The BSCF compositions analyzed in this study and their corresponding notations.
\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5609",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Biological Activity",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:"Biological Activity",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Phenolic compounds comprise a broad class of natural products formed mainly by plants, but also microorganisms and marine organisms that have the capacity to form them. Nowadays the interest in these compounds has increased mainly due to their diverse chemical structure and wide biological activity valuable in the prevention of some chronic or degenerative diseases. The functional foods are a rich source of these phytochemicals, and this is the starting point for this book, which shows the state of the art of the phenolic compounds and their biological activity. This book integrates eleven chapters that show the state of the art of diverse biological activity of the phenolic compounds, present in some crops or fruits.",isbn:"978-953-51-2960-8",printIsbn:"978-953-51-2959-2",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5090-9",doi:"10.5772/63693",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"phenolic-compounds-biological-activity",numberOfPages:238,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"008b92507ee2f757322ec4565e631bb5",bookSignature:"Marcos Soto-Hernandez, Mariana Palma-Tenango and Maria del Rosario Garcia-Mateos",publishedDate:"March 8th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5609.jpg",numberOfDownloads:35674,numberOfWosCitations:244,numberOfCrossrefCitations:157,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:9,numberOfDimensionsCitations:342,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:12,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:743,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 1st 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 22nd 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 18th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 17th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 15th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"65790",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcos",middleName:null,surname:"Soto-Hernández",slug:"marcos-soto-hernandez",fullName:"Marcos Soto-Hernández",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/65790/images/system/65790.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marcos Soto Hernández is a pharmacist from the National University of México. He has obtained his PhD from the University of Wales Cardiff UK and he is now a full time Professor at Colegio de Postgraduados where conducts research in phytochemistry and bioactivity natural products. He has established collaboration with research groups in UK, The Netherlands, Spain and others groups in México. He has received several awards locally and abroad. Today his main line of research is the bio-guided isolation of secondary metabolites with importance in medicine and agriculture (the potential of the local aromatic plants are part of his recent research). He has published more than 150 research papers and several book chapters and conference proceedings. He is member of several professional societies (national or international).",institutionString:"Colegio de Postgraduados",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Colegio de Postgraduados",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"193077",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariana",middleName:null,surname:"Palma-Tenango",slug:"mariana-palma-tenango",fullName:"Mariana Palma-Tenango",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/193077/images/system/193077.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mariana Palma-Tenango is an engineer agronomist from the Universidad Autónoma Chapingo and holds a PhD degree in Plant Physiology from the Colegio de Postgraduados, México. Dr. Tenango has teaching duties in the National Autonomous University of Mexico, and is an assistant professor of Phytochemistry at the Colegio de Postgraduados. She has participated in the organization of meetings and symposiums in México and is a supervisor of master and PhD degree students. Her research line is phytochemistry, medicinal, and aromatic plants.",institutionString:"Colegio de Postgraduados",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Colegio de Postgraduados",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"194366",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosario",middleName:null,surname:"García-Mateos",slug:"rosario-garcia-mateos",fullName:"Rosario García-Mateos",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194366/images/system/194366.jpg",biography:"Dr. María del Rosario García-Mateos is a full Professor cat the Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, in Texcoco, Estado de México, Mexico. and holds a PhD degree from the Colegio de Postgraduados, Mexico. Her research line is related with the nutraceutical properties and biological activity of horticultural crops. She has supervised master and PhD thesis, has published more than 71 papers, and has been a reviewer of several scientific journals.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma Chapingo",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"500",title:"Phytochemistry",slug:"organic-chemistry-phytochemistry"}],chapters:[{id:"53128",title:"Phenolic Compounds: Functional Properties, Impact of Processing and Bioavailability",doi:"10.5772/66368",slug:"phenolic-compounds-functional-properties-impact-of-processing-and-bioavailability",totalDownloads:9251,totalCrossrefCites:72,totalDimensionsCites:136,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we discuss the influence of the processing methods on the content of phenolic compounds in fruits and vegetables. The intake of fruits and vegetables based‐foods are associated with delayed aging and a decreased risk of chronic disease development. Fruits and vegetables can be consumed in natura, but the highest amounts are ingested after some processing methods, such as cooking procedures or sanitizing methods. These methods are directly methods are directly related to alteration on the phenolic content. In addition, the postharvest conditions may modify several phytochemical substances. Phenolic compounds are referred to as phytochemicals found in a large number of foods and beverages. The relative high diversity of these molecules produced by plants must be taken into account when methods of preparation are employed to obtain industrial or homemade products. Phenolic compounds comprise one (phenolic acids) or more (polyphenols) aromatic rings with attached hydroxyl groups in their structures. Their antioxidant capacities are related to these hydroxyl groups and phenolic rings. Despite the antioxidant activity, they have many other beneficial effects on human health. However, before attributing health benefits to these compounds, absorption, distribution, and metabolism of each phenolic compound in the body are important points that should be considered.",signatures:"Igor Otavio Minatel, Cristine Vanz Borges, Maria Izabela Ferreira,\nHector Alonzo Gomez Gomez, Chung-Yen Oliver Chen and\nGiuseppina Pace Pereira Lima",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53128",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53128",authors:[{id:"146379",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppina",surname:"Lima",slug:"giuseppina-lima",fullName:"Giuseppina Lima"},{id:"194002",title:"MSc.",name:"Cristine",surname:"Vanz Borges",slug:"cristine-vanz-borges",fullName:"Cristine Vanz Borges"},{id:"194003",title:"Prof.",name:"Igor Otavio",surname:"Minatel",slug:"igor-otavio-minatel",fullName:"Igor Otavio Minatel"},{id:"194004",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Izabela",surname:"Ferreira",slug:"maria-izabela-ferreira",fullName:"Maria Izabela Ferreira"},{id:"194005",title:"Prof.",name:"Hector",surname:"Gomez-Gomez",slug:"hector-gomez-gomez",fullName:"Hector Gomez-Gomez"},{id:"194006",title:"Prof.",name:"Chung-Yen Oliver",surname:"Chen",slug:"chung-yen-oliver-chen",fullName:"Chung-Yen Oliver Chen"}],corrections:null},{id:"53885",title:"The Relationship Between Phenolic Compounds from Diet and Microbiota",doi:"10.5772/66908",slug:"the-relationship-between-phenolic-compounds-from-diet-and-microbiota",totalDownloads:2320,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"All multicellular organisms live in a strong bond with the microorganisms from around the world, and the humans are not the exceptions. Human microbiota (a complex bacterial community) contains about 1014 microbial cells, 10 times more than the content of the cells from our body and the microbial genome named microbiome, 1000 more that the human genome. It colonises any surface of the human body, above our skin, in the genitourinary tract, gut and airways. From all this, the gut is the most colonised organ, with an amount of almost 70% of the human microbes. Considering the large size of the gut, compared with a tennis terrain, filled with substances that plays a key, nutritive role for the microbes, polyphenols are micronutrients from our diet, with an emerging role in the modulation of the colonic microbial population composition and activity. Therefore, many studies underline that long-term consumption of diets rich in plants polyphenols offers protection against cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, osteoporosis and neurodegenerative diseases. This chapter reviews the biological effects of plant polyphenols in the context of relevance to human health, especially considering the food functionality area, together with the complexity of the human microbiota and the bioavailability highly dependent on their intestinal absorption.",signatures:"Daniela Elena Popa, Cristina Manuela Drăgoi, Andreea Letiţia\nArsene, Ion Bogdan Dumitrescu, Alina Crenguţa Nicolae, Bruno Stefan Velescu and\nGeorge T.A. Burcea-Dragomiroiu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53885",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53885",authors:[{id:"190111",title:"Dr.",name:"Andreea",surname:"Arsene",slug:"andreea-arsene",fullName:"Andreea Arsene"},{id:"192919",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Cristina Manuela",surname:"Drăgoi",slug:"cristina-manuela-dragoi",fullName:"Cristina Manuela Drăgoi"},{id:"193026",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela Elena",surname:"Popa",slug:"daniela-elena-popa",fullName:"Daniela Elena Popa"},{id:"193027",title:"Dr.",name:"George