\r\n\tMany tried to define it, and its definition is always related to those who are in power, that being explained by the fact that this power and the abuse of it precisely, gives the access to being corrupted and practicing the acts that fall under corruption.
\r\n\r\n\tWe can find various types of corruption such as bribery, lobbying, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, parochialism, patronage, influence peddling, graft, and embezzlement. Also giving or accepting bribes or inappropriate gifts, double-dealing, under-the-table transactions, manipulating elections, diverting funds, laundering money, and defrauding investors.
\r\n\tNo government is immune to corruption. According to the World Bank, “the causes of corruption are always contextual, rooted in a country's policies, bureaucratic traditions, political development, and social history”.
\r\n\tThis indeed has consequences for increasing inequality, impacts government expenditure and services, shadow economy, and crime.
\r\n\tThis book will be a collection of chapters on Corruption. It welcomes contributions related to the nature of corruption its types and how corruption is undertaken in a certain context and the ways to deal with corruption will be part of this book. We value including materials on Corruption in organizations and ways to solve it. The origins of corruption and the way to deal with corruption, how to provide solutions, and any new insights on corruption will be part of this book.
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Worldwide, the incidence of cleft is reported in one of every 600–800 newborns [2]. A vast majority of these babies are born in underdeveloped or developing countries. This already deplorable situation is aggravated by the fact that most of these cases are concentrated in rural areas where access to health care is severely inadequate or unavailable as compared to urban cities [3, 4].
In developed countries, cleft lip/palate (CL/P) is identified before birth by ultrasonography, which gives the parents much needed time for education and counselling regarding the additional care needed after birth. Consequently, due to the widespread access to medical care and scientific data, aetiology is scientifically understood to be due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. In contrast, in developing countries prenatal care is less advanced or limited, a CL/P is usually unexpected and families rely less on medical explanations for the cleft and rely more on religion and folklore to explain the deformity [5].
Veau [6] classified clefts into (Figure 1).
Veau’s classification.
Group I: Cleft involving the soft palate alone.
Group II: Cleft involving the hard and soft palate up to the incisive foramen.
Group III: Complete unilateral cleft involving the soft and hard palate, the lip and alveolar ridge on one side.
Group IV: Complete bilateral cleft involving the soft and hard palate, the lip and alveolar ridge on both sides.
Successful rehabilitation of all these cases requires a multidisciplinary approach. Patients with orofacial clefts need to be treated at the right time and age to achieve functional and aesthetic well-being. The management of the child born with a cleft lip and palate requires coordinated care provided by a cleft care team [7], comprising of different individuals belonging to several specialities in:
Dental specialities (orthodontics, oral surgery, paediatric dentistry and prosthodontics),
Medical specialities (genetics, otolaryngology, paediatrics, plastic surgery and psychiatry),
Allied health care fields (audiology, nursing, psychology, social work and speech pathology)
In many developing countries, there are several unrepaired cleft patients due to the mismatch between the volume of patients and resources. Furthermore, babies who are born underweight or anaemic are not suitable for surgery. There is also an acute shortage of qualified surgeons available to treat them [8]. This results in patients who cannot reach their full social and economic potential [9]. Surgical repair alone cannot address the multiple issues encountered in patients with cleft lip and palate. One specific task is the aesthetic recreation of the deficient columella. The earliest mention of presurgical infant orthopaedics was in the 1950s. This adjunctive therapy reduced the severity of the initial cleft deformity before surgery. This enabled the surgeon to enjoy the benefits associated with surgical repair in an infant with a minimal cleft deformity and reduced the need for a secondary surgery [10].
This chapter describes the technique of presurgical nasoalveolar moulding (PNAM), which was first described by Grayson et al. [11] in 1993 and had several modifications made over the years by Brecht et al. [12] in 1995, Grayson and Santiago [13] in 1997 and Cutting et al. [14] in 1998. This approach involves the active moulding and repositioning of the deformed nasal cartilages and alveolar process and lengthening the deficient columella, using the NAM appliance which consists of nasal stents attached to an intraoral moulding plate to aid in the moulding of the clefted alveolar ridge and nasal cartilage. The primary goal of PNAM is to achieve good arch form and eventually stabilisation.
The concept of NAM works on Matsuo’s principle that a high degree of plasticity is seen in the cartilages of infants in the first few months after birth. A high amount of circulating maternal oestrogen causes an increase in the amount of hyaluronic acid in the fetal cartilage, rendering it plastic. Hence, active soft tissue and cartilage moulding are most successful if initiated within the first 6 weeks of life [15].
