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Guertin",authors:[{id:"47910",title:"Dr.",name:"Pierre",middleName:null,surname:"Guertin",fullName:"Pierre Guertin",slug:"pierre-guertin"}]},{id:"19657",title:"Biomechanics of the Craniovertebral Junction",slug:"biomechanics-of-the-craniovertebral-junction",signatures:"Jeffrey G. Clark, Kalil G. Abdullah, Thomas E. Mroz and Michael P. Steinmetz",authors:[{id:"42461",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Steinmetz",fullName:"Michael Steinmetz",slug:"michael-steinmetz"},{id:"53545",title:"Mr",name:"Jeffrey",middleName:null,surname:"Clark",fullName:"Jeffrey Clark",slug:"jeffrey-clark"},{id:"53546",title:"Mr",name:"Kalil",middleName:"G",surname:"Abdullah",fullName:"Kalil Abdullah",slug:"kalil-abdullah"},{id:"116468",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Mroz",fullName:"Thomas Mroz",slug:"thomas-mroz"}]},{id:"19658",title:"A Pure Moment Based Tester for Spinal Biomechanics",slug:"a-pure-moment-based-tester-for-spinal-biomechanics",signatures:"Ti-Sheng Chang, Jia-Hao Chang and Ching-Wei Cheng",authors:[{id:"45150",title:"Dr.",name:"Jia-Hao",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",fullName:"Jia-Hao Chang",slug:"jia-hao-chang"},{id:"54520",title:"Dr.",name:"Ti-Sheng",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",fullName:"Ti-Sheng Chang",slug:"ti-sheng-chang"},{id:"54521",title:"Prof.",name:"Ching-Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Cheng",fullName:"Ching-Wei Cheng",slug:"ching-wei-cheng"}]},{id:"19659",title:"Analysis of the Dynamic Sagittal Balance of the Lumbo-Pelvi-Femoral Complex",slug:"analysis-of-the-dynamic-sagittal-balance-of-the-lumbo-pelvi-femoral-complex",signatures:"Legaye Jean",authors:[{id:"35555",title:"Prof.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Legaye",fullName:"Jean Legaye",slug:"jean-legaye"}]},{id:"19660",title:"Potentialities and Criticalities of Plantar Pressure Measurements in the Study of Foot Biomechanics: Devices, Methodologies and Applications",slug:"potentialities-and-criticalities-of-plantar-pressure-measurements-in-the-study-of-foot-biomechanics-",signatures:"Claudia Giacomozzi",authors:[{id:"52138",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Giacomozzi",fullName:"Claudia Giacomozzi",slug:"claudia-giacomozzi"}]},{id:"19661",title:"Mammalian Oral Rhythms and Motor Control",slug:"mammalian-oral-rhythms-and-motor-control",signatures:"Geoffrey Gerstner, Shashi Madhavan and Elizabeth Crane",authors:[{id:"35150",title:"Dr.",name:"Geoffrey",middleName:null,surname:"Gerstner",fullName:"Geoffrey Gerstner",slug:"geoffrey-gerstner"},{id:"47533",title:"Dr.",name:"Elizabeth",middleName:null,surname:"Crane",fullName:"Elizabeth Crane",slug:"elizabeth-crane"},{id:"120296",title:"Dr.",name:"Shashi",middleName:null,surname:"Madhavan",fullName:"Shashi Madhavan",slug:"shashi-madhavan"}]},{id:"19662",title:"Biomechanical, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Adaptations of Bats and the Case of the Small Community of Bats in Chile",slug:"biomechanical-respiratory-and-cardiovascular-adaptations-of-bats-and-the-case-of-the-small-community",signatures:"Mauricio Canals L, Jose Iriarte-Diaz and Bruno Grossi",authors:[{id:"52742",title:"Dr.",name:"Mauricio",middleName:null,surname:"Canals",fullName:"Mauricio Canals",slug:"mauricio-canals"},{id:"54276",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Iriarte-Diaz",fullName:"Jose Iriarte-Diaz",slug:"jose-iriarte-diaz"},{id:"54277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruno",middleName:null,surname:"Grossi",fullName:"Bruno Grossi",slug:"bruno-grossi"}]},{id:"19663",title:"Factors Influencing Proprioception: What do They Reveal?",slug:"factors-influencing-proprioception-what-do-they-reveal-",signatures:"Fernando Ribeiro and José Oliveira",authors:[{id:"38468",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Ribeiro",fullName:"Fernando Ribeiro",slug:"fernando-ribeiro"},{id:"54417",title:"Prof.",name:"José",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",fullName:"José Oliveira",slug:"jose-oliveira"}]},{id:"19664",title:"Kinesiological Electromyography",slug:"kinesiological-electromyography",signatures:"Vladimir Medved and Mario Cifrek",authors:[{id:"42563",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Medved",fullName:"Vladimir Medved",slug:"vladimir-medved"},{id:"90549",title:"PhD.