Corrosion potentials and corrosion current densities obtained by polarization curve measurements in 3.5 mass% NaCl aqueous solution for films prepared by various methods.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6942",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Global Social Work - Cutting Edge Issues and Critical Reflections",title:"Global Social Work",subtitle:"Cutting Edge Issues and Critical Reflections",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This edited book, Global Social Work - Cutting Edge Issues and Critical Reflections, presents global social work expertise, practical tools, and an iterative and reflective process for developing a global social work pedagogy that advances deep disciplinary learning. The authors offer the specifics of a justice based, decolonizing global social work education and practice. This book will be an asset to faculty communities interested in specializing in global social work. The book offers hope that the faculty, students, and practitioners of social work develop an intercultural, international, cross-border critical approach that further prepares them to meet the global standards of social work education and research and at the same time skillfully act, advocate, and transform global communities and their role in a globalized world.",isbn:"978-1-83880-475-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-474-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78985-210-3",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73473",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"global-social-work-cutting-edge-issues-and-critical-reflections",numberOfPages:228,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"222c8a66edfc7a4a6537af7565bcb3de",bookSignature:"Bala Raju Nikku",publishedDate:"July 15th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6942.jpg",numberOfDownloads:9843,numberOfWosCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:10,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:15,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 24th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 27th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 26th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 14th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 14th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"263576",title:"Dr.",name:"Bala",middleName:null,surname:"Nikku",slug:"bala-nikku",fullName:"Bala Nikku",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/263576/images/system/263576.jpeg",biography:"Bala Nikku, PhD, hails from an agricultural family in India. He joined Thompson Rivers University School of Social Work and Human Service as an assistant professor in 2018. He served as a teaching fellow of the Centre for Excellence in Learning and Teaching (CELT) and co-chair of the Human Rights Committee of the TRU faculty association. Dr. Nikku served in academia and grassroot social work practice in India, Nepal, Malaysia, and held adjunct positions in the United Kingdom and Thailand. He served as founding director of the Nepal School of Social Work (2005–2011). Dr. Nikku received his PhD from the Wageningen University in 2006 and was awarded with a COFUND Senior Research Fellowship at Durham University, UK, in 2015. He served on the executive boards of the International Association of Schools of Social Work (IASSW) and the Asian and Pacific Association of Social Work Education (APASWE). His research interests include green social work, wildfire disasters, pandemics, international social work, comparative social policy, and university community engagement. Dr Nikku currently serves as a member of the editorial advisory boards of International Social Work Journal and Practice: Social Work in Action. He is also associate editor of Social Work Education: The International Journal.",institutionString:"Thompson Rivers University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Thompson Rivers University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"23",title:"Social Sciences",slug:"social-sciences"}],chapters:[{id:"71444",title:"Using Indigenous Approaches as a Bridge between Policies, Interventions, and the Grassroots",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90796",slug:"using-indigenous-approaches-as-a-bridge-between-policies-interventions-and-the-grassroots",totalDownloads:567,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Indigenous approaches are crucial for indigenous people across the world including Africans, in assessing the impact of imperialism and its manifestations in colonialism, liberalism, globalization, and Western research. Such approaches acknowledge the fundamental importance of local culture, recognizing that geographical, empirically based knowledge provides culturally appropriate solutions to problems. Indigenous approaches serve as a bridge between policies, interventions, and the grassroots. Social work, as a practice-based profession and an academic discipline, should acknowledge and include indigenous knowledge and methodologies in its curriculum. It is important to empower and provide space and a voice for the grassroots to articulate problems and participate in solving them by sharing their own wisdom and experiences. It is shortsighted and unworkable to rely upon prescribed Western policies and curriculums with the assumption that they will seamlessly transfer to other, fundamentally different, people and cultures. Failing to discard such an “apples to apples approach” will only result in a prolonged failure to adequately address the socioeconomic problems in Sub-Saharan Africa and will only perpetuate the problems associated with imperialism and [neo]colonialism. This chapter provides conceptual definitions to constructs such as decolonization and indigenous knowledge and demonstrates the importance of decolonization and indigenous approaches in social work scholarship and practice as it relates to Africa.",signatures:"Aissetu Barry Ibrahima",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71444",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71444",authors:[{id:"306540",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Aissetu",surname:"Ibrahima",slug:"aissetu-ibrahima",fullName:"Aissetu Ibrahima"}],corrections:null},{id:"71880",title:"Enhancing Service Provision for Immigrant Families Experiencing Domestic Violence through Partnerships between Mainstream Service Providers and Cultural Brokers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92078",slug:"enhancing-service-provision-for-immigrant-families-experiencing-domestic-violence-through-partnershi",totalDownloads:455,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Domestic violence among immigrant families and communities resettling in Canada is a growing area of concern for all stakeholders. Efforts to develop and implement culturally meaningful policy and practice initiatives to address this violence have been hampered by the diversity that exists among immigrant families, lack of information on how violence plays out in these families and inadequate resources. Since domestic violence and child abuse often co-occur in the same families, there is a growing trend among organizations like Children’s Services to employ formalized partnerships with cultural brokers to build respectful relationships with immigrant families and provide culturally relevant interventions. This research-based paper describes the range of services cultural brokers render as part of this partnership, explores the challenges they experience as working partners, and makes recommendations for strengthening the partnership. The findings have implications for social work practitioners and other stakeholders who are interested in using community-based approaches for improving services for immigrant families that are involved or at risk of getting involved with Children’s Services.",signatures:"Janki Shankar and Zetilda Ellis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71880",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71880",authors:[{id:"231653",title:"Prof.",name:"Janki",surname:"Shankar",slug:"janki-shankar",fullName:"Janki Shankar"},{id:"318707",title:"Ms.",name:"Zetilda",surname:"Ellis",slug:"zetilda-ellis",fullName:"Zetilda Ellis"}],corrections:null},{id:"72276",title:"The Role of Social Work Education in Fostering Empowerment of People of African Descent: The Significance of the History of Slavery and Colonialism",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92179",slug:"the-role-of-social-work-education-in-fostering-empowerment-of-people-of-african-descent-the-signific",totalDownloads:564,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Both historical and contemporary accounts suggest that Africa has been and continues to be a significant player in global affairs through its supply of valued resources in the form of human capital, rich cultural heritage and mineral resources, including gold, diamond, oil, and vast lasnd mass. Indeed, the tremendous resources (both human and natural) and opportunities that Africa and its people possess are what attracted European powers to the continent for exploitation through slavery and colonization. Although, in theory, African countries have achieved independence, the process of geopolitical retreat of European or Western control of African states, has failed to achieve decoloniality in Africa and among descendants of Africa. Guided by empowerment and strength perspective, the chapter applies observations and critical dialog to contend that for an empowering and transformative social work education and practice in Africa and with African descents to occur, the history and narratives around transatlantic slavery trade (TST) and colonialism need to be a critical component of the discourse of social work education and practice.",signatures:"Eric Kyere and Lalit Khandare",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72276",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72276",authors:[{id:"305335",title:"Dr.",name:"Eric",surname:"Kyere",slug:"eric-kyere",fullName:"Eric Kyere"},{id:"305336",title:"Dr.",name:"Lalit",surname:"Khandare",slug:"lalit-khandare",fullName:"Lalit Khandare"}],corrections:null},{id:"71117",title:"Empowerment Potential of Social Work Techniques among Practitioners in Israel and the USA",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90654",slug:"empowerment-potential-of-social-work-techniques-among-practitioners-in-israel-and-the-usa",totalDownloads:1051,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Even though empowerment is an intervention approach that occupies an important place in social work, social workers’ perceptions of intervention techniques that may empower their clients have not been examined. This paper reports the findings of a pilot study on the perceptions of social workers regarding the empowerment potential of various intervention techniques. Data were collected on convenience samples of social workers in Israel and the USA. The findings indicate that the social workers in the two countries broadly agree on the high empowerment potential of techniques aimed at helping clients to change their behaviors so as to make their conduct more functional and to augment their control over their lives but have differing perceptions regarding the empowerment potential of other approaches, including therapeutic approaches, aspects of service delivery, and means of providing support. Further study is recommended to better understand the relationship between social workers’ perceptions of the empowerment potential of different approaches and techniques and their cultural backgrounds.",signatures:"Khawla Zoabi and Iddo Gal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71117",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71117",authors:[{id:"306883",title:"Dr.",name:"Khawla",surname:"Zoabi",slug:"khawla-zoabi",fullName:"Khawla Zoabi"}],corrections:null},{id:"70576",title:"Teaching Innovations in Social Work Education",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90601",slug:"teaching-innovations-in-social-work-education",totalDownloads:647,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The aim of this chapter is to discuss how the use of creative methods can support students to become aware of global social challenges and give opportunity to reflect on sustainable solutions in relation to different social contexts. Further on, the aim is to discuss preconditions needed. The method used is Future workshop, which is combined with other creative methods as storytelling, scenario, painting, drama, reflective thinking, etc. Data is gathered, from a Swedish perspective during 20 years of being a social worker, lecturer and researcher in social work and national and international collaboration. Results shows, by using different creative methods in education and research, students are allowed to “think outside the box” and new perspectives on common challenges and solutions can be identified. This chapter intends to contribute to a discussion of preconditions needed for using creative methods and multidisciplinary collaboration in the social work programme. The conclusion is working with creative methods needs lecturers who have knowledge of different methods, flexibility to choose between those and confidence in the students to find new solutions. The biggest challenge is not the students, it’s often other colleagues. Support from the managerial level is therefore crucial when introducing creative teaching methods in social work education.",signatures:"Maria Wolmesjö",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70576",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70576",authors:[{id:"306136",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Maria",surname:"Wolmesjö",slug:"maria-wolmesjo",fullName:"Maria Wolmesjö"}],corrections:null},{id:"71380",title:"The Appealability of the Social Work Profession in the United States: Possible Explanations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91671",slug:"the-appealability-of-the-social-work-profession-in-the-united-states-possible-explanations",totalDownloads:799,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In many parts of the world, the social work profession has continued to become a magnet for students from various backgrounds. This field has attracted local and international students with prior expertise in other disciplines, including but not limited to, sociology, psychology, criminal justice, education, and law. This chapter, among other things, presents an overview of the social work profession in the United States, highlights the uniqueness of this discipline, and explains the rise in enrollment in the twenty-first century. It is hypothesized that the appealability of social work is associated with (a) a quest for social justice, (b) a pragmatic path toward direct practice, (c) a commitment for social services delivery, and (d) a passion for empowerment. Understanding the rationale behind the appealability of the profession is crucial for social work educators to meet the needs of their student body in a world deeply ravaged by contemporary social problems.",signatures:"Rigaud Joseph and Herbert Shon",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71380",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71380",authors:[{id:"312137",title:"Dr.",name:"Rigaud",surname:"Joseph",slug:"rigaud-joseph",fullName:"Rigaud Joseph"},{id:"312138",title:"Dr.",name:"Herbert",surname:"Shon",slug:"herbert-shon",fullName:"Herbert Shon"}],corrections:null},{id:"69362",title:"Irish Field Education/Social Work Placement: The Making of Multi-Touch eBooks as a ‘Wrap Around’ Resource",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89391",slug:"irish-field-education-social-work-placement-the-making-of-multi-touch-ebooks-as-a-wrap-around-resour",totalDownloads:781,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Social Work placement can be the stimulating experience hoped for or the dreaded experience gained. Professional training values, whether these are influenced by globalization and/or indigenization are principled on the sharing of ideas and debates based on a multi-disciplinary integrated narrative approach. By presenting actual ‘lived experiences’ in the form of aural and video podcasts and linking these with research and theory, in our eBook Project, students, field supervisors and tutors were helped to explore for example, the use of language, supervision, reflective practice. This made the learning experience more modern, interesting and easily accessible for reviewing anytime anywhere. In practice placement, the understanding is not only what is learned but how it is learned. This Irish wraparound innovation regarding the inclusion of live recordings for teaching and learning brought together a shared focused and a thoughtful and inventive approach to the fundamental work related experience.",signatures:"Marguerita McGovern",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69362",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69362",authors:[{id:"303775",title:"Ms.",name:"Marguerita",surname:"McGovern",slug:"marguerita-mcgovern",fullName:"Marguerita McGovern"}],corrections:null},{id:"69285",title:"Mitigating Health Inequalities of Socially Vulnerable in South Korea: Role for Social Work",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89457",slug:"mitigating-health-inequalities-of-socially-vulnerable-in-south-korea-role-for-social-work",totalDownloads:605,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The purpose of this study is to develop a social work education strategy for mitigating health inequalities among the socially vulnerable. The limitations of the healthcare approach to health promotion and health inequality, which we examined through the health belief model describing an individual’s health behavior, emphasize the prevention of diseases that have not yet occurred or are likely to occur, healthcare management for them, and the functions and role of the community in the process, based on the individual’s spontaneity to practice health behaviors. Therefore, to compensate for these limitations, it is deemed necessary to add healthcare curriculum, such as public health, social epidemiology, and etiology, to the existing curriculum of social work based on an in-depth understanding of social vulnerability and social environment as well as the importance of preventing and managing diseases.",signatures:"Jung Youn Park, Eun Jin Lee, Ji Young Park and Soo Hyun Sung",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69285",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69285",authors:[{id:"235540",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Jung Youn",surname:"Park",slug:"jung-youn-park",fullName:"Jung Youn Park"},{id:"244464",title:"Mrs.",name:"Ji Young",surname:"Park",slug:"ji-young-park",fullName:"Ji Young Park"},{id:"308218",title:"Ms.",name:"Eun Jin",surname:"Lee",slug:"eun-jin-lee",fullName:"Eun Jin Lee"},{id:"308767",title:"Dr.",name:"Soo Hyun",surname:"Sung",slug:"soo-hyun-sung",fullName:"Soo Hyun Sung"}],corrections:null},{id:"69372",title:"An Analysis of Salient Aspects of the Research Proposals of Fourth Year Student Social Workers: A Case Study of Class of 2019, University of Limpopo",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89503",slug:"an-analysis-of-salient-aspects-of-the-research-proposals-of-fourth-year-student-social-workers-a-cas",totalDownloads:592,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Study topic selection and problem formulation are prerequisites in preparing a proposal for conducting research. Writing a research proposal to conduct research (for the