology, operating at the scale of nanometers, introduces a myriad of principles and concepts that redefine the properties and behavior of materials. Two foundational aspects of nanotechnology are nanomaterials and nanoscale manufacturing techniques, each playing a pivotal role in the innovation and transformation this field promises [51, 52, 53, 54].

3.1 Nanomaterials

Nanomaterials represent the building blocks of nanotechnology. At the nanoscale, materials exhibit distinct properties due to quantum effects and increased surface-to-volume ratios. Several types of nanomaterials exist, each offering unique characteristics:

Nanoparticles: particles with dimensions in the nanometer range, often used for their enhanced reactivity and unique optical, electronic, or magnetic properties.
Nanotubes and nanowires: cylindrical structures with diameters at the nanoscale, possessing exceptional strength and conductivity. Carbon nanotubes, for example, exhibit remarkable mechanical and electrical properties.
Nanocomposites: materials composed of a combination of nanoscale constituents, offering a synergistic combination of properties from different components.
Nanocolloids: stable suspensions of nanoparticles in a liquid medium, used in various applications such as drug delivery and imaging.

Understanding and manipulating these nanomaterials is fundamental to unlocking their potential in diverse fields, ranging from medicine to electronics.

3.2 Nanoscale manufacturing techniques

Nanoscale manufacturing techniques enable the precise design and assembly of nanomaterials into functional structures. Several key techniques have emerged to manipulate matter at the nanoscale [55, 56, 57, 58]:

Top-down approaches: involves reducing the size of larger structures to nanoscale dimensions. Techniques such as lithography use this method to etch or pattern materials at the nanoscale.
Bottom-up approaches: assembling nanoscale structures from individual atoms or molecules. Self-assembly processes, like molecular nanotechnology, leverage this approach.
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD): depositing thin films of material on a substrate, commonly used in the semiconductor industry to create nanoscale layers.
Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE): precisely depositing individual atoms or molecules to create thin films with specific properties.
Template-assisted methods: using templates or molds to guide the assembly of nanoscale structures. Electrospinning and nanoimprinting fall under this category.

These manufacturing techniques empower scientists and engineers to sculpt materials with unparalleled precision, enabling the creation of nanodevices and nanosystems that form the backbone of innovations in Society 5.0.

In the sections ahead, we will delve deeper into the applications and implications of nanomaterials and manufacturing techniques, exploring how these fundamental principles contribute to the advancement of the human-centric revolution envisioned by Society 5.0.

4. Nanotechnology as an educational catalyst in STEM disciplines: inspiring the next generation of innovators

Nanotechnology, with its capacity to unveil the mysteries of the nanoscale world, offers a powerful educational tool to captivate the minds of students and ignite their curiosity in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) disciplines. By incorporating nanotechnology into educational curricula, educators can stimulate interest, foster critical thinking, and prepare the next generation of innovators for the challenges and opportunities of a technologically advanced future [59, 60, 61, 62].

Tangibility and interactivity: nanotechnology provides a tangible and interactive platform for learning. Hands-on activities, experiments, and demonstrations involving nanoscale materials and devices allow students to directly engage with scientific concepts. This experiential learning approach not only deepens their understanding of complex STEM principles but also instills a sense of wonder and curiosity.
Multidisciplinary integration: nanotechnology inherently spans multiple scientific disciplines, seamlessly integrating concepts from physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering. This multidisciplinary nature mirrors the collaborative environment prevalent in real-world STEM applications. Educators can leverage nanotechnology to break down traditional disciplinary silos and promote a holistic understanding of STEM subjects.
Real-world relevance: nanotechnology’s impact extends into various industries, from healthcare to electronics and materials science. By highlighting real-world applications, educators can demonstrate the practical relevance of STEM disciplines. This connection to tangible, real-world problems not only enhances students’ motivation but also illustrates how STEM knowledge can be harnessed to address global challenges.
Technological innovation and problem-solving: nanotechnology encourages a mindset of innovation and problem-solving. Students engaging with nanotechnology learn to think critically, creatively, and analytically. They develop the skills needed to tackle complex problems and design novel solutions, fostering an entrepreneurial spirit essential for the rapidly evolving landscape of technology and industry.
Career exploration and inspiration: integrating nanotechnology into STEM education provides students with insights into potential career paths. Exposure to cutting-edge technologies and the impact of nanotechnology on various industries can inspire students to pursue STEM-related careers. Guest lectures, industry partnerships, and field trips to nanotechnology facilities further enhance the connection between classroom learning and future career possibilities.
Accessible learning materials: advancements in educational technology and online resources make nanotechnology accessible to a wide range of students. Virtual labs, simulations, and online courses enable learners to explore nanoscale phenomena and experiments beyond the constraints of traditional classroom settings, fostering a more inclusive and flexible educational experience.