Clinical examinations of babies born with unilateral cleft lip and palate often show significant nasal deformities. The lower lateral alar cartilage is concave and depressed in the alar rim and separated from the contralateral cartilage. This results in a depressed nasal tip and possibly an overhang of the apex of the nostril. The columella and nasal septum are deviated towards the cleft, and the base towards the non-cleft side. Furthermore, the orbicularis oris muscle in the lateral lip segments contracts into a bulge with some fibres running superiorly along the margins of the cleft towards the nasal tip (Figure 2) [16, 17].
Unilateral orofacial cleft lip and palate.
Babies born with bilateral cleft lip and palate often present a challenge to the cleft care team. In these cases, the alar cartilages have failed to migrate up into the nasal tip and stretch the columella. So, the cartilages are positioned along the alar margins and are stretched over the cleft as flaring alae. The prolabium also lacks muscle tissue and is positioned directly on the end of the shortened columella. In the complete bilateral cleft, the premaxilla is suspended from the tip of the nasal septum, while the clefted alveolar segments stay behind (Figure 3) [18, 19]. The primary issue in these cases is that the premaxilla is unattached laterally and is positioned far too anteriorly by the time lip surgery is scheduled. Secondly, in some cases, the lateral width of the premaxilla exceeds the anterior space between the two lateral maxillary segments. A combination of these two challenges may also exist.
Bilateral orofacial cleft lip and palate.
Before commencing any treatment procedures, the parents/caregivers are counselled about PNAM therapy. The procedure, goals, possible complications and their role is explained to them.
Several impression materials and techniques have been advocated for making the impression of the clefted alveolar segments. Grayson and Shetye [20] advised keeping the child nil orally for about 4 hours and making the impression while holding the baby upside down to prevent aspiration in the event of vomiting and asphyxia due to airway obstruction. A thick mix of tissue conditioning material was loaded onto the tray and inserted intraorally. The impression is allowed to set while the baby is making suckling actions in order to create the desired border seal and ensure the baby’s ability to perform nasal breathing. The baby’s oxygen level was monitored during the entire duration of impression making.
Retnakumari et al. [21] used heavy body silicone impression material with the baby in a supine position during the procedure. Dubey et al. [22] kept the baby in the mother’s lap with the head facing downward and her hands supporting the baby’s chest and lap region while making the impression. Yang et al. [23] advised alginate impressions using a beaded pretrimmed paediatric tray. Splengler et al. [24] made intraoral and extraoral alginate impressions with the baby under general anaesthesia. This method is generally not recommended as the patient is subjected to hospitalisation for an impression procedure.
Irrespective of the material and technique used, the sole objective of including all the available undercuts in the dental cast should be met. An ideal impression material must be rigid and set fairly quickly in the baby’s mouth. The baby is positioned in an upright position, fully awake on the caregiver’s lap. It is preferable if the baby is crying, as it allows better visuals of the extent of the cleft. The entire clefted palate should be recorded (Figure 4) and the size of the cleft should be determined on the resultant cast using a Vernier calliper.
Impression of the clefted segments in a unilateral cleft (A) and a bilateral cleft (B).
The moulding plate is fabricated on the dental stone cast obtained from the impression. All the undercuts and the cleft space are blocked with wax. The moulding plate is made up of clear acrylic. A 5 mm hole is incorporated to facilitate breathing in case of accidental dislodgement (Figure 5). The plate must be 2–3 mm in thickness to provide structural integrity and permit adjustments during the process of moulding.
On the obtained cast (A), cleft space is blocked out with wax (B) and the moulding plate is fabricated with a breathing hole (C).
A retentive acrylic arm is fabricated and positioned labially at an angle of 40 degrees to the plate. It should be placed at the junction of the upper and lower lip. The retentive arm adequately secures the moulding plate in the mouth with the help of orthodontic elastics and tapes. In bilateral cases, there is a need for two retentive arms (Figure 6) [13]. The appliance has to be finished and polished ensuring that no sharp borders are present.
Two retentive arms are incorporated in bilateral cases.
The NAM appliance was tried on the baby. The intaglio surface of the plate was then modified to allow for selective pressure on the two segments of the arch using tissue conditioner. There is selective removal of acrylic in the region into which the movement of alveolar bone is desired; and tissue conditioner was added to regions from which, the alveolar bone needed to be reduced. Selective pressure was applied on the greater and lesser alveolar segments to permit moulding. 1 mm thickness of tissue conditioner was applied onto the outer surface in the region of the greater segment and the inner surface was relieved by 1 mm. Tissue conditioner was also applied on the inner surface in the region of the lesser segment and the outer region was relieved by 1 mm (Figure 7). This caused a force that was directed inward on the greater segment and outward on the lesser segment that would cause approximation of alveolar tissue [25].