Traian Alexandru",surname:"Burcea Dragomiroiu",slug:"george-traian-alexandru-burcea-dragomiroiu",fullName:"George Traian Alexandru Burcea Dragomiroiu"},{id:"193030",title:"Mrs.",name:"Alina Crenguta",surname:"Nicolae",slug:"alina-crenguta-nicolae",fullName:"Alina Crenguta Nicolae"},{id:"195925",title:"Mr.",name:"Ion Bogdan",surname:"Dumitrescu",slug:"ion-bogdan-dumitrescu",fullName:"Ion Bogdan Dumitrescu"},{id:"198528",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruno Ștefan",surname:"Velescu",slug:"bruno-stefan-velescu",fullName:"Bruno Ștefan Velescu"}],corrections:null},{id:"53580",title:"Application of Phenolic Compounds for Food Preservation: Food Additive and Active Packaging",doi:"10.5772/66885",slug:"application-of-phenolic-compounds-for-food-preservation-food-additive-and-active-packaging",totalDownloads:3860,totalCrossrefCites:22,totalDimensionsCites:48,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Phenolic compounds are well known for their health benefits related to antioxidant activity. In addition, this kind of compounds can be extracted from natural sources, such as olives, grapes, fruits, vegetables, rice, spices, herbs, tea and algae, among others. In this way, these compounds have increased their popularity and, little by little, the consumers are more interested in these compounds due to the fact that they come from natural sources and because they have health biological activity. In fact, other important characteristics associated to phenolic compounds are the antimicrobial activity, because phenolics have the capacity of retarding the microbial invasion in some products and avoiding the putrefaction of others, mainly fruits and vegetables. These properties allow phenolic compounds to be suitable for numerous food preservation applications. Therefore, different kinds of products can be fortificated with phenolic compounds to extend the shelf life of some foods, to turn them in functional food or to incorporate them in food packaging. Active packing is an innovative strategy where phenolic compounds can play an important role for improving the global assessment and extend the shelf life of commercial products.",signatures:"Sara Martillanes, Javier Rocha-Pimienta, Manuel Cabrera-Bañegil,\nDaniel Martín-Vertedor and Jonathan Delgado-Adámez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53580",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53580",authors:[{id:"193618",title:"Dr.",name:"Jonathan",surname:"Delgado-Adámez",slug:"jonathan-delgado-adamez",fullName:"Jonathan Delgado-Adámez"},{id:"193962",title:"Ms.",name:"Sara",surname:"Martillanes",slug:"sara-martillanes",fullName:"Sara Martillanes"},{id:"193963",title:"Mr.",name:"Javier",surname:"Rocha-Pimienta",slug:"javier-rocha-pimienta",fullName:"Javier Rocha-Pimienta"},{id:"193964",title:"Mr.",name:"Manuel",surname:"Cabrera-Bañegil",slug:"manuel-cabrera-banegil",fullName:"Manuel Cabrera-Bañegil"},{id:"193965",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Martín",slug:"daniel-martin",fullName:"Daniel Martín"}],corrections:null},{id:"53658",title:"Phenolic Antioxidant Capacity: A Review of the State of the Art",doi:"10.5772/66897",slug:"phenolic-antioxidant-capacity-a-review-of-the-state-of-the-art",totalDownloads:3184,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:28,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"There are many evidences pointing to oxidative stress as the promoter of the development of many degenerative diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegeneration. It has been suggested that a diet rich in antioxidants would be beneficial to human health. To determine the antioxidant capacity of the different sources of antioxidants, they have different chemical methods used, in vitro cells, laboratory animals, and recently nanoparticles. This chapter provides an account of the main antioxidant evaluation methods applied to phenolic compounds, recounting their advantages and disadvantages, as well as a reflection on the parameters that should always care to obtain reproducible results.",signatures:"Rubén San Miguel-Chávez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53658",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53658",authors:[{id:"193235",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Ruben",surname:"San Miguel",slug:"ruben-san-miguel",fullName:"Ruben San Miguel"}],corrections:null},{id:"53564",title:"Plant Phenolic Compounds as Immunomodulatory Agents",doi:"10.5772/66112",slug:"plant-phenolic-compounds-as-immunomodulatory-agents",totalDownloads:2790,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:19,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Immunology is a source of continuous discoveries; Immunology was and still is a source of continuous discoveries. Immunomodulation encompasses all therapeutic interventions aimed at modifying the immune response. Immunostimulation is desirable to prevent infection in states of immunodeficiency and to fight infections and cancer. On the other hand, immunosuppressive agents inhibit the activity of the immune system, and they are used to prevent the rejection of transplanted organs and tissues and to treat autoimmune diseases or diseases that are most likely of autoimmune origin (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, etc.), or other nonautoimmune inflammatory diseases (e.g., allergic asthma). The discovery of immunomodulatory agents from medicinal plants devoid of toxic side effects, with enhanced bioavailability and that can be used for a long duration, is of great actuality. Research on natural immunomodulators provides a therapeutic solution that addresses a multitude of disorders. Plant phenolic compounds already proved beneficial effects in cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer, exerting mainly antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The concepts of “immunomodulatory,” “anti-inflammatory,” and “antioxidant” are often strongly related, and a review of phenolic compound action on immune system should be analyzed in a context, revealing their mechanism of action on effector cells and also on the system as a whole.",signatures:"Alice Grigore",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53564",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53564",authors:[{id:"193003",title:"Dr.",name:"Alice",surname:"Grigore",slug:"alice-grigore",fullName:"Alice Grigore"}],corrections:null},{id:"53576",title:"Inhibitory Properties of Phenolic Compounds Against Enzymes Linked with Human Diseases",doi:"10.5772/66844",slug:"inhibitory-properties-of-phenolic-compounds-against-enzymes-linked-with-human-diseases",totalDownloads:2590,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:40,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Some drugs currently used are inhibitors of enzymes involved in mediating many disease processes. Concerns over the toxicity and side effects of synthetic enzyme inhibitors have led to a search for new safe and effective inhibitors particularly from natural sources. Owing to their wide range of biological effects, plant phenolic compounds are one of the most studied families of natural products. This chapter aims to provide an overview of the potential of phenolic compounds as enzyme inhibitors. Extensive research has been conducted to study the enzyme inhibitory capacity of many phenolic compounds against several enzymes linked with important human conditions. Investigations conducted are mainly focused on the inhibition of angiotensin I-converting enzyme, α-amylase and α-glucosidase, lipase, cholinesterases, proinflammatory enzymes (cyclooxygenases and 5-lipoxygenase) and tyrosinase, which are related with hypertension, type II diabetes, obesity, Alzheimer’s diseases, inflammation and skin hyperpigmentation, respectively. Overall, among phenolics, flavonoids are probably those with great capacity to inhibit the activity of the enzymes revised. Several studies demonstrated the potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of flavonoids, which highlight the therapeutic potential of these compounds. Although our literature survey showed that a huge number of phenolic compounds have been studied and there are some promising compounds depending on the enzyme, more in vivo tests and subsequent steps to be a drug candidate are required before therapeutic application.",signatures:"Sandra Gonçalves and Anabela Romano",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53576",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53576",authors:[{id:"193464",title:"Prof.",name:"Anabela",surname:"Romano",slug:"anabela-romano",fullName:"Anabela Romano"},{id:"193968",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra",surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"sandra-goncalves",fullName:"Sandra Gonçalves"}],corrections:null},{id:"53840",title:"Grape Seed Nutraceuticals for Disease Prevention: Current Status and Future Prospects",doi:"10.5772/66894",slug:"grape-seed-nutraceuticals-for-disease-prevention-current-status-and-future-prospects",totalDownloads:2545,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:11,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Grapes (Vitis spp.) are consumed as fresh table fruits, raisins, and processed into wine, juice, jelly and other value-added products. Grapes contain bioactive secondary metabolites (polyphenols), such as proanthocyanins (oliogemeric flavonoids), flavonoids (catechin, epicatechin, and quercetin), and anthocyanins. They have non-flavonoids such as hydroxycinnamic acids (p-coumaric, cinnamic, caffeic, gentisic, ferulic, and vanillic acids), and hydroxybenzoic acids: trihydroxy stilbenes (resveratrol and polydatin). These phytochemicals are of economic importance to pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries. Nutraceuticals from grape seeds have potential cardioprotective, anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective and antimicrobial properties. Grape seed nutraceuticals have been re-invented in the past few years as a new paradigm in human medicine. In particular, nutraceuticals from grape seeds have been used in stopping wound bleeding, anti-inflammatory agents, pain relief, and anti-diarrhea. In addition, they can be used for the treatment of various human health conditions such as cancer, cholera, smallpox, and nausea as well as eye infections, skin, kidney, liver diseases, etc. Nowadays, consumers are demanding for healthy supplements and personal care products with natural ingredients. Therefore, the present review highlights recent developments and future opportunities of grape seed nutraceuticals for the prevention of human diseases.",signatures:"Anthony Ananga, James Obuya, Joel Ochieng and Violeta Tsolova",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53840",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53840",authors:[{id:"74792",title:"Dr.",name:"Joel W.",surname:"Ochieng",slug:"joel-w.