",isbn:"978-1-80356-963-5",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-962-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-964-2",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"8eeb7ab232fa8d5c723b61e0da251857",bookSignature:"Dr. Soumen Dhara and Dr. Gorachand Dutta",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11513.jpg",keywords:"Fabrication Technologies, Applications, Characterizations, Case Studies, Various Gas Sensors, Improvement of Lifestyle, Societal Benefit, Bio-Sensors, Bioreceptor Molecules, Integration, Packaging, Lab-on-Chip",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 8th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 17th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 16th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 4th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 3rd 2023",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"25 days",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A pioneering researcher in nanowire heterostructures and laser spectroscopy, recipient of JSPS (Govt. of Japan) and NPDF (Govt. of India) fellowships, and member of MRS(USA), MRS(India), IPA(India).",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Assistant Professor with the School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur with research interests that include the design and characterization of portable biosensors, biodevices, and sensor interfaces for miniaturized systems and biomedical applications for point-of-care testing.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"196334",title:"Dr.",name:"Soumen",middleName:null,surname:"Dhara",slug:"soumen-dhara",fullName:"Soumen Dhara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196334/images/system/196334.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Dhara received his Ph. D in Physics in 2012 from Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India. Presently, he is associated with the Faculty of Science, Sri Sri University, India as an Assistant Professor in Physics. Prior to joining the current\naffiliation, he was a postdoctoral fellow at different renowned institutions, Kobe University Japan, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, India and Cardiff University, United Kingdom. He was awarded prestigious JSPS postdoctoral fellowship based on his research contribution on semiconducting nanowires. He has published more than 32 research articles including 1 review article in high profile international journals and 3 book chapters to his credit. His research trust areas of interests are semiconductor nanostructures, optoelectronics, solid state lighting and light sensors, spectroscopy of nanomaterials, thin-film transistors (TFTs) etc.",institutionString:"Sri Sri University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Sri Sri University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"442408",title:"Dr.",name:"Gorachand",middleName:null,surname:"Dutta",slug:"gorachand-dutta",fullName:"Gorachand Dutta",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Dr. Gorachand Dutta, PhD is an Assistant Professor with the School of MedicalScience and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur. His research interests include the design and characterization of portable\r\nbiosensors, biodevices and sensor interfaces for miniaturized systems and biomedical applications for point-of-care testing. He received his Ph.D in Biosensor and Electrochemistry from Pusan National University, South Korea,\r\nwhere he developed different class of electrochemical sensors and studied the electrochemical properties of gold, platinum, and palladium based metal electrodes. He completed his Post-doctoral fellowships in the Department of\r\nMechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, USA and Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering at University of Bath, UK. He has expertise on label-free multichannel electrochemical biosensors, electronically\r\naddressable biosensor arrays, aptamer- and DNA-based sensors and surface bio-functionalization.",institutionString:"Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"11",title:"Engineering",slug:"engineering"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"429341",firstName:"Paula",lastName:"Gavran",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",email:"paula@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10198",title:"Response Surface Methodology in Engineering Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1942bec30d40572f519327ca7a6d7aae",slug:"response-surface-methodology-in-engineering-science",bookSignature:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10198.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"321730",title:"Prof.",name:"Palanikumar",surname:"Kayaroganam",slug:"palanikumar-kayaroganam",fullName:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"10338",title:"The Measurement of Bandwidth: A Simulation Study",doi:"10.5772/9047",slug:"the-measurement-of-bandwidth-a-simulation-study",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/10338.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10338",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10338",totalDownloads:1975,totalViews:62,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:30,impactScoreQuartile:2,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:null,datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"April 1st 2010",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/10338",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/10338",book:{id:"3754",slug:"modeling-simulation-and-optimization-tolerance-and-optimal-control"},signatures:"Martin J. Tunnicliffe",authors:null,sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"3754",type:"book",title:"Modeling Simulation and Optimization",subtitle:"Tolerance and Optimal Control",fullTitle:"Modeling Simulation and Optimization - Tolerance and Optimal Control",slug:"modeling-simulation-and-optimization-tolerance-and-optimal-control",publishedDate:"April 1st 2010",bookSignature:"Shkelzen Cakaj",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3754.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-056-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5895-0",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:13,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"1363",title:"Dr.",name:"Shkelzen",middleName:null,surname:"Cakaj",slug:"shkelzen-cakaj",fullName:"Shkelzen Cakaj"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"607"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"10328",type:"chapter",title:"Web Technologies for Modelling and Visualization in Mechanical Engineering",slug:"web-technologies-for-modelling-and-visualization-in-mechanical-engineering",totalDownloads:2698,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Mihai Dupac and Claudiu-Ionut Popirlan",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10331",type:"chapter",title:"Golden Ratio in the Point Sink Induced Consolidation Settlement of a Poroelastic Half Space",slug:"golden-ratio-in-the-point-sink-induced-consolidation-settlement-of-a-poroelastic-half-space",totalDownloads:2055,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Feng-Tsai Lin and John C.-C. Lu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10324",type:"chapter",title:"Voronoi diagram: An adaptive spatial tessellation for processes simulation",slug:"voronoi-diagram-an-adaptive-spatial-tessellation-for-processes-simulation",totalDownloads:3673,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Leila Hashemi Beni, Mir Abolfazl Mostafavi and Jacynthe Pouliot",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10333",type:"chapter",title:"Fuzzy Model Based Fault Detection in Waste-Water Treatment Plant",slug:"fuzzy-model-based-fault-detection-in-waste-water-treatment-plant",totalDownloads:2372,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Skrjanc I.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10337",type:"chapter",title:"An Experimental Parameter Estimation Approach for an On-line Fault Diagnosis System",slug:"an-experimental-parameter-estimation-approach-for-an-on-line-fault-diagnosis-system",totalDownloads:2446,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"C. Angeli",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10330",type:"chapter",title:"Simulated Day and Night Effects on Perceived Motion in an Aircraft Taxiing Simulator",slug:"simulated-day-and-night-effects-on-perceived-motion-in-an-aircraft-taxiing-simulator",totalDownloads:1783,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Daniel C. Zikovitz, Keith K. Niall, Laurence R. Harris and Michael Jenkin",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10322",type:"chapter",title:"A New Trend in Designing Plant Layouts for the Process Industry",slug:"a-new-trend-in-designing-plant-layouts-for-the-process-industry",totalDownloads:8175,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Richart Vazquez-Roman and M. Sam Mannan",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10329",type:"chapter",title:"The Elliptic Solvers in the Canadian Limited Area Forecasting Model GEM-LAM",slug:"the-elliptic-solvers-in-the-canadian-limited-area-forecasting-model-gem-lam",totalDownloads:1523,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Abdessamad Qaddouri and Vivian Lee",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10321",type:"chapter",title:"A Collaborative Search Strategy to Solve Combinatorial Optimization and Scheduling Problems",slug:"a-collaborative-search-strategy-to-solve-combinatorial-optimization-and-scheduling-problems",totalDownloads:2537,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Nader Azizi, Saeed Zolfaghari and Ming Liang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10326",type:"chapter",title:"Identification and Generation of Realistic Input Sequences for Stochastic Simulation with Markov Processes",slug:"identification-and-generation-of-realistic-input-sequences-for-stochastic-simulation-with-markov-pro",totalDownloads:2044,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Carl Sandrock",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10334",type:"chapter",title:"Tolerance Analysis Using Jacobian-Torsor Model: Statistical and Deterministic Applications",slug:"tolerance-analysis-using-jacobian-torsor-model-statistical-and-deterministic-applications",totalDownloads:3204,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Walid Ghie",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10320",type:"chapter",title:"Random Variational Inequalities with Applications to Equilibrium Problems under Uncertainty",slug:"random-variational-inequalities-with-applications-to-equilibrium-problems-under-uncertainty",totalDownloads:2463,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Joachim Gwinner and Fabio Raciti",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10336",type:"chapter",title:"Optimal Control Systems of Second Order with Infinite Time Horizon - Maximum Principle",slug:"optimal-control-systems-of-second-order-with-infinite-time-horizon-maximum-principle",totalDownloads:1822,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Dariusz Idczak and Rafal Kamocki",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10332",type:"chapter",title:"Optimal Control Systems with Constrains Defined on Unbounded Sets",slug:"optimal-control-systems-with-constrains-defined-on-unbounded-sets",totalDownloads:1472,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Dorota Bors, Marek Majewski and Stanislaw Walczak",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10327",type:"chapter",title:"Factorization of Overdetermined Boundary Value Problems",slug:"factorization-of-overdetermined-boundary-value-problems",totalDownloads:1824,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jacques Henry, Bento Louro and Maria Orey",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10335",type:"chapter",title:"Cellular Automata Simulations - Tools and Techniques",slug:"cellular-automata-simulations-tools-and-techniques",totalDownloads:3416,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Henryk Fuks",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10323",type:"chapter",title:"A Survey for Descriptor Weakly Nonlinear Dynamic Systems with Applications",slug:"a-survey-for-descriptor-weakly-nonlinear-dynamic-systems-with-applications",totalDownloads:1664,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Athanasios D. Karageorgos, Athanasios A. Pantelous and Grigoris I. Kalogeropoulos",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10325",type:"chapter",title:"Modelling and Simulation of 6 Pulse GTO Thyristor Converter",slug:"modelling-and-simulation-of-6-pulse-gto-thyristor-converter",totalDownloads:7799,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Muhamad Zahim Sujod",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10338",type:"chapter",title:"The Measurement of Bandwidth: A Simulation Study",slug:"the-measurement-of-bandwidth-a-simulation-study",totalDownloads:1975,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Martin J. Tunnicliffe",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3753",title:"Modeling Simulation and Optimization",subtitle:"Focus on Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"08bf8581f02de4af3a7a5aa049e042a0",slug:"modeling-simulation-and-optimization-focus-on-applications",bookSignature:"Shkelzen Cakaj",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3753.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"1363",title:"Dr.",name:"Shkelzen",surname:"Cakaj",slug:"shkelzen-cakaj",fullName:"Shkelzen Cakaj"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"10227",title:"Simulation Needs Efficient Algorithms",slug:"simulation-needs-efficient-algorithms",signatures:"Marian Chudy",authors:[null]},{id:"10230",title:"Retracted: Model-driven Engineering for High-Performance Computing Applications",slug:"model-driven-engineering-for-high-performance-computing-applications",signatures:"David Lugato, Jean-Michel Bruel, Ileana Ober and Benjamin Venelle",authors:[null]},{id:"10223",title:"Designing and Integrating Clinical and Computer-based Simulations in Health Informatics: From Real-World to Virtual Reality",slug:"designing-and-integrating-clinical-and-computer-based-simulations-in-health-informatics-from-real-wo",signatures:"Elizabeth Borycki, Andre Kushniruk, James Anderson and Marilyn Anderson",authors:[null]},{id:"10219",title:"Modelling the Clinical Risk: RFID vs Barcode",slug:"modelling-the-clinical-risk-rfid-vs-barcode",signatures:"Vincenzo Di Lecce, Marco Calabrese, Alessandro Quarto and Rita Dario",authors:[null]},{id:"10221",title:"Augmented Microscope System for Training and Intra-Operative purposes",slug:"augmented-microscope-system-for-training-and-intra-operative-purposes",signatures:"Alessandro De Mauro, Jorg Raczkowsky, Reiner Wirtz, Mark Eric Halatsch, Heinz Worn",authors:[null]},{id:"10222",title:"A New Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm for Multi-Objective Optimization",slug:"a-new-non-dominated-sorting-genetic-algorithm-for-multi-objective-optimization",signatures:"Chih-Hao Lin and Pei-Ling Lin",authors:[null]},{id:"10220",title:"Oscillators for Modelling Circadian Rhythms in Cyanobacteria Growth",slug:"oscillators-for-modelling-circadian-rhythms-in-cyanobacteria-growth",signatures:"Jaromir Fiser, Jan Cerveny and Pavel Zitek",authors:[null]},{id:"10234",title:"Study of Factors Affecting Taper Joint Failures in Modular Hip Implant Using Finite Element Modelling",slug:"study-of-factors-affecting-taper-joint-failures-in-modular-hip-implant-using-finite-element-modellin",signatures:"Kassim Abdullah",authors:[null]},{id:"10225",title:"A Multi Agent System Modelling an Intelligent Transport System",slug:"a-multi-agent-system-modelling-an-intelligent-transport-system",signatures:"Vincenzo Di Lecce, Alberto Amato, Domenico Soldo and Antonella Giove",authors:[null]},{id:"10226",title:"A Graphical Development Method for Multiagent Simulators",slug:"a-graphical-development-method-for-multiagent-simulators",signatures:"Keinosuke Matsumoto, Tomoaki Maruo, Masatoshi Murakami and Naoki Mori",authors:[null]},{id:"10233",title:"Multi-Agent Geosimulation in Support to Qualitative Spatio-Temporal Reasoning: COAs’ “What if” Analysis as an Example",slug:"multi-agent-geosimulation-in-support-to-qualitative-spatio-temporal-reasoning-coas-what-if-analysis-",signatures:"Hedi Haddad and Bernard Moulin",authors:[null]},{id:"10228",title:"Computational Spectrum of Agent Model Simulation",slug:"computational-spectrum-of-agent-model-simulation",signatures:"Kalyan S. Perumalla",authors:[null]},{id:"10216",title:"HLA-Transparent Distributed Simulation of Agent-based Systems",slug:"hla-transparent-distributed-simulation-of-agent-based-systems",signatures:"Daniele Gianni, Andrea D’Ambrogio, Giuseppe Iazeolla and Alessandra Pieroni",authors:[null]},{id:"10229",title:"A Survey on the Need and Use of AI in Game Agents",slug:"a-survey-on-the-need-and-use-of-ai-in-game-agents",signatures:"Sule Yildirim and Sindre Berg Stene",authors:[null]},{id:"10232",title:"A Hierarchical Petri Net Model for SMIL Documents",slug:"a-hierarchical-petri-net-model-for-smil-documents",signatures:"Samia Bouyakoub and Abdelkader Belkhir",authors:[null]},{id:"10231",title:"A Structural Reliability Business Process Modelling with System Dynamics Simulation",slug:"a-structural-reliability-business-process-modelling-with-system-dynamics-simulation",signatures:"C. Y. Lam, S. L. Chan and W. H. Ip",authors:[null]},{id:"10217",title:"Modeling Ethical Decisions",slug:"modeling-ethical-decisions",signatures:"Reggie Davidrajuh",authors:[null]},{id:"10224",title:"Education Quality Control Based on System Dynamics and Evolutionary Computation",slug:"education-quality-control-based-on-system-dynamics-and-evolutionary-computation",signatures:"Sherif Hussein",authors:[null]},{id:"10218",title:"Modeling a Two-Level Formalism for Inflection of Nouns and Verbs in Albanian",slug:"modeling-a-two-level-formalism-for-inflection-of-nouns-and-verbs-in-albanian",signatures:"Arbana Kadriu",authors:[null]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"49",title:"Chaotic Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"chaotic-systems",bookSignature:"Esteban Tlelo-Cuautle",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/49.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"17479",title:"Dr.",name:"Esteban",surname:"Tlelo-Cuautle",slug:"esteban-tlelo-cuautle",fullName:"Esteban Tlelo-Cuautle"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1362",title:"Numerical Simulations of Physical and Engineering Processes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5cd4c772ac313082f094190ade16e150",slug:"numerical-simulations-of-physical-and-engineering-processes",bookSignature:"Jan Awrejcewicz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1362.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68338",title:"Prof.",name:"Jan",surname:"Awrejcewicz",slug:"jan-awrejcewicz",fullName:"Jan Awrejcewicz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1867",title:"Numerical Modelling",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2599b8ac8189b5b84556e825e9030422",slug:"numerical-modelling",bookSignature:"Peep Miidla",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1867.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"53706",title:"Dr.",name:"Peep",surname:"Miidla",slug:"peep-miidla",fullName:"Peep Miidla"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2172",title:"Simulated Annealing",subtitle:"Single and Multiple Objective Problems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"141d2ebbebeea6a78dc4a795e6a09a43",slug:"simulated-annealing-single-and-multiple-objective-problems",bookSignature:"Marcos de Sales Guerra Tsuzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2172.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"146384",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcos Sales Guerra",surname:"Tsuzuki",slug:"marcos-sales-guerra-tsuzuki",fullName:"Marcos Sales Guerra Tsuzuki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2269",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eef6992c6b1a91e721958aad15dd33c7",slug:"fourier-transform-applications",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2269.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"64367",title:"Perspectives and Uses of Non-Saccharomyces Yeasts in Fermented Beverages",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81868",slug:"perspectives-and-uses-of-non-saccharomyces-yeasts-in-fermented-beverages",body:'\n
\n
1. Introduction
\n
Fermentation of wines, beers and ciders is traditionally carried out with Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, the most common and commercially available yeast. They are well known for their fermentative behavior and technological characteristics which allow obtaining products of uniform and standard quality. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the most used yeast in fermentative processes. In wine fermentation, strains with specific characteristics are needed, for instance, highly producers of ethanol to reach values of 11–13% v/v, typically found in this beverage. On the other hand, beers and ciders contain less amounts of ethanol with a balanced and distinctive sensory profile characteristic of each one. In recent years, new consuming trends and requirements for new and innovative products have emerged. This situation led to rethink about the existing fermented beverages and to meet the demands of consumers. Yeasts are largely responsible for the complexity and sensory quality of fermented beverages. Based on this, current studies are mainly focused on the search of new type of yeasts with technological application. Non-Saccharomyces yeasts have always been considered contaminants in the manufacture of wine and beer. Therefore, procedures for eliminating them are routinely utilized such as must pasteurization, addition of sulfite and sanitization of equipment and processing halls. In recent years, the negative perception about non-Saccharomyces yeasts has been changing due to the fact that several studies have shown that during spontaneous fermentations of wine, these yeasts play an important role in the definition of the sensory quality of the final product. Based on this evidence, the fermentative behavior of some non-Saccharomyces yeasts is being studied in deep with the purpose of finding the most adequate conditions and the most suitable strain to be utilized in the production of fermented beverages.