Incorporating nanotechnology into STEM education not only enhances the quality of learning but also cultivates a generation of STEM enthusiasts equipped with the skills and mindset needed to navigate the complexities of our technologically driven world. As we look toward the future, the educational integration of nanotechnology stands as a cornerstone in preparing students to contribute meaningfully to the ongoing human-centric revolution in Society 5.0 [63, 64].

Nanotechnology, with its capacity to revolutionize how we perceive and interact with matter at the smallest scales, holds significant potential in promoting accessible and inclusive learning environments in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) education. By leveraging the transformative potential of nanotechnology, we move closer to a future where equal opportunities for quality STEM education are extended to every learner, fostering a diverse and empowered generation of individuals ready to contribute to the human-centric revolution in Society 5.0.

5. Nanotechnology’s green revolution: advancing clean energy generation and storage

Nanotechnology stands at the forefront of a green revolution, driving innovations that hold the potential to transform how we generate and store clean energy. In the pursuit of sustainability goals, nanotechnology is catalyzing breakthroughs across various domains, ushering in a new era of efficiency, affordability, and environmental responsibility [65, 66].

Efficient solar energy harvesting: nanoscale photovoltaics: nanotechnology is enhancing the efficiency of solar cells through the development of advanced photovoltaic materials. Innovations like perovskite solar cells and quantum dot solar cells leverage nanoscale materials to capture and convert sunlight into electricity more effectively. This leads to higher energy yields and a reduced reliance on traditional, less sustainable energy sources.
Revolutionizing energy storage: nanomaterials in batteries: nanotechnology is transforming energy storage solutions, particularly in batteries. Nanomaterials, such as nanostructured electrodes and nanocomposite materials, enhance the capacity, charge/discharge rates, and lifespan of batteries. This innovation not only supports renewable energy integration but also contributes to the development of more efficient electric vehicles.
Smart grids and energy distribution: nanogrids and nanosensors: nanotechnology plays a role in the development of smart grids and energy distribution systems. Nanogrids, equipped with nanosensors, enable precise monitoring and control of energy distribution. This enhances grid stability, reduces energy losses, and accommodates the decentralized nature of renewable energy sources like solar and wind.
Efficient lighting solutions: nanophotonics for LEDs: nanotechnology is advancing lighting solutions through nanophotonics. Nanomaterials are integrated into Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs), resulting in more energy-efficient lighting with enhanced brightness and color control. This contributes to energy conservation and aligns with sustainability goals in the field of illumination.
Energy-efficient building materials: nanomaterials in construction: nanotechnology is influencing the development of energy-efficient building materials. Nanomaterials like aerogels and phase-change materials enhance insulation properties, regulating temperature and reducing the need for heating or cooling. This leads to more sustainable and energy-efficient buildings.
Clean fuel production: nanocatalysts for hydrogen production: nanocatalysts play a role in clean fuel production, particularly in hydrogen generation through water splitting. Nanotechnology enhances the efficiency of catalytic processes, making the production of clean fuels more viable and sustainable.
Environmental monitoring and remediation: nano-enabled environmental sensors: nanotechnology contributes to environmental sustainability by enabling the development of nanoscale sensors for real-time environmental monitoring. These sensors can detect pollutants and facilitate targeted remediation efforts, ensuring a cleaner and healthier environment.