-ochieng",fullName:"Joel W. Ochieng"},{id:"126149",title:"Dr.",name:"Anthony",surname:"Ananga",slug:"anthony-ananga",fullName:"Anthony Ananga"},{id:"137412",title:"Dr.",name:"Violetka",surname:"Tsolova",slug:"violetka-tsolova",fullName:"Violetka Tsolova"},{id:"193798",title:"Dr.",name:"James",surname:"Obuya",slug:"james-obuya",fullName:"James Obuya"}],corrections:null},{id:"53180",title:"Phenolic Compounds with Anti-virulence Properties",doi:"10.5772/66367",slug:"phenolic-compounds-with-anti-virulence-properties",totalDownloads:2368,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:17,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Natural products represent the major source of approved drugs and still play an important role in supplying chemical diversity as well as new structures for designing more efficient antimicrobials. They are also the basis for the discovery of new mechanisms of antibacterial action. In this regard, a large number of substances, mainly extracts from natural sources, have been obtained in order to identify their anti-virulence activity. In recent years, there is an increase in the study of anti-virulence natural product derivatives. Different targets have been proposed as a solution to the serious problem of bacterial antibiotic resistance. Inhibition of bacterial quorum-sensing systems has been one of the most studied; however, there are other mechanisms involved in virulence regulation, damage to the host and bacterial survival, which suggests that there are another good targets such as bacterial secretion systems, biofilm formation, two-component systems, flagellum, fimbriae, toxins and key enzymes. Within the natural products, the main anti-virulence compounds are phenolic in nature, so that the next chapter describes and analyzes the relationship between chemical structure and activity of the main phenolic compounds reported.",signatures:"Naybi Muñoz-Cazares, Rodolfo García-Contreras, Macrina Pérez-\nLópez and Israel Castillo-Juárez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53180",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53180",authors:[{id:"193519",title:"Dr.",name:"Castillo",surname:"Juárez",slug:"castillo-juarez",fullName:"Castillo Juárez"},{id:"193520",title:"Dr.",name:"García",surname:"Contreras Rodolfo",slug:"garcia-contreras-rodolfo",fullName:"García Contreras Rodolfo"},{id:"193521",title:"MSc.",name:"Pérez",surname:"López Macrina",slug:"perez-lopez-macrina",fullName:"Pérez López Macrina"},{id:"193522",title:"MSc.",name:"Muñoz",surname:"Cazares Naybi",slug:"munoz-cazares-naybi",fullName:"Muñoz Cazares Naybi"},{id:"197805",title:"Dr.",name:"Israel",surname:"Castillo Juárez",slug:"israel-castillo-juarez",fullName:"Israel Castillo Juárez"}],corrections:null},{id:"52824",title:"Regulatory Mechanism of Skeletal Muscle Glucose Transport by Phenolic Acids",doi:"10.5772/65968",slug:"regulatory-mechanism-of-skeletal-muscle-glucose-transport-by-phenolic-acids",totalDownloads:2084,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most severe public health problems in the world. In recent years, evidences show a commonness of utilization of alternative medicines such as phytomedicine for the treatment of T2DM. Phenolic acids are the most common compounds in non-flavonoid group of phenolic compounds and have been suggested to have a potential to lower the risk of T2DM. Skeletal muscle is the major organ that contributes to the pathophysiology of T2DM. Studies have shown that several phenolic acids (caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, salicylic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid) have antidiabetic effects, and these compounds have been implicated in the regulation of skeletal muscle glucose metabolism, especially glucose transport. Glucose transport is a major regulatory step for whole-body glucose disposal, and the glucose transport processes are regulated mainly through two different systems: insulin-dependent and insulin-independent mechanism. In this chapter, we reviewed recent experimental evidences linking phenolic acids to glucose metabolism focusing on insulin-dependent and insulin-independent glucose transport systems and the upstream signaling events in skeletal muscle.",signatures:"Tatsuro Egawa, Satoshi Tsuda, Rieko Oshima, Ayumi Goto, Xiao Ma,\nKatsumasa Goto and Tatsuya Hayashi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52824",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52824",authors:[{id:"193107",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatsuro",surname:"Egawa",slug:"tatsuro-egawa",fullName:"Tatsuro Egawa"},{id:"193126",title:"MSc.",name:"Satoshi",surname:"Tsuda",slug:"satoshi-tsuda",fullName:"Satoshi Tsuda"},{id:"193127",title:"Prof.",name:"Katsumasa",surname:"Goto",slug:"katsumasa-goto",fullName:"Katsumasa Goto"},{id:"193128",title:"Prof.",name:"Tatsuya",surname:"Hayashi",slug:"tatsuya-hayashi",fullName:"Tatsuya Hayashi"},{id:"195578",title:"Dr.",name:"Rieko",surname:"Oshima",slug:"rieko-oshima",fullName:"Rieko Oshima"},{id:"195646",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayumi",surname:"Goto",slug:"ayumi-goto",fullName:"Ayumi Goto"},{id:"195708",title:"Prof.",name:"Xiao",surname:"Ma",slug:"xiao-ma",fullName:"Xiao Ma"}],corrections:null},{id:"54035",title:"Health Benefits of Phenolic Compounds Against Cancers",doi:"10.5772/67232",slug:"health-benefits-of-phenolic-compounds-against-cancers",totalDownloads:2923,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:33,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Phenolic compounds are the biggest group of phytochemicals, and many of them have been found in plant‐based foods. Polyphenol‐rich diets have been linked to many health benefits including cancer. The potential anti‐carcinogenic mechanisms of action that have been so far identified for phenolic compounds, as well as the feasibility reports occurred in vivo. In general terms, under the oxidative stress, polyphenols could act in those cellular mechanisms by participating in the modulation of the redox status and on multiple key elements in intracellular signal transduction pathways related to cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, inflammation, angiogenesis and metastasis. A protective role of polyphenols against carcinogenesis is supported by many studies carried out on animal models and different mechanisms of action have been proposed to explain such protective effects. Studies performed in animals have demonstrated that phenolic components can prevent and/or slow down the initiation‐progression of different types of cancers. They act through the regulation of cell signal transduction and gene expression and exhibit either up or down regulation of genes controlling tumor development.",signatures:"Abdelkader Basli, Nassim Belkacem and Iman Amrani",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54035",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54035",authors:[{id:"193750",title:"Dr.",name:"Basli",surname:"Abdelkader",slug:"basli-abdelkader",fullName:"Basli Abdelkader"},{id:"195990",title:"Mr.",name:"Belkacem",surname:"Nacim",slug:"belkacem-nacim",fullName:"Belkacem Nacim"},{id:"195991",title:"Dr.",name:"Amrani",surname:"Iman",slug:"amrani-iman",fullName:"Amrani Iman"}],corrections:null},{id:"53661",title:"Health Status Improved by Aronia Melanocarpa Polyphenolic Extract",doi:"10.5772/66882",slug:"health-status-improved-by-aronia-melanocarpa-polyphenolic-extract",totalDownloads:1763,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter focuses on certain natural polyphenolic extracts from Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott and also on their effects in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The phenolic profile of berries ethanolic extract was characterized by HPLC/DAD/ESI-MS. HPLC/DAD/ESI-MS allowed identification of five phenolic compounds: chlorogenic acid, kuromanin, rutin, hyperoside, and quercetin. The results reveal that the glycosylated hemoglobin values are much higher in the diabetic group (DM) and they are significantly lower in the group protected by polyphenols (DM+P). It is found that due to the polyphenolic protection of the rats from the DM+P, the atherogen risk is preserved at normal limits. The serous activity of glutathione-peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide-dismutase (SOD) has significantly lower values in the diabetic group as compared to the group protected by polyphenols. Renal function indicators like creatinine and blood-urea nitrogen (BUN) were also elevated in the streptozotocin diabetic rats when compared with control rats. When compared with the diabetic group the elevated levels of BUN was significantly (p < 0.001) reduced in animals treated with natural polyphenols. Through the hypoglycemiant, hypolipemiant, and antioxidant effects, A. melanocarpa represents a possible dietary adjunct for the treatment of diabetes and a potential source of active agents for the prevention of microvascular diabetes complications.",signatures:"Manuela Ciocoiu, Laurentiu Badescu and Magda Badescu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53661",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53661",authors:[{id:"193903",title:"Prof.",name:"Manuela",surname:"Ciocoiu",slug:"manuela-ciocoiu",fullName:"Manuela Ciocoiu"},{id:"195685",title:"Dr.",name:"Laurentiu",surname:"Badescu",slug:"laurentiu-badescu",fullName:"Laurentiu Badescu"},{id:"195686",title:"Prof.",name:"Magda",surname:"Badescu",slug:"magda-badescu",fullName:"Magda Badescu"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6029",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:"Natural Sources, Importance and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"348060e7a0fee08ee1feb9d82b330ec3",slug:"phenolic-compounds-natural-sources-importance-and-applications",bookSignature:"Marcos Soto-Hernandez, Mariana Palma-Tenango and Maria del Rosario Garcia-Mateos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6029.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65790",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcos",surname:"Soto-Hernández",slug:"marcos-soto-hernandez",fullName:"Marcos Soto-Hernández"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7688",title:"Plant Physiological Aspects of Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"16f7407afbf69173f4fa419b4338a6c8",slug:"plant-physiological-aspects-of-phenolic-compounds",bookSignature:"Marcos Soto-Hernández, Rosario García-Mateos and Mariana Palma-Tenango",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7688.