\n
\n
\n
2. Yeasts
\n
Yeasts are eukaryotic microorganisms that inhabit a variety of ecological niches such as water, soil, air and the surface of plants and fruits. Commonly, they are present during the decomposition of ripen fruits and participate in the fermentation process. In this natural environment, the yeasts find nutrients and substrates necessary for their metabolism and fermentative activity [1, 2]. Yeasts are not nutritionally demanding compared to other microorganisms such as lactic acid bacteria. For supporting their growth, they need common compounds such as fermentable sugars, amino acids, vitamins, minerals and also oxygen. Morphologically the yeasts are very diverse, being the round, ellipsoidal and oval shapes mostly predominant. During the identification, the microscopic evaluation is the first resource followed by microbiological and biochemical tests; subsequently, assays of sugar fermentation and assimilation of amino acids are necessary [3]. The production and tolerance to ethanol, organic acids and SO2 are also important tools to differentiate among species. The reproduction of yeasts is mainly by budding, which results in a new and genetically identical cell. Budding is the most common type of asexual reproduction, although cell fission is a characteristic of yeasts belonging to the genus Schizosaccharomyces (\nFigure 1\n). Cultivation conditions leading to the starvation of nutrients such as the lack of amino acids induce sporulation, which is a mechanism used by yeasts to survive under unfavorable conditions. As a consequence of the sporulation, yeast cells undergo genetic variability. In industrial fermentation processes, asexual reproduction of yeasts is preferable to ensure the conservation of the genotype and to maintain their fermentative behavior over time. Regarding their metabolism, yeasts are usually characterized by fermenting a broad spectrum of sugars, among them, glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltose and maltotriose, which are found in ripen fruits and processed cereals. In addition, yeasts tolerate acidic environments with pH values around 3.5 or even less. According to technological convenience, yeasts are divided into two large groups namely Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces. Morphologically, Saccharomyces yeasts can be round or ellipsoidal in shape depending on the growth phase and cultivation conditions. S. cerevisiae is the most studied species and the most utilized in the fermentation of wines and beers due to its excellent fermentative capacity, rapid growth and easy adaptation. They tolerate concentrations of SO2 that normally most non-Saccharomyces yeasts do not survive. However, despite these advantages, it is possible to find in the nature representatives of S. cerevisiae that do not necessarily present these features.
\n
Figure 1.
Asexual reproduction of yeasts. (a) Budding, typically observed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida, Kloeckera, Brettanomyces and (b) fission, typically observed in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.\n
\n
\n
\n
3. Non-Saccharomyces yeasts
\n
Non-Saccharomyces yeasts are a group of microorganisms genetically diverse with specific metabolic characteristics and high potential for using in fermentation processes. In the past, many of them have been considered contaminants due to the production of compounds that alters the sensory quality of wines [4, 5]. With the purpose of eliminating them and avoiding their fermentative activity, for instance, in wine processing, disinfection of fermentation tanks and containers with sulfite is commonly performed. However, over time, the importance of non-Saccharomyces yeasts in spontaneous fermentation has been demonstrated since they contribute positively to the definition of the sensory quality of wines. These yeasts predominate at the initial stage of the spontaneous fermentation [6, 7, 8] until certain concentration of ethanol is reached (usually between 4 and 5% v/v), which are then inhibited due to the effect of the ethanol and the depletion of dissolved oxygen [9, 10]. At the end of the process, Saccharomyces yeasts, the most resistant to ethanol, predominate and complete the fermentation. It has been reported that some non-Saccharomyces yeasts are able to survive toward the end of the spontaneous fermentation and exert their metabolic activity, thus contributing positively to the sensory quality of wines. Based on this evidence, in recent years, many researchers have focused their studies in understanding the nature and fermentative activity of the non-Saccharomyces yeasts [8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21]. The findings demonstrated the enormous potential of these yeasts for use in the fermentation of traditional and nontraditional beverages. Despite the fact that most non-Saccharomyces yeasts show some technological disadvantages compared to Saccharomyces cerevisiae such as lower fermentative power and production of ethanol, non-Saccharomyces yeasts possess characteristics that in S. cerevisiae are absent, for instance, production of high levels of aromatic compounds such as esters, higher alcohols and fatty acids [22, 23]. In addition, it has been reported that the fermentative activity of these yeasts is manifested in the presence of small amounts of oxygen which leads to an increase in cell biomass and the decrease in ethanol yield, a strategy that can be used to reduce the ethanol content of wines produced in coculture with S cerevisiae [24, 25, 26]. With the aim of exploiting the positive characteristics of non-Saccharomyces yeasts and reducing their negative impact, fermentations with mixed and sequential cultures with S. cerevisiae can be performed to produce fermented beverages with different sensory profiles [27, 28, 29]. The most important fact is related to the potential for producing a broad variety of compounds of sensory importance necessary to improve the organoleptic quality of wines and beers. The findings reported so far in literature have led to rethink the role of these yeasts in fermentative processes and to evaluate their use in the development of new products. Among the most studied non-Saccharomyces yeasts that reached special importance for researchers include Candida, Kloeckera, Hanseniaspora, Brettanomyces, Pichia, Lanchacea and Kluyveromyces, among others.
\n
\n
3.1 Fermentative metabolism of sugars
\n
Either non-Saccharomyces or Saccharomyces yeasts share common pathways for the central metabolism of carbon; thus, both groups metabolize glucose through glycolysis. However, the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respire-fermentative metabolism can differ significantly among them [30]. The glycolysis operates indistinctly under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, and through it, the glucose is metabolized to pyruvate by means of a series of biochemical reactions (\nFigure 2\n). Under anaerobic or oxygen-limited conditions, pyruvate is converted to acetaldehyde and then to ethanol, and as a result, two net moles of ATP are generated. Under fully aerobic conditions and in the absence of any repression effect, the generation of energy is greater since glucose undergoes a complete oxidation, and as a result 36 net moles of ATP per mole of glucose are generated. The low-energy yield obtained by yeasts under anaerobic conditions forces the cell to increase the flow of glucose consumption in order to obtain a higher amount of energy in the form of ATP. As consequence, the ethanol accumulates in the fermentation medium and exerts its inhibitory effect, thus stopping the fermentative activity of the yeasts [31]. The low amount of energy generated under anaerobic conditions is used by the yeast cells in requirements for maintenance and growth. Glucose is easily transported and metabolized inside the cell; however, disaccharides such as sucrose, maltose or lactose must be first hydrolyzed to their simple forms (hexoses) which are then catabolized in the glycolysis pathway. Sucrose is hydrolyzed to fructose and glucose, maltose to two glucose units and lactose to glucose and galactose. The disaccharides are preferably hydrolyzed in the periplasmic space before entering the cytosol. Under anaerobic conditions besides ethanol, glycerol is also produced, thus contributing to restore the redox balance inside the cell. The production of glycerol increases in fermentations with musts of high specific gravity as a response to the osmotic stress [32]. It has been found that yeasts unable of metabolizing dihydroxyacetone (\nFigure 2\n) are not capable of producing glycerol, and as a consequence dihydroxyacetone accumulates and inhibits the fermentation. Moreover, glucose apart of being metabolized via glycolysis, it is also broken by complementary pathways that are not necessarily related to the generation of energy. The hexose monophosphate pathway (HMP) also known as the pentose phosphate cycle usually accompanies the glycolytic pathway [33]. In addition, yeasts during fermentation produce small amounts of acetic acid either from acetaldehyde or acetyl-CoA (\nFigure 2\n). Acetic acid is the main organic acid produced by yeasts during the fermentation of glucose, and it is responsible for the acidification and the decrease of pH of the medium. Ethanol is the most important fermentation by-product, and from the technological point of view, the production capacity of yeasts is an important parameter that determines their usability in fermentative processes. Gay Lussac defined a stoichiometric theoretical relationship to explain the production of ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts which is:
According to this relationship, from 180.0 grams of glucose, 92.0 grams of ethanol and 88.0 grams of carbon dioxide are produced, which results in a theoretical yield of 0.511 g ethanol/g glucose. However, in practice, besides ethanol and CO2, the production of biomass, glycerol and other minority compounds also happens, that is:
At industrial scale, a yield of 0.45 g ethanol/g glucose is acceptable [34]. In the case of fermentations with non-Saccharomyces yeasts, lower yields are commonly observed. Regarding to glycerol, in the case of S. cerevisiae, its production represents approximately 3% of the utilized sugar. Minor compounds are represented by higher alcohols, esters, aldehydes and organic acids, among others.
\n
\n
3.1.1 Importance of oxygen
\n
Oxygen is an important element during the complete oxidation of glucose since it serves as final acceptor of electrons under aerobic conditions. It is also essential for other metabolic processes such as the synthesis of structural components of the cytoplasmic membrane of yeasts. During alcoholic fermentation, as ethanol accumulates, it exerts a detrimental effect on the integrity and stability of the cytoplasmic membrane [31]. Under this condition, the supply of small amounts of oxygen to the medium through aeration promotes the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids and sterols (mainly ergosterol) which are important components of the yeast cell membrane. Thus, the produced compounds can be used to replace the damaged fraction caused by the effect of ethanol that acts as a solvent [35, 36]. The replacement of unsaturated fatty acids and sterols is important to maintain the cell viability and allow the yeasts to complete successfully the fermentation. From the technological point of view, the supply of small amounts of oxygen is recommended in fermentations with musts of high specific gravity in order to avoid some drawbacks such as sluggish fermentation. It is also necessary for promoting the fermentative metabolism of non-Saccharomyces yeasts which are unable to ferment under fully anaerobic conditions [37]. The optimization of the aeration rate is very important to ensure the predominance of the fermentative metabolism and to reach the highest ethanol yield. In Crabtree-negative yeasts, as the concentration of oxygen in the medium increases above a certain value, the metabolism may become predominantly oxidative; thus, the ethanol yield decreases and the production of biomass increases. The highest ethanol yield is possible to achieve, adjusting properly the aeration rate of the fermentation medium. Aeration also affects the production of glycerol by yeasts; thus, as the concentration of oxygen increases, the production of glycerol decreases. From the technological point of view, aeration of the fermentation medium is an interesting tool to control the metabolic activity of non-Saccharomyces yeasts during fermentation, for instance, wines and beers [38, 39]. In addition, aeration can be also used in winemaking to improve the quality of wines since it provokes the transformation of phenols, which reduces the astringency.