Selective pressure applied on the clefted alveolar segments.
The NAM appliance is secured extra orally to the cheeks and bilaterally by surgical tapes with orthodontic elastic bands at one end. A muslin head cap with Velcro strips at the side is tailor-made for the baby (Figure 8). The Velcro strips provided attachment of the elastic bands, as well as facilitated their placement and removal. The elastic band is looped on the retentive arm of the moulding plate and secured with tape to the cheeks. The elastics with an inner diameter of 0.25 inch, and heavy wall thickness, should be stretched to about twice their resting diameter in order to achieve an ideal activation force of about 100 g. The amount of force could vary depending on the clinical objective and the mucosal tolerance to ulceration. Additional tapes may be necessary to secure the horizontal tape to the cheeks.
A custom made muslin head cap used to secure the NAM appliance.
The infant may require time to adjust to feeding with the NAM appliance in the first few days. The baby is seen weekly to make adjustments to the moulding plate. These adjustments are made by selectively removing the hard acrylic and adding the soft tissue conditioner to the moulding plate. No more than 1 mm of modification of the moulding plate should be made per visit. The desired movement can usually be accomplished within 6 to 8 weeks.
The NAM appliance needs to be worn 24 hours a day and removed only for daily cleaning, and needs to be inserted back soon afterwards. Even after 3 weeks, most cases did not show any clinical evidence of tissue irritation or accumulation of debris.
The effectiveness of the selective moulding is enhanced by adequately supporting the appliance against the palatal tissues and taping the lip segments across the cheek. This tight apposition of the lip segments provides the same benefit of traditional lip adhesion, but without the consequent scarring. It also serves to improve the alignment of the nasal base by bringing the columella towards the midsagittal plane, thereby improving the symmetry of the nostrils. Lip adhesion in isolation produces an uncontrolled orthopaedic movement. However, if carried out along with the moulding plate, the movements can be more precise and controlled.
The nasal stent is added to the NAM appliance when the width of the cleft is reduced to a size of ≥6 mm. The reasoning behind delaying the addition of the nasal stent is that when the cleft size reduces, the alignment of the base of the nose and the lip segment also improves. The alar rim, which was initially stretched over the clefted segments at birth, will show some laxity, now that the cleft size has reduced and thus can be elevated into a symmetrical and convex form with the nasal stent. Any attempt to correct this deformity before reducing the cleft size may result in an undesirable increase in the lateral alar wall [26].
Matsuo and Hirose [27] suggested a silicone nasal conformer, which can be used for presurgical nasal moulding. The height of the conformer is adjusted by gradually adding some soft resin or flat silicone sheets on the domes. It can be used for presurgical elongation of the columella in incomplete clefts or postoperative maintenance of the nostril configuration. Blanching occurs at the nasal tip as infant suckles and activates the appliance. It also exerts a reciprocal intraoral moulding force against the clefted alveolar segments.
Grayson and Shetye [20] adapted nasal stent to extend from the anterior flange of an intraoral moulding plate. The greatest advantage of NAM is that it enables the practitioner to apply force skilfully to shape the nasal cartilage. Figueroa’s technique [28] involves the simultaneous moulding of the alveolar cleft and nasal cartilage using a rigid acrylic nasal extension attached to an acrylic plate. Elastics are attached to the acrylic plate to allow gentle retraction of the premaxilla. A soft resin ball may also be attached to the acrylic plate across the prolabium in order to maintain the nasolabial angle. In bilateral cases, there is a need for two retentive arms as well as two nasal stents which are similar in shape to the unilateral stent.
The nasal stent is made from 19 gauge (0.36 inch), round stainless-steel wire, in the shape of a ‘Swan Neck’ (Figure 9). The base of the stent should be located midway between the clefted lip segments. The superior loop is adjusted to fit passively in the nostril on the cleft side. The nasal portion of the wire is then covered with self-cure clear acrylic and then by a layer of the tissue conditioner until mild blanching is evident. This superior lobe gently lifts the nasal dome forward, while the lower lobe lifts the tip of the nose and defines the top of the columella.
Nasal stent.
Through gradual increments of tissue conditioner, the nostril on the cleft side is lifted to achieve acceptable elevation, and symmetry moulding continued until the desired nasal cartilage and alveolar shape is achieved.