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65790",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcos",surname:"Soto-Hernández",slug:"marcos-soto-hernandez",fullName:"Marcos Soto-Hernández"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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Zhuang",slug:"jia-hsiang-zhuang",email:"abc0929352983@yahoo.com.tw",position:null,institution:{name:"National Tsing Hua University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"308021",title:"MSc.",name:"Shih-Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Su",fullName:"Shih-Wei Su",slug:"shih-wei-su",email:"nthu18356743@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"National Tsing Hua University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"68411",slug:"driving-control-technologies-of-new-high-efficient-motors",signatures:"Chang-Ming Liaw, Min-Ze Lu, Ping-Hong Jhou and Kuan-Yu Chou",dateSubmitted:"April 1st 2019",dateReviewed:"July 2nd 2019",datePrePublished:"August 22nd 2019",datePublished:"March 25th 2020",book:{id:"9290",title:"Applied Electromechanical Devices and Machines for Electric Mobility Solutions",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Applied Electromechanical Devices and Machines for Electric Mobility Solutions",slug:"applied-electromechanical-devices-and-machines-for-electric-mobility-solutions",publishedDate:"March 25th 2020",bookSignature:"Adel El-Shahat and Mircea Ruba",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9290.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193331",title:"Dr.",name:"Adel",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shahat",slug:"adel-el-shahat",fullName:"Adel El-Shahat"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"37616",title:"Prof.",name:"Chang-Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Liaw",fullName:"Chang-Ming Liaw",slug:"chang-ming-liaw",email:"cmliaw@ee.nthu.edu.tw",position:null,institution:null},{id:"180324",title:"Dr.",name:"Kai-Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",fullName:"Kai-Wei Hu",slug:"kai-wei-hu",email:"kaiweihu@hotmail.com.tw",position:null,institution:{name:"National Tsing Hua University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"308019",title:"MSc.",name:"Jia-Hsiang",middleName:null,surname:"Zhuang",fullName:"Jia-Hsiang Zhuang",slug:"jia-hsiang-zhuang",email:"abc0929352983@yahoo.com.tw",position:null,institution:{name:"National Tsing Hua University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"308021",title:"MSc.",name:"Shih-Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Su",fullName:"Shih-Wei Su",slug:"shih-wei-su",email:"nthu18356743@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"National Tsing Hua University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}}]},book:{id:"9290",title:"Applied Electromechanical Devices and Machines for Electric Mobility Solutions",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Applied Electromechanical Devices and Machines for Electric Mobility Solutions",slug:"applied-electromechanical-devices-and-machines-for-electric-mobility-solutions",publishedDate:"March 25th 2020",bookSignature:"Adel El-Shahat and Mircea Ruba",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9290.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193331",title:"Dr.",name:"Adel",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shahat",slug:"adel-el-shahat",fullName:"Adel El-Shahat"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11617",leadTitle:null,title:"Plant Invasions and Global Change - Prediction, Interaction and Evaluation",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tPlant invasion and global climate change are major global change components. The prediction of successful invasive plant species, interactions between plant invasion and other global change factors, as well as evaluation of invasive plant impact on the introduced environments, such as soil nutrient cycling and greenhouse gas emissions, are not well understood. This book aims to gather research in plant invasion studies associated with topics on prediction of successful invasive plants, interactions between plant invasion and other global change factors, and evaluation of invasive plant impacts, providing a thorough understanding of advances in plant invasion ecology on the background of global change. A better understanding of these questions will be helpful for future management of invasive plants, especially during global change mitigation processes, which are crucial for the sustainable development of human society and the maintenance of an environment-friendly world.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-789-1",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-788-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-790-7",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"90828f3756aae575bdda131afdc672af",bookSignature:"Dr. Ling Zhang",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11617.jpg",keywords:"Plant Invasion, Global Change, Climate Change, Greenhouse Gas Emission, Soil Mechanism, Global Warming, Nutrient Cycling, Mineralization, Microbial Contribution, Soil Respiration, Nitrous Oxide, Methane",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 29th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 2nd 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 1st 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 20th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 19th 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"13 days",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Ling Zhang is a pioneering researcher in environmental science, holder of twenty registered patents in three countries, as well as a member of the Ecological Society of America and Forestry Society of China.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"219350",title:"Dr.",name:"Ling",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"ling-zhang",fullName:"Ling Zhang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219350/images/system/219350.png",biography:"Dr. Ling Zhang obtained his Ph.D. in Soil Science from Nanjing Agricultural University, China. From 2021-2013, he visited the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Rice University, USA. He is currently working as a professor at the College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, China, supervising graduate students. Dr. Zhang studies global change biology, forest ecology, plant invasion, and soil carbon and nitrogen cycling. He has published more than 50 papers related to global change ecology or forest ecology, and authored or co-authored several books on forest ecology or soil ecology in the recent years. 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Hincapie and Javier E. Sierra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/913.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"72042",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto",surname:"Hincapie",slug:"roberto-hincapie",fullName:"Roberto Hincapie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"73533",title:"Thermodynamic Stability and Microscopic Behavior of BaxSr1-xCo1-yFeyO3-δ Perovskites",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94028",slug:"thermodynamic-stability-and-microscopic-behavior-of-ba-sub-x-sub-sr-sub-1-x-sub-co-sub-1-y-sub-fe-su",body:'The series BaxSr1-xCo1-yFeyO3-δ (BSCF) perovskites are well known for their good oxygen catalytic activity and mixed ionic-electronic conductivity (MIEC) and gained attention as promising electrode materials for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and oxygen-permeable membranes. Depending on temperature and oxygen partial pressure the BSCF perovskites exhibit high oxygen non-stoichiometry (0.3 <
Despite the interest and the research effort in this field, many aspects of finding appropriate processing parameters and, above all, the fundamental understanding of the correlations between all the factors that ensure the optimization of the SOFC cathodes are not yet elucidated.
The aim of the study is to evidence the effect of the composition, and oxygen stoichiometry change on the thermodynamic properties and morphology of perovskite-type oxides in the BaxSr1-xCo1-yFeyO3-δ (
The details of the sample preparation method are presented elsewhere [13]. Briefly, powder specimens of BSCF were obtained by solid state reaction starting from barium carbonate, strontium carbonate, iron oxide and cobalt oxide raw materials. In order to reach the phase equilibrium of the desired perovskite, the powder mixture was ground and calcined for several times at 1273 K for 10 h. The X-ray diffraction analysis of the as prepared powder samples (shown elsewhere [13]) demonstrates the formation of a predominant cubic phase for all the BSCF investigated compositions, although small amounts of hexagonal phase could be present in the BSCF 8282 sample [20, 21].
The morphology of BSCF powders was analyzed by SEM using a FEI Quanta 3D equipment operated at low acceleration voltage (maximum 5 kV) and using the backscatter detector in beam deceleration mode. This SEM mode enables high resolution imaging and high surface sensitivity [22], and it was used in this study to evidence the surface features of the BSCF particles.
The electrochemical cell method was employed to obtain the thermodynamic properties of the BSCF samples. The experimental setups as well as theoretical aspects were described in detail in previous papers [23, 24, 25]. The electrochemical cell contains a yttria stabilized zirconia solid electrolyte and an iron- wüstite reference electrode:
(−) Fe, wustite/ZrO2 (Y2O3) /BSCF (+)
where BSCF denotes the BaxSr1-xCo1-yFeyO3-δ (
Measurements were performed in vacuum at a residual gas pressure of 10−5 atm. The EMF was measured with a Keithley 2000 multimeter, at 50 K intervals between 823 and 1273 K, each time waiting until equilibrium conditions were obtained. Equilibrium conditions were achieved when EMF values for increasing and decreasing temperatures agreed within ±1 mV within a-30 minutes interval.
The solid-state coulometric titration technique was used to accurately change the oxygen stoichiometry of BSCF pellets. The titrations were performed
For every new composition obtained, the equilibrium EMF’s values at 50 K intervals between 1073 and 1273 K are recorded in the open circuit condition.