\n
\n
\n
\n
3.2 Production of higher alcohols
\n
During alcoholic fermentation, either non-Saccharomyces or Saccharomyces yeasts produce diverse volatile compounds of sensory importance such as higher alcohols, aldehydes, fatty acids and esters in different concentrations depending on the species of yeasts and the fermentation conditions. The harmonic balance of the compounds determines the sensory quality of the fermented beverage. Higher alcohols are a group of compounds that mostly confer unpleasant organoleptic character when present at high concentrations [40, 41]. In adequate concentrations, they contribute positively in defining the organoleptic quality of alcoholic beverage such as wines, beers and ciders. They are produced in the cytosol and then exported outside the yeast cell where it accumulates. Higher alcohols result from the decarboxylation of ketoacids that leads to the formation of the respective aldehydes, which are then reduced to form the corresponding higher alcohols (\nFigure 3\n). Ketoacids can be originated either from the metabolism of glucose or the catabolism of amino acids [42, 43], which are taken by the yeast cell from the fermentation medium. The synthesis of higher alcohols involves the participation of at least three enzymes: a transaminase, a carboxylase and an alcohol dehydrogenase. Factors that increase the metabolism of sugar and amino acids promote the synthesis of higher alcohols. The factors include temperature of fermentation, amino acid concentration and composition of the fermentation medium.
\n
Figure 3.
Production of higher alcohols by yeast. Ehrlich’s pathway and glucose catabolism.
\n
\n
\n
3.3 Production of esters
\n
Esters are a group of compounds that mostly impart positive sensory characteristics to fermented beverages such as wines, beer and ciders. They are formed by the action of specific enzymes that catalyze the reaction between an alcohol and a volatile fatty acid (\nFigure 4\n). The synthesis of esters by yeast initially involves the activation of fatty acids to acyl coenzyme A mediated by energy and the subsequent condensation of the active compound with an alcohol present in the medium to form the corresponding ester [44]. From the sensory point of view, acetate esters are the most important compounds present in fermented beverages, which include ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, propyl acetate, phenyl ethyl acetate and amyl acetate, among others. The esters produced by S. cerevisiae involve the activity of at least three acetyltransferases (AAT, EC 2.3.1.84): an alcohol acetyltransferase, an ethanol acetyltransferase and an isoamyl alcohol acetyltransferase [45, 46]. Other enzymes such as ester synthase were also reported to participate in the synthesis of esters. However, the relevance attributed to the activity of this enzyme is quite limited. Ethyl acetate is the most abundant ester present in wines and largely responsible for the sensory character. Studies carried out with non-Saccharomyces yeasts related to the ability of producing esters allowed to select species of Hanseniaspora and Pichia able to promote esterification of various alcohols such as ethanol, isoamyl alcohol and 2-phenyl ethanol to produce the corresponding esters [47].
\n
Figure 4.
Mechanisms for the production of esters by yeasts.
\n
\n
\n
\n
4. Most important non-Saccharomyces yeasts
\n
\n
4.1 Candida yeasts
\n
In the last years, the fermentative behavior of some Candida yeasts has been studied with respect to the production of wines and beers. The most studied species include Candida stellata, C. zemplinina and C. pulcherrima, among others [16, 20, 21, 48, 49, 50]. Representatives of Candida yeasts have been isolated from the early stages of spontaneous fermentation of different types of wines [8, 19, 51, 52]. The isolated species were characterized by being round in shape and smaller than S. cerevisiae. These yeasts are able to sediment toward the end of fermentation in a similar manner as S. cerevisiae [20]. Currently, the most important characteristics reported include the production of considerable amounts of ethanol and glycerol and a balanced production of volatile compounds of sensory importance, for instance, esters, fatty acids, aldehydes and higher alcohols. The production of ethanol is an important feature to define the use of yeasts in the production of fermented beverages with high ethanol contents such as wines. It has been reported that C. zemplinina strains are capable of producing ethanol up to 11.0% v/v [53], amount normally reached during the fermentation of sweet and semidry wines with S. cerevisiae. In addition, it has been demonstrated that Candida yeasts are capable of producing high amounts (up to 25.0 g/L) of glycerol [53, 54, 55, 56], compound that contributes positively to the sensory quality of wines, beers and other beverages. The fermentative behavior of these yeasts was also evaluated as mixed cultures with S. cerevisiae [57]. The results were promising and interesting for being scaled-up to pilot fermentations. For instance, fermentation experiments of mixed cultures of C. stellata with S. cerevisiae produced higher levels of esters and fatty acids than monocultures of S. cerevisiae [19, 57]. Fermentations with mixed and even sequential cultures of yeasts are an interesting field of research to evaluate the potential use of non-Saccharomyces yeasts to produce sensory differentiated beverages. In addition, individual fermentations with C. stellata and C. zemplinina strains using immobilized systems have been also performed [53, 58]. The results showed the improvement of some technological properties such as the fermentation rate, ethanol production and the reusability of the strains in successive fermentations. Currently, studies to evaluate the usability of C. zemplinina strains in beer fermentation have been carried out using malt wort of 14 and 20°P, typically used in beer fermentation processes [21, 22]. The yeast strains showed a suitable fermentative behavior for the production of lager and ale beers. One interesting feature is that Candida zemplinina is unable to ferment maltose, the main fermentable sugar of the malt wort. This characteristic is of special importance since it would enable the production of beers with low ethanol content and particular sensory profiles.
\n
\n
\n
4.2 Kloeckera yeasts
\n
Yeasts species belonging to this genus have recently become of interest for the production of fermented beverages. Species such as Kloeckera apiculata, K. javanica and K. corticis were isolated from a variety of niches including the spontaneous fermentation of grape must and ciders [6, 8, 49, 59]. Most representatives present a lemon shape (apiculate yeasts) and asexual reproduction with bipolar budding. It was reported that these yeasts participate positively in the early stage of the spontaneous fermentation of wine [59, 60], strains of Kloeckera apiculata being the most dominant [19, 49, 51, 52]. During spontaneous fermentation, as the ethanol concentration increases, the fermentative activity of these yeasts slows down and stops toward the end of fermentation by the effect of the ethanol [61]. These yeasts are characterized by producing amounts of ethanol around 4–5% v/v, values typically found in commercial beers. It was reported that the control of aeration during fermentation has effect on the production of ethanol and compounds of sensory importance such as esters, higher alcohols and organic acids [14]. Based on the information available in literature, these yeasts are promissory for being used in brewing; however, before defining a strategy of exploitation, it is necessary to carry out more in-depth studies on the effect of temperature, wort composition and inoculation rate in the fermentative activity of these yeasts. In addition, it is also necessary to carry out studies on the behavior of these yeasts in fermentations with mixed and sequential cultures with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the production of compounds of sensory importance. Studies carried out with pure cultures of Kloeckera corticis showed that these yeasts are capable of producing acetic acid, acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate and acetoin at high concentrations [62]. In addition, it has been reported that strains of Kloeckera apiculata are capable of producing higher concentrations of ethyl and isoamyl acetate than other non-Saccharomyces yeasts [14, 63]. From the technological point of view, techniques of cell immobilization can be an additional strategy to improve the fermentative behavior and the production of compounds of sensory importance. The ability of these yeasts to produce a variety of aromatic compounds with positive impact on the sensory quality makes them attractive and potentially exploitable in fermentation processes.
\n
\n
\n
4.3 Hanseniaspora yeasts
\n
Few studies have been conducted regarding the potential use of yeasts belonging to the genus Hanseniaspora (apiculate yeasts) in the production of fermented beverages. The studied yeasts were isolated from the spontaneous fermentation of grape musts [6, 8, 59] and include species of Hanseniaspora uvarum, H. osmophila and H. guilliermondii, among others. It has been shown that these yeasts play an important role during the early stage of spontaneous fermentation of wine and strains of Hanseniaspora uvarum (also called Kloeckera apiculata) are dominant [19, 51, 52]. They are characterized by tolerating and producing low amounts of ethanol that do not exceed the values of 5.0% v/v [61]. This limitation explains why these yeasts do not participate actively toward the end of spontaneous fermentation of wines where the ethanol content reaches values even higher than 10%v/v. However, the fermentative capability of these yeasts is enough to produce beers of standard ethanol content similarly to those found in the market (4.5–5%v/v). In addition, they are able to ferment a wide range of sugars including maltose, which is an important feature needed for the production of beers. Regarding the production of compounds of sensory importance, studies have reported that strains of Hanseniaspora osmophila are characterized by producing high concentrations of acetic acid, acetaldehyde and ethyl acetate [62]. Additionally, it was also found that strains of Hanseniaspora uvarum are able to produce a variety of esters that confer fruitiness to fermented beverages [11, 62, 64]. However, other studies reported that mixed cultures of H. uvarum with S. cerevisiae produce higher amounts of higher alcohols than monocultures with S. cerevisiae [4, 19]. Regarding fermentation parameters, the control of aeration and temperature exerts an important effect on the dynamics and activity of Hanseniaspora yeasts. Both parameters are important to control the production of compounds of sensory importance, which influence the quality of fermented beverages [11, 65]. However, in view of the scarce information on the fermentative behavior of Hanseniaspora yeasts, particularly referring to the production of fermented beverages, additional studies are needed to perform in order to find the adequate conditions for their usage, for instance, in the production of beers with new sensory profiles.
\n
\n
\n
4.4 Brettanomyces yeasts
\n
Yeasts of this genus do not have a good reputation in fermentation processes such as in winemaking. For instance, representatives of Brettanomyces bruxellensis are considered detrimental due to the production of compounds such as 4-ethylguaiacol, 4-ethylphenol and 4-ethylcatechol which impart unpleasant sensory character to wines known as “Bretty” [5, 66]. These compounds result from the activity of a decarboxylase that acts on hydroxycinnamic acids followed by a reduction reaction [67]. The hydroxycinnamic acids are phenolic compounds naturally present in the skin and seeds of grapes. The common representatives of this genus were isolated from the spontaneous fermentation of wine, beer, cider and even kombucha [68, 69, 70]. It was also isolated from equipment and utensils utilized in fermentation processes, which are difficult to sanitize. The commonly isolated species include Brettanomyces bruxellensis, B. lambicus, B. intermedius and B. anomalus, among others [68, 69]. Particularly, strains of B. bruxellensis are able to ferment only in the presence of oxygen (positive Crabtree effect), a broad spectrum of sugars and even maltooligosaccharides which are not fermentable by S. cerevisiae [71]. Under anaerobic conditions, these yeasts are unable to ferment and produce ethanol; thus, at low concentration of sugar in the medium, the fermentation of glucose to ethanol is blocked. On the contrary, the fermentation is stimulated in the presence of oxygen, an effect known as Custer or negative Pasteur [72]. Apart from producing ethanol in the presence of oxygen, Brettanomyces bruxellensis also produces high concentrations of acetic acid, which acidifies and lowers the pH of the medium. However, yeasts of this genus are not entirely undesirable; some representatives participate, for instance, during the fermentation of certain beers known as “Lambic” and “Gueuze” consumed commonly in Belgium and “Coolship Ales” in North America. The fermentation of “Lambic” beer is a spontaneous process which goes through a complex succession of microorganisms where Brettanomyces bruxellensis participates during the final stage acidifying the product [73]. The participation of these yeasts gives the beer its characteristic acidity and dryness and additionally is responsible for the production of compounds such as ethyl phenol, ethyl acetate, ethyl caprylate, ethyl decanoate and ethyl lactate, which synergistically confer their typical aroma character [18, 74]. It has been shown that esters soften the sour taste and add fruity notes to this kind of beers [75]. Based on these findings, it was demonstrated that these yeasts and particularly B. bruxellensis contribute positively to defining the floral and fruity character of “Lambic” beers [18]. Beyond the contribution of Brettanomyces yeasts in spontaneous fermentation processes, in recent years, their use in controlled fermentations has been investigated, both in pure and in coculture with S. cerevisiae [15, 17]. Interesting findings were reported, indicating that the control of aeration during fermentation is a critical point to guide the fermentative metabolism toward the production of important volatile compounds that may contribute to the organoleptic character of fermented beverages.
\n
\n
\n
\n
5. Production of special wines
\n
It is of common agreement that non-Saccharomyces yeasts contribute beneficially to the sensory quality of spontaneously fermented wines, an evidence that served as a starting point to pay attention to particular yeast species that could be exploited in fermentations of commercial and noncommercial fermented beverages. Non-Saccharomyces species are characterized by producing a greater diversity of compounds of sensory importance than S. cerevisiae yeasts. Although these yeasts show a low fermentation power, some species possess important fermentative features, for instance, representatives of Kloeckera and Hanseniaspora yeasts produce a variety of compounds of sensory impact, particularly esters at concentrations even higher than S. cerevisiae. On the other hand, Candida zemplinina, a fructofilic yeast, has been shown to produce glycerol in higher concentrations than S. cerevisiae. It is also capable of producing ethanol in concentrations high enough to produce different types of wines. In view of the complementary characteristics of both groups of yeasts (Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces), the use of non-Saccharomyces yeasts can be proposed in fermentations with mixed or sequential cultures with S. cerevisiae as an important strategy to improve sensory complexity and mouthfeel of wines [19, 73]. The fermentative versatility of non-Saccharomyces yeasts would enable the production of special wines with different and innovative sensory characteristics. In addition, among the techniques that can be implemented for enabling their practical exploitation include the selection of new strains, the development of fermentation strategies (mixed or sequential cultures with two or more yeast strains), the ratio of both strains in the inoculum (non-Saccharomyces/Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and the inoculation rate at the beginning of fermentation [57, 76]. Finally, some technological characteristics of non-Saccharomyces yeasts can be also modified by using cultivation techniques in bioreactors with the aim of improving, for instance, the fermentation rate. The possibility of commercializing as starter cultures is an attractive opportunity for the production of different types of wines with special sensory qualities.