Shetty et al [29] used the following protocol for presurgical NAM therapy:
Parent education and counselling: Use of audiovisual aids and live demonstrations
Interaction with parents of older NAM patients
Diet counselling
Detailed documentation: Photographs and Dentofacial impressions
Medical evaluation of patients
Demonstration of daily appliance care
Awareness and management of possible complications
Evaluation of patient and parent compliance
Detailed documentation
Evaluation of fit of the appliance and required modifications
About 8–10 mm gap between the clefted segments—aggressive alveolar moulding
Evaluation of patient and parent compliance
Detailed documentation
Comparison of dentofacial impressions recorded before treatment outcome and assessment.
Fit of the appliance and required modifications
Nasal moulding
Active alveolar moulding continued till completion
Passive alveolar moulding started once complete approximation of alveolar segment achieved
Fabrication of new appliance every 2 months
Parents participation in periodic NAM workshops
Washing of plate should be with warm water
Never use a brush to clean the plate that will damage the resin
Never drop the plate
Clean after every feeding to avoid fungal infection
Feed the baby at an upright position not sleeping
In case of rash – discontinue plate – apply cream – continue plate wearing
In case of gag inform doctor
In case of incessant crying—discontinue plate
In case of bleeding areas discontinue plate – inform the doctor
Gag—trim posterior ends
Bleeding—trim sharp ends
Bleeding from skin—stop wearing the plate—use soothing lotions
Plate gets dislodged—reduce force or change direction of tapes, change angulations of the handle
Baby dislodges the plate by tongue—flatten the palatal surface so that the tongue does not get a grip
The success of PNAM depends upon the surgical procedure and the treating surgeon’s skill. The surgical procedure, most commonly recommended is the modified gingivoperiosteoplasty (GPP), described by Millard and Lantham [30] carried out usually within 12–16 weeks of age. The surgery may be delayed in cases where additional weeks of PNAM therapy is needed. The surgical procedure involves a first stage primary lip nose repair to close the alveolar defect followed by one-stage palatal repair at 11–13 months of age when speech begins to develope (Figure 10) [31].
Lip and nose surgery.
Postsurgery, an additional external nasal stent can be given for 1 year to improve the nasal morphology if it did not resemble the unaffected side and also maintain the nasal correction if needed. The postsurgical external nasal stent is fabricated by making an impression of the unaffected nostril using tissue conditioner, and using it to mould the nasal contour on the cleft side [32].
The most common complication with the NAM therapy is irritation of the oral mucosa, gingival tissue and nasal mucosa. These issues arise due to the forces applied by the appliance [20]. They can be avoided by careful examination and modification of the extent and fit of the appliance. Fungal infection is another complication that can occur due to poor oral hygiene and continuous wear of the appliance. This can be avoided by following a meticulous oral hygiene routine and following the wash care instructions for the NAM plate. In severe cases, local nystatin or systemic amphotericin can be used [33].
Presurgical infant orthopaedics by means of nasoalveolar moulding enables the surgeon to carry out gingivoperiosteoplasty, which decreases the need for a second surgery. Bilateral cases, especially benefit as columella lengthening is carried out nonsurgically. It also minimises scar tissue formation and provides for more consistent outcomes. PNAM is most successful when initiated early and through meticulous planning and collaboration between the various disciplines.