first time) is a daunting task for (social work) students. The challenge is enormous despite numerous modules that introduce research to social work students. These problems were noted when student social workers presented their research proposals for the first time: broad and unclear research topics, difficulty in formulating research problems, and conflation of research approaches (qualitative and quantitative). Document analysis method was adopted in order to scrutinize research proposals to identify three key challenges such as topic selection, problem formulation, and research approach at proposal writing stage. A total of 10 fourth year social work students’ research proposals were scrutinized. Thematic analysis was used to interpret findings. The study was qualitative in nature and informed by grounded theory as well as socio-cultural theory framework. Recommendations are proffered to mitigate the challenges experienced by social work students.",signatures:"Pontsho James Mmadi and Sello Levy Sithole",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69372",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69372",authors:[{id:"302945",title:"Prof.",name:"Sello Levy",surname:"Sithole",slug:"sello-levy-sithole",fullName:"Sello Levy Sithole"},{id:"311472",title:"Mr.",name:"Ponstho James",surname:"Mmadi",slug:"ponstho-james-mmadi",fullName:"Ponstho James Mmadi"}],corrections:null},{id:"70475",title:"Alaska Natives in Recovery and Indigenous Cultural Generativity: Sharing Redemptive Narratives to Improve Quality of Life",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90548",slug:"alaska-natives-in-recovery-and-indigenous-cultural-generativity-sharing-redemptive-narratives-to-imp",totalDownloads:593,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter explores motivating and maintenance factors for sobriety among older AN adult participants (age 50+) from across Alaska. Alaska Native Elders are motivated to abstain from, or to quit drinking alcohol through spirituality, family influence, role socialization and others’ role modeling, and a desire to engage in indigenous cultural generative activities with their family and community. A desire to pass on their accumulated wisdom to a younger generation through engagement and sharing of culturally grounded activities and values, or indigenous cultural generativity, is a central unifying motivational and maintenance factor for sobriety. The social work implications of this research indicates that family, role expectations and socialization, desire for community and culture engagement, and spirituality are central features to both Alaska Native Elders’ understanding of sobriety, and more broadly, to their successful aging. Social workers can use motivational interviewing techniques to explore Elders cultural motivations to encourage and support relapse prevention and support older Alaska Native adults’ desire to quit drinking and attain Eldership in their family and community. Sobriety can put older Alaska Native adults on a pathway to successful aging, in positions to serve as role models for their family and community, where they are provided opportunities to engage in meaningful indigenous cultural generative acts; roles they have learned about across their lifetime.",signatures:"Jordan P. Lewis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70475",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70475",authors:[{id:"306118",title:"Dr.",name:"Jordan",surname:"Lewis",slug:"jordan-lewis",fullName:"Jordan Lewis"}],corrections:null},{id:"70948",title:"Social Work with Single and Non-Resident Fathers: How Inclusive Is Our Practice and Where Do We Go from Here?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90641",slug:"social-work-with-single-and-non-resident-fathers-how-inclusive-is-our-practice-and-where-do-we-go-fr",totalDownloads:863,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This chapter is focused upon social work with single and non-resident fathers. There is a dearth of social work research that explores the experiences of single or non-resident fathers’ with social work, so this chapter starts to explore how we can work more sensitively and collaboratively with both groups. Both single and non-resident fatherhood raise challenges for socially constructed gendered norms, hegemonic masculinity and how children and families social work is practiced. Concepts of borderwork and the emotional regime are applied to develop understanding of these fathers’ experiences with social work and how practice can change. The chapter is located within wider discourses about the feminised role of caring and increasingly bureaucratic and authoritarian social work systems. Key practice features of assessment and engagement are discussed and suggestions for developing and improving practice are tentatively made.",signatures:"Simon Haworth and Lee Sobo-Allen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70948",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70948",authors:[{id:"304991",title:"Mr.",name:"Simon",surname:"Haworth",slug:"simon-haworth",fullName:"Simon Haworth"}],corrections:null},{id:"69520",title:"Thematic Analysis in Social Work: A Case Study",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89464",slug:"thematic-analysis-in-social-work-a-case-study",totalDownloads:1949,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The article aims to provide a step-by-step description of how thematic analysis was applied in a study examining why men choose to undertake social work as an area of study. Participants in the study came from the University of Concepción in Chile and the University of Quebec in Abitibi-Témiscamingue in Canada. The six phases of the thematic analysis are described in detail to provide students and novice social work researchers with a guide to this method of analysis. Thematic analysis offers a flexible, yet rigorous approach to subjective experience that is highly applicable to research in social work as a means of promoting social justice and combating inequalities.",signatures:"Oscar Labra, Carol Castro, Robin Wright and Isis Chamblas",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69520",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69520",authors:[{id:"191776",title:"Dr.",name:"Oscar",surname:"Labra",slug:"oscar-labra",fullName:"Oscar Labra"},{id:"305175",title:"Ms.",name:"Carol",surname:"Castro",slug:"carol-castro",fullName:"Carol Castro"},{id:"305176",title:"Dr.",name:"Robin",surname:"Wright",slug:"robin-wright",fullName:"Robin Wright"},{id:"305177",title:"Prof.",name:"Isis",surname:"Chamblas",slug:"isis-chamblas",fullName:"Isis Chamblas"}],corrections:null},{id:"70078",title:"It is Important to Build on Their Knowledge Teachers’ Approaches to Newly Arrived Immigrant Pupils’",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89510",slug:"it-is-important-to-build-on-their-knowledge-teachers-approaches-to-newly-arrived-immigrant-pupils-",totalDownloads:383,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This study aims to contribute to the school social work practices in a Swedish context. By capturing the life worlds of newly arrived students and problematizing teachers’ approaches to these pupils underlying competences and continued knowledge development and learning, I suggest how social work and education professionals can navigate these life worlds and empower young immigrant pupils in Swedish school. Theoretical basis consists of translanguaging, principles and ideas about education valuing underlying competencies and seeing them as means for further learning in all areas. Through an ecological approach to learning and teaching, I examine teachers’ told experiences of teaching in the secondary school program of language introduction in a Swedish context. The analysis shows that the interviewed teachers systematically try to make use of the pupils’ prior knowledge and experiences of instruction. The pupils work in language groups in order to complete assignments.",signatures:"Ann-Christin Torpsten",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70078",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70078",authors:[{id:"297772",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann-Christin",surname:"Torpsten",slug:"ann-christin-torpsten",fullName:"Ann-Christin Torpsten"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6926",title:"Biological Anthropology",subtitle:"Applications and Case Studies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5bbb192dffd37a257febf4acfde73bb8",slug:"biological-anthropology-applications-and-case-studies",bookSignature:"Alessio Vovlas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6926.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"313084",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alessio",surname:"Vovlas",slug:"alessio-vovlas",fullName:"Alessio Vovlas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"66303",slug:"corrigendum-to-rural-landscape-architecture-traditional-versus-modern-fa-ade-designs-in-western-spai",title:"Corrigendum to: Rural Landscape Architecture: Traditional versus Modern Façade Designs in Western Spain",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/66303.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66303",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66303",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/66303",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/66303",chapter:{id:"57545",slug:"rural-landscape-architecture-traditional-versus-modern-fa-ade-designs-in-western-spain",signatures:"María Jesús Montero-Parejo, Jin Su Jeong, Julio Hernández-Blanco\nand Lorenzo García-Moruno",dateSubmitted:"September 6th 2017",dateReviewed:"October 11th 2017",datePrePublished:"December 20th 2017",datePublished:"September 19th 2018",book:{id:"6066",title:"Landscape Architecture",subtitle:"The Sense of Places, Models and Applications",fullTitle:"Landscape Architecture - The Sense of Places, Models and Applications",slug:"landscape-architecture-the-sense-of-places-models-and-applications",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6066.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Prof.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"221245",title:"Dr.",name:"María Jesús",middleName:null,surname:"Montero-Parejo",fullName:"María Jesús Montero-Parejo",slug:"maria-jesus-montero-parejo",email:"cmontero@unex.es",position:null,institution:null},{id:"223556",title:"Dr.",name:"Jin Su",middleName:null,surname:"Jeong",fullName:"Jin Su Jeong",slug:"jin-su-jeong",email:"jsbliss@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"223557",title:"Prof.",name:"Julio",middleName:null,surname:"Hernández-Blanco",fullName:"Julio Hernández-Blanco",slug:"julio-hernandez-blanco",email:"juliohb@unex.es",position:null,institution:null},{id:"223558",title:"Prof.",name:"Lorenzo",middleName:null,surname:"García-Moruno",fullName:"Lorenzo García-Moruno",slug:"lorenzo-garcia-moruno",email:"lgmoruno@unex.es",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"57545",slug:"rural-landscape-architecture-traditional-versus-modern-fa-ade-designs-in-western-spain",signatures:"María Jesús Montero-Parejo, Jin Su Jeong, Julio Hernández-Blanco\nand Lorenzo García-Moruno",dateSubmitted:"September 6th 2017",dateReviewed:"October 11th 2017",datePrePublished:"December 20th 2017",datePublished:"September 19th 2018",book:{id:"6066",title:"Landscape Architecture",subtitle:"The Sense of Places, Models and Applications",fullTitle:"Landscape Architecture - The Sense of Places, Models and Applications",slug:"landscape-architecture-the-sense-of-places-models-and-applications",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6066.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Prof.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"221245",title:"Dr.",name:"María Jesús",middleName:null,surname:"Montero-Parejo",fullName:"María Jesús Montero-Parejo",slug:"maria-jesus-montero-parejo",email:"cmontero@unex.es",position:null,institution:null},{id:"223556",title:"Dr.",name:"Jin Su",middleName:null,surname:"Jeong",fullName:"Jin Su Jeong",slug:"jin-su-jeong",email:"jsbliss@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"223557",title:"Prof.",name:"Julio",middleName:null,surname:"Hernández-Blanco",fullName:"Julio Hernández-Blanco",slug:"julio-hernandez-blanco",email:"juliohb@unex.es",position:null,institution:null},{id:"223558",title:"Prof.",name:"Lorenzo",middleName:null,surname:"García-Moruno",fullName:"Lorenzo García-Moruno",slug:"lorenzo-garcia-moruno",email:"lgmoruno@unex.es",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"6066",title:"Landscape Architecture",subtitle:"The Sense of Places, Models and Applications",fullTitle:"Landscape Architecture - The Sense of Places, Models and Applications",slug:"landscape-architecture-the-sense-of-places-models-and-applications",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6066.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Prof.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11434",leadTitle:null,title:"Indigenous Populations - Perspectives From Scholars and Practitioners in Contemporary Times",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tThe term 'Indigenous Peoples' is perhaps one of the most controversial terms in contemporary international human rights law and policy in the context of national, regional and international conceptions of the term. Indeed, indigenous peoples vary in terms of their size, culture, challenges and locations across the globe. There are a number of academic debates on whether the term 'Indigenous Peoples' has any anthropological and legal significance. In order to settle these debates, the United Nations and a number of regional organisations have adopted certain criteria for the identification of indigenous peoples. However, these attempts do not appear to have resolved the problem of distinguishing 'indigenous peoples' from other groups of people in the society. There is now a plethora of groups that have chosen to attach the expression 'indigenous people' in identifying and describing their struggle for independence and self-determination against dominant groups and institutions such as the state. The main objective of this book will aim to re-visit the debates on the definition of 'indigenous peoples' in the context of the contemporary world, in order to determine whether indigenous populations can be clearly distinguished from other populations. To achieve this objective, there will be a critical discussion on the right to self-determination of indigenous peoples across the globe and how this quest for self-determination contributes to the controversies of distinguishing indigenous populations from other populations.
\r\n\t
Magnesium (Mg) alloys have excellent physical and mechanical properties, including a high specific strength, excellent formability, good vibration adsorption, and high damping capacity [1–5]. However, the greatest advantage of Mg alloys is their lightweight, which has made it possible to achieve energy savings in automobiles, ships, trains, and airplanes through the use of steel-based hybrid materials. In such applications, Mg is superior to aluminum and CFRP (carbon fiber reinforced plastics) in terms of its density and specific strength but offers a much lower corrosion resistance. Various surface treatments have therefore been developed to produce protective coatings on Mg alloys through anodizing, chemical conversion, plasma electrolytic oxidation, or polymer films [6–12].
Chemical conversion has already been used with automotive Mg components because of its ease of operation and low cost, with chromate-based systems the most popular and effective option for producing a protective layer on various metal surfaces [13–15]. The use of chromate, however, is becoming increasingly more regulated due to the high toxicity of hexavalent chromium compounds [16]. Other chemical conversion methods for imparting Mg alloys with a high corrosion resistance have been developed around using tin, rare earth salts, phosphates/permanganates [17–22], vanadium, or composite films of molybdenum-lanthanum or zinc-phosphate-calcium [23, 24].
Films produced by anodizing have also been used to improve the corrosion resistance of Mg alloys, with good results being achieved through the use of micro-arc oxidation (MAO) [25–27]. Using this method, a high anodic voltage (>200 V) is used to locally melt the surface of the Mg alloy and create a ceramic coating [27]. Alkaline electrolytic solutions containing aluminate [28–31], silicate [32–38], or phosphate [39–45] are often used during the MAO of Mg alloys, but the need to treat the liquid waste before disposal creates a risk of environmental pollution due to heavy metal ions. Furthermore, their use may inhibit the recycling of post-use Mg product scraps into Mg ingot. There is therefore a need for an environmentally friendly surface treatment method that is capable of improving the low corrosion resistance of Mg alloys.
A chemical conversion method that creates a protective film of Mg-Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) has recently been used to significantly improve the corrosion resistance of Mg alloys [46–50]. The layered structure of the LDH consists of positively and negatively charged substances with a general molecular formula of [M1−
Though it is clear that LDHs loaded with corrosion inhibitors are effective in substantially improving corrosion resistance, it has also been reported that LDHs devoid of any corrosion inhibitor could also be effective in delaying corrosion by trapping anions such as chloride ions in LDHs [58, 59]. Lin et al., for example, have shown that the CO32− in carbonate Mg-Al LDH has Cl− anion-exchangeability in a corrosive environment and so can protect Mg alloy against corrosion [58]. Tedim et al. have also reported that Cl− ions in a corrosive environment can be trapped in the interlayer of Zn-Al LDH intercalated with nitrate anions and that the addition of this LDH to a polymer layer drastically reduces the permeability of corrosive Cl− ions through the protective coating. This confirms that LDHs are a promising material for improving corrosion resistance [59], but anticorrosive films containing LDHs are usually prepared by a multistep process in which LDHs are first synthesized in powder form and then incorporated into a film for corrosion protection [53]. For industrial applications, it is important to develop an environmentally friendly surface treatment method for achieving an anticorrosive film containing LDHs in a single step.
This chapter presents experimental results pertaining to the preparation and corrosion resistance of magnesium hydroxide films containing Mg-Al LDH on two types of Mg alloy: AZ31 and a flame-resistant Ca-added AM60 (AMCa602). A comparison is also made of the corrosion potentials and corrosion current densities obtained by polarization curve measurements in 3.5 mass% NaCl aqueous solution of films prepared on AZ31 alloy by various methods such as physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, anodization, chemical conversion, plasma electrolytic oxidization (PEO), spin coating, and a newly developed steam coating method for producing a hydroxide film containing Mg-Al LDH [10–12, 23, 24, 60–65]. As shown in Table 1, steam coating produces a relatively positive corrosion potential and the lowest corrosion current density of all the films tested, which indicates that this method imparts superior corrosion resistance. Furthermore, the direct growth of such films from the Mg alloy itself can greatly improve their adherence and mechanical stability when compared to other methods such as spin coating and dip coating [66].