\n
\n
\n
6. Production of craft beers
\n
In the last 10 years, the market of craft beers has increased in the USA, Latin America and some countries of Europe [77, 78]. This phenomenon is related to the expectation of consumers for discovering in these beers sensory characteristics different from those routinely found in commercial beers [74]. Current consumers are curious and interested in sensing new flavors and aromas that can satisfy their preferences. As consequence, new market segments have emerged in response to the broad possibility of offering new types of beers produced using different methods and techniques of fermentation. The production of craft beer is generally carried out in small-scale breweries and involves the use of non-technified processing methods. Craft beers are not usually filtered; due to this, their shelf life is relatively short, and therefore, their consumption must be within few days after bottling. There are a variety of innovative alternatives to produce different types of craft beers which include the use of new types of adjuncts either amylaceous (cereal grains) or non-amylaceous (fruit pulps or juices) and selected strains of non-Saccharomyces yeasts which have an enormous exploitation potential. Although most non-Saccharomyces yeasts produce low concentrations of ethanol, the fermentative capacity of some representatives of Kloeckera and Hanseniaspora yeasts is adequate to produce beers with an ethanol content typically found in the market (4.5–5%v/v). Among non-Saccharomyces yeasts considered important in beer fermentation, Brettanomyces lambicus is the most representative which is involved in the production of “Lambic” and “Gueuze” beers. Currently, some studies with Candida zemplinina strains were performed in fermentations with pure malt wort and with different adjuncts (grape or apple juice) at different temperatures and specific gravities. The findings were promissory and showed the capability of these yeasts to ferment at low temperatures (14°C) and in medium with high specific gravity (16°P), which demonstrates the possibility for being exploited in the production of craft beers. In addition, it was also proposed that these yeasts can be used for the production of beers with low ethanol content since they are not able to ferment maltose, the main and most abundant sugar present in the wort [20, 21]. Additionally, other non-Saccharomyces yeasts such as Dekkera anomala, Naumovozyma dairenensis and Debaryomyces spp. have been also reported with a high potential for being used in the fermentation of beers. In view of the different fermentative behavior of non-Saccharomyces yeasts and the variety of compounds of sensory importance that they can produce during fermentation, their use in controlled fermentations has aroused the interest of brewers for producing beers with distinctive sensory features [23, 79].
\n
\n
\n
7. Conclusion
\n
Non-Saccharomyces yeasts show a great potential to be used in the production of fermented beverages mainly wines and beers. These yeasts show a variety of fermentative patterns, and depending on the fermentation conditions, they produce a wide range of volatile compounds of sensory importance. For their practical application in a particular fermentative process, it is necessary knowing the parameters that directly influence on the fermentative activity and the production of desirable volatile compounds. Among the non-Saccharomyces yeasts that have attracted interest of researchers due to their fermentative qualities include strains of Candida stellata, C. zemplinina, Kloeckera apiculata and Hanseniaspora uvarum. Particularly, strains of Candida stellata and C. zemplinina have become very attractive for using in fermentations of different types of wines and beers. These yeasts are capable of producing significant concentrations of glycerol, an important compound that imparts a positive impact on the sensory quality of wines and beers. Candida yeasts, especially C. zemplinina, also produce high concentrations of ethanol, high enough to drive fermentation processes of wines. On the other hand, species of Kloeckera and Hanseniaspora yeasts are characterized by producing considerable amounts of acetate esters, valuable compounds that contribute positively to the sensory character of beers. Based on this, if a fermentation process that involves the use of non-Saccharomyces yeasts is going to be implemented, it is necessary to select the best representatives and then define the appropriate fermentation conditions for the production of fermented beverages with the desired sensory qualities.
\n
\n
\n
Conflict of interest
\n
The author certifies that he has no affiliation with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.
\n
\n',keywords:"non-Saccharomyces yeasts, fermented beverages, wine, craft beers",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/64367.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/64367.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64367",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64367",totalDownloads:1233,totalViews:186,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"May 11th 2018",dateReviewed:"October 4th 2018",datePrePublished:"December 3rd 2018",datePublished:"February 20th 2019",dateFinished:"November 10th 2018",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Fermented beverages such as wine, cider and beer are normally fermented with Saccharomyces yeasts due to their well-known fermentative behavior. These yeasts have been extensively investigated and are used in commercial processes. On the other hand, non-Saccharomyces yeasts were always considered contaminants in winemaking and brewing. Most researchers in the past argued that these yeasts produce several compounds that may alter the sensory quality of wine and beers. However, recent studies have demonstrated that their fermentative metabolism can be regulated and addressed to the production of compounds of sensory importance. Currently, some non-Saccharomyces yeasts belonging to the genera Kloeckera, Candida, Hanseniaspora are getting importance due to their high potentiality to be used in the production of fermented beverages such as special wines and craft beers. The emergence of new consumption patterns and market niches demanding products with new sensory characteristics has catapulted the exploitation of these yeasts.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/64367",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/64367",signatures:"Waldir Desiderio Estela Escalante",book:{id:"6878",type:"book",title:"Frontiers and New Trends in the Science of Fermented Food and Beverages",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Frontiers and New Trends in the Science of Fermented Food and Beverages",slug:"frontiers-and-new-trends-in-the-science-of-fermented-food-and-beverages",publishedDate:"February 20th 2019",bookSignature:"Rosa Lidia Solís-Oviedo and Ángel de la Cruz Pech-Canul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6878.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-78985-496-1",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-495-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-049-2",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"227052",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa Lidia",middleName:null,surname:"Solís-Oviedo",slug:"rosa-lidia-solis-oviedo",fullName:"Rosa Lidia Solís-Oviedo"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"258499",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Waldir D.",middleName:null,surname:"Estela-Escalante",fullName:"Waldir D. Estela-Escalante",slug:"waldir-d.-estela-escalante",email:"waldir.estela@unmsm.edu.pe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Yeasts",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Non-Saccharomyces yeasts",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"3.1 Fermentative metabolism of sugars",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_3",title:"3.1.1 Importance of oxygen",level:"3"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"3.2 Production of higher alcohols",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"3.3 Production of esters",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8",title:"4. Most important non-Saccharomyces yeasts",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"4.1 Candida yeasts",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"4.2 Kloeckera yeasts",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"4.3 Hanseniaspora yeasts",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"4.4 Brettanomyces yeasts",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13",title:"5. Production of special wines",level:"1"},{id:"sec_14",title:"6. Production of craft beers",level:"1"},{id:"sec_15",title:"7. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_16",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'\nMercado L, Dalcero A, Masuelli R, Combina M. Diversity of Saccharomyces strains on grapes and winery surfaces: Analysis of their contribution of fermentative flora of Malbec wine from Mendoza (Argentina) during two consecutive years. Food Microbiology. 2007;24:403-412\n'},{id:"B2",body:'\nClavijo A, Calderón IL, Paneque P. Diversity of Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces yeasts in three red grape varieties cultured in the Serranía de Ronda (Spain) vine-growing region. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2010;143:241-245\n'},{id:"B3",body:'\nBarnett JA, Payne RW, Yarrow D. Yeasts: Characteristics and Identification. 2nd ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1990\n'},{id:"B4",body:'\nCiani M, Maccarelli F. Oenological properties of non-Saccharomyces yeasts associated with wine-making. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 1998;14:199-203\n'},{id:"B5",body:'\nLoureiro V, Malfeito-Ferreira M. Spoilage activities of Dekkera/Brettanomyces spp. In: Blackburn C, editor. Food Spoilage Microorganisms. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishers; 2006. pp. 354-398\n'},{id:"B6",body:'\nHeard GM, Fleet GH. Growth of natural yeast flora during the fermentation of inoculated wines. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1985;50:727-728\n'},{id:"B7",body:'\nFleet GH. Yeast interaction and wine flavour. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2003;86:11-22\n'},{id:"B8",body:'\nGrangeteau C, Gerhards D, Terrat S, Dequiedt S, Alexandre H, Guilloux-Benatier M, et al. FT-IR spectroscopy: A powerful tool for studying the inter- and intraspecific biodiversity of cultivable non-Saccharomyces yeasts isolated from grape must. Journal of Microbiological Methods. 2016;121:50-58\n'},{id:"B9",body:'\nPardo I, Garcia MJ, Zuñiga M, Uruburu E. Dynamics of microbial populations during fermentation of wines from the Utiel-Requena region of Spain. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1989;55:539-541\n'},{id:"B10",body:'\nTamang JP, Fleet GH. Yeasts diversity in fermented foods and beverages. In: Satyanarayana T, Kunze G, editors. Yeast Biotechnology. Netherlands: Diversity and Applications. Springer; 2009. pp. 169-198\n'},{id:"B11",body:'\nEstela Escalante W, Rychtera M, Melzoch K, Hatta-Sakoda B, et al. Actividad fermentativa de Hanseniaspora uvarum y su importancia en la producción de bebidas fermentadas. Revista de la Sociedad Venezolana de Microbiología. 2011;31:57-63\n'},{id:"B12",body:'\nEstela Escalante W, Rychtera M, Melzoch K, Quillama Polo E, Hatta Sakoda B. Study of the fermentative activity of Hansenula anomala and production of chemical compounds of sensory importance. Revista Peruana de Biología. 2011;18(3):325-334\n'},{id:"B13",body:'\nEstela-Escalante W, Rychtera M, Melzoch K, Hatta-Sakoda B, et al. Actividad fermentativa de Saccharomycodes ludwigii y evaluación de la síntesis de compuestos de importancia sensorial durante la fermentación de jugo de manzana. TIP Revista Especializada en Ciencias Químico-Biológicas. 2011;14(1):12-23\n'},{id:"B14",body:'\nEstela-Escalante WD, Rychtera M, Melzoch K, Guerrero-Ochoa MR. Influence of aeration in the fermentative activity of Kloeckera apiculata during fermentation of apple juice. Acta Biológica Colombiana. 2012;17(2):309-321\n'},{id:"B15",body:'\nEstela-Escalante WD, Rychtera M, Melzoch K, et al. Efecto de la aireación en la producción de compuestos volátiles por cultivo mixto de Brettanomyces intermedius y Saccharomyces cerevisiae durante la fermentación de sidra. TIP Revista Especializada en Ciencias Químico-Biológicas. 2014;17(1):5-14\n'},{id:"B16",body:'\nPfliegler WP, Horvath E, Kallai Z, Sipiczki M. Diversity of Candida zemplinina isolates inferred from RAPD, micro/minisatellite and physiological analysis. Microbiological Research. 2014;169:402-410\n'},{id:"B17",body:'\nSteensels J, Verstrepen KJ. Taming wild yeast: Potential of conventional and nonconventional yeasts in industrial fermentations. Annual Review of Microbiology. 2014;68(1):61-80. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-091213-113025\n'},{id:"B18",body:'\nCrauwels S, Steensels J, Aerts G, Willems KA, Verstrepen KJ, Lievens B. Brettanomyces bruxellensis, essential contributor in spontaneous beer fermentations providing novel opportunities for the brewing industry. Brewing Science. 2015;68:110-121\n'},{id:"B19",body:'\nLiu PT, Lu L, Duan CQ , Yan GL. The contribution of indigenous non-Saccharomyces wine yeast to improved aromatic quality of cabernet sauvignon wines by spontaneous fermentation. LWT- Food Science and Technology. 2016;71:356-363\n'},{id:"B20",body:'\nEstela-Escalante WD, Rosales-Mendoza S, Moscosa-Santillán M, González-Ramírez JE. Evaluation of the fermentative potential of Candida zemplinina yeasts for craft beer fermentation. Journal of the Institute of Brewing. 2016;122:530-535\n'},{id:"B21",body:'\nEstela-Escalante WD, Moscosa-Santillán M, González-Ramírez JE, Rosales-Mendoza S. Evaluation of the potential production of ethanol by Candida zemplinina yeast with regard to beer fermentation. Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists. 2017;75(2):130-135\n'},{id:"B22",body:'\nFernandez M, Úbeda JF, Briones AI. Typing of non-Saccchromyces yeasts with enzymatic activities of interest in wine-making. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2000;59(1–20):29-36\n'},{id:"B23",body:'\nCordero-Bueso G, Esteve-Zarzoso B, Cabellos J, Gil-Díaz M, Arroyo T. Biotechnological potential of non-Saccharomyces yeasts isolated during spontaneous fermentations of Malvar (Vitis vinifera cv. L.). European Food Research and Technology. 2013;236(1):193-207. DOI: 10.1007/s00217-012-1874-9\n'},{id:"B24",body:'\nQuiros M, Rojas V, Gonzalez R, Morales P. Selection of non-Saccharomyces yeast strains for reducing alcohol levels in wine by sugar respiration. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2014;181:85-91\n'},{id:"B25",body:'\nContreras AC, Hidalgo PA, Henschke PJ, Chambers C, Curtin C, Varela C. Evaluation of non-Saccharomyces yeasts for the reduction of alcohol content in wine. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2015;80:1670-1678\n'},{id:"B26",body:'\nCiani M, Capece A, Comitini F, Canonico L, Siesto G, Romano P. Yeast interactions in inoculated wine fermentation. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2016;7(555)\n'},{id:"B27",body:'\nGobbi M, Comitini F, Domizio P, Romani C, Lencioni L, Mannazzu I, et al. Lachancea thermotolerans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in simultaneous and sequential co-fermentation: A strategy to enhance acidity and improve the overall quality of wine. Food Microbiology. 2013;33:271-281. DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2012.10.004\n'},{id:"B28",body:'\nLoira I, Vejarano R, Banuelos MA, Morata A, Tesfaye W, Uthurry C, et al. Influence of sequential fermentation with Torulaspora delbrueckii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on wine quality. LWT- Food Science and Technology. 2014;59:915-922\n'},{id:"B29",body:'\nCanonico L, Agarbati A, Comitini F, Ciani M. Torulaspora delbrueckii in the brewing process: A new approach to enhance bioflavour and to reduce ethanol content. Food Microbiology. 2016;56:45-51. DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2015.12.005\n'},{id:"B30",body:'\nFlores CL, Rodríguez C, Petit T, Gancedo C. Carbohydrate and energy-yielding metabolism in non-conventional yeasts. FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 2000;24:507-529\n'},{id:"B31",body:'\nPuligundla P, Smogrovicova D, Obulam VSR, Ko S. Very high gravity (VHG) ethanolic brewing and fermentation: A research update. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology. 2011;38:1133-1144. DOI: 10.1007/s10295-011-0999-3\n'},{id:"B32",body:'\nPrior BA, Hohmann S. Glycerol production and osmoregulation. In: Zimmermann FK, Entian KD, editors. Yeast sugar metabolism. Lancaster: Technomic Publishing; 1997. pp. 313-337\n'},{id:"B33",body:'\nSteel CC, Grbin PR, Nichol AW. The pentose phosphate pathway in the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kloeckera apiculata, an exercise in comparative metabolism for food and wine science students. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education. 2001;29:245-249\n'},{id:"B34",body:'\nBoudarel MJ. Contribution ál étude de la fermentation alcoolique á partir de jus de Betteraves avec. Saccharomyces cerevisiae [Thèse de Doctorat]. Université de Dijon, Francia; 1984\n'},{id:"B35",body:'\nButtke TM, Jones SD, Bloch K. Effect of sterol side chains on growth and membrane fatty acid composition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Journal of Bacteriology. 1980;144(1):124-130\n'},{id:"B36",body:'\nGibson BR. 125th anniversary review: Improvement of higher gravity brewery fermentation via wort enrichment and supplementation. Journal of the Institute of Brewing. 