The integration of nanotechnology into clean energy generation and storage aligns with global sustainability goals, offering solutions that not only address current energy challenges but also contribute to the mitigation of environmental impacts. As nanotechnology continues to advance, it promises to play a pivotal role in achieving a more sustainable and eco-friendly energy landscape [67, 68].

6. Nanomaterials: catalysts for resource efficiency and environmental sustainability

Nanomaterials, operating at the nanoscale, have emerged as pivotal agents in revolutionizing resource efficiency and mitigating environmental impact. Their unique properties and applications span various industries, offering innovative solutions that align with the goals of sustainability. Here’s a closer look at the role of nanomaterials in advancing resource efficiency and reducing environmental impact [69, 70, 71, 72]:

Water purification and desalination: nanofiltration membranes: nanomaterials, such as graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes, are integral to the development of advanced nanofiltration membranes. These membranes exhibit superior filtration properties, enabling efficient removal of contaminants from water sources. Nanotechnology contributes to sustainable water management by improving desalination processes and enhancing access to clean water.
Case study: graphene-based nanofiltration membranes: graphene-based nanofiltration membranes have shown remarkable efficiency in water purification processes. In a case study, researchers developed membranes composed of graphene oxide to selectively filter out contaminants, including heavy metals and organic pollutants, from water sources. The high permeability and selective filtration properties of these nanomaterial-based membranes contribute to sustainable water treatment practices.
Efficient energy harvesting and storage: nanomaterials in batteries and supercapacitors: nanotechnology enhances the performance of energy storage devices through the incorporation of nanomaterials in batteries and supercapacitors. Nanostructured electrodes and materials increase energy storage capacity, charge/discharge rates, and overall efficiency. This promotes the transition to clean and renewable energy sources while reducing reliance on traditional energy systems with higher environmental footprints.
Case study: nanomaterials in lithium-sulfur batteries: nanotechnology plays a crucial role in advancing sustainable energy storage solutions. In a case study, researchers applied nanomaterials, such as nanostructured sulfur composites, in lithium-sulfur batteries. This innovation enhances the energy storage capacity and cycling stability of the batteries, making them more efficient and sustainable for renewable energy storage applications.
Lightweight and high-strength materials: nanocomposites: nanomaterials contribute to the development of nanocomposites, which are lightweight yet possess high strength and durability. These materials find applications in industries such as automotive and aerospace, leading to the production of lighter vehicles and structures. The use of nanocomposites reduces the overall material consumption and enhances resource efficiency.
Waste management and recycling: nanomaterials for selective adsorption: nanomaterials, including nanoparticles and nanocomposites, can be designed for selective adsorption of pollutants and contaminants. This capability is utilized in waste management and recycling processes, allowing for the targeted removal of specific pollutants from waste streams. Nanotechnology aids in the creation of more efficient and environmentally friendly recycling methods.
Case study: nanomaterials for targeted pollutant removal in wastewater: nanotechnology is employed in waste management through the development of nanomaterials for targeted pollutant removal. In a case study, researchers utilized nanomaterials with high adsorption capacities to selectively capture specific pollutants from industrial wastewater. This approach enhances the efficiency of wastewater treatment processes, contributing to more sustainable and eco-friendly waste management practices.
Enhanced agricultural practices: nanopesticides and nanofertilizers: nanomaterials play a role in agriculture by improving the efficiency of pesticides and fertilizers. Nanoformulations enable targeted delivery of agrochemicals, reducing the overall quantity required and minimizing environmental runoff. This precision in agricultural practices enhances resource efficiency and reduces the ecological impact of conventional farming.
Case study: nanofertilizers for crop yield improvement: nanotechnology contributes to sustainable agriculture through the development of nanofertilizers. In a case study, researchers explored the use of nanomaterials to encapsulate and deliver nutrients to plants more efficiently. This nanotechnology-enabled approach enhances nutrient uptake by crops, reduces fertilizer runoff, and improves overall agricultural sustainability by optimizing resource use.
Air quality improvement: nanomaterials in catalysis: nanocatalysts contribute to air quality improvement through applications in catalytic converters. These catalysts facilitate more efficient and complete combustion of pollutants in vehicle emissions, reducing the release of harmful substances into the atmosphere.
Case study: nanocatalysts in automobile catalytic converters: nanocatalysts are employed in catalytic converters to mitigate air pollution from vehicle emissions. In a case study, researchers developed nanocatalysts with enhanced surface areas and catalytic activities, leading to more efficient conversion of harmful pollutants into less toxic substances. This nanotechnology application contributes to improved air quality and aligns with sustainable practices in the automotive industry.
Sustainable construction materials: nanomaterials in concrete: nanotechnology enhances the properties of construction materials like concrete. The incorporation of nanomaterials improves the strength, durability, and self-healing capabilities of concrete, leading to longer-lasting structures. This extension of material lifespan contributes to resource efficiency in the construction industry.
Case study: nanomaterials in self-healing concrete: nanotechnology contributes to eco-friendly construction practices through the development of self-healing concrete. In a case study, nanomaterials, such as nanoparticles of calcium carbonate or other healing agents, were incorporated into the concrete mix. These nanoparticles react with water and carbon dioxide in the air, filling microcracks in the concrete and enhancing its durability. This innovation not only reduces the need for frequent maintenance and repairs but also extends the lifespan of structures, aligning with sustainability goals in the construction industry.