Treatment method | Main component in each film | Corrosion potential(V vs. Ag/AgCl) | Corrosion current density (A/cm2) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
PVD | Al2O3 | −1.51 | 9.20 × 10−5 | [60] |
PVD | TiO2 | −1.50 | 1.29 × 10−4 | [61] |
CVD | SiOx | −1.37 | 1.58 × 10−7 | [62] |
CVD | SiOx | −1.59 | 4.3 × 10−7 | [63] |
Anodization | Mg-Al LDH + MgO | −1.19 | 3.82 × 10−7 | [10] |
Chemical conversion | MgO + Mg2SiO4 + Al2O3 | −0.06 | 9.47 × 10−6 | [12] |
Chemical conversion | Vanadium | −1.05 | 8.60 × 10−6 | [23] |
Chemical conversion | Mo/La | −1.54 | 1.15 × 10−7 | [24] |
PEO | Zn3(PO4)2 | −1.76 | 1.04 × 10−7 | [60] |
PEO | MgO + Mg3(PO4)2 | −1.50 | 4.00 × 10−8 | [64] |
PEO | Mg2SiO4 + CeO2 | −1.20 | 2.00 × 10−8 | [65] |
Spin coating | TiO2 + MgAl2O4 | −1.26 | 4.90 × 10−6 | [74] |
Corrosion potentials and corrosion current densities obtained by polarization curve measurements in 3.5 mass% NaCl aqueous solution for films prepared by various methods.
PVD, plasma vapor deposition; CVD, chemical vapor deposition; PEO, plasma electrolytic oxidation.
In this section, we introduce a method for preparing a protective magnesium hydroxide film containing Mg-Al LDH on specimens of AZ31Mg alloy (composition: 2.98% Al, 0.88% Zn, 0.38% Mn, 0.0135% Si, 0.001% Cu, 0.002% Ni, 0.0027% Fe, remainder Mg) measuring 20 × 20 × 1.5 mm. These AZ31 substrates were prepared by ultrasonically cleaning them in absolute ethanol for 10 min and then drying with inert Ar gas. Once clean, the substrates were set on a substrate stage in a 100 ml-capacity, Teflon-lined autoclave, which had 20 mL of ultrapure (resistance of 18.2 MΩ cm) located at the bottom to produce steam. The distance between the water surface and substrate stage was c.a. 3 cm. The autoclave was heated to a temperature of 423–453 K and then held at this temperature for 1–8 h before being allowed to cool naturally to room temperature. After this steam coating treatment, the samples were ultrasonically cleaned in ethanol for 10 min and dried with Ar gas.
The appearance of the samples after steam coating (Figure 1) reveals that all the substrates treated at 423–443 K were uniformly covered with film, regardless of the treatment time. However, as partial detachment of the film was observed in the case of the substrates treated at 433 K for 8 h and at 453 K for 3 and 4 h, these treatment conditions are not considered suitable for preparing an anticorrosive film. The detachment of the film was also found to become more prominent with an increase in the treatment time.
Digital photographs showing the surface of 2 × 2 cm-sized samples prepared under different conditions of temperature and duration [reproduced by permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2013, 1, 8968–8977].
The GAXRD patterns of the films formed on AZ31 with different treatment times (423, 433, 443, and 453 K) shown in Figure 2 reveal clear peaks attributable to the Mg alloy substrate at treatment times less than 2 h with all treatment temperatures. An additional peak at around 2
XRD patterns of samples treated at (a) 423 K, (b) 433 K, (c) 443 K, and (d) 453 K [reproduced by permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2013, 1, 8968–8977].
The most dominant feature of the FT-IR spectra of the samples treated at 423, 433, 443, and 453 K in Figure 3 is an intense sharp peak at 3696.9 cm−1. It has been reported that pure Mg(OH)2 exhibits a single band at 3698 cm−1 due to the high basicity of its O—H groups [67], and this peak was clearly presented in those samples treated at 423 K for more than 4 h, 433 K for 2–6 h, 443 K for over 2 h, and 453 K for 2 h. These results are in agreement well with their respective XRD profiles. The peak and shoulder bands observed at 950, 781, and 558 cm−1 can be attributed to Al—OH translation modes [68], while the bands at 1370–1520 cm−1 are attributed to symmetric and asymmetric stretching modes of CO32− in the interlayer [68, 69]. These peaks and bands could only be detected in the spectra of samples which exhibited peaks attributable to Mg-Al LDH in their XRD pattern. An additional band at 1630–1650 cm−1 was assigned to the bending mode of water molecules in the interlayer. A shoulder band at 3080 cm−1 revealed the presence of hydrogen bonding between water and CO32− in the interlayer [68]. These results indicate that the films treated at 423 K for more than 4 h; at 433 K for 2, 4, and 6 h; at 443 K for more than 2 h; and at 453 K for 2 h were composed of crystalline Mg(OH)2 and carbonate Mg-Al LDH.
FT-IR spectra of samples treated at (a) 423 K, (b) 433 K, (c) 443 K, and (d) 453 K [reproduced by permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2013, 1, 8968–8977].
The SEM images in Figure 4 show the surfaces of samples treated at 433 K, in which we see that steam coating for 2 h led to a rougher and more nodular surface than the untreated AZ31. Several pores of up to several hundred nanometers in diameter were also observed on the surface. When the preparation time was prolonged to 4 h, granular structures were formed and the film was found to be denser than after 2 h. However, a number of pores measuring several hundred nanometers in diameter were still observed on the surface. With the sample treated for 6 h, the film was found to be denser than after 4 h of treatment, with no pores evident on the surface.
SEM images of samples treated at 433 K for (a) 2, (b) 4, and (c) 6 h [reproduced by permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2013, 1, 8968–8977].
Figure 5 presents SEM images showing the sample surfaces treated at 443 K. Note that when the deposition time was less than 1 h, there was only a very low localized surface coverage of the film. However, the surface became fully covered with film when the treatment time was extended to more than 2 h, and this coverage became denser with increasing treatment time. As such, the sample treated for 4 h had a denser film than the sample treated for 3 h, which means that surface topography could be effective way of improving the corrosion resistance.
SEM images of samples treated at 443 K for (a) 1, (b) 2, (c) 3, and (d) 4 h [reproduced by permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2013, 1, 8968–8977].
Figure 6 shows a cross-sectional SEM image and EDX spectrum of the sample treated at 443 K for 4 h, as well as elemental mapping images for Mg, O, and Al. As shown in Figure 6(a), the film produced on this sample had a thickness of about 52 μm, whereas treatment at 423 K for 4 and 6 h, at 433 K for 4 and 6 h, at 443 K for 3 h, and at 453 K for 2 h produced film thicknesses of about 5, 35, 20, 68, 19, and 7 μm, respectively, based on their cross-sectional SEM images. The elemental mapping images in Figure 6(b) revealed that the film mainly consisted of Mg and O, which indicates that it was comprised of magnesium hydroxide. This is in agreement well with the XRD results and FT-IR spectrum for the sample. A trace amount of Al was also detected, which provides evidence that Mg-Al LDH exists slightly and locally in the film. The XRD, FT-IR, and SEM-EDX results reveal that steam coating method can produce Mg-Al LDH in the resulting surface film.
(a) Cross-sectional SEM image of the sample treated at 443 K for 4 h and (b) the corresponding EDX spectra. (c) Elemental maps for (c) Mg, (d) O, and (e) Al [reproduced by permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2013, 1, 8968–8977].
Based on these results presented thus far, a model for the formation of the film is proposed as follows. In the closed reaction vessel, steam is produced from water by thermal energy until the vessel becomes saturated. The high pressure and temperature mean that this water vapor has a high kinetic energy and reactivity, which leads to the dissolution of Mg and Al metal into Mg2+ and Al3+ ions. It is considered likely that Mg(OH)2 crystallites grow via a dissolution-precipitation mechanism, as Nordlien et al. have suggested that amorphous platelets of Mg(OH)2 are initially formed by the precipitation of Mg2+ or other soluble Mg species [70]. In addition, Mg2+ and Al3+ ions might react with the steam to form carbonate Mg-Al LDH, with carbonate ions being sourced from CO2 present in the enclosed autoclave atmosphere prior to steam treatment. The water vapor can also penetrate the composite film due to the difference in pressure and its high kinetic energy, where it can then react with the Mg alloy substrate. As a result, a film composed of magnesium oxide/hydroxide and carbonate Mg-Al LDH is prepared directly on the AZ31 substrate. This direct growth of a film from a substrate is a strong advantage over other methods, as this can greatly improve the mechanical stability and adherence of the film. It has also been reported that the existence of Mg-Al LDH in a film prevents metals such as Al and Mg from occurring the corrosion reaction, and so the films produced here are expected to provide a high corrosion resistance.
The corrosion resistance of the films formed on AZ31 Mg alloy was investigated via potentiodynamic polarization curve measurements, i.e., the lower the polarization current, the better the corrosion resistance. Figure 7 shows the potentiodynamic polarization curves for the samples treated at 423, 433, 443, and 453 K and untreated AZ31. The corrosion potentials (
Temp. | 1 h | 2 h | 3 h | 4 h | 6 h | 8 h | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
423 K | – | −1.427 | – | −1.446 | −1.389 | −0.316 | |
– | 1.23 × 10−5 | – | 3.22 × 10−5 | 5.29 × 10−5 | 1.29 × 10−7 | ||
433 K | – | −1.425 | – | −0.376 | −0.161 | – | |
– | 1.28 × 10−5 | – | 1.79 × 10−7 | 4.82 × 10−11 | – | ||
443 K | −1.427 | −1.421 | −0.899 | −0.265 | – | – | |
3.33 × 10−6 | 2.48 × 10−7 | 1.90 × 10−9 | 9.84 × 10−8 | – | – | ||
453 K | −1.405 | −1.104 | – | – | – | – | |
1.21 × 10−5 | 7.71 × 10−9 | – | – | – | – |
Fitting results for potentiodynamic curves in 5.0 wt.% NaCl solution of films formed by steam coating at different temperatures.
Polarization curves of samples prepared at (a) 423 K, (b) 433 K, (c) 443 K, and (d) 453 K. Polarization curve of bare Mg alloy is also exhibited in respective figure. The scanning rate for all measurements was 0.5 mV/s [reproduced by permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2013, 1, 8968–8977].
At all treatment temperatures, the
Figure 8(a) shows the XRD patterns of samples treated at 433 K for 6 h before (black line) and after (dashed red line) immersion in 5 wt.% aqueous NaCl solution for 240 h. The only clear difference in peak intensity is attributable to 0 0 1 reflection of the Mg(OH)2 crystallite, which is much stronger after immersion. This indicates that immersion in a 5 wt.% NaCl solution changes the orientation of the film. The SEM images in Figure 8(b and c) show this change in the orientation of the Mg(OH)2 film, with immersion making the film aligned at fairly steeply inclined angles with respect to the surface.
(a) XRD profile of the sample prepared at 433 K for 6 h before and after immersion in 5 wt.% NaCl aqueous solution for 240 h. SEM images of film-coated AZ31 (b) before and (c) after immersion in 5 wt.% NaCl aqueous solution for 240 h [reproduced by permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2013, 1, 8968–8977].
The SEM images in Figure 9 show the sample treated at 433 K for 6 h before and after its immersion in 5 wt.% NaCl solution for 240 h. The visible appearance of these samples is shown in the inset images and reveals that although no physical damage occurred as a result of immersion, there was a slight change in the color of the film. The SEM images show that there was a slight microscale change following immersion, with submicron pores being formed on the surface. A morphological change in the film surface was also observed, with small amounts of nanosheets becoming aligned at fairly inclined angles relative to the surface. This nanosheet formation is in agreement with the XRD patterns and is likely the result of dissolution caused by the film being in contact with the NaCl solution. Figure 9(c) presents potentiodynamic polarization curves for the sample treated at 433 K for 6 h before and after immersion in 5 wt.% NaCl solution for 240 h. From this, we see that the
SEM images of the sample prepared at 433 K for 6 h (a) before and (b) after immersion in 5 wt.% NaCl aqueous solution for 240 h. (a) and (b) are photographs showing the appearance of the sample surface. (c) Polarization curves of the sample prepared at 433 K for 6 h before and after immersion in 5 wt.% NaCl aqueous solution for 240 h [reproduced by permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2013, 1, 8968–8977].
SEM image of the sample treated at 433 K for 6 h after immersion in 5 wt.% NaCl aqueous solution for 240 h. (b), (c), (d), and (e) show EDX spectra obtained at spots (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv) in
Figure 10(b–e) shows the EDX spectra obtained at spots (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv) in Figure 10(a). At spots (i) and (ii), there are two peaks attributable to Cl and Al but no peak for Na, whereas no Cl was detected at spots (iii) and (iv). The presence of Al at spots (iii) and (iv) indicates that the Mg-Al LDH layer was still present, which suggests that CO32− ions in the Mg-Al LDH layer were partially exchanged for Cl− anions. From the XRD patterns and EDX spectra, it is evident that Mg-Al LDH is able to trap some Cl− ions within its structure, which has been reported to delay the degradation of protective coatings [59]. It is also apparent that carbonate Mg-Al LDH has a weak anion exchangeability. This is significant given that Williams et al. have found LDHs loaded with carbonate and nitrates are more effective than a blank coating in preventing the corrosion of a metallic substrate during filiform corrosion tests [74].
This section has shown that a protective magnesium hydroxide film containing Mg-Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) can be produced on Mg alloy via a simple, environmentally friendly, inexpensive, and chemical-free steam coating method. Subsequent XRD and FT-IR studies revealed that these films are composed of Mg(OH)2 and carbonate Mg-Al LDH, and a formation mechanism was proposed based on the results of XRD, FT-IR, SEM, and EDX measurements. Potentiodynamic measurements and immersion tests in 5 wt.% NaCl aqueous solution revealed that a film prepared on AZ31 alloy at 433 K for 6 h provides the greatest corrosion resistance. Increasing the immersion time induced a change in the orientation of the crystalline Mg(OH)2 structure, but no change was observed in the appearance of the sample. With a growing demand for Mg alloys and an increasing focus on environmental issues, it is believed that this steam coating method can provide an effective means of improving the corrosion performance of large, complex-shape Mg alloy components.