2011;117(3):268-284. DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.2011.tb00472.x\n'},{id:"B37",body:'\nVisser W, Scheffers WA, Batenburg-Van Der Vegte WH, Van Dijken JP. Oxygen requirements of yeasts. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1990;56(12):3785-3792\n'},{id:"B38",body:'\nGonzález R, Quiros M, Morales P. Yeast respiration of sugars by non-Saccharomyces yeast species: A promising and barely explored approach to lowering alcohol content of wines. Trends in Food Science and Technology. 2013;29(1):55-61. DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2012.06.015\n'},{id:"B39",body:'\nRodrigues AJ, Raimbourg T, Gonzalez R, Morales P. Environmental factors influencing the efficacy of different yeast strains for alcohol level reduction in wine by respiration. LWT- Food Science and Technology. 2016;65:1038-1043\n'},{id:"B40",body:'\nRomano P, Suzzi G, Comi G, Zironi R. Higher alcohol and acetic acid production by apiculate wine yeasts. The Journal of Applied Bacteriology. 1992;73:126-130\n'},{id:"B41",body:'\nVidrih R, Hribar J. Synthesis of higher alcohols during cider processing. Food Chemistry. 1999;67:287-294\n'},{id:"B42",body:'\nEhrlich F. Uber eine Methode zur spaltung racemischer aminosauren mittels Hefe. Biochemische Zeitschrift. 1906;1:8\n'},{id:"B43",body:'\nWebb AD, Ingraha JL. Fusel oil. Advances in Applied Microbiology. 1963;5:317-353\n'},{id:"B44",body:'\nNordstrom K. Possible control of volatile ester formation in brewing. In: Proc. Eur. Brew. Conv. 10th, Stockholm. 1965. pp. 195-208\n'},{id:"B45",body:'\nYoshioka K, Hashimoto N. Ester formation by alcohol acetyltransferase from brewers’ yeast. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry. 1981;45(10):2183-2190\n'},{id:"B46",body:'\nLilly M, Lambrechts MG, Pretorius IS. Effect of increased yeast alcohol acetyltransferase activity on flavor profiles of wine and distillates. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2000;66(2):744-753\n'},{id:"B47",body:'\nRojas V, Gil JV, Manzanares P, Gavara R, Piñaga F, Flors A. Measurement of alcohol acetyltransferase and ester hydrolase activities in yeast extracts. Enzyme and Microbial Technology. 2002;30(2):224-230. DOI: 10.1016/S0141-0229(01)00483-5\n'},{id:"B48",body:'\nSoden A, Francis IL, Oakey H, Henschke PA. Effects of co-fermentation with Candida stellata and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the aroma and composition of chardonnay wine. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research. 2000;6:21-30\n'},{id:"B49",body:'\nZohre DE, Erten H. The influence of Kloeckera apiculata and Candida pulcherrima yeasts on wine fermentation. Process Biochemistry. 2002;38:319-324\n'},{id:"B50",body:'\nTofalo R, Schirone M, Torriani S, Rantsiou K, Cocolin L, Perpetuini G, et al. Diversity of Candida zemplinina strains from grapes and Italian wines. Food Microbiology. 2012;29:18-26\n'},{id:"B51",body:'\nTorija MJ, Rozes N, Poblet M, Guillamon JM, Mas A. Yeast population dynamics in spontaneous fermentations comparison between two different wine-producing areas over a period of three years. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 2001;79(3):345-352\n'},{id:"B52",body:'\nBeltran G, Torija MJ, Novo M, Ferrer N, Poblet M, Guillamon JM, et al. Analysis of yeast populations during alcoholic fermentation: A six year follow-up study. Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 2002;25(2):287-293\n'},{id:"B53",body:'\nEnglezos V, Rantsiou K, Torchio F, Rolle L, Gerbi V, Cocolin L. Exploitation of the non-Saccharomyces yeast Starmerella bacillaris (synonym Candida zemplinina) in wine fermentation: Physiological and molecular characterizations. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2015;199:33-40\n'},{id:"B54",body:'\nZara G, Mannazzu I, Del Caro A, Budroni M, Pinna MB, Murru M, et al. Wine quality improvement through the combined utilisation of yeast hulls and Candida zemplinina/Saccharomyces cerevisiae mixed starter cultures. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research. 2014;20:199-207\n'},{id:"B55",body:'\nMestre MV, Maturano YP, Combina M, Mercado LA, Toro ME, Vazquez F. Selection of non-Saccharomyces yeasts to be used in grape musts with high alcoholic potential: A strategy to obtain wines with reduced ethanol content. FEMS Yeast Research. 2017;17(2):1-10. DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fox010\n'},{id:"B56",body:'\nRantsiou K, Englezos V, Torchio F, Risse PA, Cravero F, Gerbi F, et al. Modeling of the fermentation behavior of Starmerella bacillaris. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 2017;68:378-385\n'},{id:"B57",body:'\nEnglezos V, Torchio F, Cravero F, Marengo F, Giacosa S, Gerbi V, et al. Aroma profile and composition of Barbera wines obtained by mixed fermentations of Starmerella bacillaris (synonym Candida zemplinina) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. LWT- Food Science and Technology. 2016;73:567-575\n'},{id:"B58",body:'\nBalli D, Flari V, Sakellaraki E, Schoina V, Iconomopoulou M, Bekatorou A, et al. Effect of yeast cell immobilization and temperature on glycerol content in alcoholic fermentation with respect to wine making. Process Biochemistry. 2003;39:499-506\n'},{id:"B59",body:'\nSuarez-Valles B, Pando Bedrinana R, Ferandez Tasco N, Querol Simon A, Rodriguez Madrera R. Yeast species associated with the spontaneous fermentation of cider. Food Microbiology. 2007;24:25-31\n'},{id:"B60",body:'\nZott K, Miot-Sertier C, Claisse O, Lonvaud-Funel A, Masneufpomarede I. Dynamics and diversity of non-Saccharomyces yeasts during the early stages in winemaking. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2008;125:197-203\n'},{id:"B61",body:'\nDi Maro E, Ercolini D, Coppola S. Yeast dynamics during spontaneous wine fermentation of the Catalanesca grape. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2007;117(2):201-210. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.04.007\n'},{id:"B62",body:'\nGranchi L, Ganucci D, Messini A, Vincenzini M. Oenological properties of Hanseniaspora osmophila and Kloeckera corticis from wines produced by spontaneous fermentations of normal and dried grapes. FEMS Yeast Research. 2002;(2):403-407\n'},{id:"B63",body:'\nPlata C, Millan C, Mauricio JC, Ortega JM. Formation of ethyl acetate and isoamyl acetate by various species of wine yeasts. Food Microbiology. 2003;20:217-224. DOI: 10.1016/S0740-0020(02)00101-6\n'},{id:"B64",body:'\nCaridi A, Tini V. Caratteristiche enologiche di Hanseniaspora guilliermondii. Vini d’Italia. 1991;23:51-57\n'},{id:"B65",body:'\nMaturano YP, Mestre MV, Esteve-Zarzoso B, Nally MC, Lerena MC, Toro ME, et al. Yeast population dynamics during prefermentative cold soak of cabernet sauvignon and Malbec wines. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2015;199:23-32. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.01.005\n'},{id:"B66",body:'\nRomano A, Perello MC, Lonvaud-Funel A, Sicard G, de Revel G. Sensory and analytical re-evaluation of “Brett character”. Food Chemistry. 2009;114:15-19\n'},{id:"B67",body:'\nSuarez R, Suárez-Lepe JA, Morata A, Calderón F. The production of ethylphenols in wine by yeasts of the genera Brettanomyces and Dekkera: A review. Food Chemistry. 2007;102:10-21\n'},{id:"B68",body:'\nMartens H, Iserentant D, Verachtert H. Microbiological aspects of a mixed yeast-bacterial fermentation in the production of a special Belgian acidic ale. Journal of the Institute of Brewing. 1997;103:85-91\n'},{id:"B69",body:'\nMorrissey WF, Davenport B, Querol A, Dobson ADW. The role of indigenous yeasts in traditional Irish cider fermentations. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2004;97:647-655\n'},{id:"B70",body:'\nTeoh AL, Heard G, Cox J. Yeast ecology of Kombucha fermentation. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2004;95:119-126\n'},{id:"B71",body:'\nVerachtert H, Derdelinckx G. Belgian acidic beers: Daily reminiscences of the past. Cerevisia. 2014;38(4):121-128. DOI: 10.1016/j.cervis.2014.04.002\n'},{id:"B72",body:'\nWijsman MR, van Dijken JP, van Kleeff BH, Scheffers WA. Inhibition of fermentation and growth in batch cultures of the yeast Brettanomyces intermedius upon a shift from aerobic to anaerobic conditions (Custers effect). Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 1984;50:183-192\n'},{id:"B73",body:'\nSpitaels F, Wieme AD, Janssens M, Aerts M, Daniel HM, Van Landschoot A, et al. The microbial diversity of traditional spontaneously fermented lambic beer. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):1-13. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095384\n'},{id:"B74",body:'\nVanderhaegen B, Neven H, Coghe S, Verstrepen KJ, Derdelinckx G, Verachtert H. Bioflavoring and beer refermentation. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2003;62:140-150\n'},{id:"B75",body:'\nVerstrepen KJ, Derdelinckx G, Dufour JP, Winderickx J, Thevelein JM, Pretorius IS, et al. Flavor-active esters: Adding fruitiness to beer. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering. 2003;96:110-118. DOI: 10.1263/jbb.96.110\n'},{id:"B76",body:'\nComitini F, Gobbi M, Domizio P, Romani C, Lencioni L, Mannazzu I, et al. Selected non-Saccharomyces wine yeasts in controlled multistarter fermentations with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Food Microbiology. 2011;28:873-882\n'},{id:"B77",body:'\nKell J. What You Didn\'t Know About The Boom In Craft Beer. 2016. Available from: http://fortune.com/2016/03/22/craft-beer-sales-rise-2015/. [Accessed: 2018-07-20]\n'},{id:"B78",body:'\nBrewers-Association. National beer sales and production data. The New Brewer. 2017. Available from: https://www.brewersassociation.org/statistics/national-beer-sales production data/. [Accessed: 2018-07-18]\n'},{id:"B79",body:'\nJohnson E. Biotechnology of non-Saccharomyces yeasts-the ascomycetes. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2013;97(2):503-517. DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4497-y\n'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Waldir Desiderio Estela Escalante",address:"waldir.estela@unmsm.edu.pe",affiliation:'
Laboratory of Bioprocessing and Technology of Fermentation, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"6878",type:"book",title:"Frontiers and New Trends in the Science of Fermented Food and Beverages",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Frontiers and New Trends in the Science of Fermented Food and Beverages",slug:"frontiers-and-new-trends-in-the-science-of-fermented-food-and-beverages",publishedDate:"February 20th 2019",bookSignature:"Rosa Lidia Solís-Oviedo and Ángel de la Cruz Pech-Canul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6878.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-78985-496-1",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-495-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-049-2",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"227052",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa Lidia",middleName:null,surname:"Solís-Oviedo",slug:"rosa-lidia-solis-oviedo",fullName:"Rosa Lidia Solís-Oviedo"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"109753",title:"Prof.",name:"Aliasghar",middleName:null,surname:"Yarmohamadi",email:"yarmohamadiaa@mums.ac.ir",fullName:"Aliasghar Yarmohamadi",slug:"aliasghar-yarmohamadi",position:null,biography:"Family Name: Yarmohamadi\nFirst Name: Aliasghar \nPlace of Birth: Shahrood, I.R. of IRAN \nDate of Birth: 26-05-1948\nNationality: Iranian \nGender: Male \n\n1967 \t\t Diploma, Shahpoor Gholamreza phahlavi High School Shahrood, IRAN\n1967-1974 qualification of MD, Ferdowsi University ,IRAN\n1987-1982\t Resident of Urology, Ghaem Medical Cente, Mashad University of Medical Sciences, Mashad, IRAN\n1989\t\tKidney transplantation short course training, Shahid Hasheminajad Hospital , Tehran, Iran.\n1984-2002 \tAssistant Professor of Urology, Mashad University of Medical Sciences, Mashad, IRAN \n1991-1993\tScholorship (Endourology-Transplantation,Oncourology-Andrology fellows ) to the Western General Hospital Edinburgh University, Scotland, UK \n2002\t\t\t Associate Professor of Urology, Mashad University of Medical Sciences, Mashad, IRAN \n2004\t\t\tprostalund (short course training) Microwave thermotherapy\n2011\t\t\tProfessor of Urology , Mashad University of Medical \t\t Sciences, Mashad, IRAN",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109753/images/1922_n.jpg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:{name:"Mashhad University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"36752",title:"Urinary Tract Endometriosis",slug:"urinary-tract-endometriosis",abstract:null,signatures:"Aliasghar Yarmohamadi and Nasser Mogharabian",authors:[{id:"109753",title:"Prof.",name:"Aliasghar",surname:"Yarmohamadi",fullName:"Aliasghar Yarmohamadi",slug:"aliasghar-yarmohamadi",email:"yarmohamadiaa@mums.ac.ir"},{id:"111966",title:"Dr.",name:"Nasser",surname:"Mogharabian",fullName:"Nasser Mogharabian",slug:"nasser-mogharabian",email:"dr.mogharabian@hotmail.com"}],book:{id:"684",title:"Endometriosis",slug:"endometriosis-basic-concepts-and-current-research-trends",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"79859",title:"Dr.",name:"Lan",surname:"Zhu",slug:"lan-zhu",fullName:"Lan Zhu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"80568",title:"Dr.",name:"Arturo",surname:"Del Rey-Moreno",slug:"arturo-del-rey-moreno",fullName:"Arturo Del Rey-Moreno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Servicio Andaluz de Salud",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"82461",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriela",surname:"Meresman",slug:"gabriela-meresman",fullName:"Gabriela Meresman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"83233",title:"Prof.",name:"Anita",surname:"Olejek",slug:"anita-olejek",fullName:"Anita Olejek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"88680",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw",surname:"Horak",slug:"stanislaw-horak",fullName:"Stanislaw Horak",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Silesian University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"91503",title:"Prof.",name:"Agatha",surname:"Kondi-Pafiti",slug:"agatha-kondi-pafiti",fullName:"Agatha Kondi-Pafiti",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"92578",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammadreza",surname:"Razaghi",slug:"mohammadreza-razaghi",fullName:"Mohammadreza Razaghi",position:"Chairman",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"111966",title:"Dr.",name:"Nasser",surname:"Mogharabian",slug:"nasser-mogharabian",fullName:"Nasser Mogharabian",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/111966/images/1241_n.jpg",biography:"MD . Urologist\n1. Urology Resident · 2009 to present. Mashhad, Iran. \nMashhad university of medical sciences.\n\n2. Family Doctor · 2007 to 2009 · Ferdows. Baghestan health center .\nBirjand university of medical sciences.\n\n3. General Practitioner · 2005 to 2006\nShahrude university of medical sciences - Health provider.\n\n4. Emergency Medicine Physician · 2003 to 2005 · Bandar-E Lengeh, Hormozgan, Iran\nHormozgan university of medical sciences.\n\n5. Medical student · Mashhad, Iran\nMashhad university of medical sciences.\n\n6. Sabzevar\nBagher al oloom highschool",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Mashhad University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"118905",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Mohsen",surname:"Mazloomfard",slug:"mohammad-mohsen-mazloomfard",fullName:"Mohammad Mohsen Mazloomfard",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"123056",title:"Dr.",name:"Anahita",surname:"Ansari Djafari",slug:"anahita-ansari-djafari",fullName:"Anahita Ansari Djafari",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"content-alerts",title:"Content alerts",intro:"