By harnessing the unique properties of nanomaterials, industries can optimize processes, reduce waste, and enhance the performance of various materials and systems. This, in turn, fosters resource efficiency and contributes to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to manufacturing, agriculture, energy, and waste management. As nanotechnology continues to advance, its role in promoting resource efficiency and reducing environmental impact will become increasingly pronounced [73, 74].

These case studies illustrate how nanotechnology applications are making significant strides in promoting sustainability across diverse sectors. From water purification to construction materials and renewable energy storage, nanomaterials are proving to be instrumental in advancing eco-friendly practices and contributing to a more sustainable and resilient future (Table 1) [75, 76].

	Application	Case study
Precision medicine	Targeted drug delivery systems	In the field of oncology, nanotechnology has facilitated the development of targeted drug delivery systems. Nanoparticles are engineered to deliver chemotherapy directly to cancer cells, minimizing damage to healthy tissues. This precision medicine approach aligns with the Society 5.0 goal of personalized healthcare, enhancing treatment efficacy while reducing side effects.
Environmental sustainability	Nanomaterials for water purification	Nanotechnology plays a pivotal role in addressing water scarcity. Nanomaterials like graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes are employed in advanced filtration systems, removing contaminants at the molecular level. These nanotech solutions contribute to sustainable water management, aligning with Society 5.0’s focus on environmental stewardship and resource efficiency.
Smart energy solutions	Nanomaterials in solar cells	Nanotechnology enhances the efficiency of solar cells through the development of nanomaterial-based photovoltaics. Innovations like perovskite solar cells leverage nanoscale materials to capture and convert sunlight into electricity more effectively. This aligns with Society 5.0’s commitment to sustainable energy sources and smart technologies.
Inclusive education	Nanotechnology in educational tools	Nanotechnology is integrated into educational tools, making STEM subjects more accessible. For instance, nanoscale experiments conducted through virtual laboratories provide interactive and inclusive learning experiences. This aligns with Society 5.0’s goal of education for all, leveraging technology to create inclusive learning environments.
Health monitoring	Wearable nanosensors	Nanosensors embedded in wearable devices offer continuous health monitoring, providing real-time data on physiological parameters. These nanodevices empower individuals to take proactive measures for their well-being. This aligns with the Society 5.0 vision of personalized healthcare and emphasizes the role of technology in enhancing individual and community health.
Inclusive innovation	Nanotechnology in 3D printing	Nanotechnology contributes to inclusive innovation through advancements in 3D printing. Nanomaterials enhance the precision and versatility of 3D-printed structures, making the technology more accessible for customized manufacturing, prosthetics, and affordable housing solutions. This aligns with Society 5.0’s commitment to technological inclusivity and diverse applications.