In the previous section, we characterized the properties of an anticorrosive film composed of Mg(OH)2 and Mg-Al LDH that is formed on commercial AZ31 Mg alloy by steam coating. In this section, we report on the formation and properties of the anticorrosive film that is produced in a similar manner on Ca-added AM60 Mg alloy (AMCa602), which is one of the most important lightweight materials for transportation components because of its flame-resistant nature. This unique trait is the result of the fact that Ca will oxide before Mg ignites [75], which increases the ignition temperature from 200 to 300 K and greatly restrains the inherently combustible nature of Mg alloys. However, as this addition of Ca does not improve the low corrosion resistance of Mg alloy, there is still a need to develop a suitable surface treatment technology.
Although anodized, chemical conversion and polymer films have all been applied to Mg alloys [6–9, 76–81], there have been few reports pertaining to the surface treatment method of flame-resistant Mg alloys. Xia et al. did find that the corrosion resistance of Mg-4.0Zn-0.2Ca alloy is improved by micro-arc oxidization (MAO) treatment in basic aqueous solutions containing Na4SiO4, NaF, and NaOH due to the formation of a film composed mainly of MgO and MgF2 [82]; however, the presence of fluorine atoms in such coatings creates a risk of environmental pollution. Mori et al. reported on the preparation and corrosion resistance of a plasma electrolytic oxidation layer on nonflammable Ma-Al-Mn-Ca Mg alloy (AMCa602), which was mainly composed of Mg2SiO4 and MgO [83]. The liquid waste produced during this anodization process, however, needs to be treated prior to disposal. There is therefore still a need for an environmentally friendly surface treatment capable of improving the low corrosion resistance of flame-resistant Mg alloys.
Specimens of AMCa602 Mg alloy (composition in wt.%: 5.92% Al, 0.36% Mn, 1.99% Ca, <0.01% Si, <0.01% Cu, <0.005% Ni, <0.005% Fe, balance Mg) measuring 20 × 20 × 1.5 mm in size were supplied by Fuji Light Metal Co., Ltd. These Mg alloy substrates were ultrasonically cleaned in absolute ethanol for 10 min and then dried with inert Ar gas. Once clean, they were placed on a substrate stage in a Teflon-lined, 100 ml-capacity autoclave, into which 20 mL of ultrapure water containing 0, 2, 20, or 200 mM Al(NO3)3 · 9H2O was added to the bottom to produce steam. The distance between the surface of the water and the substrate stage was around 3 cm. The autoclave was heated to a temperature of 433 K, where it was held for 6 h before being allowed to cool naturally to room temperature. Following this steam treatment, the samples were ultrasonically cleaned in ethanol for 10 min and dried with Ar gas.
Figure 11 shows the GAXRD patterns of the films formed on AMCa602 at 433 K over a 6 h period from aqueous solutions containing 0, 2, 20, or 200 mM of Al(NO3)3 · 9H2O in 20 mL of ultrapure water. A weak peak attributable to the Mg alloy substrate is visible at a 2
GAXRD patterns of films formed on AMCa602 at 433 K for 6 h from aqueous solutions with Al(NO3)3 concentrations of (a) 0, (b) 2, (c) 20, and (d) 200 mM [Corrosion Science, 2015, 92, 76–84, doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2014.11.031. Copyright @ELSEVIER (2015)].
The appearances of the samples after steam coating at 433 K for 6 h using aqueous solutions containing Al(NO3)3 at concentrations of 2, 20, and 200 mM are shown in Figure 12(a–c). Note that in all cases the substrate were uniformly covered with film, but the color of this film did change with Al(NO3)3 concentration. The SEM images in Figure 12(d–f) show the same samples, from which we see that an aqueous solution containing 2 mM Al(NO3)3 produces a relatively smooth surface with only a few minute pores measuring several hundred nanometers in diameter. The surface of the sample prepared using an aqueous solution containing 20 mM Al(NO3)3, on the other hand, was quite rough and had a small number of nanosheets that were slightly inclined with respect to the surface.
Appearance of samples after steam coating at 433 K for 6 h using aqueous solutions containing Al(NO3)3 at concentrations of (a) 2, (b) 20, and (c) 200 mM. (d–f) SEM images of the samples shown in (a–c) [Corrosion Science, 2015, 92, 76–84, doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2014.11.031. Copyright @ELSEVIER (2015)].
As shown in Figure 13, elemental mapping by EDX revealed traces of elemental Mg, Al, and O primarily in areas where nanosheets existed, which is consistent with the presence of Mg-Al LDH. Aggregated particles are also clearly discernible in these images, which likely formed during steam treatment and condensed on the substrate, and it is on these particles that the nanosheets formed. The sample prepared from an aqueous solution containing 200 mM Al(NO3)3 was smooth and dense compared to that produced from a 20 mM Al(NO3)3 solution, and although small nanosheets were formed that were slightly inclined with respect to the surface, no cracks were found in the film.
Elemental mapping images of AMCa602 Mg alloy after steam coating at 433 K for 6 h using an aqueous solution containing 20 mM Al(NO3)3: (a) O, (b) Mg, (c) Al, and (d) Ca [Corrosion Science, 2015, 92, 76–84, doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2014.11.031. Copyright @ELSEVIER (2015)].
Figure 14 shows the FT-IR spectra of samples steam coated at 433 K for 6 h using aqueous solutions containing 2, 20, or 200 mM of Al(NO3)3. The most dominant spectral feature is the intense sharp peak observed at 3696.9 cm−1, which is in good agreement with the XRD data in that pure Mg(OH)2 has been reported to exhibit a single band at 3698 cm−1 due to the high basicity of its O—H groups [67]. The shoulder band at 781 cm−1 can be ascribed to the Al-OH translational mode [68], while the bands at 1370–1520 cm−1 are attributed to the symmetric and asymmetric stretching modes of CO32− in the interlayer [69, 84]. The peak at approximately 1385 cm−1 is attributed to the ν3 vibrational mode of NO3− with
FT-IR spectra of AMCa602 Mg alloy after steam coating at 433 K for 6 h using aqueous solutions containing (a) 2, (b) 20, and (c) 200 mM of Al(NO3)3 [Corrosion Science, 2015, 92, 76–84, doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2014.11.031. Copyright @ELSEVIER (2015)].
Figure 15(a) presents a cross-sectional SEM image of the film prepared at 433 K for 6 h from an aqueous solution containing 200 mM of Al(NO3)3, which reveals that it had a thickness of about 197 μm. In comparison, the films prepared under the same conditions from 2 and 20 mM Al(NO3)3 solutions were estimated to be about 308 and 193 μm, respectively. All of the films formed from an aqueous solution containing Al(NO3)3 were much thicker than the 53 μm achieved with only H2O, which implies that the existence of Al(NO3)3 in a closed autoclave accelerates film growth. The elemental mapping images in Figure 5(b–d) reveal that the films contained mostly Mg and O, implying that they were composed mainly of Mg(OH)2. This result is in agreement well with the XRD profiles and FT-IR spectra obtained from each of the samples. A small trace of Al was also detected, demonstrating that Mg-Al LDH is presented locally in the film. Based on these XRD, FT-IR, and SEM-EDX results, it is concluded that steam coating is capable of forming Mg(OH)2 and Mg-Al LDH on both AMCa602 and AZ31.
(a) Cross-sectional SEM image of the film prepared at 433 K for 6 h from an aqueous solution containing 200 mM Al(NO3)3 and elemental mapping images for (b) Mg, (c) Al, and (d) O [Corrosion Science, 2015, 92, 76–84, doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2014.11.031. Copyright @ELSEVIER (2015)].
From the results presented in this section, the proposed mechanism by which films are formed by steam treatment can be described as follows. First, an aqueous solution containing Al(NO3)3 is heated in the electric oven to generate steam containing Al3+ and NO3− ions that then saturates a closed reaction vessel. When this steam makes contact with the AMCa602 Mg alloy, the Mg metal it contains is readily dissolved into Mg2+ ions due to the high temperature and pressure. It is likely that Mg(OH)2 crystallites are subsequently formed via a dissolution-precipitation mechanism, resulting in the formation of Mg(OH)2 on the surface of the AMCa602 substrate. This is predicated on a notion by Nordlien et al. that amorphous platelets of Mg(OH)2 are initially formed by the precipitation of Mg2+ or other soluble Mg species [70]. In addition, Mg2+, Al3+, and NO3− ions have the potential to react with the steam and form nitrate-based Mg-Al LDH. Any carbonate ions generated from CO2 present in the enclosed autoclave atmosphere before steam treatment can result in the formation of carbonate-based Mg-Al LDH. Thus, along with Mg(OH)2, both nitrate- and carbonate-based Mg-Al LDHs can form on AMCa602. Even if these reactions only occur at the surface, they can still progress at the interface between AMCa602, and the overlying film as the steam is able to penetrate thanks to the difference in pressure and its high kinetic energy. The end result is that a film composed of Mg(OH)2 and Mg-Al LDH is directly formed on AMCa602. A porous film formed during the early stage of the process will allow more steam to pass through, resulting in a thicker final film. In contrast, it is difficult for steam to easily penetrate a dense initial film. Thus, the film thickness is considered to be dependent on the preparation conditions.
The corrosion resistance of the film formed on the AMCa602 Mg alloy at 433 K for 6 h from aqueous solutions containing 0, 2, 20, and 200 mM Al(NO3)3 was estimated from the potentiodynamic polarization curves shown in Figure 16. For reference, the potentiodynamic polarization curve of untreated AMCa602 is shown in Figure 6. The corrosion potentials (
Ecorr (V vs. Ag/AgCl) | jcorr (A/cm2) | Tafel slope (mV/decade) | |
---|---|---|---|
Untreated AMCa602 | −1.524 | 4.21 × 10−5 ± 4.82 × 10−5 | ba: 21.2 |
bc: −178.7 | |||
Film coated AMCa602 prepared from ultrapure water | −0.385 | 1.85 × 10−9 ± 9.85 × 10−10 | ba: 198.7 |
bc: −66.9 | |||
Film coated AMCa602 prepared from 2 mM Al(NO3)3 | −0.322 | 7.86 × 10−8 ± 7.68 × 10−7 | ba: 278.1 |
bc: −164.0 | |||
Film coated AMCa602 prepared from 20 mM Al(NO3)3 | −0.316 | 1.16 × 10−9 ± 2.39 × 10−9 | ba: 235.4 |
bc: −56.2 | |||
Film coated AMCa602 prepared from 200 mM Al(NO3)3 | −1.007 | 9.56 × 10−11 ± 2.17 × 10−10 | ba: 288.6 |
bc: −198.0 |
Fitting results for potentiodynamic polarization curves in 5.0 wt.% NaCl solution for films formed using different concentrations of Al(NO3)3.
Potentiodynamic polarization curves of samples treated at 433 K for 6 h using aqueous solutions containing 0, 2, 20, and 200 mM of Al(NO3)3. The scanning rate was 0.5 mV s−1 [Corrosion Science, 2015, 92, 76–84, doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2014.11.031. Copyright @ELSEVIER (2015)].
Figure 17 shows the potentiodynamic polarization curves for the bare AMCa602 and the samples that were treated at 433 K for 6 h from aqueous solutions containing 0, 2, 20, and 200 mM Al(NO3)3. Note that the current densities in the anodic and cathodic regions for all film-coated samples were lowered compared to the bare AMCa602 (Figure 6) and reproducibly low (Figure 7), demonstrating that all films improved the corrosion resistance of AMCa602. The
Potentiodynamic polarization curves for AMCa602 Mg alloy treated at 433 K for 6 h using aqueous solutions containing 0, 2, 20, and 200 mM of Al(NO3)3. Each system represents three repeat polarization curves (labeled 1, 2, and 3) measured under identical conditions to demonstrate reproducibility [Corrosion Science, 2015, 92, 76–84, doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2014.11.031. Copyright @ELSEVIER (2015)].
An increase in current density at approximately 0.3 and 0 V vs. Ag/AgCl/sat.-KCl was observed in the polarization curves of the samples prepared from aqueous solutions containing 2 and 20 mM Al(NO3)3, which suggests that the corrosive solution permeated through cracks or pores in the film and initiated pitting corrosion. Similar behavior has been reported even in aluminum alloys [73], but in this case, the increase in current density was suppressed to produce a passive-like behavior with a shift in potential toward more positive values. This behavior suggests that the film might have some degree of self-healing functionality, which has been reported with Zn-Al LDH films formed on Al substrates that exhibited an increase in passive current density to initial values after immersion in a corrosive electrolyte [87]. In contrast, there is no evidence of pitting corrosion in the curve of the sample prepared from an aqueous solution containing 200 mM Al(NO3)3, which had
The correlations between the Mg-Al LDH content of the films, Al(NO3)3 concentration in solution, and corrosion current density are shown in Figure 18. The Mg-Al LDH content of the films was roughly estimated from the XRD peak intensity ratio of the (0 0 3) plane of Mg-Al LDH,
Correlation between Mg-Al LDH content of the film, Al(NO3)3 concentration in the aqueous solution, and corrosion current densities. The standard deviation of
The durability of the corrosion-resistance performance of the sample prepared from an aqueous solutions containing 200 mM Al(NO3)3 was investigated by immersing it in a 5 wt.% NaCl solution. Figure 19 shows the surface of the sample before immersion and after intervals of 5, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h. Note that the beige color of the film surface appeared to change slightly upon immersion, but no corrosion product or physical change in the appearance of the film was observed for up to 12 h. After 24 h of immersion, however, some spotty contrasts emerged that are likely the result of the film being damaged by the corrosive solution. An increase in the immersion time from 48 to 72 h led to a slight dissolution of the AMCa602 substrate at the corners of the sample, which is believed to be the progression of corrosion initiated by corrosive medium coming into contact with the substrate through a pit or minute pore in the film. Additionally, as corrosion resistance is known to be closely related to the film thickness, it is possible that the film was simply thinner at the corner than at other points on the sample. This nonuniformity in film thickness could have occurred through differences in crystal growth at the edge of the substrate.
(a) Surface of AMCa602 Mg alloy after steam coating at 433 K for 6 h using an aqueous solution containing 200 mM Al(NO3)3 before immersion in a 5 wt.% NaCl aqueous solution. Same surface after immersion in a 5 wt.% NaCl aqueous solution for (b) 5, (c) 12, (d) 24, (e) 48, and (f) 72 h. All scale bars are 1 cm [Corrosion Science, 2015, 92, 76–84, doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2014.11.031. Copyright @ELSEVIER (2015)].
The SEM images in Figure 20 show the sample surface before and after immersion in 5 wt.% NaCl solution for 24 and 72 h. It is evident from this that with an increase in immersion time, there was a change in the surface morphology and nanosheets that were slightly inclined with respect to the surface were more likely to be noticed on the surface. The EDX spectrum in Figure 20(d) revealed that there were two peaks attributable to Cl and Al at spot (i) in Figure 20(c), but no evidence of a Na peak, which supports the earlier assertion that the Mg-Al LDH layer remained in the film and exhausted CO32− and NO3− in exchange for Cl− anions. Similarly, the absence of Cl and the presence of Al at spot (ii) also indicate that the Mg-Al LDH layer remained, which means that the nitrate or carbonate anions in the Mg-Al LDH layer were partially replaced with Cl− anions.