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{"933869@":null},profiles:[],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6601},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5906},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2400},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12541},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1008},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17561}],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"72123"},books:[],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:43},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:21},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:62},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:29},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:122},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:0},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11001",title:"Density Functional Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82d53383af78ab41eb982086c02fb2bb",slug:"density-functional-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11001.jpg",editors:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11752",title:"Natural Drugs from Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0a83c0822608ef7592bf16a5ed0ada4",slug:"natural-drugs-from-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11752.jpg",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10871",title:"Computed-Tomography (CT) Scan",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"966d8cf74fa27eea1b9cbc9a6ee94993",slug:"computed-tomography-ct-scan",bookSignature:"Reda R. Gharieb",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10871.jpg",editors:[{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11196",title:"New Updates in E-Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6afaadf68e2a0a4b370ac5ceb5ca89c6",slug:"new-updates-in-e-learning",bookSignature:"Eduard Babulak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11196.jpg",editors:[{id:"10086",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Babulak",slug:"eduard-babulak",fullName:"Eduard Babulak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4383},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3340,editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11001",title:"Density Functional Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82d53383af78ab41eb982086c02fb2bb",slug:"density-functional-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11001.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1845,editors:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1096,editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:995,editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3791,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11752",title:"Natural Drugs from Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0a83c0822608ef7592bf16a5ed0ada4",slug:"natural-drugs-from-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11752.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2982,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:559,editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:546,editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:539,editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:535,editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10871",title:"Computed-Tomography (CT) Scan",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"966d8cf74fa27eea1b9cbc9a6ee94993",slug:"computed-tomography-ct-scan",bookSignature:"Reda R. Gharieb",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10871.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10654",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5308884068cc53ed31c6baba756857f",slug:"brain-computer-interface",bookSignature:"Vahid Asadpour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11196",title:"New Updates in E-Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6afaadf68e2a0a4b370ac5ceb5ca89c6",slug:"new-updates-in-e-learning",bookSignature:"Eduard Babulak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11196.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"10086",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Babulak",slug:"eduard-babulak",fullName:"Eduard Babulak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1067",title:"Maternal-Fetal Medicine",slug:"maternal-fetal-medicine",parent:{id:"189",title:"Obstetrics and Gynecology",slug:"obstetrics-and-gynecology"},numberOfBooks:10,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:277,numberOfWosCitations:79,numberOfCrossrefCitations:62,numberOfDimensionsCitations:155,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1067",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10717",title:"Gestational Diabetes Mellitus",subtitle:"New Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"df4ea168770f9a62d90a92429dc237b7",slug:"gestational-diabetes-mellitus-new-developments",bookSignature:"Miroslav Radenković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10717.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"45327",title:"Prof.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Radenkovic",slug:"miroslav-radenkovic",fullName:"Miroslav Radenkovic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10721",title:"Preeclampsia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb38592b7a656d02dd6b28c34e43de32",slug:"preeclampsia",bookSignature:"Hassan Abduljabbar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10721.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68175",title:"Prof.",name:"Hassan",middleName:"S",surname:"Abduljabbar",slug:"hassan-abduljabbar",fullName:"Hassan Abduljabbar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8471",title:"Prediction of Maternal and Fetal Syndrome of Preeclampsia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"327257ae2f4783050d327cd524bf2a3e",slug:"prediction-of-maternal-and-fetal-syndrome-of-preeclampsia",bookSignature:"Nidhi Sharma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8471.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"220214",title:"Prof.",name:"Nidhi",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"nidhi-sharma",fullName:"Nidhi Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7259",title:"Selected Topics in Midwifery Care",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e5010271563ab3bbf99a960a183acb80",slug:"selected-topics-in-midwifery-care",bookSignature:"Ana Polona Mivšek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7259.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"85109",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Polona",middleName:null,surname:"Mivšek",slug:"ana-polona-mivsek",fullName:"Ana Polona Mivšek"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7173",title:"Multiple Pregnancy",subtitle:"New Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f599a465410812da5aee0b247d427e9b",slug:"multiple-pregnancy-new-challenges",bookSignature:"Julio Elito Jr.",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7173.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"35132",title:"Prof.",name:"Julio",middleName:null,surname:"Elito Jr.",slug:"julio-elito-jr.",fullName:"Julio Elito Jr."}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6295",title:"Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fc1274517f5c0c09b0a923b3027f3d8a",slug:"pregnancy-and-birth-outcomes",bookSignature:"Wei Wu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6295.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178661",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"wei-wu",fullName:"Wei Wu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5937",title:"Obstetrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"092197b1191815505a23e7dd1c9edde6",slug:"obstetrics",bookSignature:"Hassan Salah Abduljabbar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5937.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68175",title:"Prof.",name:"Hassan",middleName:"S",surname:"Abduljabbar",slug:"hassan-abduljabbar",fullName:"Hassan Abduljabbar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"952",title:"Cesarean Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cdde3ddf5707430e18678e9ed4c77f4e",slug:"cesarean-delivery",bookSignature:"Raed Salim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/952.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91354",title:"Dr.",name:"Raed",middleName:null,surname:"Salim",slug:"raed-salim",fullName:"Raed Salim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"776",title:"Preterm Birth",subtitle:"Mother and Child",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4e5369103770cdbf61058ad75e2e63bb",slug:"preterm-birth-mother-and-child",bookSignature:"John C. Morrison",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/776.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68209",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Morrison",slug:"john-morrison",fullName:"John Morrison"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"233",title:"Ectopic Pregnancy",subtitle:"Modern Diagnosis and Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c65111e8ad6970e2023fc65cd3a92b5",slug:"ectopic-pregnancy-modern-diagnosis-and-management",bookSignature:"Michael Kamrava",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/233.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30190",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:"M",surname:"Kamrava",slug:"michael-kamrava",fullName:"Michael Kamrava"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:10,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"37219",doi:"10.5772/47914",title:"Determining Factors of Cesarean Delivery Trends in Developing Countries: Lessons from Point G National Hospital (Bamako - Mali)",slug:"determining-factors-of-cesarean-delivery-trends-in-developing-countries-lessons-from-point-g-nat",totalDownloads:3023,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:null,book:{id:"952",slug:"cesarean-delivery",title:"Cesarean Delivery",fullTitle:"Cesarean Delivery"},signatures:"I. Teguete, Y. Traore, A. Sissoko, M. Y. Djire, A. Thera, T. Dolo, N. Mounkoro, M. Traore and A. Dolo",authors:[{id:"87496",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahima",middleName:null,surname:"Teguete",slug:"ibrahima-teguete",fullName:"Ibrahima Teguete"}]},{id:"27121",doi:"10.5772/27439",title:"Clinical Risk Factors for Preterm Birth",slug:"clinical-risk-factors-for-preterm-birth",totalDownloads:8731,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:null,book:{id:"776",slug:"preterm-birth-mother-and-child",title:"Preterm Birth",fullTitle:"Preterm Birth - Mother and Child"},signatures:"Ifeoma Offiah, Keelin O’Donoghue and Louise Kenny",authors:[{id:"68552",title:"Dr.",name:"Ifeoma",middleName:null,surname:"Offiah",slug:"ifeoma-offiah",fullName:"Ifeoma Offiah"},{id:"70166",title:"Prof.",name:"Louise",middleName:null,surname:"Kenny",slug:"louise-kenny",fullName:"Louise Kenny"},{id:"74717",title:"Dr.",name:"Keelin",middleName:null,surname:"O'Donoghue",slug:"keelin-o'donoghue",fullName:"Keelin O'Donoghue"}]},{id:"27122",doi:"10.5772/27539",title:"Psychobiological Stress and Preterm Birth",slug:"psychobiological-stress-and-preterm-birth",totalDownloads:2976,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:null,book:{id:"776",slug:"preterm-birth-mother-and-child",title:"Preterm Birth",fullTitle:"Preterm Birth - Mother and Child"},signatures:"Curt A. Sandman, Elysia P. Davis and Laura M. Glynn",authors:[{id:"70534",title:"Prof.",name:"Curt",middleName:null,surname:"Sandman",slug:"curt-sandman",fullName:"Curt Sandman"},{id:"74174",title:"Prof.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Glynn",slug:"laura-glynn",fullName:"Laura Glynn"},{id:"74177",title:"Prof.",name:"Elysia",middleName:null,surname:"Davis",slug:"elysia-davis",fullName:"Elysia Davis"}]},{id:"22230",doi:"10.5772/21555",title:"Tubal Damage, Infertility and Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy: Chlamydia trachomatis and Other Microbial Aetiologies",slug:"tubal-damage-infertility-and-tubal-ectopic-pregnancy-chlamydia-trachomatis-and-other-microbial-aetio",totalDownloads:5556,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"233",slug:"ectopic-pregnancy-modern-diagnosis-and-management",title:"Ectopic Pregnancy",fullTitle:"Ectopic Pregnancy - Modern Diagnosis and Management"},signatures:"Louise M. Hafner and Elise S. Pelzer",authors:[{id:"43697",title:"Prof.",name:"Louise",middleName:null,surname:"Hafner",slug:"louise-hafner",fullName:"Louise Hafner"},{id:"43707",title:"Ms.",name:"Elise",middleName:null,surname:"Pelzer",slug:"elise-pelzer",fullName:"Elise Pelzer"}]},{id:"62277",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79361",title:"Basic Antenatal Care Approach to Antenatal Care Service Provision",slug:"basic-antenatal-care-approach-to-antenatal-care-service-provision",totalDownloads:2937,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Globally, antenatal care is advocated as the cornerstone for reducing children’s deaths and improving maternal health. The basic antenatal care approach is used in the public health institutions in South Africa to provide healthcare services to the pregnant women. The basic antenatal care approach is a modified version of the focused antenatal care approach that was recommended by researchers during 2001 and adopted by the World Health Organisation in 2002 following realisation that traditional antenatal care programmes that were meant for developed countries were poorly implemented and largely ineffective when used in developing countries. The basic antenatal care approach is listed as one of the priority interventions for reducing maternal and child mortality in the country and is recommended as the minimum level of antenatal care that every pregnant woman should receive. Every site where pregnant women make contact with healthcare services should provide antenatal care services daily using this approach so that the first antenatal care visit consultation takes place as soon as the pregnancy has been confirmed or the very first time that a pregnant woman visits a health facility. The introductions of the basic antenatal care approach have been a positive milestone for South Africa.",book:{id:"7259",slug:"selected-topics-in-midwifery-care",title:"Selected Topics in Midwifery Care",fullTitle:"Selected Topics in Midwifery Care"},signatures:"Thembelihle Sylvia Patience Ngxongo",authors:[{id:"243711",title:"Dr.",name:"Thembelihle Sylvia Patience",middleName:null,surname:"Ngxongo",slug:"thembelihle-sylvia-patience-ngxongo",fullName:"Thembelihle Sylvia Patience Ngxongo"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"57672",title:"Ectopic Pregnancy: Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",slug:"ectopic-pregnancy-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",totalDownloads:2675,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"An ectopic pregnancy (EP) falls within the area of the gynecological emergency and/or reproductive management of women, which is the implantation of fertilized ovum outside the endometrial cavity. The etiology of EP concentrated mainly on factor causes delayed transport of the fertilized ovum through the fallopian tube (favors implantation in tubal mucosa), thus giving rise to EP. This chapter describes the causes, diagnosis, prevention and the guidelines to improve the management of women who may have an EP, a major gynecological emergency that is a cause of morbidity or even mortality of women in first trimester. Three types of EP are diagnosed: tubal, cervical and ovarian; tubal is the main type. Identification of the signs and symptoms of acute and chronic EP in women, involving classical clinical trials or other symptoms common to early pregnancy, as well as evaluating the most important congenital and acquired factors related with EP, were discussed. Explanation of the most accurate methods used to diagnose the pregnancy including serum beta hCG and progesterone levels, medical history, ultrasonography, pregnancy tests and laparoscopy was also clarified. The evaluation of the most effective management tools of EP, including methotrexate administration and surgery (laparotomy and laparoscopy), was obviously explained.",book:{id:"5937",slug:"obstetrics",title:"Obstetrics",fullTitle:"Obstetrics"},signatures:"Talal Anwer Abdulkareem and Sajeda Mahdi Eidan",authors:[{id:"201127",title:"Prof.",name:"Talal",middleName:"Anwer",surname:"Abdulkareem",slug:"talal-abdulkareem",fullName:"Talal Abdulkareem"}]},{id:"56365",title:"Massive Postpartum Hemorrhage: Protocol and Red Code",slug:"massive-postpartum-hemorrhage-protocol-and-red-code",totalDownloads:2450,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is the leading cause of maternal death. In developing countries, approximately 8% of maternal death is caused by PPH. Protocols should provide a standardized approach to evaluate and monitor the patients. A standard protocol must be recognized by the institution and must be accepted and known by all team members. Additionally, it is important to have a massive obstetric hemorrhage protocol (red code) for those patients with an important bleeding who require blood products available as soon as possible. In the red code activation protocol there are several key points to consider: the management algorithm must be known and accepted by all team members, a clear and effective communication between the team must be established and all the participants must know the role they play. Massive obstetric hemorrhage has a multidisciplinary implication: obstetricians, anesthesiologists, pediatricians, midwife, nurses, auxiliary staff, and laboratory blood bank staff. The active participation of the multidisciplinary team in simulations before the protocols implementation facilitates the evaluation of critical points and subsequent changes before their final application, the assessment of the adequacy of circuits and infrastructure, as well as a better protocols compliance.",book:{id:"5937",slug:"obstetrics",title:"Obstetrics",fullTitle:"Obstetrics"},signatures:"Jaume Miñano Masip, Laura Almeida Toledano, Sílvia Ferrero\nMartínez and María Dolores Gómez Roig",authors:[{id:"202446",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Maria Dolores",middleName:null,surname:"Gómez Roig",slug:"maria-dolores-gomez-roig",fullName:"Maria Dolores Gómez Roig"},{id:"202447",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaume",middleName:null,surname:"Miñano Masip",slug:"jaume-minano-masip",fullName:"Jaume Miñano Masip"},{id:"202448",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Almeida",slug:"laura-almeida",fullName:"Laura Almeida"},{id:"202449",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvia",middleName:null,surname:"Ferrero",slug:"silvia-ferrero",fullName:"Silvia Ferrero"}]},{id:"56677",title:"Ovarian Cancer and Pregnancy",slug:"ovarian-cancer-and-pregnancy",totalDownloads:1655,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The annual incidence rate of cancer is estimated to be more than 11,000 patients in the U.K. in the age group of 15–40 years, which corresponds to 4% of all cancer patients. The diagnosis of cancer is followed by devastating consequences for the patients and their families in this age group. Although the treatment of cancer is of crucial significance, it should also examine the impact of the disease on fertility at the time of the diagnosis and the damages caused from the surgical treatment, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy. The gynecological cancer, especially the diagnosis of ovarian cancer, the prevention, and treatment, as well as the fertility preservation in young women, represent the gold standard for all gynecologists. The crucial disadvantage remains the difficulty in primary