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Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. 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Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. 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He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. 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He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. 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Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. 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In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
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Dr. Rahman was also adjunctly attached with Kanazawa University, Japan (Visiting Research Professor, Dec 2014 to Mar 2015; JSPS Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Apr 2012 to Mar 2014), and Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (TokyoTech-UNESCO Research Fellow, Oct 2004–Sep 2005). \nHe received his Ph.D. degree in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University, Japan (2011). He also achieved a Diploma in Environment from the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (2005). Besides, he has an M.Sc. degree in Applied Chemistry and a B.Sc. degree in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. \nDr. Rahman’s research interest includes the study of the fate and behavior of environmental pollutants in the biosphere; design of low energy and low burden environmental improvement (remediation) technology; implementation of sustainable waste management practices for treatment, handling, reuse, and ultimate residual disposition of solid wastes; nature and type of interactions in organic liquid mixtures for process engineering design applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201020",title:"Dr.",name:"Zinnat Ara",middleName:null,surname:"Begum",slug:"zinnat-ara-begum",fullName:"Zinnat Ara Begum",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201020/images/system/201020.jpeg",biography:"Zinnat A. 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The motor of the society is the industry and the research of this topic has to be empowered in order to increase and improve the quality of our lives.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",keywords:"Machine Learning, Intelligence Algorithms, Data Science, Artificial Intelligence, Applications on Applied Intelligence"},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",scope:"Computational neuroscience focuses on biologically realistic abstractions and models validated and solved through computational simulations to understand principles for the development, structure, physiology, and ability of the nervous system. This topic is dedicated to biologically plausible descriptions and computational models - at various abstraction levels - of neurons and neural systems. This includes, but is not limited to: single-neuron modeling, sensory processing, motor control, memory, and synaptic plasticity, attention, identification, categorization, discrimination, learning, development, axonal patterning, guidance, neural architecture, behaviors, and dynamics of networks, cognition and the neuroscientific basis of consciousness. Particularly interesting are models of various types of more compound functions and abilities, various and more general fundamental principles (e.g., regarding architecture, organization, learning, development, etc.) found at various spatial and temporal levels.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",keywords:"Single-Neuron Modeling, Sensory Processing, Motor Control, Memory and Synaptic Pasticity, Attention, Identification, Categorization, Discrimination, Learning, Development, Axonal Patterning and Guidance, Neural Architecture, Behaviours and Dynamics of Networks, Cognition and the Neuroscientific Basis of Consciousness"},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",scope:"The scope of this topic is to disseminate the recent advances in the rapidly growing field of computer vision from both the theoretical and practical points of view. Novel computational algorithms for image analysis, scene understanding, biometrics, deep learning and their software or hardware implementations for natural and medical images, robotics, VR/AR, applications are some research directions relevant to this topic.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",keywords:"Image Analysis, Scene Understanding, Biometrics, Deep Learning, Software Implementation, Hardware Implementation, Natural Images, Medical Images, Robotics, VR/AR"},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",scope:"Evolutionary computing is a paradigm that has grown dramatically in recent years. This group of bio-inspired metaheuristics solves multiple optimization problems by applying the metaphor of natural selection. It so far has solved problems such as resource allocation, routing, schedule planning, and engineering design. Moreover, in the field of machine learning, evolutionary computation has carved out a significant niche both in the generation of learning models and in the automatic design and optimization of hyperparameters in deep learning models. This collection aims to include quality volumes on various topics related to evolutionary algorithms and, alternatively, other metaheuristics of interest inspired by nature. For example, some of the issues of interest could be the following: Advances in evolutionary computation (Genetic algorithms, Genetic programming, Bio-inspired metaheuristics, Hybrid metaheuristics, Parallel ECs); Applications of evolutionary algorithms (Machine learning and Data Mining with EAs, Search-Based Software Engineering, Scheduling, and Planning Applications, Smart Transport Applications, Applications to Games, Image Analysis, Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition, Applications to Sustainability).",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",keywords:"Genetic Algorithms, Genetic Programming, Evolutionary Programming, Evolution Strategies, Hybrid Algorithms, Bioinspired Metaheuristics, Ant Colony Optimization, Evolutionary Learning, Hyperparameter Optimization"},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",scope:"The scope of machine learning and data mining is immense and is growing every day. It has become a massive part of our daily lives, making predictions based on experience, making this a fascinating area that solves problems that otherwise would not be possible or easy to solve. This topic aims to encompass algorithms that learn from experience (supervised and unsupervised), improve their performance over time and enable machines to make data-driven decisions. It is not limited to any particular applications, but contributions are encouraged from all disciplines.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",keywords:"Intelligent Systems, Machine Learning, Data Science, Data Mining, Artificial Intelligence"},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",scope:"Multi-agent systems are recognised as a state of the art field in Artificial Intelligence studies, which is popular due to the usefulness in facilitation capabilities to handle real-world problem-solving in a distributed fashion. The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",keywords:"Collaborative Intelligence, Learning, Distributed Control System, Swarm Robotics, Decision Science, Software Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:{title:"Artificial Intelligence",id:"14"},selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",issn:"2754-6713",scope:"\r\n\tScientists have long researched to understand the environment and man’s place in it. The search for this knowledge grows in importance as rapid increases in population and economic development intensify humans’ stresses on ecosystems. Fortunately, rapid increases in multiple scientific areas are advancing our understanding of environmental sciences. Breakthroughs in computing, molecular biology, ecology, and sustainability science are enhancing our ability to utilize environmental sciences to address real-world problems.
\r\n\tThe four topics of this book series - Pollution; Environmental Resilience and Management; Ecosystems and Biodiversity; and Water Science - will address important areas of advancement in the environmental sciences. They will represent an excellent initial grouping of published works on these critical topics.
\r\n\tPollution is caused by a wide variety of human activities and occurs in diverse forms, for example biological, chemical, et cetera. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
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