The BSCF samples with different cation compositions analyzed in this study are listed in Table 1. In order to study the effect of the A- and B- site composition of the perovskite structure on the thermodynamic properties and particles’ morphologies, the samples were grouped in two sets corresponding to the variation of Ba (
Ba | Abbreviation | Ba0.5Sr0.5Co1 | Abbreviation |
---|---|---|---|
Ba0.2Sr0.8Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ | BSCF 2882 | Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ | BSCF 5582 |
Ba0.4Sr0.6Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ | BSCF 4682 | Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.6Fe0.4O3-δ | BSCF 5564 |
Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ | BSCF 5582 | Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.4Fe0.6O3-δ | BSCF 5546 |
Ba0.6Sr0.4Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ | BSCF 6482 | Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ | BSCF 5528 |
Ba0.8Sr0.2Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ | BSCF 8282 | Ba0.5Sr0.5FeO3-δ | BSCF 5501 |
The BSCF compositions analyzed in this study and their corresponding notations.
The micrographs of the as prepared BSCF powders obtained for increasing Ba content, a)
SEM micrographs of the BSCF powders with increasing Ba content (
The variation of partial molar free energy (
Variation of a)
The variation of
To get insights into the energetics of oxygen vacancy formation, the partial molar enthalpy and entropy of oxygen dissolution in the perovskite lattice (
a) Variation of
The variation of
This decrease of
In the intermediate temperature range below 1173 K the variations of the thermodynamic data show some anomalies, which could be correlated with the transition to the cubic BSCF structures [32]. These structural transformations are connected to the charge compensation mechanism. Crystal structure and electrical conductivity of several selected compositions in the Ba–Sr–Co–Fe–O system indicate that doping with more Ba into the system increases the ability for lattice oxygen exchange [13, 20, 21, 33]. A reversible phase transition from cubic to mixed phase of cubic and hexagonal at 973–1173 K for the BSCF 5582 compositions was pointed out both experimentally (employing coulometric titrations and thermal analysis [14, 20, 21, 32, 33, 34, 35] and theoretically, by applying the density functional theory calculations [36, 37].
Keeping in mind the key role of oxygen vacancy ordering on the crystalline phase formation, the less symmetrical non-cubic phases are expected to have highly ordered oxygen vacancies. When the temperature increases above 1023 K, the vacancy ordering starts to disappear, the oxygen vacancies become more mobile and the crystalline phase of the material tends to exhibit higher symmetry, but lower stability. Both, the thermodynamic data and the phase symmetry results let us conclude that low symmetric BSCF perovskites, like BSCF 5582, BSCF 6482 and BSCF 4682 are thermodynamically more stable than the high symmetric BSCF perovskite.
The morphological evolution of the as prepared BSCF powders with increasing Fe content, is shown in Figure 4 for a)
SEM micrographs of the BSCF powders with increasing Fe content (
In Figure 5, the variation with temperature of the partial molar free energy (a) and of the oxygen partial pressure (b) is shown for the BSCF compositions with variable Fe content (0.2 ≤
a)
The heated samples exhibited a complex behavior in the entire investigated temperature domain. One can observe that, in the intermediate temperature range from 823 K to 973 K, the BSCF 5501 sample has the highest recorded values for both
The values for the partial molar enthalpy and entropy,
a) Partial molar enthalpy
The BSCF 5528 sample has a distinct thermodynamic behavior which is further discussed. At temperatures lower than 1023 K, the values of enthalpy and entropy of 264 kJ mol−1 and 362 J mol−1 K−1, respectively were obtained (Figure 6b). In the interval 1023–1123 K a strong decrease of the partial molar enthalpy and entropy was observed to values as low as −215 kJ mol−1 and -58.9 J mol−1 K−1, respectively. In this temperature domain the BSCF 5528 sample exhibits high thermodynamic stability. Between 1173 and 1223 K, the variation of the partial molar free energy is observed (Figure 5a), which can be due to further structural transformation related to the charge compensation mechanism. The result is in accordance with the literature indicating the presence of secondary phases in the X-ray diffraction patterns of the samples following the thermal cycle at 1173 K [39]. At the same time, a sharp decrease in the permeation flux was reported for BSCF membranes with the increase of iron concentration from 60 to 80% [1]. The results suggest that the increase of iron concentration in BSCF might be hindered more by the slow oxygen bulk diffusion than by the surface exchange kinetics of the oxides. This could also explain the behavior of the BSCF 5528 sample at 1273 K for which the partial molar free energy increases with ∼40 kJ mol−1 above the values corresponding to all the other investigated samples.
In order to further evaluate the previous results, the influence of the change of the oxygen stoichiometry on the thermodynamic properties was examined by solid state coulometric titration technique coupled with EMF measurements. The oxygen stoichiometry was modified by decreasing the stoichiometry with the same relative deviation of Δ
Two sets of data representing the
After titration, the decrease of
Considering the partial pressure of oxygen as a key parameter for the thermodynamic characterization of the materials, the variation of the
Variation of
A decrease of
The changes of
The
For the BSCF series with different Fe-content, a strong decrease of partial molar enthalpy with
The thermodynamic data showed that, after titration, BSCF 5501 is the most stable composition, exhibiting an increased binding energy of oxygen in the lattice but a random distribution of oxygen vacancies within the oxygen sublattice. The result is consistent with the morphological investigation as well as with the high stability of cubic perovskite phase evaluated for Sr- and Fe- rich compositions [20, 46].
The thermodynamics of solid solutions containing a mixture of cobalt and iron on the B-site is complex. Further details and measurements of the energy and the entropy of oxygen incorporation into BSCF at different values of non-stoichiometry
The thermodynamic behavior of BSCF compounds with different Ba and Fe contents, using an electrochemical cell with yttria-stabilized zirconia as solid electrolyte was investigated. The EMF measurements performed in a wide temperature range (823–1273 K) and at pressures of 10−5–10−6 Pa confirm the instability of the BSCF-perovskite phases at temperatures lower than 1123 K.
With the help of the thermodynamic data, the points of phase transformations associated with the charge compensation mechanism were highlighted, the results being important for the assessment of the long-term stability of such nonstoichiometric materials used as cathodes in IT-SOFCs. The temperature associated to the structural transformations decreases with the increase of Ba-content. The thermodynamic investigation evidenced that for the system BaxSr1-xCo0.8Fe0.2O3-δ, low symmetry BSCF-perovskites (BSCF 5582, BSCF 6482 and BSCF 4682) are thermodynamically more stable than high symmetry BSCF-perovskites (BSCF 2882 and BSCF 8282). In the case of Ba0.5Sr0.5Co1
The BSCF compounds exhibited a significant variation of the thermodynamic parameters with the oxygen non-stoichiometry change, this variation being highly dependent on temperature and dopant concentration. The thermodynamic data evidenced that after decreasing the oxygen stoichiometry with the same relative deviation of
Knowing the specific thermodynamic quantities of BSCF compositions, it is possible to find new routes to modify the properties of these materials by suitable substitution and formation of oxygen vacancies in oxygen lattice. The evaluation of thermodynamic quantities is mandatory to understand the complex relationships between the defect chemistry and the material properties.
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\\n\\nThe first step in obtaining funds for your Open Access publication begins with your institution or library. IntechOpen’s publishing standards align with most institutional funding programs. Our advice is to petition your institution for help in financing your Open Access publication.
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\\n\\nPlease consult our Open Access Funding page to explore some of these funding opportunities and learn more about how you could finance your IntechOpen publication. Keep in mind that this list is not definitive, and while we are constantly updating and informing our Authors of new funding opportunities, we recommend that you always check with your institution first.
\\n\\nFor Authors who are unable to obtain funding from their institution or research funding bodies and still need help in covering publication costs, IntechOpen offers the possibility of applying for a Waiver.
\\n\\nOur mission is to support Authors in publishing their research and making an impact within the scientific community. Currently, 14% of Authors receive full waivers and 6% receive partial waivers.
\\n\\nWhile providing support and advice to all our international Authors, waiver priority will be given to those Authors who reside in countries that are classified by the World Bank as low-income economies. In this way, we can help ensure that the scientific work being carried out can make an impact within the worldwide scientific community, no matter where an Author might live.
\\n\\nThe application process is open after your submitted manuscript has been accepted for publication. To apply, please fill out a Waiver Request Form and send it to your Author Service Manager. If you have an official letter from your university or institution showing that funds for your OA publication are unavailable, please attach that as well. The Waiver Request will normally be addressed within one week from the application date. All chapters that receive waivers or partial waivers will be designated as such online.
\\n\\nDownload Waiver Request Form
\\n\\nFeel free to contact us at funders@intechopen.com if you have any questions about Funding options or our Waiver program. If you have already begun the process and require further assistance, please contact your Author Service Manager, who is there to assist you!
\\n\\nNote: All data represented above was collected by IntechOpen from 2013 to 2017.