SEM images of sample surface (a) before and after immersion in 5 wt.% NaCl solution for (b) 24 and (c) 72 h. (d, e) EDX spectra obtained at spots (i) and (ii) in (c) [Corrosion Science, 2015, 92, 76–84, doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2014.11.031. Copyright @ELSEVIER (2015)].
Figure 21(a) presents XRD patterns obtained from the film-coated AMCa602 before and after immersion in 5 wt.% NaCl solution for 24 to 72 h. This shows that the peak attributable to the (1 0 1) plane of the Mg(OH)2 crystallite decreased slightly in intensity with an increase in immersion time, whereas that attributable to the (0 0 3) plane of the Mg-Al LDH crystallite increased in intensity. This indicates that even though the Mg(OH)2 film was slightly dissolved in the corrosive solution, the Mg-Al LDH crystallite remained intact. The potentiodynamic polarization curves for the film-coated AMCa602 before and after immersion are shown in Figure 21(b), from which the
(a) GAXRD patterns and (b) potentiodynamic polarization curves of film-coated AMCa602 Mg alloy before and after immersion in 5 wt.% NaCl solution for 24 to 72 h [Corrosion Science, 2015, 92, 76–84, doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2014.11.031. Copyright @ELSEVIER (2015)].
From the XRD patterns, SEM observations, EDX spectra, and polarization curve measurements, the mechanism by which a film produced by steam coating provides corrosion resistance to AMCa602 alloy can be explained as follows. At first, Mg(OH)2 from the Mg(OH)2/Mg-Al LDH composite film formed earlier on AMCa602 is dissolved to some extent through contact with a corrosive solution. This dissolution of Mg(OH)2 causes the amount of Mg-Al LDH with anion exchangeability present on the film surface to increase gradually, leading to an increase in the intensity of the 0 0 3 reflection of Mg-Al LDH, as shown in Figure 21(a). Due to the presence of Mg-Al LDH on the film surface, Cl− ions can become trapped in the Mg-Al LDH, as shown in the EDS analysis, resulting in delaying corrosion. These results support the hypothesis that the Mg-Al content of a Mg(OH)2/Mg-Al LDH composite film is an key factor in improving the durability and corrosion resistance of the film. Moreover, steam coating produces a film that is thick and has a high density due to the presence of two phases of different sizes, namely, Mg(OH)2 and Mg-Al LDH, which further contributes to improving the corrosion resistance of the film.
In conclusion for this section, a film composed of Mg(OH)2 and Mg-Al LDH was successfully formed on combustion-resistant AMCa602 Mg alloy by using an environmentally friendly steam coating method. Subsequent XRD and FT-IR studies confirmed that the film was composed of Mg(OH)2 in combination with nitrate- and carbonate-based Mg-Al LDHs. The film thickness varied from 52 to 308 μm depending on the Al(NO3)3 concentration. A mechanism for the formation of such films was proposed based on the results of XRD, FT-IR, SEM, and EDX measurements, and the corrosion resistance was estimated by potentiodynamic measurements and immersion tests in 5 wt.% NaCl solution. A film prepared by steam coating at 433 K for 6 h using an aqueous solution of 200 mM Al(NO3)3 was found to have the highest corrosion resistance of all samples tested. The correlation between the Mg-Al LDH content of the film, Al(NO3)3, its corrosion current density, and the concentration of the aqueous solution used to create it was investigated, which revealed a strong correlation between the Mg-Al LDH content and corrosion current density. Based on the results achieved here with flame-resistant Mg alloy, we believe that our steam coating technique is an effective method for improving the corrosion resistance of both existing and future-generation Mg alloys.
This chapter has presented the results of experimental studies into the formation and corrosion resistance of an anticorrosive film composed of Mg(OH)2 and Mg-Al LDH produced on AZ31 and AMCa602 Mg alloys by steam treatment. The physicochemical properties of the films were investigated using XRD, SEM, EDX, and FT-IR, and a mechanism for their formation was proposed based on these results. The corrosion resistance of the films produced on AZ31 and AMCa602 was estimated based on potentiodynamic measurements and immersion tests in 5 wt.% NaCl solution, which revealed that corrosion resistance of both alloys was improved by steam treatment. The Mg-Al LDH content of the films was also found to be strongly related to the corrosion current density. As Mg alloys are one of the more promising materials for reducing vehicle weight, thereby lowering fuel consumption and reducing CO2 emission, any improvement in their inherently low corrosion resistance is of great value to increasing their wider-scale use. Thus, although there has already been a great deal of academic work and commercial interest in surface treatments for Mg alloys, we believe future work should focus on developing the steam coating process described here to greatly improve the corrosion resistance of a range of Mg alloys.
This research was partially supported by a grant for Advanced Industrial Technology Development from the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) of Japan (no. 11B06024d), a grant-in-aid for young scientists (B) (no. 16 K18249) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, and the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Adaptable and Seamless Technology Transfer Program through Target-driven R&D (A-step: no. AS251Z02997K and AS2815047S).
Climate change plays an important role on the species distributions of biota. The response of species to persistent climate changes may be as follows: (1) consistently in situ at their tolerance limits, (2) changing ranges to regions where climate is within the species tolerance limits, and (3) extinction [1, 2]. During the Pleistocene, several ice sheets in the Northern Hemisphere occurred at intervals of around 40,000–100,000 years [2]. The glaciations were separated by interglacial periods [3]. During interglacial periods, the climate warmed, and forests returned to areas that once supported tundra vegetation [2]. During the last interglacial period (LIG: 150,000–120,000 years), temperature gradient increased in polar regions toward lower latitudes and caused sea level rise and reduction of ice sheets [4]. Briefly, the climate of the last interglacial had a relatively stable warm period [5]. Kerwin et al. [6] simulated terrestrial conditions at the mid-Holocene (6 ka) that indicated summer temperatures were warmer than at present in the high-latitude Northern Hemisphere. But during the mid-Holocene, northern Africa, Arabia, and southern Asia underwent conditions much wetter than at present, these conditions resulting in both African and Asian monsoons [7, 8].
\nAnalyzing species distribution models can help in conservation planning [9] and in understanding theoretical research [10] on ecological and evolutionary processes [1]. Species distribution models can be used to investigate the effect of climate changes on distributions and abundances of species [11], to determine biodiversity [12] and biogeographical patterns [13], to predict potential distribution [14], and to appraise possible future changes in the diversity [15]. Lizards, like other ectotherms [16], provide excellent models for analysis of species distribution under climate change [2]. MaxEnt is a general approach for characterizing probability distributions from small sample sizes [17, 18, 19]. MaxEnt estimates the probability distribution of maximum entropy (i.e., closest to uniform) based on environmental variables spread over the survey area [20, 21].
\nThe Scincidae family has more than 25% of all living genera and species of lizards [22]. The genus
The general aim of this chapter is (1) to identify potential areas of distribution during three periods of the past, last interglacial (LIG: ∼120,000–140,000 years BP) and mid-Holocene (MH: ∼6000 years BP), (2) to describe current (~1950–2000) distribution and suitable habitat, and to understand the biogeographical patterns of the two mentioned species in Asia.
\nThe study area encompasses the whole Iranian territory. We assembled the species occurrence data for each species based on a systematic biological survey by walking randomly through the habitat from 09:00 to 12:00 AM and 15.00 PM to evening (much of the activity time of species) during spring to summer 2010 and 2015. We used localities mentioned in previous studies (e.g., Anderson [30]; Vyas [28]).
We implemented maximum entropy modeling (MaxEnt, 3.3.3e http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~schapire/MaxEnt) of species geographic distributions with default parameters of the data to test samples. We examined 19 bioclimatic variables and 2 topographical variables with grids approximately 1 km2 precision (30 s × 30 s) for contemporary (~1950–2000) and 10 km2 precision (5 min × 5 min); we also examined 19 bioclimatic variables in the past (LIG and MH) in the related part of the world (Asia) [32, 33] (www.worldclim.org) (see the Appendix). To identify the correlation ratios between variables and presence records, openModeller (V. 1.0.7) [34] was used. Then we used SPSS IBM (version 22) for Pearson correlation coefficient [17]. We selected variables with a Pearson correlation lower than 0.75 to choose the variables that are ecologically important for species separation according to our observations and to describe habitat [35]. We conducted MaxEnt software with 10 replicates of the analysis that yield the best model for the studied species. MaxEnt provides state distribution models by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) plots; ROC curves plot true-positive rate against false-positive rate [21, 36]. A value of the area under the curve (AUC) of 0.5–0.7 is taken to indicate that the result is a stochastic prediction [37, 38], values of 0.7–0.9 suggest useful models, and the values more than 0.9 indicate high accuracy [39]. We used DIVA-GIS 7.3.0.1 software for the mean predicted map and a logistic output of present records with suitability ranging from zero (unsuitable habitat) to one (the best suitable habitat) [40].
\nThe final models in the present study showed good match and closely fitted the presence of the two species recorded in the study areas, as suggested by high AUC values (
Characters | \nDefinition | \n
---|---|
Altitude | \nAltitude | \n
BIO1 | \nAnnual mean temperature | \n
BIO2 | \nMean diurnal range [mean of monthly (max temp–min temp)] | \n
BIO3 | \nIsothermality [(BIO2/BIO7) × 100] | \n
BIO4 | \nTemperature seasonality (standard deviation × 100) | \n
BIO5 | \nMaximum temperature of the warmest month | \n
BIO6 | \nMinimum temperature of the coldest month | \n
BIO7 | \nTemperature annual range (BIO5–BIO6) | \n
BIO8 | \nMean temperature of the wettest quarter of the year | \n
BIO9 | \nMean temperature of the driest quarter of the year | \n
BIO10 | \nMean temperature of the warmest quarter of the year | \n
BIO11 | \nMean temperature of the coldest quarter of the year | \n
BIO12 | \nAnnual precipitation | \n
BIO13 | \nPrecipitation of the wettest month | \n
BIO14 | \nPrecipitation of the driest month | \n
BIO15 | \nPrecipitation seasonality (standard deviation / mean) | \n
BIO16 | \nPrecipitation of the wettest quarter of the year | \n
BIO17 | \nPrecipitation of the driest quarter of the year | \n
BIO18 | \nPrecipitation of the warmest quarter of the year | \n
BIO19 | \nPrecipitation of the coldest quarter of the year | \n
Slope | \nSlope | \n
Climatic variables used to elaborate the models (www.worldclim.org).
Variable | \nDescription of variables | \n||
---|---|---|---|
BIO2 | \nAnnual daily temperature difference (minimal temperature maximal temperature) | \n\n | 0.5 | \n
BIO3 | \nIsothermality [(BIO2/BIO7) × 100] | \n11.4 | \n8.2 | \n
BIO4 | \nTemperature seasonality (standard deviation × 100) | \n\n | 27 | \n
BIO5 | \nMaximum temperature of the warmest month | \n1.1 | \n\n |
BIO8 | \nAverage temperature of the wettest quarter of the year | \n\n | 18.5 | \n
BIO9 | \nAverage temperature of the driest quarter of the year | \n23.3 | \n\n |
BIO11 | \nAverage temperature of the coldest quarter of the year | \n\n | 16 | \n
BIO14 | \nPrecipitation of the driest month | \n18.4 | \n\n |
BIO15 | \nSeasonality of precipitation (coefficient of variation) | \n\n | 10.5 | \n
BIO17 | \nPrecipitation of the driest quarter of the year | \n24 | \n\n |
BIO19 | \nPrecipitation of the coldest quarter of the year | \n15.4 | \n\n |
Slope | \nSlope | \n6.5 | \n19.2 | \n
Relative of variables (in percentages) at the current period (1950–2000) used in MaxEnt model for the two studied species of the genus
Variable | \nDescription of variables | \n||
---|---|---|---|
BIO2 | \nAnnual daily temperature difference (minimal temperature maximal temperature) | \n2.1 | \n0.6 | \n
BIO3 | \nIsothermality [(BIO2/BIO7) × 100] | \n22.8 | \n33.9 | \n
BIO4 | \nTemperature seasonality (standard deviation × 100) | \n\n | 27.5 | \n
BIO7 | \nTemperature annual range (BIO5–BIO6) | \n59.7 | \n1 | \n
BIO8 | \nAverage temperature of the wettest quarter of the year | \n\n | 16.6 | \n
BIO9 | \nMean temperature of the driest quarter of the year | \n15.3 | \n\n |
BIO15 | \nSeasonality of precipitation (coefficient of variation) | \n\n | 20.3 | \n
Relative of variables (in percentages) at the mid-Holocene, 6000 years ago (6 ka), used in MaxEnt model for the two studied species of the genus
Variable | \nDescription of variables | \n|||
---|---|---|---|---|
BIO2 | \nAnnual daily temperature difference (minimal temperature maximal temperature) | \n\n | 15.5 | \n|
BIO3 | \nIsothermality [(BIO2/BIO7) × 100] | \n\n | 28.8 | \n|
BIO4 | \nTemperature seasonality (standard deviation × 100) | \n\n | 17 | \n|
BIO7 | \nTemperature annual range (BIO5–BIO6) | \n\n | 7.2 | \n|
BIO8 | \nAverage temperature of the wettest quarter of the year | \n\n | 20.7 | \n|
BIO9 | \nAverage temperature of the driest quarter of the year | \n8.5 | \n\n | |
BIO14 | \nPrecipitation of the driest month | \n56 | \n\n | |
BIO15 | \nSeasonality of precipitation (coefficient of variation) | \n\n | 10.7 | \n|
BIO17 | \nPrecipitation of the driest quarter of the year | \n16.4 | \n\n | |
BIO19 | \nPrecipitation of the coldest quarter of the year | \n19.2 | \n\n |
Relative of variables (in percentages) at the last interglacial, 120,000 years ago (120 ka), used in MaxEnt model for two species of the genus
The model for
Distribution map of
Distribution map of
Our results verify the known distribution of the minor snake-eyed skink (
The suitable habitats for
Habitat of
The occurrence and the presence of
The models simulated at the MH distribution of
From the last simulation models (6 and 120 thousand years ago), it is clear that in those times wider distribution ranges and areas that are now part of unsuitable habitat, at that time, due to better climatic and environmental conditions influenced by monsoon rainfall, would have been a favorable habitat. Finally, study of the effective bioclimatic variables in a species’ distribution over time provides heuristic methods for the management of important habitat by conservation assessments of current habitats and identification of habitat suitability. According to results obtained based on this study, the minor snake-eyed skink,
It is expected that lizards inhabiting open habitats are more susceptible to a predator attack than those inhabiting forest habitats [44], since bushy habitat may provide suitable refuges for lizards. The Asian snake-eyed skink,
According to results obtained based on this study, the minor snake-eyed skink,
We are grateful to Steven C. Anderson for checking, editing, and improving the manuscript. We thank Hassan Salehi, Mousa Mahmoodi, Hurmuz Nematzadeh, Ali Gholamifard, Sabzali Rasouli, Hiwa Faizi, Mohsen Takesh, Ehsan Damadi, Morteza Akbarpour, and Seyyed Saeed Hosseinian Yousefkhani for assisting us with fieldwork in Iran. Also we are grateful to Razi University (Kermanshah, Iran) authorities for the financial support during the fieldwork.