diagnosis of ovarian cancer and the coexistence with pregnancy, focusing on the fertility preservation and maintaining pregnancy. In the absence of large perspective randomized trials and cohort studies, the therapeutic mapping and optimal management of these patients are difficult. In order to establish detailed guidelines, it is necessary to ensure surgical mapping depending on the cancer staging and the quality of life of the patients.",book:{id:"5937",slug:"obstetrics",title:"Obstetrics",fullTitle:"Obstetrics"},signatures:"Chrisostomos Sofoudis",authors:[{id:"173802",title:"Dr.",name:"Chrisostomos",middleName:null,surname:"Sofoudis",slug:"chrisostomos-sofoudis",fullName:"Chrisostomos Sofoudis"}]},{id:"65495",title:"Improving Maternal Health: The Safe Childbirth Checklist as a Tool for Reducing Maternal Mortality and Morbidity",slug:"improving-maternal-health-the-safe-childbirth-checklist-as-a-tool-for-reducing-maternal-mortality-an",totalDownloads:2104,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Ensuring healthy lives and promoting the well-being for all at all ages is essential to sustainable development. The UN’s adoption of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) in September 2015 reaffirmed the reduction of maternal and newborn mortality as global priorities in the coming decade. The World Health Organisation Safe Childbirth Checklist has been developed to ensure the delivery of essential maternal and perinatal care practices. The Safe Childbirth Checklist aims to help frontline health workers to prevent avoidable childbirth-related mortality and morbidity. The Checklist addresses the major causes of maternal death (haemorrhage, infection, obstructed labour and hypertensive disorders), intrapartum-related stillbirths (inadequate intrapartum care), and neonatal deaths (birth asphyxia, infection and complications related to prematurity). Successful completion of checklist items by healthcare workers will help keep the woman and baby safe as the checklist catalogues a core set of practices that are proven to reduce maternal and newborn harm. The practices described in the checklist items should be conducted at every birth. This chapter utilises experiences gained in Cameroon, Ghana, Nigeria and Zambia during the Pfizer Independent Grant for Learning and Change supported Medical Women’s Association of Nigeria Improving Maternal Health in sub-Saharan Africa project to describe the checklist and how it can be used to deliver lifesaving midwifery care and enhance maternal health.",book:{id:"7259",slug:"selected-topics-in-midwifery-care",title:"Selected Topics in Midwifery Care",fullTitle:"Selected Topics in Midwifery Care"},signatures:"Julius Dohbit, Vetty Agala, Pamela Chinwa-Banda, Betty Anane-\nFenin, Omosivie Maduka, Ufuoma Edewor, Ibimonye Porbeni, Fru\nAngwafo and Rosemary Ogu",authors:[{id:"213063",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosemary",middleName:null,surname:"Ogu",slug:"rosemary-ogu",fullName:"Rosemary Ogu"},{id:"241001",title:"Dr.",name:"Pamela",middleName:"Chirwa",surname:"Banda",slug:"pamela-banda",fullName:"Pamela Banda"},{id:"259772",title:"Dr.",name:"Vetty",middleName:null,surname:"Agala",slug:"vetty-agala",fullName:"Vetty Agala"},{id:"270792",title:"Prof.",name:"Fru",middleName:null,surname:"Angwafo",slug:"fru-angwafo",fullName:"Fru Angwafo"},{id:"270799",title:"Dr.",name:"Julius",middleName:null,surname:"Dohbit Sama",slug:"julius-dohbit-sama",fullName:"Julius Dohbit Sama"},{id:"270802",title:"Dr.",name:"Betty",middleName:null,surname:"Anane-Fenin",slug:"betty-anane-fenin",fullName:"Betty Anane-Fenin"},{id:"270803",title:"Dr.",name:"Ufuoma",middleName:null,surname:"Edewor",slug:"ufuoma-edewor",fullName:"Ufuoma Edewor"},{id:"273872",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibimonye",middleName:null,surname:"Porbeni",slug:"ibimonye-porbeni",fullName:"Ibimonye Porbeni"},{id:"273875",title:"Dr.",name:"Omosivie",middleName:null,surname:"Maduka",slug:"omosivie-maduka",fullName:"Omosivie Maduka"}]},{id:"56985",title:"Pelvic Floor Support",slug:"pelvic-floor-support",totalDownloads:3296,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Pelvic floor muscle can be weakened by pregnancy and birth trauma and this contributes to sagging of pelvic floor, and may lead to pelvic floor disorder (PFD). There are various forms of pelvic floor support available in modern medicine, each has its own therapeutic logic behind its use. The noninvasive mechanical device bowel aid provides conservative support to supplement current obstetric management to improve outcome of management of pregnancy related problem like hemorrhoid and anal fissure. With optimization of the conservative pelvic floor support during pregnancy, it is very promising to prevent PFD in later life of the women.",book:{id:"5937",slug:"obstetrics",title:"Obstetrics",fullTitle:"Obstetrics"},signatures:"Yu Chye Wah and Chew Heng Hai",authors:[{id:"202862",title:"Dr.",name:"Chye Wah",middleName:null,surname:"Yu",slug:"chye-wah-yu",fullName:"Chye Wah Yu"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1067",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",issn:"2754-6713",scope:"
\r\n\tScientists have long researched to understand the environment and man’s place in it. The search for this knowledge grows in importance as rapid increases in population and economic development intensify humans’ stresses on ecosystems. Fortunately, rapid increases in multiple scientific areas are advancing our understanding of environmental sciences. Breakthroughs in computing, molecular biology, ecology, and sustainability science are enhancing our ability to utilize environmental sciences to address real-world problems. \r\n\tThe four topics of this book series - Pollution; Environmental Resilience and Management; Ecosystems and Biodiversity; and Water Science - will address important areas of advancement in the environmental sciences. They will represent an excellent initial grouping of published works on these critical topics.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/25.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"April 13th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!1,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"197485",title:"Dr.",name:"J. Kevin",middleName:null,surname:"Summers",slug:"j.-kevin-summers",fullName:"J. Kevin Summers",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197485/images/system/197485.jpg",biography:"J. Kevin Summers is a Senior Research Ecologist at the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Gulf Ecosystem Measurement and Modeling Division. He is currently working with colleagues in the Sustainable and Healthy Communities Program to develop an index of community resilience to natural hazards, an index of human well-being that can be linked to changes in the ecosystem, social and economic services, and a community sustainability tool for communities with populations under 40,000. He leads research efforts for indicator and indices development. Dr. Summers is a systems ecologist and began his career at the EPA in 1989 and has worked in various programs and capacities. This includes leading the National Coastal Assessment in collaboration with the Office of Water which culminated in the award-winning National Coastal Condition Report series (four volumes between 2001 and 2012), and which integrates water quality, sediment quality, habitat, and biological data to assess the ecosystem condition of the United States estuaries. He was acting National Program Director for Ecology for the EPA between 2004 and 2006. He has authored approximately 150 peer-reviewed journal articles, book chapters, and reports and has received many awards for technical accomplishments from the EPA and from outside of the agency. Dr. Summers holds a BA in Zoology and Psychology, an MA in Ecology, and Ph.D. in Systems Ecology/Biology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Environmental Protection Agency",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"38",title:"Pollution",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/38.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"110740",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismail M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"ismail-m.m.-rahman",fullName:"Ismail M.M. Rahman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110740/images/2319_n.jpg",biography:"Ismail Md. Mofizur Rahman (Ismail M. M. Rahman) assumed his current responsibilities as an Associate Professor at the Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Japan, in Oct 2015. He also has an honorary appointment to serve as a Collaborative Professor at Kanazawa University, Japan, from Mar 2015 to the present. \nFormerly, Dr. Rahman was a faculty member of the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh, affiliated with the Department of Chemistry (Oct 2002 to Mar 2012) and the Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (Mar 2012 to Sep 2015). Dr. Rahman was also adjunctly attached with Kanazawa University, Japan (Visiting Research Professor, Dec 2014 to Mar 2015; JSPS Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Apr 2012 to Mar 2014), and Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (TokyoTech-UNESCO Research Fellow, Oct 2004–Sep 2005). \nHe received his Ph.D. degree in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University, Japan (2011). He also achieved a Diploma in Environment from the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (2005). Besides, he has an M.Sc. degree in Applied Chemistry and a B.Sc. degree in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. \nDr. Rahman’s research interest includes the study of the fate and behavior of environmental pollutants in the biosphere; design of low energy and low burden environmental improvement (remediation) technology; implementation of sustainable waste management practices for treatment, handling, reuse, and ultimate residual disposition of solid wastes; nature and type of interactions in organic liquid mixtures for process engineering design applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201020",title:"Dr.",name:"Zinnat Ara",middleName:null,surname:"Begum",slug:"zinnat-ara-begum",fullName:"Zinnat Ara Begum",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201020/images/system/201020.jpeg",biography:"Zinnat A. Begum received her Ph.D. in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University in 2012. She achieved her Master of Science (M.Sc.) degree with a major in Applied Chemistry and a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. Her work affiliations include Fukushima University, Japan (Visiting Research Fellow, Institute of Environmental Radioactivity: Mar 2016 to present), Southern University Bangladesh (Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering: Jan 2015 to present), and Kanazawa University, Japan (Postdoctoral Fellow, Institute of Science and Engineering: Oct 2012 to Mar 2014; Research fellow, Venture Business Laboratory, Advanced Science and Social Co-Creation Promotion Organization: Apr 2018 to Mar 2021). The research focus of Dr. Zinnat includes the effect of the relative stability of metal-chelator complexes in the environmental remediation process designs and the development of eco-friendly soil washing techniques using biodegradable chelators.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"39",title:"Environmental Resilience and Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/39.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"137040",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Navarro-Pedreño",slug:"jose-navarro-pedreno",fullName:"Jose Navarro-Pedreño",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRAXrQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-03-09T15:50:19.jpg",biography:"Full professor at University Miguel Hernández of Elche, Spain, previously working at the University of Alicante, Autonomous University of Madrid and Polytechnic University of Valencia. Graduate in Sciences (Chemist), graduate in Geography and History (Geography), master in Water Management, Treatment, master in Fertilizers and Environment and master in Environmental Management; Ph.D. in Environmental Sciences. His research is focused on soil-water and waste-environment relations, mainly on soil-water and soil-waste interactions under different management and waste reuse. His work is reflected in more than 230 communications presented in national and international conferences and congresses, 29 invited lectures from universities, associations and government agencies. Prof. Navarro-Pedreño is also a director of the Ph.D. Program Environment and Sustainability (2012-present) and a member of several societies among which are the Spanish Society of Soil Science, International Union of Soil Sciences, European Society for Soil Conservation, DessertNet and the Spanish Royal Society of Chemistry.",institutionString:"Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Spain",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/40.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"209149",title:"Prof.",name:"Salustiano",middleName:null,surname:"Mato",slug:"salustiano-mato",fullName:"Salustiano Mato",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLREQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:23:50.png",biography:"Salustiano Mato de la Iglesia (Santiago de Compostela, 1960) is a doctor in biology from the University of Santiago and a Professor of zoology at the Department of Ecology and Animal Biology at the University of Vigo. He has developed his research activity in the fields of fauna and soil ecology, and in the treatment of organic waste, having been the founder and principal investigator of the Environmental Biotechnology Group of the University of Vigo.\r\nHis research activity in the field of Environmental Biotechnology has been focused on the development of novel organic waste treatment systems through composting. The result of this line of work are three invention patents and various scientific and technical publications in prestigious international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:{id:"60498",title:"Prof.",name:"Josefina",middleName:null,surname:"Garrido",slug:"josefina-garrido",fullName:"Josefina Garrido",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRj1VQAS/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:06:51.jpg",biography:"Josefina Garrido González (Paradela de Abeleda, Ourense 1959), is a doctor in biology from the University of León and a Professor of Zoology at the Department of Ecology and Animal Biology at the University of Vigo. She has focused her research activity on the taxonomy, fauna and ecology of aquatic beetles, in addition to other lines of research such as the conservation of biodiversity in freshwater ecosystems; conservation of protected areas (Red Natura 2000) and assessment of the effectiveness of wetlands as priority areas for the conservation of aquatic invertebrates; studies of water quality in freshwater ecosystems through biological indicators and physicochemical parameters; surveillance and research of vector arthropods and invasive alien species.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorThree:{id:"464288",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Ramil",slug:"francisco-ramil",fullName:"Francisco Ramil",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003RI7lHQAT/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:15:35.png",biography:"Fran Ramil Blanco (Porto de Espasante, A Coruña, 1960), is a doctor in biology from the University of Santiago de Compostela and a Professor of Zoology at the Department of Ecology and Animal Biology at the University of Vigo. His research activity is linked to the taxonomy, fauna and ecology of marine benthic invertebrates and especially the Cnidarian group. Since 2004, he has been part of the EcoAfrik project, aimed at the study, protection and conservation of biodiversity and benthic habitats in West Africa. He also participated in the study of vulnerable marine ecosystems associated with seamounts in the South Atlantic and is involved in training young African researchers in the field of marine research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"41",title:"Water Science",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/41.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"349630",title:"Dr.",name:"Yizi",middleName:null,surname:"Shang",slug:"yizi-shang",fullName:"Yizi Shang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/349630/images/system/349630.