Table 1.

Furthermore, some additional real-world case studies: nanotechnology applications enabling Society 5.0 goals.

These case studies exemplify how nanotechnology applications align with the goals of Society 5.0, fostering a future where technology is harnessed for the benefit of individuals and society. From personalized healthcare to sustainable solutions and inclusive education, nanotechnology serves as a catalyst for positive societal transformation in alignment with the principles of Society 5.0.

7. Analysis

At the nanoscale, nanomaterials unveil a realm of unique properties dictated by quantum effects. This intrinsic behavior becomes a linchpin in the harmonious merger of technological progress with human-centric ideals. Nanoparticles, nanotubes, and nanocomposites, acting as the fundamental building blocks, are diversified tools that can be precisely tailored for specific applications, from medicine to electronics. This diversity opens avenues for materials designed to enhance human well-being, exemplified by the use of nanocomposites in sustainable construction—a clear alignment with the principles of Society 5.0.

Nanoscale manufacturing techniques, including top-down and bottom-up approaches, provide unprecedented precision in designing and assembling nanomaterials. This precision is indispensable for crafting nanodevices, contributing substantially to innovations in Society 5.0. It signifies that nanotechnology is not merely an advancement but a conduit to address societal challenges. For instance, the deployment of nanogrids and nanosensors in energy distribution embodies an application that ensures efficient and sustainable energy practices, reflecting the commitment to societal advancement and the enhancement of human life.

In the realm of education, nanotechnology brings forth tangible and interactive learning experiences, inviting students to directly engage with the nanoscale world. This hands-on approach aligns seamlessly with the human-centric vision of Society 5.0, encouraging active participation in the learning process. The real-world relevance of nanotechnology in STEM education prepares students for the challenges of a technologically advanced future, ensuring that education is not merely knowledge-centric but also aligned with the skills essential for societal progress. The transformative potential of nanotechnology is further realized by revolutionizing learning materials, promoting accessibility, and inclusivity. By leveraging nanotechnology in educational tools, it extends the vision of equal opportunities for quality STEM education to every learner, fostering a diverse and empowered generation in line with the principles of Society 5.0.

In the domain of clean energy, nanotechnology-driven innovations address global sustainability goals by offering solutions that are efficient, affordable, and environmentally responsible. This alignment with the human-centric ideals of Society 5.0 signifies that technological progress contributes not only to societal well-being but also to environmental harmony. The deployment of nanotechnology-enabled environmental sensors underscores a commitment to environmental responsibility, actively monitoring and remediating environmental issues—a testament to technology as a transformative force for good in alignment with Society 5.0’s vision.

Nanomaterials, acting as catalysts for resource efficiency, play a pivotal role in optimizing processes, reducing waste, and enhancing the performance of various materials and systems. This resource efficiency contributes to a more sustainable approach to manufacturing, resonating with the goals of Society 5.0 to create a society that is not only technologically advanced but also environmentally conscious. The diverse applications of nanomaterials, spanning water purification to lightweight and high-strength materials, demonstrate their instrumental role in promoting sustainability across different sectors—a testament to Society 5.0’s emphasis on using technology to address societal challenges and improve the quality of life for individuals.

These interconnected sections underscore how nanotechnology, with its foundational principles and diverse applications, serves as a linchpin in advancing the human-centric revolution envisioned by Society 5.0. By seamlessly integrating nanotechnology into various facets of society, from education to clean energy, the transformative potential of technology is harnessed for the benefit of individuals and society as a whole, aligning harmoniously with the core ideals of Society 5.0.

The concept of nanotechnology within the context of Society 5.0 is clearly illustrated in Figure 2, which shows the implications and their relationship with human-centric approaches.