\nAt IntechOpen, we not only specialize in the publication of Book Chapters as part of our Edited Volumes, but also the publication and dissemination of longer manuscripts, known as Long Form Monographs. Monographs allow Authors to focus on presenting a single subject or a specific aspect of that subject and publish their research in detail.
\n\nEven if you have an area of research that does not at first sight fit within a previously defined IntechOpen project, we can still offer support and help you in publishing your individual research. Publishing your IntechOpen book in the form of a Long Form Monograph is a viable alternative.
",metaTitle:"Publish a Whole Book",metaDescription:"At IntechOpen, we not only specialize in the publication of book chapters as part of our Edited Volumes, but also the publication and dissemination of long form manuscripts, known as monographs. Monographs allow authors to focus on presenting a single subject or a specific aspect of that subject and publish their research at length.\n\nPerhaps you have an area of research that does not fit within a previously defined IntechOpen project, but rather need help in publishing your individual research? Publishing your IntechOpen book in the form of a long form monograph is a great alternative.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/publish-a-whole-book",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"MONOGRAPH - LONG FORM MANUSCRIPT
\\n\\nFORMATS
\\n\\nCOST
\\n\\n10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\\n\\nThe final price includes project management, editorial and peer-review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design, book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\\n\\n*The price does not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate applied in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT by providing us with their VAT registration number. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\\n\\nOptional Services
\\n\\nIntechOpen has collaborated with Enago, through its sister brand, Ulatus, which is one of the world’s leading providers of book translation services. The services are designed to convey the essence of your work to readers from across the globe in a language they understand. Enago’s expert translators incorporate cultural nuances in translations to make the content relevant for local audiences while retaining the original meaning and style. Enago translators are equipped to handle all complex and multiple overlapping themes encompassed in a single book and their high degree of linguistic and subject expertise enables them to deliver a superior quality output.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Authors that wish to use this service will receive a 20% discount on all translation services. To find out more information or obtain a quote, please visit: https://www.enago.com/intech.
\\n\\nFUNDING
\\n\\nWe feel that financial barriers should never prevent researchers from publishing their work. Please consult our Open Access Funding page to explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication.
\\n\\nBENEFITS
\\n\\nPUBLISHING PROCESS STEPS
\\n\\nFor a complete overview of all publishing process steps and descriptions, go to How Open Access Publishing Works.
\\n\\nSEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\\n\\nIf you are interested in publishing your book with IntechOpen, please submit your book proposal by completing the Publishing Proposal Form.
\\n\\nNot sure if this is the right option for you? Please refer back to the main Publish with IntechOpen page or feel free to contact us directly at book.department@intechopen.com.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'MONOGRAPH - LONG FORM MANUSCRIPT
\n\nFORMATS
\n\nCOST
\n\n10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\n\nThe final price includes project management, editorial and peer-review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design, book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\n\n*The price does not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate applied in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT by providing us with their VAT registration number. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\n\nOptional Services
\n\nIntechOpen has collaborated with Enago, through its sister brand, Ulatus, which is one of the world’s leading providers of book translation services. The services are designed to convey the essence of your work to readers from across the globe in a language they understand. Enago’s expert translators incorporate cultural nuances in translations to make the content relevant for local audiences while retaining the original meaning and style. Enago translators are equipped to handle all complex and multiple overlapping themes encompassed in a single book and their high degree of linguistic and subject expertise enables them to deliver a superior quality output.
\n\nIntechOpen Authors that wish to use this service will receive a 20% discount on all translation services. To find out more information or obtain a quote, please visit: https://www.enago.com/intech.
\n\nFUNDING
\n\nWe feel that financial barriers should never prevent researchers from publishing their work. Please consult our Open Access Funding page to explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication.
\n\nBENEFITS
\n\nPUBLISHING PROCESS STEPS
\n\nFor a complete overview of all publishing process steps and descriptions, go to How Open Access Publishing Works.
\n\nSEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\n\nIf you are interested in publishing your book with IntechOpen, please submit your book proposal by completing the Publishing Proposal Form.
\n\nNot sure if this is the right option for you? Please refer back to the main Publish with IntechOpen page or feel free to contact us directly at book.department@intechopen.com.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6601},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5906},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2400},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12541},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1008},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17561}],offset:12,limit:12,total:132763},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"23"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11433",title:"Human Migration in the Last Three Centuries",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9836df9e82aa9f82e3852a60204909a8",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ingrid Muenstermann",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11433.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"77112",title:"Dr.",name:"Ingrid",surname:"Muenstermann",slug:"ingrid-muenstermann",fullName:"Ingrid Muenstermann"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11437",title:"Social Media - Risks and Opportunities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"000e31f2e2f7295805e9a3864158ad63",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Shafizan Mohamed and Dr. Shazleen Mohamed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11437.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"302450",title:"Dr.",name:"Shafizan",surname:"Mohamed",slug:"shafizan-mohamed",fullName:"Shafizan Mohamed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11438",title:"Fake News in the Era of Pandemics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bc9e4cab86c76f35cd70b39086d9b69e",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11438.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11472",title:"21st Century Slavery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b341f3fc3411ced881e43ce007a892b8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11472.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11473",title:"Social Inequality",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"20307129f7fb39aa443d5449acb6a784",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11473.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11474",title:"Quality of Life Interventions - Magnitude of Effect and Transferability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5a6bcdaf5ee144d043bcdab893ff9e1c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Sage Arbor",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11474.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"245319",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sage",surname:"Arbor",slug:"sage-arbor",fullName:"Sage Arbor"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11479",title:"Social Aspects of Ageing - Selected Challenges, Analyses, and Solutions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"dbf515446deb32a56696801cd224984d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Andrzej Klimczuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11479.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"320017",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Andrzej",surname:"Klimczuk",slug:"andrzej-klimczuk",fullName:"Andrzej Klimczuk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11480",title:"Second Language Acquisition - Learning Theories and Recent Approaches",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"353e6f5278b4862f1f610fe7f1842125",slug:null,bookSignature:"Assistant Prof. Tabassum Maqbool",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11480.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"450261",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Tabassum",surname:"Maqbool",slug:"tabassum-maqbool",fullName:"Tabassum Maqbool"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11769",title:"Multiculturalism and Interculturalism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6c4bda24f278d74f943f2155f13f4d73",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin, Dr. Tareque Aziz and Dr. Sreenivasan Jayashree",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11769.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11770",title:"Feminism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"008be465c708a6fde48c8468757a40af",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11770.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11771",title:"Photography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"466454ffeb31a0953c5120379ffece18",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11771.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11772",title:"Corruption - New Insights",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9cda6d2feaa52a6d523da74f2e2d7ffb",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Josiane Fahed-Sreih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11772.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"103784",title:"Dr.",name:"Josiane",surname:"Fahed-Sreih",slug:"josiane-fahed-sreih",fullName:"Josiane Fahed-Sreih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:42},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:19},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:62},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:29},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:123},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:3}],offset:12,limit:12,total:41},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11001",title:"Density Functional Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82d53383af78ab41eb982086c02fb2bb",slug:"density-functional-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11001.jpg",editors:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11752",title:"Natural Drugs from Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0a83c0822608ef7592bf16a5ed0ada4",slug:"natural-drugs-from-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11752.jpg",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10871",title:"Computed-Tomography (CT) Scan",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"966d8cf74fa27eea1b9cbc9a6ee94993",slug:"computed-tomography-ct-scan",bookSignature:"Reda R. Gharieb",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10871.jpg",editors:[{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11196",title:"New Updates in E-Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6afaadf68e2a0a4b370ac5ceb5ca89c6",slug:"new-updates-in-e-learning",bookSignature:"Eduard Babulak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11196.jpg",editors:[{id:"10086",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Babulak",slug:"eduard-babulak",fullName:"Eduard Babulak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4383},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3340,editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11001",title:"Density Functional Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82d53383af78ab41eb982086c02fb2bb",slug:"density-functional-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11001.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1845,editors:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1096,editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:995,editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3791,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11752",title:"Natural Drugs from Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0a83c0822608ef7592bf16a5ed0ada4",slug:"natural-drugs-from-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11752.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2982,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:559,editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:546,editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:539,editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:535,editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10871",title:"Computed-Tomography (CT) Scan",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"966d8cf74fa27eea1b9cbc9a6ee94993",slug:"computed-tomography-ct-scan",bookSignature:"Reda R. Gharieb",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10871.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10654",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5308884068cc53ed31c6baba756857f",slug:"brain-computer-interface",bookSignature:"Vahid Asadpour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11196",title:"New Updates in E-Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6afaadf68e2a0a4b370ac5ceb5ca89c6",slug:"new-updates-in-e-learning",bookSignature:"Eduard Babulak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11196.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"10086",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Babulak",slug:"eduard-babulak",fullName:"Eduard Babulak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"126",title:"Ecology",slug:"environmental-sciences-ecology",parent:{id:"12",title:"Environmental Sciences",slug:"environmental-sciences"},numberOfBooks:37,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:1245,numberOfWosCitations:1891,numberOfCrossrefCitations:948,numberOfDimensionsCitations:2491,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"126",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10997",title:"Arsenic Monitoring, Removal and Remediation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a40cc5d83f2f1233db31ef10c547b35c",slug:"arsenic-monitoring-removal-and-remediation",bookSignature:"Margarita Stoytcheva and Roumen Zlatev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10997.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"170080",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarita",middleName:null,surname:"Stoytcheva",slug:"margarita-stoytcheva",fullName:"Margarita Stoytcheva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8058",title:"Natural History and Ecology of Mexico and Central America",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"604d5be911d1225699383acef2a50dae",slug:"natural-history-and-ecology-of-mexico-and-central-america",bookSignature:"Levente Hufnagel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8058.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10864",title:"Dr.",name:"Levente",middleName:null,surname:"Hufnagel",slug:"levente-hufnagel",fullName:"Levente Hufnagel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9660",title:"Inland Waters",subtitle:"Dynamics and Ecology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"975c26819ceb11a926793bc2adc62bd6",slug:"inland-waters-dynamics-and-ecology",bookSignature:"Adam Devlin, Jiayi Pan and Mohammad Manjur Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9660.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"280757",title:"Dr.",name:"Adam",middleName:"Thomas",surname:"Devlin",slug:"adam-devlin",fullName:"Adam Devlin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8978",title:"Changing Ecosystems and Their Services",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"825fa534e3cff809ca6d965327fe2d67",slug:"changing-ecosystems-and-their-services",bookSignature:"Levente Hufnagel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8978.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10864",title:"Dr.",name:"Levente",middleName:null,surname:"Hufnagel",slug:"levente-hufnagel",fullName:"Levente Hufnagel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8013",title:"Land Use Change and Sustainability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6b3aee3b93d95ecd84c41753486f7a83",slug:"land-use-change-and-sustainability",bookSignature:"Seth Appiah-Opoku",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8013.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"137858",title:"Dr.",name:"Seth",middleName:null,surname:"Appiah-Opoku",slug:"seth-appiah-opoku",fullName:"Seth Appiah-Opoku"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8295",title:"Landscape Reclamation",subtitle:"Rising From What's Left",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1fb7d9e280708a190a90c3b352c93d45",slug:"landscape-reclamation-rising-from-what-s-left",bookSignature:"Luis Loures",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8295.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108118",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Loures",slug:"luis-loures",fullName:"Luis Loures"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6893",title:"Endemic Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3290be83fff5bc015f5bd3d78ae9c6c7",slug:"endemic-species",bookSignature:"Eusebio Cano Carmona, Carmelo Maria Musarella and Ana Cano Ortiz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6893.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"87846",title:"Dr.",name:"Eusebio",middleName:null,surname:"Cano Carmona",slug:"eusebio-cano-carmona",fullName:"Eusebio Cano Carmona"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8298",title:"Climate Change and Agriculture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"653e27e9e648fdbda47778be167c43b3",slug:"climate-change-and-agriculture",bookSignature:"Saddam Hussain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8298.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"247858",title:"Dr.",name:"Saddam",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"saddam-hussain",fullName:"Saddam Hussain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6888",title:"Limnology",subtitle:"Some New Aspects of Inland Water Ecology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d42cb45185f853324e60b7284c7ea96",slug:"limnology-some-new-aspects-of-inland-water-ecology",bookSignature:"Didem Gökçe",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178260",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Didem",middleName:null,surname:"Gokce",slug:"didem-gokce",fullName:"Didem Gokce"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7476",title:"Land Use",subtitle:"Assessing the Past, Envisioning the Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5b0c406adac8447ffeb089e29eac8ea9",slug:"land-use-assessing-the-past-envisioning-the-future",bookSignature:"Luís Carlos Loures",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7476.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108118",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Loures",slug:"luis-loures",fullName:"Luis Loures"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7535",title:"Wetlands Management",subtitle:"Assessing Risk and Sustainable Solutions",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bb1768b7d5af4fc017028ed386b550b",slug:"wetlands-management-assessing-risk-and-sustainable-solutions",bookSignature:"Didem Gökçe",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7535.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178260",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Didem",middleName:null,surname:"Gokce",slug:"didem-gokce",fullName:"Didem Gokce"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6699",title:"Community and Global Ecology of Deserts",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3f9477aa1d898626573100c92fa392e7",slug:"community-and-global-ecology-of-deserts",bookSignature:"Levente Hufnagel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6699.