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yizi Shang is a pioneering researcher in hydrology and water resources who has devoted his research career to promoting the conservation and protection of water resources for sustainable development. He is presently associate editor of Water International (official journal of the International Water Resources Association). He was also invited to serve as an associate editor for special issues of the Journal of the American Water Resources Association. He has served as an editorial member for international journals such as Hydrology, Journal of Ecology & Natural Resources, and Hydro Science & Marine Engineering, among others. He has chaired or acted as a technical committee member for twenty-five international forums (conferences). Dr. Shang graduated from Tsinghua University, China, in 2010 with a Ph.D. in Engineering. Prior to that, he worked as a research fellow at Harvard University from 2008 to 2009. Dr. Shang serves as a senior research engineer at the China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research (IWHR) and was awarded as a distinguished researcher at National Taiwan University in 2017.",institutionString:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",institution:{name:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10843",title:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)",subtitle:"Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10843.jpg",slug:"persistent-organic-pollutants-pops-monitoring-impact-and-treatment",publishedDate:"April 13th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",hash:"f5b1589f0a990b6114fef2dadc735dd9",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) - Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",biography:"Prof. Mohamed Nageeb Rashed is Professor of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry and former vice-dean for environmental affairs, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Egypt. He received his Ph.D. in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Assiut University, Egypt, in 1989. His research interest is in analytical and environmental chemistry with special emphasis on: (1) monitoring and assessing biological trace elements and toxic metals in human blood, urine, water, crops, vegetables, and medicinal plants; (2) relationships between environmental heavy metals and human diseases; (3) uses of biological indicators for monitoring water pollution; (4) environmental chemistry of lakes, rivers, and well water; (5) water and wastewater treatment by adsorption and photocatalysis techniques; (6) soil and water pollution monitoring, control, and treatment; and (7) advanced oxidation treatment. Prof. Rashed has supervised several MSc and Ph.D. theses in the field of analytical and environmental chemistry. He served as an examiner for several Ph.D. theses in analytical chemistry in India, Kazakhstan, and Botswana. He has published about ninety scientific papers in peer-reviewed international journals and several papers in national and international conferences. He participated as an invited speaker at thirty international conferences. Prof. Rashed is the editor-in-chief and an editorial board member for several international journals in the fields of chemistry and environment. He is a member of several national and international societies. He received the Egyptian State Award for Environmental Research in 2001 and the Aswan University Merit Award for Basic Science in 2020. Prof. Rashed was recognized in Stanford University’s list of the World’s Top 2% Scientists in 2020 and 2021.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aswan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"11601",title:"Econometrics - Recent Advances and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11601.jpg",hash:"bc8ab49e2cf436c217a49ca8c12a22eb",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 13th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"452331",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian",surname:"Sloboda",slug:"brian-sloboda",fullName:"Brian Sloboda"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"81793",title:"Canine parvovirus-2: An Emerging Threat to Young Pets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104846",signatures:"Mithilesh Singh, Rajendran Manikandan, Ujjwal Kumar De, Vishal Chander, Babul Rudra Paul, Saravanan Ramakrishnan and Darshini Maramreddy",slug:"canine-parvovirus-2-an-emerging-threat-to-young-pets",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81271",title:"The Diversity of Parvovirus Telomeres",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102684",signatures:"Marianne Laugel, Emilie Lecomte, Eduard Ayuso, Oumeya Adjali, Mathieu Mével and Magalie Penaud-Budloo",slug:"the-diversity-of-parvovirus-telomeres",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"79909",title:"Cryopreservation Methods and Frontiers in the Art of Freezing Life in Animal Models",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101750",signatures:"Feda S. Aljaser",slug:"cryopreservation-methods-and-frontiers-in-the-art-of-freezing-life-in-animal-models",totalDownloads:170,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Reproduction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",subseries:{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology"}}},{id:"79782",title:"Avian Reproduction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101185",signatures:"Kingsley Omogiade Idahor",slug:"avian-reproduction",totalDownloads:151,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Kingsley O.",surname:"Idahor"}],book:{title:"Animal Reproduction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",subseries:{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology"}}},{id:"78802",title:"Intraovarian Gestation in Viviparous Teleosts: Unique Type of Gestation among Vertebrates",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100267",signatures:"Mari-Carmen Uribe, Gabino De la Rosa-Cruz, Adriana García-Alarcón and Juan Carlos Campuzano-Caballero",slug:"intraovarian-gestation-in-viviparous-teleosts-unique-type-of-gestation-among-vertebrates",totalDownloads:184,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Reproduction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",subseries:{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology"}}},{id:"79209",title:"Virtual Physiology: A Tool for the 21st Century",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99671",signatures:"Carmen Nóbrega, Maria Aires Pereira, Catarina Coelho, Isabel Brás, Ana Cristina Mega, Carla Santos, Fernando Esteves, Rita Cruz, Ana I. Faustino-Rocha, Paula A. Oliveira, João Mesquita and Helena Vala",slug:"virtual-physiology-a-tool-for-the-21st-century",totalDownloads:137,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78849",title:"Application of Vermicompost Fertilizer in Aquaculture Nutrition: Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100326",signatures:"Sonnia Nzilani Musyoka and Rita Nairuti",slug:"application-of-vermicompost-fertilizer-in-aquaculture-nutrition-review",totalDownloads:67,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Nutrition - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11416.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}},{id:"78617",title:"Doppler Ultrasound in the Reproduction of Mares",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98951",signatures:"Camila Silva Costa Ferreira and Rita de Cássia Lima Morais",slug:"doppler-ultrasound-in-the-reproduction-of-mares",totalDownloads:123,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Reproduction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",subseries:{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology"}}},{id:"78543",title:"Pulmonary Vein: Embryology, Anatomy, Function and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100051",signatures:"Chan I-Ping and Hsueh Tung",slug:"pulmonary-vein-embryology-anatomy-function-and-disease",totalDownloads:171,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78564",title:"Anatomy of the Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta): The Essentials for the Biomedical Researcher",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99067",signatures:"Christophe Casteleyn and Jaco Bakker",slug:"anatomy-of-the-rhesus-monkey-macaca-mulatta-the-essentials-for-the-biomedical-researcher",totalDownloads:308,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Animal Nutrition",value:20,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",value:28,count:7,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Animal Science",value:19,count:11,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition - Production, Health and Environment",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310962/images/system/310962.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",slug:"rabies-virus-at-the-beginning-of-21st-century",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sergey Tkachev",hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61139/images/system/61139.png",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10496",title:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10496.jpg",slug:"advanced-studies-in-the-21st-century-animal-nutrition",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"László Babinszky, Juliana Oliveira and Edson Mauro Santos",hash:"8ffe43a82ac48b309abc3632bbf3efd0",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",editors:[{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53998/images/system/53998.png",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10497",title:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10497.jpg",slug:"canine-genetics-health-and-medicine",publishedDate:"June 2nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland",hash:"b91512e31ce34032e560362e6cbccc1c",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",publishedDate:"January 20th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/25600/images/system/25600.jpg",institutionString:"Independent Researcher",institution:{name:"Harran University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9081",title:"Equine Science",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9081.jpg",slug:"equine-science",publishedDate:"September 23rd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland and Albert Rizvanov",hash:"ac415ef2f5450fa80fdb9cf6cf32cd2d",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Equine Science",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8460",title:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8460.jpg",slug:"reproductive-biology-and-technology-in-animals",publishedDate:"April 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi and Katy Satué Ambrojo",hash:"32ef5fe73998dd723d308225d756fa1e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",editors:[{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",institutionString:"Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8524",title:"Lactation in Farm Animals",subtitle:"Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8524.jpg",slug:"lactation-in-farm-animals-biology-physiological-basis-nutritional-requirements-and-modelization",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Naceur M'Hamdi",hash:"2aa2a9a0ec13040bbf0455e34625504e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Lactation in Farm Animals - Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",editors:[{id:"73376",title:"Dr.",name:"Naceur",middleName:null,surname:"M'Hamdi",slug:"naceur-m'hamdi",fullName:"Naceur M'Hamdi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73376/images/system/73376.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",publishedDate:"March 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7233",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7233.jpg",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",hash:"74f4147e3fb214dd050e5edd3aaf53bc",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Nutrition",value:20,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",value:28,count:3},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Science",value:19,count:5}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:148,paginationItems:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",biography:"Vahid Asadpour, MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356823",title:"MSc.",name:"Seonghee",middleName:null,surname:"Min",slug:"seonghee-min",fullName:"Seonghee Min",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu University",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"353307",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoosoo",middleName:null,surname:"Oh",slug:"yoosoo-oh",fullName:"Yoosoo Oh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Yoosoo Oh received his Bachelor's degree in the Department of Electronics and Engineering from Kyungpook National University in 2002. He obtained his Master’s degree in the Department of Information and Communications from Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in 2003. In 2010, he received his Ph.D. degree in the School of Information and Mechatronics from GIST. In the meantime, he was an executed team leader at Culture Technology Institute, GIST, 2010-2012. In 2011, he worked at Lancaster University, the UK as a visiting scholar. In September 2012, he joined Daegu University, where he is currently an associate professor in the School of ICT Conver, Daegu University. Also, he served as the Board of Directors of KSIIS since 2019, and HCI Korea since 2016. From 2017~2019, he worked as a center director of the Mixed Reality Convergence Research Center at Daegu University. From 2015-2017, He worked as a director in the Enterprise Supporting Office of LINC Project Group, Daegu University. His research interests include Activity Fusion & Reasoning, Machine Learning, Context-aware Middleware, Human-Computer Interaction, etc.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"262719",title:"Dr.",name:"Esma",middleName:null,surname:"Ergüner Özkoç",slug:"esma-erguner-ozkoc",fullName:"Esma Ergüner Özkoç",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Başkent University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"346530",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Kaya",slug:"ibrahim-kaya",fullName:"Ibrahim Kaya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"419199",title:"Dr.",name:"Qun",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"qun-yang",fullName:"Qun Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Auckland",country:{name:"New Zealand"}}},{id:"351158",title:"Prof.",name:"David W.",middleName:null,surname:"Anderson",slug:"david-w.-anderson",fullName:"David W. Anderson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Calgary",country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"26",type:"subseries",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",keywords:"Intelligent Systems, Machine Learning, Data Science, Data Mining, Artificial Intelligence",scope:"The scope of machine learning and data mining is immense and is growing every day. It has become a massive part of our daily lives, making predictions based on experience, making this a fascinating area that solves problems that otherwise would not be possible or easy to solve. This topic aims to encompass algorithms that learn from experience (supervised and unsupervised), improve their performance over time and enable machines to make data-driven decisions. It is not limited to any particular applications, but contributions are encouraged from all disciplines.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11422,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"43680",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciza",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",slug:"ciza-thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/43680/images/system/43680.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"16614",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero Alonso",slug:"juan-ignacio-guerrero-alonso",fullName:"Juan Ignacio Guerrero Alonso",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6HB8QAM/Profile_Picture_1627901127555",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3095/images/1592_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Chicago",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"214067",title:"Dr.",name:"W. David",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"w.-david-pan",fullName:"W. David Pan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSEI9QAO/Profile_Picture_1623656213532",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alabama in Huntsville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72920/images/system/72920.jpeg",institutionString:"Dalarna University, Faculty of Data and Information Sciences",institution:{name:"Dalarna University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"81831",title:"Deep Network Model and Regression Analysis using OLS Method for Predicting Lung Vital Capacity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104737",signatures:"Harun Sümbül",slug:"deep-network-model-and-regression-analysis-using-ols-method-for-predicting-lung-vital-capacity",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Decision Science - Recent Advances and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11604.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10859",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Concepts and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10859.jpg",slug:"data-mining-concepts-and-applications",publishedDate:"March 30th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Ciza Thomas",hash:"63a4e514e537d3962cf53ef1c6b9d5eb",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Data Mining - Concepts and Applications",editors:[{id:"43680",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciza",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",slug:"ciza-thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/43680/images/system/43680.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10651",title:"Machine Learning",subtitle:"Algorithms, Models and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10651.jpg",slug:"machine-learning-algorithms-models-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jaydip Sen",hash:"6208156401c496e0a4ca5ff4265324cc",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Machine Learning - Algorithms, Models and Applications",editors:[{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",scope:"Fungi are ubiquitous and there are almost no non-pathogenic fungi. Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment"},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology"},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"ofsBook.detail",path:"/welcome/8eeb7ab232fa8d5c723b61e0da251857",hash:"",query:{},params:{hash:"8eeb7ab232fa8d5c723b61e0da251857"},fullPath:"/welcome/8eeb7ab232fa8d5c723b61e0da251857",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()