Figure 2.
The concept of nanotechnology within the context of Society 5.0.

8. Navigating ethical considerations in nanotechnology: balancing progress with responsibility

Nanotechnology’s transformative potential brings forth a host of ethical considerations that demand careful attention as we venture into this realm of innovation. Addressing concerns related to privacy and equitable access to nanotech advancements is crucial to ensuring that the benefits of nanotechnology are ethically harnessed for the collective well-being of society [77, 78, 79, 80, 81].

Privacy concerns
- Nanoscale surveillance technologies: the precision of nanoscale sensors and devices raises concerns about the potential for intrusive surveillance. Tiny sensors capable of collecting highly detailed data may inadvertently encroach upon personal privacy. Striking a balance between leveraging nanotechnology for beneficial applications, such as in healthcare monitoring, and safeguarding individual privacy requires robust ethical frameworks and regulations.
- Data security and ownership: as nanotechnology generates vast amounts of data, questions surrounding data security and ownership come to the forefront. Ensuring that individuals have control over their personal data and that comprehensive security measures are in place is imperative. Ethical guidelines should address the responsible handling, storage, and sharing of nanotech-generated data to prevent unauthorized access and potential misuse.
Equitable access to nanotech advancements
- Technological disparities: there is a risk that nanotechnology advancements may exacerbate existing technological disparities, creating a divide between those who have access to cutting-edge nanotech applications and those who do not. Ensuring equitable distribution and access to nanotechnological benefits requires proactive efforts to bridge technological gaps, particularly in education and resource allocation.
- Global equity: the global landscape introduces challenges related to international equity. Developing nations may face barriers in adopting and benefiting from nanotechnology due to resource limitations or a lack of infrastructure. Ethical considerations should drive collaborative efforts to transfer technology responsibly, ensuring that the advantages of nanotechnology reach diverse populations globally.
Ethical guidelines and regulatory frameworks
- Transparent research practices: nanotechnology research should uphold transparency in methodologies and outcomes. Ethical guidelines should emphasize the importance of clear communication about potential risks and benefits to stakeholders, fostering trust between the scientific community, policymakers, and the public.
- Community engagement: inclusive decision-making processes and community engagement are essential for navigating the ethical terrain of nanotechnology. Ensuring that diverse voices are heard helps in identifying potential ethical concerns and tailoring solutions that reflect the values and perspectives of the communities affected by nanotech advancements.
Responsive regulations: regulatory frameworks must evolve to keep pace with nanotechnological advancements. Adaptable regulations should strike a balance between fostering innovation and safeguarding ethical principles. Regular assessments and updates to regulations will be crucial in addressing unforeseen ethical challenges that may arise as nanotechnology continues to progress.

In the pursuit of a responsible and ethical integration of nanotechnology into society, stakeholders from scientific communities, regulatory bodies, and the public must collaboratively design and implement frameworks that ensure privacy is protected, access is equitable, and the potential benefits of nanotechnology are realized without compromising ethical values. By doing so, we can harness the potential of nanotechnology to contribute positively to Society 5.0 while upholding ethical standards that respect individual rights and promote societal well-being [82, 83].

9. Upholding responsibility in nanotechnology: navigating research, development, and governance in Society 5.0

As nanotechnology unfolds as a driving force in the transition to Society 5.0, the principles of responsible research, development, and governance become paramount. This nascent field’s transformative potential requires a conscientious approach to ensure that its benefits align with the human-centric vision of Society 5.0 while mitigating potential risks and ethical concerns [84, 85, 86, 87, 88].