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10864",title:"Dr.",name:"Levente",middleName:null,surname:"Hufnagel",slug:"levente-hufnagel",fullName:"Levente Hufnagel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:37,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"45414",doi:"10.5772/55749",title:"Role of Ecotourism in Sustainable Development",slug:"role-of-ecotourism-in-sustainable-development",totalDownloads:30260,totalCrossrefCites:52,totalDimensionsCites:69,abstract:null,book:{id:"3560",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",fullTitle:"Advances in Landscape Architecture"},signatures:"Tuğba Kiper",authors:[{id:"135574",title:"Dr.",name:"Tuğba",middleName:null,surname:"Kiper",slug:"tugba-kiper",fullName:"Tuğba Kiper"}]},{id:"51201",doi:"10.5772/63719",title:"Agriculture and Its Impact on Land‐Use, Environment, and Ecosystem Services",slug:"agriculture-and-its-impact-on-land-use-environment-and-ecosystem-services",totalDownloads:8416,totalCrossrefCites:34,totalDimensionsCites:70,abstract:"Human expansion throughout the world caused that agriculture is a dominant form of land management globally. Human influence on the land is accelerating because of rapid population growth and increasing food requirements. To stress the interactions between society and the environment, the driving forces (D), pressures (P), states (S), impacts (I), and response (R) (DPSIR) framework approach was used for analyzing and assessing the influence of agriculture on land use, environment, and ecosystem services. The DPSIR model was used to identify a series of core indicators and to establish the nature of interactions between different driving forces, pressures, states, impacts, and responses. We assessed selected indicators at global, national, and local levels. Driving force indicators describe growing population trend and linking land‐use patterns. The driving forces exert pressure on the environment assessed by indicators describing development in fertilizer and pesticides consumption, by number of livestock, and by intensification joined growing release of ammonia and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agriculture, and water abstraction. The pressure reflects in the state of environment, mainly expressed by soil and water quality indicators. Negative changes in the state then have negative impacts on landscape, e.g., traditional landscape disappearance, biodiversity, climate, and ecosystem services. As a response, technological, economic, policy, or legislation measures are adopted.",book:{id:"5289",slug:"landscape-ecology-the-influences-of-land-use-and-anthropogenic-impacts-of-landscape-creation",title:"Landscape Ecology",fullTitle:"Landscape Ecology - The Influences of Land Use and Anthropogenic Impacts of Landscape Creation"},signatures:"Radoslava Kanianska",authors:[{id:"184781",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Radoslava",middleName:null,surname:"Kanianska",slug:"radoslava-kanianska",fullName:"Radoslava Kanianska"}]},{id:"12592",doi:"10.5772/12877",title:"Effects of Herbicide Glyphosate and Glyphosate-Based Formulations on Aquatic Ecosystems",slug:"effects-of-herbicide-glyphosate-and-glyphosate-based-formulations-on-aquatic-ecosystems",totalDownloads:5697,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:64,abstract:null,book:{id:"17",slug:"herbicides-and-environment",title:"Herbicides and Environment",fullTitle:"Herbicides and Environment"},signatures:"Gonzalo Luis Pérez, María Solange Vera and Leandro Miranda",authors:[{id:"13369",title:"Dr.",name:"Gonzalo Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Pérez",slug:"gonzalo-luis-perez",fullName:"Gonzalo Luis Pérez"},{id:"14902",title:"Dr.",name:"María Solange",middleName:null,surname:"Vera",slug:"maria-solange-vera",fullName:"María Solange Vera"},{id:"14903",title:"Dr.",name:"Leandro",middleName:null,surname:"Miranda",slug:"leandro-miranda",fullName:"Leandro Miranda"}]},{id:"38612",doi:"10.5772/51091",title:"Soil Fauna Diversity - Function, Soil Degradation, Biological Indices, Soil Restoration",slug:"soil-fauna-diversity-function-soil-degradation-biological-indices-soil-restoration",totalDownloads:7712,totalCrossrefCites:24,totalDimensionsCites:54,abstract:null,book:{id:"3007",slug:"biodiversity-conservation-and-utilization-in-a-diverse-world",title:"Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization in a Diverse World",fullTitle:"Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization in a Diverse World"},signatures:"Cristina Menta",authors:[{id:"145410",title:"PhD.",name:"Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Menta",slug:"cristina-menta",fullName:"Cristina Menta"}]},{id:"12591",doi:"10.5772/13620",title:"Impacts of Biochar (Black Carbon) Additions on the Sorption and Efficacy of Herbicides",slug:"impacts-of-biochar-black-carbon-additions-on-the-sorption-and-efficacy-of-herbicides",totalDownloads:3971,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:44,abstract:null,book:{id:"17",slug:"herbicides-and-environment",title:"Herbicides and Environment",fullTitle:"Herbicides and Environment"},signatures:"Alegría Cabrera Mesa and Kurt Spokas",authors:[{id:"13745",title:"Dr.",name:"Kurt",middleName:null,surname:"Spokas",slug:"kurt-spokas",fullName:"Kurt Spokas"},{id:"23738",title:"Dr.",name:"Alegría",middleName:null,surname:"Cabrera Mesa",slug:"alegria-cabrera-mesa",fullName:"Alegría Cabrera Mesa"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"45422",title:"Urban Waterfront Regenerations",slug:"urban-waterfront-regenerations",totalDownloads:13830,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:null,book:{id:"3560",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",fullTitle:"Advances in Landscape Architecture"},signatures:"Umut Pekin Timur",authors:[{id:"165480",title:"Dr.",name:"Umut",middleName:null,surname:"Pekin Timur",slug:"umut-pekin-timur",fullName:"Umut Pekin Timur"}]},{id:"51201",title:"Agriculture and Its Impact on Land‐Use, Environment, and Ecosystem Services",slug:"agriculture-and-its-impact-on-land-use-environment-and-ecosystem-services",totalDownloads:8414,totalCrossrefCites:34,totalDimensionsCites:67,abstract:"Human expansion throughout the world caused that agriculture is a dominant form of land management globally. Human influence on the land is accelerating because of rapid population growth and increasing food requirements. To stress the interactions between society and the environment, the driving forces (D), pressures (P), states (S), impacts (I), and response (R) (DPSIR) framework approach was used for analyzing and assessing the influence of agriculture on land use, environment, and ecosystem services. The DPSIR model was used to identify a series of core indicators and to establish the nature of interactions between different driving forces, pressures, states, impacts, and responses. We assessed selected indicators at global, national, and local levels. Driving force indicators describe growing population trend and linking land‐use patterns. The driving forces exert pressure on the environment assessed by indicators describing development in fertilizer and pesticides consumption, by number of livestock, and by intensification joined growing release of ammonia and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agriculture, and water abstraction. The pressure reflects in the state of environment, mainly expressed by soil and water quality indicators. Negative changes in the state then have negative impacts on landscape, e.g., traditional landscape disappearance, biodiversity, climate, and ecosystem services. As a response, technological, economic, policy, or legislation measures are adopted.",book:{id:"5289",slug:"landscape-ecology-the-influences-of-land-use-and-anthropogenic-impacts-of-landscape-creation",title:"Landscape Ecology",fullTitle:"Landscape Ecology - The Influences of Land Use and Anthropogenic Impacts of Landscape Creation"},signatures:"Radoslava Kanianska",authors:[{id:"184781",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Radoslava",middleName:null,surname:"Kanianska",slug:"radoslava-kanianska",fullName:"Radoslava Kanianska"}]},{id:"45403",title:"Urban Landscapes and Identity",slug:"urban-landscapes-and-identity",totalDownloads:9051,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:null,book:{id:"3560",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",fullTitle:"Advances in Landscape Architecture"},signatures:"Isil Kaymaz",authors:[{id:"127507",title:"Dr.",name:"Isil",middleName:null,surname:"Kaymaz",slug:"isil-kaymaz",fullName:"Isil Kaymaz"}]},{id:"45414",title:"Role of Ecotourism in Sustainable Development",slug:"role-of-ecotourism-in-sustainable-development",totalDownloads:30243,totalCrossrefCites:52,totalDimensionsCites:69,abstract:null,book:{id:"3560",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",fullTitle:"Advances in Landscape Architecture"},signatures:"Tuğba Kiper",authors:[{id:"135574",title:"Dr.",name:"Tuğba",middleName:null,surname:"Kiper",slug:"tugba-kiper",fullName:"Tuğba Kiper"}]},{id:"63289",title:"Land Acquisition and Use in Nigeria: Implications for Sustainable Food and Livelihood Security",slug:"land-acquisition-and-use-in-nigeria-implications-for-sustainable-food-and-livelihood-security",totalDownloads:3508,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Land acquisition and use remain a critical issue of great policy relevance in developing countries such as Nigeria. This study therefore examined land acquisition and use in Nigeria within the context of food and livelihood security. The chapter used secondary data obtained from the World Bank website, National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) and other sources. It was found that there are gender, location and income-group considerations in the allocation of land in Nigeria. While the urban land market is relatively more formal, the rural land market is informal and the transactions were not documented in most cases. The study found that bureaucratic bottlenecks, high cost of registering land and long registration procedures, and inconsistent policy regimes impede the development of land market in Nigeria. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended that the government should reduce and make the processes to be completed in registering lands in Nigeria easier. The Land Use Act 1978 should be amended to capture the prevailing realities around customary laws and informal markets. The government should reduce the cost of land registration in Nigeria. Multilateral organisations and government should co-create and co-finance innovative interventions to improve activities in the land market.",book:{id:"7476",slug:"land-use-assessing-the-past-envisioning-the-future",title:"Land Use",fullTitle:"Land Use - Assessing the Past, Envisioning the Future"},signatures:"Isaac B. Oluwatayo, Omowunmi Timothy and Ayodeji O. Ojo",authors:[{id:"250347",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Isaac",middleName:null,surname:"Oluwatayo",slug:"isaac-oluwatayo",fullName:"Isaac Oluwatayo"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"126",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",issn:"2753-894X",scope:"\r\n\tThis series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in business and management, economics, and marketing. Topics will include asset liability management, financial consequences of the financial crisis and covid-19, financial accounting, mergers and acquisitions, management accounting, SMEs, financial markets, corporate finance and governance, managerial technology and innovation, resource management and sustainable development, social entrepreneurship, corporate responsibility, ethics and accountability, microeconomics, labour economics, macroeconomics, public economics, financial economics, econometrics, direct marketing, creative marketing, internet marketing, market planning and forecasting, brand management, market segmentation and targeting and other topics under business and management. This book series will focus on various aspects of business and management whose in-depth understanding is critical for business and company management to function effectively during this uncertain time of financial crisis, Covid-19 pandemic, and military activity in Europe.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/22.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 18th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"356540",title:"Prof.",name:"Taufiq",middleName:null,surname:"Choudhry",slug:"taufiq-choudhry",fullName:"Taufiq Choudhry",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000036X2hvQAC/Profile_Picture_2022-03-14T08:58:03.jpg",biography:"Prof. Choudhry holds a BSc degree in Economics from the University of Iowa, as well as a Masters and Ph.D. in Applied Economics from Clemson University, USA. In January 2006, he became a Professor of Finance at the University of Southampton Business School. He was previously a Professor of Finance at the University of Bradford Management School. He has over 80 articles published in international finance and economics journals. His research interests and specialties include financial econometrics, financial economics, international economics and finance, housing markets, financial markets, among others.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Southampton",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"86",title:"Business and Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/86.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"128342",title:"Prof.",name:"Vito",middleName:null,surname:"Bobek",slug:"vito-bobek",fullName:"Vito Bobek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/128342/images/system/128342.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vito Bobek works as an international management professor at the University of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Graz, Austria. He has published more than 400 works in his academic career and visited twenty-two universities worldwide as a visiting professor. Dr. Bobek is a member of the editorial boards of six international journals and a member of the Strategic Council of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Slovenia. He has a long history in academia, consulting, and entrepreneurship. His own consulting firm, Palemid, has managed twenty significant projects, such as Cooperation Program Interreg V-A (Slovenia-Austria) and Capacity Building for the Serbian Chamber of Enforcement Agents. He has also participated in many international projects in Italy, Germany, Great Britain, the United States, Spain, Turkey, France, Romania, Croatia, Montenegro, Malaysia, and China. Dr. Bobek is also a co-founder of the Academy of Regional Management in Slovenia.",institutionString:"Universities of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Austria",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"293992",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatjana",middleName:null,surname:"Horvat",slug:"tatjana-horvat",fullName:"Tatjana Horvat",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hXb0hQAC/Profile_Picture_1642419002203",biography:"Tatjana Horvat works as a professor for accountant and auditing at the University of Primorska, Slovenia. She is a Certified State Internal Auditor (licensed by Ministry of Finance RS) and Certified Internal Auditor for Business Sector and Certified accountant (licensed by Slovenian Institute of Auditors). At the Ministry of Justice of Slovenia, she is a member of examination boards for court expert candidates and judicial appraisers in the following areas: economy/finance, valuation of companies, banking, and forensic investigation of economic operations/accounting. At the leading business newspaper Finance in Slovenia (Swedish ownership), she is the editor and head of the area for business, finance, tax-related articles, and educational programs.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Primorska",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"87",title:"Economics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/87.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"327730",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaime",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz",slug:"jaime-ortiz",fullName:"Jaime Ortiz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002zaOKZQA2/Profile_Picture_1642145584421",biography:"Dr. Jaime Ortiz holds degrees from Chile, the Netherlands, and the United States. He has held tenured faculty, distinguished professorship, and executive leadership appointments in several universities around the world. Dr. Ortiz has previously worked for international organizations and non-government entities in economic and business matters, and he has university-wide globalization engagement in more than thirty-six countries. He has advised, among others, the United Nations Development Program, Inter-American Development Bank, Organization of American States, Pre-investment Organization of Latin America and the Caribbean, Technical Cooperation of the Suisse Government, and the World Bank. Dr. Ortiz is the author, co-author, or editor of books, book chapters, textbooks, research monographs and technical reports, and refereed journal articles. He is listed in Who’s Who in the World, Who’s Who in America, Who’s Who in Finance and Business, Who’s Who in Business Higher Education, Who’s Who in American Education, and Who’s Who Directory of Economists. Dr. Ortiz has been a Fulbright Scholar and an MSI Leadership Fellow with the W.K. Kellogg Foundation. His teaching interests revolve around global economies and markets while his research focuses on topics related to development and growth, global business decisions, and the economics of technical innovation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Houston",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"88",title:"Marketing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/88.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,editor:null,editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"81831",title:"Deep Network Model and Regression Analysis using OLS Method for Predicting Lung Vital Capacity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104737",signatures:"Harun Sümbül",slug:"deep-network-model-and-regression-analysis-using-ols-method-for-predicting-lung-vital-capacity",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Decision Science - Recent Advances and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11604.