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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"},{slug:"intechopen-identified-as-one-of-the-most-significant-contributor-to-oa-book-growth-in-doab-20210809",title:"IntechOpen Identified as One of the Most Significant Contributors to OA Book Growth in DOAB"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"310",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Skin Biopsy - Perspectives",title:"Skin Biopsy",subtitle:"Perspectives",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Skin Biopsy - Perspectives is a comprehensive compilation of articles that relate to the technique and applications of skin biopsy in diagnosing skin diseases. While there have been numerous treatises to date on the interpretation or description of skin biopsy findings in various skin diseases, books dedicated entirely to perfecting the technique of skin biopsy have been few and far between. This book is an attempt to bridge this gap. Though the emphasis of this book is on use of this technique in skin diseases in humans, a few articles on skin biopsy in animals have been included to acquaint the reader to the interrelationship of various scientific disciplines. All aspects of the procedure of skin biopsy have been adequately dealt with so as to improve biopsy outcomes for patients, which is the ultimate goal of this work.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-290-6",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6543-9",doi:"10.5772/833",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"skin-biopsy-perspectives",numberOfPages:350,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"19f98de4d84d0f7a8bd62d61de5510eb",bookSignature:"Uday Khopkar",publishedDate:"November 2nd 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/310.jpg",numberOfDownloads:94228,numberOfWosCitations:47,numberOfCrossrefCitations:15,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:4,numberOfDimensionsCitations:63,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:4,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:125,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 4th 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 2nd 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 8th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 8th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 7th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"83801",title:"Dr.",name:"Uday",middleName:null,surname:"Khopkar",slug:"uday-khopkar",fullName:"Uday Khopkar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/83801/images/1921_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Uday Khopkar is a Consultant Dermatologist, Dermatopathologist, Professor and Head of Dermatology at the GS Medical College and KEM Hospital in Mumbai, India. After doing post-graduation in Dermatology at the Topiwala National Medical College and Nair Hospital, Mumbai, he did Fellowships in Dermatopathology in 1992 and 1994-95 with A. Bernard Ackerman in USA. He started the first countrywide dermatopathology referral system in India and currently gives opinion on about 6000 skin biopsy specimens per year. His other contributions to Indian Dermatology are giving a face-lift to the national journal, viz. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology during his 6 year tenure as the Chief Editor of IJDVL, getting it indexed, and authoring popular texts for medical undergraduates and postgraduates in India. Dr. Khopkar has wide research interests covering dermatopathology, dermoscopy, clinical trials, clinical trichology and management of autoimmune skin diseases.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1002",title:"Dermatoepidemiology",slug:"dermatoepidemiology"}],chapters:[{id:"22579",title:"Skin Biopsy Procedures: How and Where to Perform a Proper Biopsy",doi:"10.5772/25276",slug:"skin-biopsy-procedures-how-and-where-to-perform-a-proper-biopsy",totalDownloads:22684,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Z. Seia, L. Musso, Stefania Palazzini and M. 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Currently, improving and protecting our environment using green chemistry have become important issues in many fields of research. The most promising approach for generating new fields in biomedical sciences is the pharmaceutical application of nanoparticles (NPs) [1]. Due to ascension of industrial era and explosion of world population large amount of hazardous chemicals and gases released in environment in which adversely affecting our nature. Due avoid this and to protect our nature currently we world is focusing on development of natural products nanoparaticles. Biomolecules are highly compatible with nanotechnology which makes unique assembly for development of metal nanoparticles of biological molecules which are authentic and coast effective [2]. From the ancient era noval medicinal potential of silver has been known and proven for its antimicrobial potential [3]. Silver nano particles (AgNPs) and its related products were tremendously venomous and showed broad spectrum antibacterial potential against sixteen bacterial species [4, 5]. Nanotechnology is future era in material science which develops and upgrades qulaites of particles such as size, and morphology which provide entry of nonmaterial in future quality material building in almost every field [6]. Nanotechnologies have been used to develop nanoparticles-based targeted drug carriers [7]. Metal nanoparticles have a high specific surface area and a high fraction of surface atoms because of the unique physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticles [8, 9]. In that they include catalytic activity, optical properties and electronic properties, antibacterial properties, and magnetic properties [10, 11]. The nanoscale materials have emerged as novel “antimicrobial agents” due to their high surface area to volume ratio and their unique chemical and physical properties [12, 13]. In recent years development of metallic nanoparicles is an emerging field of research in material science. Crystalline nanosilver gained prime importance and has superior applicability in detection of biomolecules, antibacterial, electronics, diagnostic applications in health care system etc. Apart from novel applicability of AgNPs researchers still in search of advance methods to synthesize eco-friendly and coast effective tools to develop AgNPs [14, 15]. As silver posse’s broad spectrum potential against bacterial and microbial species which specially utilized in industries it has key role in healthcare systems [16]. Nitrate group of silver potentially responsible for its broad spectrum antibacterial potential and as it convert in to AgNPs surface area is drastically increased which improve microbial exposure time and area [17, 18, 19]. Different techniques are available to synthesize AgNPs such as physical, chemical and biological. Though chemical method is rapid it utilizes capping agents for synthesis which is costly and produces adverse and toxic effects. This demands development of safe, ecofriendly, coast effective tool for synthesis of AgNPs and focused on biological methods such as green synthesis which is non toxic and developed using plant origin materials and overcomes disadvantages of earlier approaches. Moreover, use of plant extracts also reduces the cost of microorganism’s isolation and culture media enhancing the cost competitive feasibility over nanoparticles synthesis by microorganisms [20]. Applicability of AgNPs is primly due to its nanoscale size and shape as compared to bulk. Due to these unique properties researchers are hunting of novel methods to synthesize AgNPs with prissily controllable size and shape [21, 22, 23, 24]. Apart from excellent inhibitory potential of AgNPs in recent years most of the pathogenic bacteria developed resistant against it which is major concern of health care system. Chemical and physical approaches consumes ample of time, energy, money and generate toxic side effects. Nowadays green synthesis utilize microbes, fungi and medicinal plants which are easily available, convenient to handle and wide source of metabolites to synthesize AgNPs gained prime importance due to its nontoxic and ecofriendly properties [25]. Currently AgNPs are synthesized from natural herbs having medicinal potential such as synthesis of various metal nanoparticles using fungi like
Silver is a basic element which is non-toxic belonging thermal and electrical potential [38]. Silver demand will likely to rise as silver find new uses, particularly in textiles, plastics and medical industries, surgical, dental resigns, coated water filters, sanitizers, detergents, soap and wound dressings. Applicability in healthcare for treatment of mental illness, convulsions, de addiction of narcotic products along with sexually transmitted diseases like syphilis and gonorrhea leads to changing the pattern of silver emission as these technologies and products diffuse through the global economy [39, 40, 41]. Green synthesis is an emerging approach which overcomes demerits of physiochemical approaches by utilization of natural herbs which are nontoxic [42, 43]. Green synthesized nanosilver offer many advantages like utilization of phytochemicals, antioxidants acts as naturally occurring reducing agents, coast efficient, large scale manufacturing highly beneficial and usage of toxic chemicals, high pressure, energy are avoided. Nanosilver can be engineered by different techniques such as irradiation, reduction, electrochemical and chryochemical synthesis. Nanosilver can be molded in to desired shapes and bear unique properties like permeability by pH and dissolved ions as compare to routine metals [44, 45]. As AgNPs generate larger surface area per unit mass which improves contact time nanosilver customer market an demand drastically raised in wide verity of industries along with healthcare, food packing, textiles, cosmetics etc. [46].