Responsible research
- Nanosafety and risk assessment: responsible research in nanotechnology necessitates a rigorous commitment to nanosafety and risk assessment. Understanding the potential environmental and health impacts of nanomaterials is crucial. Researchers must adopt comprehensive safety protocols, considering the unique characteristics of nanoscale materials, to prevent unintended consequences and ensure the well-being of both humans and ecosystems.
- Open collaboration and knowledge sharing: encouraging open collaboration and knowledge sharing is essential for responsible nanotechnology research. Embracing a culture of transparency promotes collective learning, helps identify potential risks early in the research phase, and facilitates the development of ethical guidelines that govern nanotechnology applications.
Responsible development
- Ethical design and application: in the development phase, responsible practices involve integrating ethical considerations into the design and application of nanotechnological solutions. Thoughtful design choices, considering societal impacts and potential unintended consequences, contribute to the development of technologies that align with the principles of Society 5.0.
- Inclusive innovation: responsible development requires an inclusive approach to innovation. Ensuring that the benefits of nanotechnology are accessible to diverse populations promotes societal equity. This inclusivity extends to addressing the needs of marginalized communities and fostering solutions that enhance overall well-being.
Responsible governance
- Regulatory frameworks and compliance: governance plays a pivotal role in ensuring responsible nanotechnology deployment. Establishing and enforcing regulatory frameworks that oversee nanotechnology applications is critical. Regulatory bodies should adapt swiftly to technological advancements, maintaining a balance between fostering innovation and safeguarding against potential risks.
- International collaboration and standards: given the global nature of nanotechnology, responsible governance involves international collaboration and the development of shared standards. Collaborative efforts facilitate the exchange of best practices, address regulatory gaps, and ensure a harmonized approach to responsible nanotechnology development on the global stage.
- Public engagement and ethical discourse: incorporating public engagement and ethical discourse into governance processes is vital. Public input helps shape policies that reflect societal values, and ethical discussions provide a platform for diverse perspectives to be considered. This transparency fosters a sense of trust and accountability in the governance of nanotechnology.
Ethical and societal impact assessments
- Assessing ethical implications: integrating ethical and societal impact assessments into the research and development lifecycle is integral to responsible governance. These assessments help identify potential ethical challenges, unintended consequences, and societal implications, enabling informed decision-making and course corrections where necessary.

As Society 5.0 unfolds, the responsible integration of nanotechnology becomes a cornerstone for shaping a future where technological progress harmonizes with human values. By prioritizing responsible research, development, and governance, stakeholders can navigate the complex landscape of nanotechnology in a manner that upholds ethical standards, aligns with the human-centric vision of Society 5.0, and ensures the long-term well-being of individuals and society as a whole [89, 90, 91].

10. The future nexus: nanotechnology and the human-centric revolution of Society 5.0

As we peer into the future, the trajectory of nanotechnology unfolds as a linchpin in the realization of Society 5.0’s human-centric revolution. The transformative potential of nanotechnology is poised to propel advancements that will reshape the way we live, work, and interact with the world, further aligning with the principles set forth by Society 5.0 [92, 93, 94].

Enhanced healthcare paradigms: nanomedicine and personalized therapies: nanotechnology is poised to revolutionize healthcare with personalized and targeted treatments. Nanoscale drug delivery systems, precise diagnostics, and therapeutic interventions tailored to individual genetic profiles will usher in an era where healthcare is truly personalized, preventive, and patient-centric.
Integrated Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT): seamless connectivity at the nanoscale: the integration of nanosensors into the Internet of Things (IoT) forms the Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT). This interconnected network of nanoscale devices will enable real-time monitoring and data exchange at the molecular level. IoNT applications will range from environmental sensing to health monitoring, contributing to a smarter and more responsive society.
Revolutionizing energy landscapes: nanotechnology in energy storage: future energy solutions will be shaped by nanotechnology, particularly in the development of advanced energy storage systems. Nanomaterials will enhance the efficiency and storage capacity of batteries and supercapacitors, supporting the widespread adoption of renewable energy sources and contributing to a sustainable and decentralized energy landscape.
Nanotechnology-enabled AI and robotics: synthesis of nanotechnology, AI, and robotics: the synergy between nanotechnology, artificial intelligence (AI), and robotics will give rise to intelligent nanobots capable of performing intricate tasks at the molecular level. This convergence will underpin advancements in fields such as precision manufacturing, targeted drug delivery, and autonomous systems, furthering the augmentation of human capabilities.
Nano-ethics and responsible development: ethical guidelines for nanotechnology: the future of nanotechnology within Society 5.0 demands a robust ethical framework. As nanotech applications become more pervasive, ethical considerations will center around issues such as data privacy, environmental impact, and equitable access. Responsible governance, stakeholder engagement, and ongoing discourse will be pivotal in navigating these ethical complexities.
Educational empowerment and lifelong learning: nanotechnology in lifelong education: nanotechnology’s educational impact will extend to lifelong learning, providing accessible and engaging educational tools. Virtual reality-enhanced nano-education platforms will allow individuals to explore the nanoscale world, fostering a continuous learning mindset and ensuring that the benefits of nanotechnology are accessible to all.
Global collaboration for societal progress: international cooperation in nanotech research: the future of nanotechnology in Society 5.0 hinges on global collaboration. Nations, research institutions, and industry leaders will collaborate to share knowledge, best practices, and resources. This collaborative spirit will accelerate breakthroughs, drive innovation, and address global challenges such as healthcare disparities, climate change, and resource management [95, 96].