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Cifrek",fullName:"Mario Cifrek",slug:"mario-cifrek"}]},{id:"19665",title:"Biomechanics of Competitive Swimming Strokes",slug:"biomechanics-of-competitive-swimming-strokes",signatures:"Tiago M. 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Malaysia has an estimated 12,500 species of seed plants with about 1200 species of medicinal plants [1]. Malaysia is also endowed with more than 3000 species of medicinal plants among its over 15,000 flowering plants [2, 3]. The Malaysian herbal industry, which is fully supported by the government, is also enjoying rapid development in line with the growing global herbal industry owing to the increasing demand for healthy functional food, herbal supplements, herbs-based energy drinks, and cosmetics. Malaysia, in addition to its vast biodiversity, is also endowed with multi-ethnic cultures offering a unique combination of folk and traditional medication such as Ayurveda, the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Kampo, and Jamu for the development of the herbal industry [4]. Despite the advancement in synthetic chemistry, the use of Complementary and alternative methods (CAM) to support medical treatment, reinforce the immunity system, prevent relapses in cancer, reduce disease symptoms, and maintain health is also increasingly becoming more popular worldwide with almost 80% (about two thirds) of the population in developing countries still depending on herbal supplement products to meet their healthcare needs, according to the World Health Organization [5]. On the other hand, most of the conventional pharmaceutical drugs under development and those already in the market today owe their origins to natural products, though the products derived from virtually all-natural sources do not necessarily represent the final form of the active ingredients [6]. Similarly, about 84% of approved drugs for the treatment of CNS diseases, for instance, are either natural products or natural products inspired by over 400 clinically approved CNS drugs traceable to 20 natural product scaffolds [7].
Furthermore, the cost and adverse reactions of pharmacotherapy have lent immense support for the adoption of safe alternatives using various herbal formulations. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines herbal products or herbal preparations as herbal medicines containing active ingredients derived from the plants’ parts or other plant materials, or their combinations. Breastfeeding mothers, especially, prefer herbal products to manage post-natal depressive symptoms. According to the literature, the percentages of women using at least one herbal product during the breastfeeding period in the US, China, Australia, and Italy are 16%, 20%–45%, 59.9%, and 97%, respectively. Herbal products are known to enhance milk supply and are thus commonly used as a traditional prophylactic during insufficient milk production to meet the child’s nutritional needs. Herbal products, as a general health supplement, also offer self-empowerment, self-reassurance, and other psychological benefits during lactation, in addition to other general ailments such as colds, constipation, coughs, headaches, and depressive symptoms [5, 8]. Admittedly, the lack of standardization and heterogeneity of regulatory standards for herbal products between, and within countries and regions have made it quite difficult to generalize about the quality, efficacy, and safety of herbal products [1, 8]. Nevertheless, this study is aimed to review some of the most important high-value herbal products in Malaysia. Admittedly, the work covers only a few representatives of Malaysian medicinal plants. The taxonomic classifications of the few plants discussed in this study are itemized in Table 1.