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\n\nThe first step in obtaining funds for your Open Access publication begins with your institution or library. IntechOpen’s publishing standards align with most institutional funding programs. Our advice is to petition your institution for help in financing your Open Access publication.
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\n\nFor Authors who are unable to obtain funding from their institution or research funding bodies and still need help in covering publication costs, IntechOpen offers the possibility of applying for a Waiver.
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\n\nThe application process is open after your submitted manuscript has been accepted for publication. To apply, please fill out a Waiver Request Form and send it to your Author Service Manager. If you have an official letter from your university or institution showing that funds for your OA publication are unavailable, please attach that as well. The Waiver Request will normally be addressed within one week from the application date. All chapters that receive waivers or partial waivers will be designated as such online.
\n\nDownload Waiver Request Form
\n\nFeel free to contact us at funders@intechopen.com if you have any questions about Funding options or our Waiver program. If you have already begun the process and require further assistance, please contact your Author Service Manager, who is there to assist you!
\n\nNote: All data represented above was collected by IntechOpen from 2013 to 2017.
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Shaheer Akhtar and Hyung-Shik Shin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10281.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52613",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadia",middleName:null,surname:"Ameen",slug:"sadia-ameen",fullName:"Sadia Ameen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10479",title:"21st Century Advanced Carbon Materials for Engineering Applications",subtitle:"A Comprehensive Handbook",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"712d04d43dbe1dca7dec9fcc08bc8852",slug:"21st-century-advanced-carbon-materials-for-engineering-applications-a-comprehensive-handbook",bookSignature:"Mujtaba Ikram and Asghari Maqsood",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10479.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"286820",title:"Dr.",name:"Mujtaba",middleName:null,surname:"Ikram",slug:"mujtaba-ikram",fullName:"Mujtaba Ikram"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9913",title:"Carbon Nanotubes",subtitle:"Redefining the World of Electronics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"43a22b8570e841b7a26d70159b2f755d",slug:"carbon-nanotubes-redefining-the-world-of-electronics",bookSignature:"Prasanta Kumar Ghosh, Kunal Datta and Arti Dinkarrao Rushi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9913.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"294687",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanta",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Ghosh",slug:"prasanta-ghosh",fullName:"Prasanta Ghosh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10411",title:"Materials at the Nanoscale",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"be29908600b7067c583ac21da1544a2d",slug:"materials-at-the-nanoscale",bookSignature:"Awadesh Kumar Mallik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10411.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178218",title:"Dr.",name:"Awadesh",middleName:null,surname:"Mallik",slug:"awadesh-mallik",fullName:"Awadesh Mallik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10465",title:"Silver Micro-Nanoparticles",subtitle:"Properties, Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dcc19a2b44c91940e16d82fd5eb8fffa",slug:"silver-micro-nanoparticles-properties-synthesis-characterization-and-applications",bookSignature:"Samir Kumar, Prabhat Kumar and Chandra Shakher Pathak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10465.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"296661",title:"Dr.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"samir-kumar",fullName:"Samir Kumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10469",title:"Nanofibers",subtitle:"Synthesis, Properties and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"28dc655dde01b94399cab954663f8bff",slug:"nanofibers-synthesis-properties-and-applications",bookSignature:"Brajesh Kumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10469.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"176093",title:"Dr.",name:"Brajesh",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"brajesh-kumar",fullName:"Brajesh Kumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10505",title:"Colloids",subtitle:"Types, Preparation and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55025219ea1a8b915ec8aa4b9f497a8d",slug:"colloids-types-preparation-and-applications",bookSignature:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10505.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:99,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"50566",doi:"10.5772/63234",title:"Influences of Doping on Photocatalytic Properties of TiO2 Photocatalyst",slug:"influences-of-doping-on-photocatalytic-properties-of-tio2-photocatalyst",totalDownloads:5353,totalCrossrefCites:23,totalDimensionsCites:75,abstract:"As a kind of highly effective, low‐cost, and stable photocatalysts, TiO2 has received substantial public and scientific attention. However, it can only be activated under ultraviolet light irradiation due to its wide bandgap, high recombination, and weak separation efficiency of carriers. Doping is an effective method to extend the light absorption to the visible light region. In this chapter, we will address the importance of doping, different doping modes, preparation method, and photocatalytic mechanism in TiO2 photocatalysts. Thereafter, we will concentrate on Ti3+ self‐doping, nonmetal doping, metal doping, and codoping. Examples of progress can be given for each one of these four doping modes. The influencing factors of preparation method and doping modes on photocatalytic performance (spectrum response, carrier transport, interfacial electron transfer reaction, surface active sites, etc.) are summed up. The main objective is to study the photocatalytic processes, to elucidate the mechanistic models for a better understanding the photocatalytic reactions, and to find a method of enhancing photocatalytic activities.",book:{id:"5139",slug:"semiconductor-photocatalysis-materials-mechanisms-and-applications",title:"Semiconductor Photocatalysis",fullTitle:"Semiconductor Photocatalysis - Materials, Mechanisms and Applications"},signatures:"Fei Huang, Aihua Yan and Hui Zhao",authors:[{id:"178389",title:"Dr.",name:"Fei",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",slug:"fei-huang",fullName:"Fei Huang"},{id:"185126",title:"Dr.",name:"Aihua",middleName:null,surname:"Yan",slug:"aihua-yan",fullName:"Aihua Yan"},{id:"185127",title:"Ms.",name:"Hui",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",slug:"hui-zhao",fullName:"Hui Zhao"}]},{id:"17184",doi:"10.5772/17039",title:"Polymer Nanocomposites: From Synthesis to Applications",slug:"polymer-nanocomposites-from-synthesis-to-applications",totalDownloads:17288,totalCrossrefCites:31,totalDimensionsCites:68,abstract:null,book:{id:"1045",slug:"nanocomposites-and-polymers-with-analytical-methods",title:"Nanocomposites and Polymers with Analytical Methods",fullTitle:"Nanocomposites and Polymers with Analytical Methods"},signatures:"S. Anandhan and S. Bandyopadhyay",authors:[{id:"27050",title:"Prof.",name:"Sri",middleName:null,surname:"Bandyopadhyay",slug:"sri-bandyopadhyay",fullName:"Sri Bandyopadhyay"},{id:"44992",title:"Prof.",name:"Anandhan",middleName:null,surname:"Srinivasan",slug:"anandhan-srinivasan",fullName:"Anandhan Srinivasan"}]},{id:"9725",doi:"10.5772/8508",title:"Biosynthesis and Application of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles",slug:"biosynthesis-and-application-of-silver-and-gold-nanoparticles",totalDownloads:27927,totalCrossrefCites:23,totalDimensionsCites:58,abstract:null,book:{id:"3621",slug:"silver-nanoparticles",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",fullTitle:"Silver Nanoparticles"},signatures:"Zygmunt Sadowski",authors:null},{id:"17194",doi:"10.5772/21694",title:"Properties of Nanofillers in Polymer",slug:"properties-of-nanofillers-in-polymer",totalDownloads:20385,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:56,abstract:null,book:{id:"1045",slug:"nanocomposites-and-polymers-with-analytical-methods",title:"Nanocomposites and Polymers with Analytical Methods",fullTitle:"Nanocomposites and Polymers with Analytical Methods"},signatures:"Damien M. Marquis, Éric Guillaume and Carine Chivas-Joly",authors:[{id:"44307",title:"Dr",name:"Damien",middleName:"Michel",surname:"Marquis",slug:"damien-marquis",fullName:"Damien Marquis"},{id:"44317",title:"Prof.",name:"Carine",middleName:null,surname:"Chivas-Joly",slug:"carine-chivas-joly",fullName:"Carine Chivas-Joly"}]},{id:"52860",doi:"10.5772/65937",title:"Cerium Oxide Nanostructures and their Applications",slug:"cerium-oxide-nanostructures-and-their-applications",totalDownloads:5365,totalCrossrefCites:23,totalDimensionsCites:55,abstract:"Due to excellent physical and chemical properties, cerium oxide (ceria, CeO2) has attracted much attention in recent years. This chapter aimed at providing some basic and fundamental properties of ceria, the importance of oxygen vacancies in this material, nano‐size effects and various synthesis strategies to form diverse structural morphologies. Finally, some key applications of ceria‐based nanostructures are reviewed. We conclude this chapter by expressing personal perspective on the probable challenges and developments of the controllable synthesis of CeO2 nanomaterials for various applications.",book:{id:"5510",slug:"functionalized-nanomaterials",title:"Functionalized Nanomaterials",fullTitle:"Functionalized Nanomaterials"},signatures:"Adnan Younis, Dewei Chu and Sean Li",authors:[{id:"191574",title:"Dr.",name:"Adnan",middleName:null,surname:"Younis",slug:"adnan-younis",fullName:"Adnan Younis"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"71103",title:"Preparation of Nanoparticles",slug:"preparation-of-nanoparticles",totalDownloads:3140,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:"Innovative developments of science and engineering have progressed very fast toward the synthesis of nanomaterials to achieve unique properties that are not the same as the properties of the bulk materials. The particle reveals interesting properties at the dimension