Generally AgNPs are nanoparticles of silver having size range between 1 and 100 nm in size having unique properties such as electrical, optical and magnetic having wide range of applicability [47]. Green chemistry is and encouraging approach mainly utilize nanosilver along with natural biomolecules such as polysaccharides, tollens which overcomes drawbacks of conventional methods and produce AgNPs which are ecofriedly, nontoxic and coast effective [48, 49]. Metallic silver ions are inactive but once it come contact with reducing agent ionization occurs and it get converted in its active form. Ionic silver is active form of silver which binds to cell wall of bacteria leading to major structural changes in cell morphology. AgNPs causes de-naturation of RNA and DNA replication which further leads to cell death [50]. Silver is also called as oligodynamic due to its bactericidal potential at minimum concentration. That’s why it has been largely used in medical products [51, 52].
In physical approach of synthesis of AgNPs evaporation and condensation has major importance. Temperature gradient play important role in cooling of vapors at desired rate. A chance of contamination by solvent has been removed by physical approach as no solvent has been used in physical method and uniform distribution of particle size precisely obtained [53, 54]. Minimum inhibitory concentration in toxicity studies can be easily achieved by production of nano scale nanoparticles in high concentration [55]. AgNPs also synthesized by laser ablation of metallic particles [56]. One important advantage of laser ablation technique compared to other methods for production of metal colloids is the absence of chemical reagents in solutions. Therefore, pure and uncontaminated metal colloids for further applications can be prepared by this technique [57]. Wide range of material can be synthesized in nanoparticels by physical method such as Au, Au and PbS etc. Synthesis of AgNPs by tube furnace has ample of disadvantages such as require larger space, high power, rapid rise of environmental temperature etc. AgNPs synthesized by laser ablation strongly depend on laser wavelength, time of laser pulse, laser fluence, the ablation time duration and the effective liquid medium. Ejection of AgNPs synthesized by laser ablation requires little power and particle size is precisely depends on laser fluence. However morphology, size and shape of AgNPs mainly depend on contact of laser light passing. Also, the formation of nanoparticles by laser ablation is terminated by the surfactant coating. The nanoparticles formed in a solution of high surfactant concentration are smaller than those formed in a solution of low surfactant concentration. One advantage of laser ablation compared to other conventional method for preparing metal colloids is the absence of chemical reagents in solutions. Therefore, pure colloids, which will be useful for further applications, can be produced by this method [58, 59].
Chemical reduction is the most frequently applied method for the preparation of AgNPs as stable, colloidal dispersions in water or organic solvents. Most commonly used reductant is citrate. In aqueous solution reduction of silver occurs and nanosize colloidal silver ions are generated. Stability of any colloidal dispersion has prime importance and which could be achieved by stabilizing agent (dodecanethiol) which adsorbed on surface and produce protective sheath. It can avoid agglomeration and crystal growth of the system. During the synthesis of AgNPs minute changes in parameters (Polymers) makes drastic changes in size, shape, morphology, polydispersibility index, self assembling and zeta potential (Stability). Frequently used ingredients in synthesis of AgNPs and AuNPs are glycol derivatives Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and Polyethylene glycol (PEG). Polyacrylamide play dual function such as reducing and stabilizing agent in synthesis of AuNPs [59, 60]. Surfactants containing functional groups such as amines, thoils and acids play important role in stability of colloidal dispersion which protects the system from crystal growth, coaleseces and agglomeration. Currently AuNPs developed by modified tollens method utilize saccharides and silver hydrosols and reducing agent which yield AgNPs in the range of 50–200 nm and 20–50 nm respectively [61].
Biotechnology is an emerging tool to develop biological synthesis of AgNPs. Besides this magnetic nanoparticles has great antibacterial potential due to improved surface area to treat raised microbial resistant against many antibiotics and medicines [62]. Currently green chemistry is rapidly growing technique utilized for synthesis of AgNPs with naturally occurring stabilizing, reducing and capping agents to synthesize AgNPs without toxic adverse effects [63]. Reduction of metal ions by combined efforts of herbs and certain enzymes, proteins, microorganisms, bacteria and fungi etc. in biological synthesis has been successfully reported [64].
High production yield AgNPs synthesized by fungi obtained when compared to bacteria due to fungi secret higher amount of proteins that directly responsible for increased production [65]. Higher production rate is mainly due to silver ions entered in to fungal cell wall which leads to reduction of silver ions by fungal enzymes such as naphthoquinones and anthraquinones [66]. Slower rate and process is only disadvantage associated with fungal synthesis of AgNPs hence green synthesis approach is more preferred over the other techniques [67].