Agarwood otherwise known as gaharu (Figure 1) is a highly valuable fragrant heartwood and resinous wood mainly produced through changes in the chemical and physiological compounds of woods through natural or artificial damage like injury, cutting wound, insect disturbance, microorganism (fungi), and other non-pathological processes from
Agarwood (gaharu). Source:
Agarwood is mainly obtained from tree trunk as well as other parts of the tree such as tree branches and collected in the wood form and then traded as wood dust or powder, wood chips, and Agar-oil [13]. According to Wyn and Anak [14], About 19 plant species that are native to Malaysia are thought to produce agarwood (Peninsula: 13 spp., Sabah: 11 spp., Sarawak: 13 spp. The five most common types of oleoresin-producing
Pineapple (
Various parts of Pineapple (
Dragon fruit (
The
Temu kunci (
Categories | Names | Names | Names | Names | Names | Names | Names |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kingdom | Plantae | Plantae | Plantae | Plantae | Plantae | Plantae | Plantae |
Subkingdom | Viridiplantae | Viridiplantae | Viridiplantae | Viridiplantae | Viridiplantae | Viridiplantae | Viridiplantae |
Infrakingdom | Streptophyta | Streptophyta | Streptophyta | Streptophyta | Streptophyta | Streptophyta | Streptophyta |
Superdivision | Embryophyta | Embryophyta | Embryophyta | Embryophyta | Embryophyta | Embryophyta | Embryophyta |
Division | Spermatophyta | Spermatophyta | Spermatophyta | Spermatophyta | Tracheophyta | Tracheophyta | Tracheophyta |
Subdivision | Angiospermae | Angiospermae | Angiospermae | Angiospermae | Spermatophytina | Spermatophytina | Spermatophytina |
Class | Dicotyledonae | Monocotyledonae | Monocotyledonae | Magnoliopsida | Magnoliopsida | Magnoliopsida | Magnoliopsida |
Superorder | Commelinids | Eudicots | Asteranae | Liliane | Eudicots | Asteranae | |
Order | Thymelaeales | Bromeliales | Caryophyllales | Lamiales | Zingiberales | Lamiales | Gentianales |
Family | Thymelaeaceae | Bromeliaceae | Cactaceae | Lamiaceae | Zingiberaceae | Lamiaceae | Rubiaceae |
Genus | |||||||
Species | |||||||
Common name | Agarwood | Pineapple | Dragon fruit | Vitex | Fingerroot | Cat’s whiskers | Indian mulberry |
Taxonomic classification of the reviewed plants.
Names | Origin |
---|---|
Chun jiang, Soh Shi | Chinese |
Temoe koentji | Dutch |
Petits doigts | French |
Fingerwurz, Runde Gewurzlilie | German |
Chekkur | India |
Temu kunci | Indonesian |
Gajutu | Japanese |
Khchiey | Khmer |
Neng kieng | Lao |
Temu kunci | Malay |
Kae-aen, Kra Chai, Wan-phraa-thit | Thai |
Ngai num kho, Bong nga truat, Cu ngai | Vietnamese |
The vernacular names of
The ginger family (Zingiberaceae) contains about 1500 species and 50 genera globally. Several species of Zingiberaceae consisting mainly of herbaceous perennial plants are used in food (as spices), as well as ornamental plants, in cosmetics, and dyes. The rhizomes and leaves (Figure 4) are characterized by the presence of essential oils, flavones, flavonoids, and cyclohexenyl chalcone derivatives [47, 48]. The rhizome is traditionally used, in Indonesia, for the treatment of several diseases in folk medicine owing to its diverse pharmacological and biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer [46].