As nanotechnology continues to evolve, its integration into the fabric of Society 5.0 holds the promise of a future where technology is not just a tool but an enabler of human well-being, societal advancement, and harmonious coexistence with the environment. By embracing the principles of responsible research, development, and governance, society can navigate the unfolding nanotechnological landscape, shaping a future that embodies the human-centric revolution envisioned by Society 5.0.

11. Conclusion

In the exploration of “Nano and Society 5.0: Advancing the Human-Centric Revolution,” we embark on a journey through the intersection of nanotechnology and the visionary paradigm of Society 5.0. This chapter delves into the profound implications of nanotechnology as a catalyst for transformative change, aligning with the core tenets of a society that places human well-being at its epicenter.

As we navigate the landscapes of nanoscience and its integration into the fabric of Society 5.0, a narrative of promise unfolds. Nanotechnology emerges not merely as a scientific discipline but as a beacon guiding the evolution of a society that prioritizes human needs, aspirations, and inclusivity. The synergy between nano-scale innovation and the overarching goals of Society 5.0 accentuates the potential to reshape how we live, work, learn, and connect with our surroundings.

The amalgamation of nanotechnology and Society 5.0 paints a canvas where precision meets purpose. In the pursuit of advancing the human-centric revolution, nanotechnology stands as a linchpin, offering solutions that transcend traditional boundaries. From personalized medicine and sustainable energy solutions to inclusive education and accessible technologies, the applications of nanotechnology resonate with the ethos of Society 5.0—a society that embraces technological advancements to elevate the human experience.

As we reflect on the case studies, discussions, and explorations within this chapter, it becomes evident that nanotechnology is not merely a tool but an integral part of the narrative unfolding in our pursuit of a better future. The concept of Society 5.0, characterized by the harmonious integration of technology and humanity, finds an ally in nanotechnology—a silent force propelling the human-centric revolution into new realms of possibility.

However, as we chart this course toward a future shaped by nano-driven innovations, a conscious acknowledgment of ethical considerations and responsible governance becomes paramount. Navigating the transformative potential of nanotechnology demands a commitment to ensuring equitable access, safeguarding privacy, and fostering a culture of transparency and inclusivity.

In conclusion, the synergy between nanotechnology and Society 5.0 embodies the spirit of progress intertwined with human values. This chapter serves as a testament to the collaborative efforts of scientists, innovators, policymakers, and society at large, collectively steering toward a future where technology empowers individuals, fosters inclusivity, and propels the human-centric revolution envisioned by Society 5.0 into the forefront of our shared reality. As we stand on the precipice of this transformative era, the partnership between nano and Society 5.0 holds the promise of a future where the human experience is not just enriched but fundamentally redefined.

Research Topic

Structural Engineering

Advances in Structural Integrity and Failure