below 100 nm, mostly from two physical effects. The two physical effects are the quantization of electronic states apparent leading to very sensitive size-dependent effects such as optical and magnetic properties and the high surface-to-volume ratio modifies the thermal, mechanical, and chemical properties of materials. The nanoparticles’ unique physical and chemical properties render them most appropriate for a number of specialist applications.",book:{id:"9109",slug:"engineered-nanomaterials-health-and-safety",title:"Engineered Nanomaterials",fullTitle:"Engineered Nanomaterials - Health and Safety"},signatures:"Takalani Cele",authors:[{id:"305934",title:"Dr.",name:"Takalani",middleName:null,surname:"Cele",slug:"takalani-cele",fullName:"Takalani Cele"}]},{id:"72636",title:"Nanocomposite Materials",slug:"nanocomposite-materials",totalDownloads:2139,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Nanocomposites are the heterogeneous/hybrid materials that are produced by the mixtures of polymers with inorganic solids (clays to oxides) at the nanometric scale. Their structures are found to be more complicated than that of microcomposites. They are highly influenced by the structure, composition, interfacial interactions, and components of individual property. Most popularly, nanocomposites are prepared by the process within in situ growth and polymerization of biopolymer and inorganic matrix. With the rapid estimated demand of these striking potentially advanced materials, make them very much useful in various industries ranging from small scale to large to very large manufacturing units. With a great deal to mankind with environmental friendly, these offer advanced technologies in addition to the enhanced business opportunities to several industrial sectors like automobile, construction, electronics and electrical, food packaging, and technology transfer.",book:{id:"10072",slug:"nanotechnology-and-the-environment",title:"Nanotechnology and the Environment",fullTitle:"Nanotechnology and the Environment"},signatures:"Mousumi Sen",authors:[{id:"310218",title:"Dr.",name:"Mousumi",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"mousumi-sen",fullName:"Mousumi Sen"}]},{id:"38951",title:"Carbon Nanotube Transparent Electrode",slug:"carbon-nanotube-transparent-electrode",totalDownloads:3985,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"3077",slug:"syntheses-and-applications-of-carbon-nanotubes-and-their-composites",title:"Syntheses and Applications of Carbon Nanotubes and Their Composites",fullTitle:"Syntheses and Applications of Carbon Nanotubes and Their Composites"},signatures:"Jing Sun and Ranran Wang",authors:[{id:"153508",title:"Prof.",name:"Jing",middleName:null,surname:"Sun",slug:"jing-sun",fullName:"Jing Sun"},{id:"153596",title:"Ms.",name:"Ranran",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"ranran-wang",fullName:"Ranran Wang"}]},{id:"49413",title:"Electrodeposition of Nanostructure Materials",slug:"electrodeposition-of-nanostructure-materials",totalDownloads:3732,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"We are conducting a multi-disciplinary research work that involves development of nanostructured thin films of semiconductors for different applications. Nanotechnology is widely considered to constitute the basis of the next technological revolution, following on from the first Industrial Revolution, which began around 1750 with the introduction of the steam engine and steelmaking. Nanotechnology is defined as the design, characterization, production, and application of materials, devices and systems by controlling shape and size of the nanoscale. The nanoscale itself is at present considered to cover the range from 1 to 100 nm. All samples prepared in thin film forms and the characterization revealed their nanostructure. The major exploitation of thin films has been in microelectronics, there are numerous and growing applications in communications, optical electronics, coatings of all kinds, and in energy generation. A great many sophisticated analytical instruments and techniques, largely developed to characterize thin films, have already become indispensable in virtually every scientific endeavor irrespective of discipline. Among all these techniques, electrodeposition is the most suitable technique for nanostructured thin films from aqueous solution served as samples under investigation. The electrodeposition of metallic layers from aqueous solution is based on the discharge of metal ions present in the electrolyte at a cathodic surface (the substrate or component.) The metal ions accept an electron from the electrically conducting material at the solid- electrolyte interface and then deposit as metal atoms onto the surface. The electrons necessary for this to occur are either supplied from an externally applied potential source or are surrendered by a reducing agent present in solution (electroless reduction). The metal ions themselves derive either from metal salts added to solution, or by the anodic dissolution of the so-called sacrificial anodes, made of the same metal that is to be deposited at the cathode.",book:{id:"4718",slug:"electroplating-of-nanostructures",title:"Electroplating of Nanostructures",fullTitle:"Electroplating of Nanostructures"},signatures:"Souad A. M. Al-Bat’hi",authors:[{id:"174793",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamad",middleName:null,surname:"Souad",slug:"mohamad-souad",fullName:"Mohamad Souad"}]},{id:"71346",title:"Application of Nanomaterials in Environmental Improvement",slug:"application-of-nanomaterials-in-environmental-improvement",totalDownloads:1691,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"In recent years, researchers used many scientific studies to improve modern technologies in the field of reducing the phenomenon of pollution resulting from them. In this chapter, methods to prepare nanomaterials are described, and the main properties such as mechanical, electrical, and optical properties and their relations are determined. The investigation of nanomaterials needed high technologies that depend on a range of nanomaterials from 1 to 100 nm; these are scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffractions (XRD). The applications of nanomaterials in environmental improvement are different from one another depending on the type of devices used, for example, solar cells for producing clean energy, nanotechnologies in coatings for building exterior surfaces, and sonochemical decolorization of dyes by the effect of nanocomposite.",book:{id:"10072",slug:"nanotechnology-and-the-environment",title:"Nanotechnology and the Environment",fullTitle:"Nanotechnology and the Environment"},signatures:"Ali Salman Ali",authors:[{id:"313275",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Salman",slug:"ali-salman",fullName:"Ali Salman"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"208",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81438",title:"Research Progress of Ionic Thermoelectric Materials for Energy Harvesting",slug:"research-progress-of-ionic-thermoelectric-materials-for-energy-harvesting",totalDownloads:23,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101771",abstract:"Thermoelectric material is a kind of functional material that can mutually convert heat energy and electric energy. It can convert low-grade heat energy (less than 130°C) into electric energy. Compared with traditional electronic thermoelectric materials, ionic thermoelectric materials have higher performance. The Seebeck coefficient can generate 2–3 orders of magnitude higher ionic thermoelectric potential than electronic thermoelectric materials, so it has good application prospects in small thermoelectric generators and solar power generation. According to the thermoelectric conversion mechanism, ionic thermoelectric materials can be divided into ionic thermoelectric materials based on the Soret effect and thermocouple effect. They are widely used in pyrogen batteries and ionic thermoelectric capacitors. The latest two types of ionic thermoelectric materials are in this article. The research progress is explained, and the problems and challenges of ionic thermoelectric materials and the future development direction are also put forward.",book:{id:"10037",title:"Thermoelectricity - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10037.jpg"},signatures:"Jianwei Zhang, Ying Xiao, Bowei Lei, Gengyuan Liang and Wenshu Zhao"},{id:"77670",title:"Thermoelectric Elements with Negative Temperature Factor of Resistance",slug:"thermoelectric-elements-with-negative-temperature-factor-of-resistance",totalDownloads:71,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98860",abstract:"The method of manufacturing of ceramic materials on the basis of ferrites of nickel and cobalt by synthesis and sintering in controllable regenerative atmosphere is presented. As the generator of regenerative atmosphere the method of conversion of carbonic gas is offered. Calculation of regenerative atmosphere for simultaneous sintering of ceramic ferrites of nickel and cobalt is carried out. It is offered, methods of the dilated nonequilibrium thermodynamics to view process of distribution of a charge and heat along a thermoelement branch. The model of a thermoelement taking into account various relaxation times of a charge and warmth is constructed.",book:{id:"10037",title:"Thermoelectricity - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10037.jpg"},signatures:"Yuri Bokhan"},{id:"79236",title:"Processing Techniques with Heating Conditions for Multiferroic Systems of BiFeO3, BaTiO3, PbTiO3, CaTiO3 Thin Films",slug:"processing-techniques-with-heating-conditions-for-multiferroic-systems-of-bifeo3-batio3-pbtio3-catio",totalDownloads:96,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101122",abstract:"In this chapter, we have report a list of synthesis methods (including both synthesis steps & heating conditions) used for thin film fabrication of perovskite ABO3 (BiFeO3, BaTiO3, PbTiO3 and CaTiO3) based multiferroics (in both single-phase and composite materials). The processing of high quality multiferroic thin film have some features like epitaxial strain, physical phenomenon at atomic-level, interfacial coupling parameters to enhance device performance. Since these multiferroic thin films have ME properties such as electrical (dielectric, magnetoelectric coefficient & MC) and magnetic (ferromagnetic, magnetic susceptibility etc.) are heat sensitive, i.e. ME response at low as well as higher temperature might to enhance the device performance respect with long range ordering. The magnetoelectric coupling between ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity in multiferroic becomes suitable in the