(a)
The essential oils of
Traditionally,
Misai kucing (
Misai kucing (
Mengkudu (
Mengkudu (
Malaysia is a global hub for natural products which contributes to its GDP. Malaysia is also one of the 12 most diverse Megabiodiversity countries. Natural products are relevant to both health care and agriculture which are parts of the national key economic areas (NKEA) under the Government’s Economic Transformation Plan as well as parts of the United Nations’ 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It is worthy of note that the quality, efficacy, and safety of herbal products require standardization. Herbal products should also be made easy and accessible to low-income and rural communities across the globe. The proper documentation of the ethnopharmacological important plants in addition to their preservation and cultivation would enhance the sustainable use of the various indigenous plants.
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\\n\\nIntechOpen requires:
\\n\\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST - AUTHOR
\\n\\nAll Authors are obliged to declare every existing or potential Conflict of Interest, including financial or personal factors, as well as any relationship which could influence their scientific work. Authors must declare Conflicts of Interest at the time of manuscript submission, although they may exceptionally do so at any point during manuscript review. For jointly prepared manuscripts, the corresponding Author is obliged to declare potential Conflicts of Interest of any other Authors who have contributed to the manuscript.
\\n\\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST – ACADEMIC EDITOR
\\n\\nEditors can also have Conflicts of Interest. Editors are expected to maintain the highest standards of conduct, which are outlined in our Best Practice Guidelines (templates for Best Practice Guidelines). Among other obligations, it is essential that Editors make transparent declarations of any possible Conflicts of Interest that they might have.
\\n\\nAvoidance Measures for Academic Editors of Conflicts of Interest:
\\n\\nFor manuscripts submitted by the Academic Editor (or a scientific advisor), an appropriate person will be appointed to handle and evaluate the manuscript. The appointed handling Editor's identity will not be disclosed to the Author in order to maintain impartiality and anonymity of the review.
\\n\\nIf a manuscript is submitted by an Author who is a member of an Academic Editor's family or is personally or professionally related to the Academic Editor in any way, either as a friend, colleague, student or mentor, the work will be handled by a different Academic Editor who is not in any way connected to the Author.
\\n\\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST - REVIEWER
\\n\\nAll Reviewers are required to declare possible Conflicts of Interest at the beginning of the evaluation process. If a Reviewer feels he or she might have any material, financial or any other conflict of interest with regards to the manuscript being reviewed, he or she is required to declare such concern and, if necessary, request exclusion from any further involvement in the evaluation process. A Reviewer's potential Conflicts of Interest are declared in the review report and presented to the Academic Editor, who then assesses whether or not the declared potential or actual Conflicts of Interest had, or could be perceived to have had, any significant impact on the review itself.
\\n\\nEXAMPLES OF CONFLICTS OF INTEREST:
\\n\\nFINANCIAL AND MATERIAL
\\n\\nNON-FINANCIAL
\\n\\nAuthors are required to declare all potentially relevant non-financial, financial and material Conflicts of Interest that may have had an influence on their scientific work.
\\n\\nAcademic Editors and Reviewers are required to declare any non-financial, financial and material Conflicts of Interest that could influence their fair and balanced evaluation of manuscripts. If such conflict exists with regards to a submitted manuscript, Academic Editors and Reviewers should exclude themselves from handling it.
\\n\\nAll Authors, Academic Editors, and Reviewers are required to declare all possible financial and material Conflicts of Interest in the last five years, although it is advisable to declare less recent Conflicts of Interest as well.
\\n\\nEXAMPLES:
\\n\\nAuthors should declare if they were or they still are Academic Editors of the publications in which they wish to publish their work.
\\n\\nAuthors should declare if they are board members of an organization that could benefit financially or materially from the publication of their work.
\\n\\nAcademic Editors should declare if they were coauthors or they have worked on the research project with the Author who has submitted a manuscript.
\\n\\nAcademic Editors should declare if the Author of a submitted manuscript is affiliated with the same department, faculty, institute, or company as they are.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-09
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"In each instance of a possible Conflict of Interest, IntechOpen aims to disclose the situation in as transparent a way as possible in order to allow readers to judge whether a particular potential Conflict of Interest has influenced the Work of any individual Author, Editor, or Reviewer. IntechOpen takes all possible Conflicts of Interest into account during the review process and ensures maximum transparency in implementing its policies.