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",hash:"86a6d33cf601587e591064ce92effc02",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Leadership in a Changing World - A Multidimensional Perspective",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. He is also co-managing editor of Transnational Corporations Review and a guest editor for Electronic Commerce Research and Journal of Internet Technology.",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"11576",title:"Malaria - Recent Advances, and New Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11576.jpg",hash:"5a01644fb0b4ce24c2f947913d154abe",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"April 26th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"76041",title:"Prof.",name:"Pier Paolo",surname:"Piccaluga",slug:"pier-paolo-piccaluga",fullName:"Pier Paolo Piccaluga"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11577",title:"Tick-Borne Diseases - A Review and an Update of Knowledge on Infections in Human and Animal Population",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11577.jpg",hash:"3d72ae651ee2a04b2368bf798a3183ca",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"April 29th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"51521",title:"Prof.",name:"Elisa",surname:"Pieragostini",slug:"elisa-pieragostini",fullName:"Elisa Pieragostini"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11570",title:"Influenza - New Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11570.jpg",hash:"157b379b9d7a4bf5e2cc7a742f155a44",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"139889",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyyed Shamsadin",surname:"Athari",slug:"seyyed-shamsadin-athari",fullName:"Seyyed Shamsadin Athari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11569",title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections - New Findings, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11569.jpg",hash:"069d6142ecb0d46d14920102d48c0e9d",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"May 31st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"189561",title:"Dr.",name:"Mihaela Laura",surname:"Vica",slug:"mihaela-laura-vica",fullName:"Mihaela Laura Vica"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11568",title:"Staphylococcal Infections - Recent Advances and Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11568.jpg",hash:"92c881664d1921c7f2d0fee34b78cd08",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 1st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"59719",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",surname:"Bustos-Martínez",slug:"jaime-bustos-martinez",fullName:"Jaime Bustos-Martínez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:49,paginationItems:[{id:"80495",title:"Iron in Cell Metabolism and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101908",signatures:"Eeka Prabhakar",slug:"iron-in-cell-metabolism-and-disease",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81799",title:"Cross Talk of Purinergic and Immune Signaling: Implication in Inflammatory and Pathogenic Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104978",signatures:"Richa Rai",slug:"cross-talk-of-purinergic-and-immune-signaling-implication-in-inflammatory-and-pathogenic-diseases",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81764",title:"Involvement of the Purinergic System in Cell Death in Models of Retinopathies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103935",signatures:"Douglas Penaforte Cruz, Marinna Garcia Repossi and Lucianne Fragel Madeira",slug:"involvement-of-the-purinergic-system-in-cell-death-in-models-of-retinopathies",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81756",title:"Alteration of Cytokines Level and Oxidative Stress Parameters in COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104950",signatures:"Marija Petrusevska, Emilija Atanasovska, Dragica Zendelovska, Aleksandar Eftimov and Katerina Spasovska",slug:"alteration-of-cytokines-level-and-oxidative-stress-parameters-in-covid-19",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"81681",title:"Immunomodulatory Effects of a M2-Conditioned Medium (PRS® CK STORM): Theory on the Possible Complex Mechanism of Action through Anti-Inflammatory Modulation of the TLR System and the Purinergic System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104486",signatures:"Juan Pedro Lapuente",slug:"immunomodulatory-effects-of-a-m2-conditioned-medium-prs-ck-storm-theory-on-the-possible-complex-mech",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81647",title:"Diabetes and Epigenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104653",signatures:"Rasha A. Alhazzaa, Thomas Heinbockel and Antonei B. Csoka",slug:"diabetes-and-epigenetics",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"81580",title:"Graft-Versus-Host Disease: Pathogenesis and Treatment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104450",signatures:"Shin Mukai",slug:"graft-versus-host-disease-pathogenesis-and-treatment",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81533",title:"Prenylation of Natural Products: An Overview",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104636",signatures:"Kantharaju Kamanna and Aravind Kamath",slug:"prenylation-of-natural-products-an-overview",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Kantharaju",surname:"Kamanna"}],book:{title:"Modifications of Biomolecules",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11098.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"81067",title:"Encapsulation of Essential Oils and Their Use in Food Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103147",signatures:"Hamdy A. Shaaban and Amr Farouk",slug:"encapsulation-of-essential-oils-and-their-use-in-food-applications",totalDownloads:49,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"81099",title:"SK Channels and Heart Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104115",signatures:"Katherine Zhong, Shawn Kant, Frank Sellke and Jun Feng",slug:"sk-channels-and-heart-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:3,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:9,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:17,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:19,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:27,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",volumeInSeries:28,fullTitle:"Reactive Oxygen Species",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9008",title:"Vitamin K",subtitle:"Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9008.jpg",slug:"vitamin-k-recent-topics-on-the-biology-and-chemistry",publishedDate:"March 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hiroyuki Kagechika and Hitoshi Shirakawa",hash:"8b43add5389ba85743e0a9491e4b9943",volumeInSeries:27,fullTitle:"Vitamin K - Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",editors:[{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10799",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:"Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",slug:"phenolic-compounds-chemistry-synthesis-diversity-non-conventional-industrial-pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-applications",publishedDate:"February 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",hash:"339199f254d2987ef3167eef74fb8a38",volumeInSeries:26,fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9659",title:"Fibroblasts",subtitle:"Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9659.jpg",slug:"fibroblasts-advances-in-inflammation-autoimmunity-and-cancer",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj and Katja Lakota",hash:"926fa6446f6befbd363fc74971a56de2",volumeInSeries:25,fullTitle:"Fibroblasts - Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",editors:[{id:"328755",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mojca",middleName:null,surname:"Frank Bertoncelj",slug:"mojca-frank-bertoncelj",fullName:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/328755/images/system/328755.jpg",institutionString:"BioMed X Institute",institution:{name:"University Hospital of Zurich",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Switzerland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinases",subtitle:"Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",slug:"protein-kinases-promising-targets-for-anticancer-drug-research",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rajesh Kumar Singh",hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",volumeInSeries:24,fullTitle:"Protein Kinases - Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",volumeInSeries:23,fullTitle:"Extracellular Matrix - Developments and Therapeutics",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212416/images/system/212416.jpg",institutionString:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institution:{name:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9759",title:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease",subtitle:"Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9759.jpg",slug:"vitamin-e-in-health-and-disease-interactions-diseases-and-health-aspects",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Júlia Scherer Santos",hash:"6c3ddcc13626110de289b57f2516ac8f",volumeInSeries:22,fullTitle:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease - Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109978/images/system/109978.jpg",institutionString:"Hacettepe University",institution:{name:"Hacettepe University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9753",title:"Terpenes and Terpenoids",subtitle:"Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9753.jpg",slug:"terpenes-and-terpenoids-recent-advances",publishedDate:"July 28th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shagufta Perveen and Areej Mohammad Al-Taweel",hash:"575689df13c78bf0e6c1be40804cd010",volumeInSeries:21,fullTitle:"Terpenes and Terpenoids - Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9403",title:"Human Microbiome",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9403.jpg",slug:"human-microbiome",publishedDate:"June 16th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Natalia V. Beloborodova and Andrey V. Grechko",hash:"c31366ba82585ba3ac91d21eb1cf0a4d",volumeInSeries:20,fullTitle:"Human Microbiome",editors:[{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",slug:"oxidoreductase",publishedDate:"February 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",volumeInSeries:19,fullTitle:"Oxidoreductase",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/224662/images/system/224662.jpg",institutionString:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",institution:{name:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9742",title:"Ubiquitin",subtitle:"Proteasome Pathway",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9742.jpg",slug:"ubiquitin-proteasome-pathway",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",hash:"af6880d3a5571da1377ac8f6373b9e82",volumeInSeries:18,fullTitle:"Ubiquitin - Proteasome Pathway",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9002",title:"Glutathione System and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9002.jpg",slug:"glutathione-system-and-oxidative-stress-in-health-and-disease",publishedDate:"August 26th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",hash:"127defed0a50ad5ed92338dc96e1e10e",volumeInSeries:17,fullTitle:"Glutathione System and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease",editors:[{id:"217850",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarete Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Bagatini",slug:"margarete-dulce-bagatini",fullName:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217850/images/system/217850.jpeg",institutionString:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:3},{group:"subseries",caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:6},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:8},{group:"subseries",caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:10}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:12},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:33,paginationItems:[{id:"424419",title:"Dr.",name:"Matthew",middleName:"Ayorinde",surname:"Ayorinde Adebayo",slug:"matthew-ayorinde-adebayo",fullName:"Matthew Ayorinde Adebayo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/424419/images/17356_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"354033",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Nasri",slug:"ahmed-nasri",fullName:"Ahmed Nasri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Carthage",country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"435702",title:"Dr.",name:"Amel",middleName:null,surname:"Hannachi",slug:"amel-hannachi",fullName:"Amel Hannachi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Carthage",country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"420857",title:"Prof.",name:"Ezzeddine",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoudi",slug:"ezzeddine-mahmoudi",fullName:"Ezzeddine Mahmoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Carthage",country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"420856",title:"Prof.",name:"Hamouda",middleName:null,surname:"Beyrem",slug:"hamouda-beyrem",fullName:"Hamouda Beyrem",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Carthage",country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"435703",title:"Dr.",name:"Hary",middleName:null,surname:"Demey",slug:"hary-demey",fullName:"Hary Demey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Cartagena",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"425026",title:"Mr.",name:"Kholofelo",middleName:null,surname:"Clifford Malematja",slug:"kholofelo-clifford-malematja",fullName:"Kholofelo Clifford Malematja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tshwane University of Technology",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"435701",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Allouche",slug:"mohamed-allouche",fullName:"Mohamed Allouche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Carthage",country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"420855",title:"Prof.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Aïssa",slug:"patricia-aissa",fullName:"Patricia Aïssa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Carthage",country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"435699",title:"Dr.",name:"Takoua",middleName:null,surname:"Mhadhbi",slug:"takoua-mhadhbi",fullName:"Takoua Mhadhbi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Carthage",country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"442300",title:"Prof.",name:"Véronique",middleName:null,surname:"Perrier",slug:"veronique-perrier",fullName:"Véronique Perrier",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Montpellier",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"445179",title:"Mr.",name:"Aman",middleName:null,surname:"Jaiswal",slug:"aman-jaiswal",fullName:"Aman Jaiswal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"445178",title:"Mr.",name:"Dhiraj",middleName:null,surname:"Dutta",slug:"dhiraj-dutta",fullName:"Dhiraj Dutta",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Defence Research Laboratory",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"445180",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama",middleName:null,surname:"Dubey",slug:"rama-dubey",fullName:"Rama Dubey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Defence Research Laboratory",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424992",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Helal",slug:"mohamed-helal",fullName:"Mohamed Helal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"428329",title:"Mr.",name:"Collet",middleName:null,surname:"Maswanganyi",slug:"collet-maswanganyi",fullName:"Collet Maswanganyi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Limpopo",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"428546",title:"MSc.",name:"Ndivhuwo",middleName:null,surname:"Shumbula",slug:"ndivhuwo-shumbula",fullName:"Ndivhuwo Shumbula",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"352155",title:"Dr.",name:"Poslet",middleName:"Morgan",surname:"Shumbula",slug:"poslet-shumbula",fullName:"Poslet Shumbula",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Limpopo",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"435064",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammadtaghi",middleName:null,surname:"Vakili",slug:"mohammadtaghi-vakili",fullName:"Mohammadtaghi Vakili",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Yangtze Normal University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"437268",title:"Dr.",name:"Linda Lunga",middleName:null,surname:"Sibali",slug:"linda-lunga-sibali",fullName:"Linda Lunga Sibali",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437269",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter P.",middleName:null,surname:"Ndibewu",slug:"peter-p.-ndibewu",fullName:"Peter P. Ndibewu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"424106",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Siyabonga",middleName:null,surname:"Aubrey Mhlongo",slug:"siyabonga-aubrey-mhlongo",fullName:"Siyabonga Aubrey Mhlongo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"424233",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Ifeoluwa Oluwafunmilayo",middleName:null,surname:"Daramola",slug:"ifeoluwa-oluwafunmilayo-daramola",fullName:"Ifeoluwa Oluwafunmilayo Daramola",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"446429",title:"Dr.",name:"Dev Vrat",middleName:null,surname:"Kamboj",slug:"dev-vrat-kamboj",fullName:"Dev Vrat Kamboj",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"425585",title:"Dr.",name:"NISHA",middleName:null,surname:"GAUR",slug:"nisha-gaur",fullName:"NISHA GAUR",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"226635",title:"Prof.",name:"Amany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Sikaily",slug:"amany-el-sikaily",fullName:"Amany El-Sikaily",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"435668",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Ghanem",slug:"sara-ghanem",fullName:"Sara Ghanem",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"426808",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Yesim",middleName:null,surname:"Gucbilmez",slug:"yesim-gucbilmez",fullName:"Yesim Gucbilmez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"423291",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Giovanni",middleName:null,surname:"Cagnetta",slug:"giovanni-cagnetta",fullName:"Giovanni Cagnetta",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"28",type:"subseries",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",keywords:"Animal Reproduction, Artificial Insemination, Embryos, Cryopreservation, Conservation, Breeding, Epigenetics",scope:"The advances of knowledge on animal reproductive biology and technologies revolutionized livestock production. Artificial insemination, for example, was the first technology applied on a large scale, initially in dairy cattle and afterward applied to other species. Nowadays, embryo production and transfer are used commercially along with other technologies to modulate epigenetic regulation. Gene editing is also emerging as an innovative tool. This topic will discuss the potential use of these techniques, novel strategies, and lines of research in progress in the fields mentioned above.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/28.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11417,editor:{id:"177225",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"rosa-maria-lino-neto-pereira",fullName:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9wkQAC/Profile_Picture_1624519982291",biography:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira (DVM, MsC, PhD and) is currently a researcher at the Genetic Resources and Biotechnology Unit of the National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinarian Research (INIAV, Portugal). She is the head of the Reproduction and Embryology Laboratories and was lecturer of Reproduction and Reproductive Biotechnologies at Veterinary Medicine Faculty. She has over 25 years of experience working in reproductive biology and biotechnology areas with a special emphasis on embryo and gamete cryopreservation, for research and animal genetic resources conservation, leading research projects with several peer-reviewed papers. Rosa Pereira is member of the ERFP-FAO Ex situ Working Group and of the Management Commission of the Portuguese Animal Germplasm Bank.",institutionString:"The National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research. Portugal",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517"},editorialBoard:[{id:"90066",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandre",middleName:"Rodrigues",surname:"Silva",slug:"alexandre-silva",fullName:"Alexandre Silva",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRt8pQAC/Profile_Picture_1622531020756",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"176987",title:"Ph.D.",name:"María-José",middleName:"Carrascosa",surname:"Argente",slug:"maria-jose-argente",fullName:"María-José Argente",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9vOQAS/Profile_Picture_1630330499537",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"321396",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad Subhan",middleName:null,surname:"Qureshi",slug:"muhammad-subhan-qureshi",fullName:"Muhammad Subhan Qureshi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/321396/images/system/321396.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"183723",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaojun",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"xiaojun-liu",fullName:"Xiaojun Liu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/183723/images/system/183723.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"81813",title:"Schistosomiasis: Discovery of New Molecules for Disease Treatment and Vaccine Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104738",signatures:"Andressa Barban do Patrocinio",slug:"schistosomiasis-discovery-of-new-molecules-for-disease-treatment-and-vaccine-development",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"New Horizons for Schistosomiasis Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10829.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",scope:"Fungi are ubiquitous and there are almost no non-pathogenic fungi. Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment"},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology"},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 18th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRqB9QAK/Profile_Picture_1626163237970",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"ofsBook.detail",path:"/welcome/c0d1c1c93a36fd9d726445966316a373",hash:"",query:{},params:{hash:"c0d1c1c93a36fd9d726445966316a373"},fullPath:"/welcome/c0d1c1c93a36fd9d726445966316a373",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()