Green synthesis is an excellent tool that can be utilized for synthesis of AgNPs as it uses natural origin medicinal herbs and its extracts which contain wide range of metabolites specifically water soluble flavones, quiones causes rapid rapid and quick reduction of silver when compared to fungi and microbes. Green chemistry approach is safe, cosat efficient, easily scalable to mass productions, easily availability of raw materials at cheaper coast. Phytochemicals directly take part in reduction process of the silver ions a during synthesis of AgNPs (Figure 1) [71].
Biological methods of silver nanoparticles.
When AgNP reaches toward cell they release Ag+ ions. These released ion then interact with sulfur and phosphorus containing compound present in cell wall. This lead to disarranged cell wall formation and small pits forms in the cell wall. Formed pit gives access to entry of ions and other foreign material to entry into cell. This increase intracellular osmotic pressure. As pressure built up in the cell, it begins to swell. Finally all these event lead to bursting of cell wall and cell lysis take place. This type of antimicrobial activity is more in gram −ve cell than gram +ve cell. As gram +ve cell have more cross linked peptidoglycan layer and teichic acid in their cell wall. The gram −ve cell have less or no peptidoglycane layer and have more lipopolysaccharide in their cell wall. So the AgNP’s easily interact with gram −ve cell due less barrier [72].
As described in above when pit formation takes place in the cell wall, the Ag+ ions released by AgNP’s get entered into cell. Then they reaches to mitochondria where they interact with thiolgoups and bind to NADPH dehydrogenase enzyme and liberates ROS. These formed ROS in mitochondria interacted with respiratory enzymes damage ATP formation and respiratory cycle of cell. Formed ROS also interact with protein, sulfur and phosphorus containing cell constituent. Also these formed ROS also bind to phosphorus elements of DNA and RNA which lead to inhibit cell replication and protein synthesis. Due to binding with DNA aggregation of damage protein sysnthesis which lead to cell death. Another possible action is by autophagy. AgNP’s have ability to induce autophagy by accumulation of autophagolysosmes in human ovarian cancer cell. This autophagy work by mainly 2 ways; at lower level they increases cell life i.e. surviving rate, but when its level increase it lead to cell death (Figure 2) [73].
Anticancer mechanism of action of silver nano particles.
Primarily morphology i.e. size and shape along with reactivity of AgNP’s were responsible for bactericidal potential of AgNP’s. Size and surface are inversely proportional to each other as size decreases area increases leads of rapid rise in surface-area to volume ratio. Bactericidal potential inhibit cell wall and free radicals Ag-thiol groups of enzymes Preventing biofilm formation Intercalates between bases Attaching to the surface of the cell membrane Bacterial peptides that can affect cell signaling Attaches to 30 s subunit (Figure 3). Silver nanoparticles showing multiple bactericidal actions [74].
Factors affecting to the bactericidal effect of silver nanoparticles.
To ascertain either AgNPs are developed or not visual and calorimetric appearance of samples checked by UV–Visible spectrophotometer before and after formulation of AgNPs at different time intervals. Before synthesis of AgNPs silver nitrate is colorless and herbal extract has definite color. Once AgNPs synthesized silver nitrate solution develop yellowish brown color after interacting with herbal extract which is confirmed by surface Plasmon resonance SPR and UV visible absorption in the specific range of 400–475 nm [75].
FTIR spectroscopy is an investigational tool to determine/conform functional groups priesnt in the moiety which is characteristic of that compound. Major functional moieties present in AgNPs and herbal extract were identified by scanning the samples in the range of 4000 to 400 cm−1 [76].
Scanning electron microscopy/Transmission electron microscopy mainly used to study surface morphology of synthesized AgNPs. SEM/TEM plates were prepared by addition of silver nitrate to develop smear of solution on slides. Conductivity was incorporated in system by making thin film of platinum which was coated on slides. Once the slides were ready they were scanned at 20 KV accelerating voltage and high quality images were captured [77].