\n\nA Conflict of Interest is a situation in which a person's professional judgment may be influenced by a range of factors, including financial gain, material interest, or some other personal or professional interest. For IntechOpen as a publisher, it is essential that all possible Conflicts of Interest are avoided. Each contributor, whether an Author, Editor, or Reviewer, who suspects they may have a Conflict of Interest, is obliged to declare that concern in order to make the publisher and the readership aware of any potential influence on the work being undertaken.
\n\nA Conflict of Interest can be identified at different phases of the publishing process.
\n\nIntechOpen requires:
\n\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST - AUTHOR
\n\nAll Authors are obliged to declare every existing or potential Conflict of Interest, including financial or personal factors, as well as any relationship which could influence their scientific work. Authors must declare Conflicts of Interest at the time of manuscript submission, although they may exceptionally do so at any point during manuscript review. For jointly prepared manuscripts, the corresponding Author is obliged to declare potential Conflicts of Interest of any other Authors who have contributed to the manuscript.
\n\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST – ACADEMIC EDITOR
\n\nEditors can also have Conflicts of Interest. Editors are expected to maintain the highest standards of conduct, which are outlined in our Best Practice Guidelines (templates for Best Practice Guidelines). Among other obligations, it is essential that Editors make transparent declarations of any possible Conflicts of Interest that they might have.
\n\nAvoidance Measures for Academic Editors of Conflicts of Interest:
\n\nFor manuscripts submitted by the Academic Editor (or a scientific advisor), an appropriate person will be appointed to handle and evaluate the manuscript. The appointed handling Editor's identity will not be disclosed to the Author in order to maintain impartiality and anonymity of the review.
\n\nIf a manuscript is submitted by an Author who is a member of an Academic Editor's family or is personally or professionally related to the Academic Editor in any way, either as a friend, colleague, student or mentor, the work will be handled by a different Academic Editor who is not in any way connected to the Author.
\n\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST - REVIEWER
\n\nAll Reviewers are required to declare possible Conflicts of Interest at the beginning of the evaluation process. If a Reviewer feels he or she might have any material, financial or any other conflict of interest with regards to the manuscript being reviewed, he or she is required to declare such concern and, if necessary, request exclusion from any further involvement in the evaluation process. A Reviewer's potential Conflicts of Interest are declared in the review report and presented to the Academic Editor, who then assesses whether or not the declared potential or actual Conflicts of Interest had, or could be perceived to have had, any significant impact on the review itself.
\n\nEXAMPLES OF CONFLICTS OF INTEREST:
\n\nFINANCIAL AND MATERIAL
\n\nNON-FINANCIAL
\n\nAuthors are required to declare all potentially relevant non-financial, financial and material Conflicts of Interest that may have had an influence on their scientific work.
\n\nAcademic Editors and Reviewers are required to declare any non-financial, financial and material Conflicts of Interest that could influence their fair and balanced evaluation of manuscripts. If such conflict exists with regards to a submitted manuscript, Academic Editors and Reviewers should exclude themselves from handling it.
\n\nAll Authors, Academic Editors, and Reviewers are required to declare all possible financial and material Conflicts of Interest in the last five years, although it is advisable to declare less recent Conflicts of Interest as well.
\n\nEXAMPLES:
\n\nAuthors should declare if they were or they still are Academic Editors of the publications in which they wish to publish their work.
\n\nAuthors should declare if they are board members of an organization that could benefit financially or materially from the publication of their work.
\n\nAcademic Editors should declare if they were coauthors or they have worked on the research project with the Author who has submitted a manuscript.
\n\nAcademic Editors should declare if the Author of a submitted manuscript is affiliated with the same department, faculty, institute, or company as they are.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-09
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