application of spintronics, memory and logic devices, and microelectronic memory or piezoelectric devices. In comparison with bulk multiferroic, the fabrication of multiferroic thin film with different structural geometries on substrate has reducible clamping effect. A brief procedure for multiferroic thin film fabrication in terms of their thermal conditions (temperature for film processing and annealing for crystallization) are described. Each synthesis methods have its own characteristic phenomenon in terms of film thickness, defects formation, crack free film, density, chip size, easier steps and availability etc. been described. A brief study towards phase structure and ME coupling for each multiferroic system of BiFeO3, BaTiO3, PbTiO3 and CaTiO3 is shown.",book:{id:"10037",title:"Thermoelectricity - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10037.jpg"},signatures:"Kuldeep Chand Verma and Manpreet Singh"},{id:"78034",title:"Quantum Physical Interpretation of Thermoelectric Properties of Ruthenate Pyrochlores",slug:"quantum-physical-interpretation-of-thermoelectric-properties-of-ruthenate-pyrochlores",totalDownloads:74,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99260",abstract:"Lead- and lead-yttrium ruthenate pyrochlores were synthesized and investigated for Seebeck coefficients, electrical- and thermal conductivity. Compounds A2B2O6.5+z with 0 ≤ z < 0.5 were defect pyrochlores and p-type conductors. The thermoelectric data were analyzed using quantum physical models to identify scattering mechanisms underlying electrical (σ) and thermal conductivity (κ) and to understand the temperature dependence of the Seebeck effect (S). In the metal-like lead ruthenates with different Pb:Ru ratios, σ (T) and the electronic thermal conductivity κe (T) were governed by ‘electron impurity scattering’, the lattice thermal conductivity κL (T) by the 3-phonon resistive process (Umklapp scattering). In the lead-yttrium ruthenate solid solutions (Pb(2-x)YxRu2O(6.5±z)), a metal–insulator transition occurred at 0.2 moles of yttrium. On the metallic side (<0.2 moles Y) ‘electron impurity scattering’ prevailed. On the semiconductor/insulator side between x = 0.2 and x = 1.0 several mechanisms were equally likely. At x > 1.5 the Mott Variable Range Hopping mechanism was active. S (T) was discussed for Pb-Y-Ru pyrochlores in terms of the effect of minority carrier excitation at lower- and a broadening of the Fermi distribution at higher temperatures. The figures of merit of all of these pyrochlores were still small (≤7.3 × 10−3).",book:{id:"10037",title:"Thermoelectricity - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10037.jpg"},signatures:"Sepideh Akhbarifar"},{id:"77635",title:"Optimization of Thermoelectric Properties Based on Rashba Spin Splitting",slug:"optimization-of-thermoelectric-properties-based-on-rashba-spin-splitting",totalDownloads:124,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98788",abstract:"In recent years, the application of thermoelectricity has become more and more widespread. Thermoelectric materials provide a simple and environmentally friendly solution for the direct conversion of heat to electricity. The development of higher performance thermoelectric materials and their performance optimization have become more important. Generally, to improve the ZT value, electrical conductivity, Seebeck coefficient and thermal conductivity must be globally optimized as a whole object. However, due to the strong coupling among ZT parameters in many cases, it is very challenging to break the bottleneck of ZT optimization currently. Beyond the traditional optimization methods (such as inducing defects, varying temperature), the Rashba effect is expected to effectively increase the S2σ and decrease the κ, thus enhancing thermoelectric performance, which provides a new strategy to develop new-generation thermoelectric materials. Although the Rashba effect has great potential in enhancing thermoelectric performance, the underlying mechanism of Rashba-type thermoelectric materials needs further research. In addition, how to introduce Rashba spin splitting into current thermoelectric materials is also of great significance to the optimization of thermoelectricity.",book:{id:"10037",title:"Thermoelectricity - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10037.jpg"},signatures:"Zhenzhen Qin"},{id:"75364",title:"Challenges in Improving Performance of Oxide Thermoelectrics Using Defect Engineering",slug:"challenges-in-improving-performance-of-oxide-thermoelectrics-using-defect-engineering",totalDownloads:214,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96278",abstract:"Oxide thermoelectric materials are considered promising for high-temperature thermoelectric applications in terms of low cost, temperature stability, reversible reaction, and so on. Oxide materials have been intensively studied to suppress the defects and electronic charge carriers for many electronic device applications, but the studies with a high concentration of defects are limited. It desires to improve thermoelectric performance by enhancing its charge transport and lowering its lattice thermal conductivity. For this purpose, here, we modified the stoichiometry of cation and anion vacancies in two different systems to regulate the carrier concentration and explored their thermoelectric properties. Both cation and anion vacancies act as a donor of charge carriers and act as phonon scattering centers, decoupling the electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity.",book:{id:"10037",title:"Thermoelectricity - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10037.jpg"},signatures:"Jamil Ur Rahman, Gul Rahman and Soonil Lee"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:6},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). 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His research interests include Biomedical Signal Processing and Modelling, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation Engineering, Neuroengineering and Parkinson's Disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Villarreal is a research professor from the Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, México. Dr. Villarreal is the editor in chief and founder of the Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas (RECIT) (https://recit.uabc.mx/) and is a member of several editorial and reviewer boards for numerous international journals. He has published more than thirty international papers and reviewed more than ninety-two manuscripts. His research interests include biomaterials, nanomaterials, bioengineering, biosensors, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:17,paginationItems:[{id:"81751",title:"NanoBioSensors: From Electrochemical Sensors Improvement to Theranostic Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102552",signatures:"Anielle C.A. Silva, Eliete A. Alvin, Lais S. de Jesus, Caio C.L. de França, Marílya P.G. da Silva, Samaysa L. Lins, Diógenes Meneses, Marcela R. Lemes, Rhanoica O. 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For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. 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His fields of interest are anterior segment disease, keratoconus, glaucoma, corneal dystrophies, and cataracts. His research topics include\nintraocular lens power calculation, eye modification induced by refractive surgery, glaucoma progression, and validation of new diagnostic devices in ophthalmology. \nHe has published more than 100 papers in international and Italian scientific journals, more than 60 in journals with impact factors, and chapters in international and Italian books. He has also edited two international books and authored more than 150 communications or posters for the most important international and Italian ophthalmology conferences.",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6843",title:"Biomechanics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6843.jpg",slug:"biomechanics",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hadi Mohammadi",hash:"85132976010be1d7f3dbd88662b785e5",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Biomechanics",editors:[{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{},onlineFirstChapters:{},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[],publishedBooks:{},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[],publicationYearFilters:[],authors:{}},subseries:{item:{id:"12",type:"subseries",title:"Human Physiology",keywords:"Anatomy, Cells, Organs, Systems, Homeostasis, Functions",scope:"Human physiology is the scientific exploration of the various functions (physical, biochemical, and mechanical properties) of humans, their organs, and their constituent cells. The endocrine and nervous systems play important roles in maintaining homeostasis in the human body. Integration, which is the biological basis of physiology, is achieved through communication between the many overlapping functions of the human body's systems, which takes place through electrical and chemical means. Much of the basis of our knowledge of human physiology has been provided by animal experiments. Because of the close relationship between structure and function, studies in human physiology and anatomy seek to understand the mechanisms that help the human body function. 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His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). His opinion is to attenuate sarcopenia by improving autophagic defects using nutrient- and pharmaceutical-based treatments.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:{id:"331519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"kotomi-sakai",fullName:"Kotomi Sakai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031QtFXQA0/Profile_Picture_1637053227318",biography:"Senior researcher Kotomi Sakai, Ph.D., MPH, works at the Research Organization of Science and Technology in Ritsumeikan University. She is a researcher in the geriatric rehabilitation and public health field. She received Ph.D. from Nihon University and MPH from St.Luke’s International University. Her main research interest is sarcopenia in older adults, especially its association with nutritional status. Additionally, to understand how to maintain and improve physical function in older adults, to conduct studies about the mechanism of sarcopenia and determine when possible interventions are needed.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ritsumeikan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"213786",title:"Dr.",name:"Henrique P.",middleName:null,surname:"Neiva",slug:"henrique-p.-neiva",fullName:"Henrique P. 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