X-ray diffraction is a modern technique mainly utilized to identify state of matter either it is crystalline or amorphous in nature at different radiation angles. X-ray diffraction determines phases either crystalline/amorphous and cell dimension [78].
Products prepared with silver nanoparticles have been permitted by no. of accredited bodies including USFDA, USEPA, Korea’s testing body and SIAA of japan institute of research. Antimicrobial and antimicrobial potential potential of AgNPs containing silver sulfadiazine is incorporated in to medicines and used in burns to avoid infections. Nowadays AgNPs involved in extending field of nanotechnology and appears in many consumer products that include acne vulgaris cream and for deodorizing sprays. The antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles depend on size, environmental conditions (size, Ph, tonic strength) and capping agent. Recently an improvement in antimicrobial activity synergistic effect has been reported when silver naqnoparticles combined with ampicillin, amoxicillin and chloramphenicol on the contrary reports showed antagonistic interaction between silver nanoparticles and amoxicillin or oxacillin antibiotic combined with silver nanoparticles have suggested improve therapeutic activity (Figure 4) [79, 80].
Applications of silver nanoparticles.
Antiviral activity of silver nanoparticles have proven to exert antiviral activity against HIV-1 at non cytotoxic concentration but the mechanism underlying their HIV inhibitory activity has not been fully elucidated. The study from intranasal silver nano particles administration in mice increased survical, lower lung viral titer levels, minor pathologic lesions in lung disease, and remarkable survival benefit after infection with the H3N2 influenza virus, suggesting that AgNPs had significant role in mice survival. Biologically prepared silver nano particles inhibited the viability in herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2 and human para influenza virus type 3 based on size and zeta potential. The treatment of vero cells with non-cytotoxic concentrations of silver nanoparticles significantly inhibited by the replication of paste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV). The mechanisms of viral replication are due to the interaction of silver nanoparticles with the virion core. Tannic acid mediated synthesis of various various sizes of silver nanoparticles capable of reducing HSV-2 infectivity both in in-vitro and in-vivo through direct interaction, blocked virus attachment, penetration and further spread [81, 82].
Silver nano particles are one of the most attractive nonmaterial’s for commercialization applications. As antibacterial agents silver nanoparticles were used for wide range of applications from disinfecting medical devices and home appliances to water treatment. AgNPs promisingly used in drastic fields such as healthcare products, food storage, textile and medicinal devices. In antibacterial potential AgNPs free silver ions are released at slower rate along with higher surface area which produces noxious environment and this is the main reason for broad spectrum antibacterial potential of AgNPs [83].
AgNPs has prominent anticancer potential as it discourage mitochondrial respiratory chain, increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) rate of synthesis which finally leads to DNA damage and cancerous cell death. Yu-Guo Yuan in 2018 revealed that the combination of camptothecin and silver nanoparticles treatment significantly increases the levels of cancer cells. It increases oxidative stress markers and decrease ant oxidative stress markers compared to single treatment. Overall these results suggested that camptothecin and silver nanoparticles cause cell death by inducing the mitochondrial membrane permeability change and activation of caspase. The synergistic cytotoxicity and apoptosis effect seems to be associated with enhanced ROS formation and depletion of antioxidant. Certainly a combination of CPT and silver nano particles provide advantageous effect in treatment of cervical cancer compared to immunotherapy [84].
Tephrosiatinctoria stem extracts mediated silver nano particle synthesis was evaluated for control of blood suger levels. AgNP’s scavenged free radicals, reduced the levels of enzymes that bring about hydrolysis of complex carbohydrates (
Studies can contracting on the therapeutic applications of AgNP’s in the gastrointestinal tract have displayed that gastric cells can be sensitized to radiation by the use of AgNP’s and they may bypass the stomach and instead release the drug in small intestine. Apart from the health related applications; Silver Nanoparticles are act as a brilliant heterogeneous catalyst used for reduction of halogenated organic pollutants. Also it increases the bleaching power of organic dyes. The tubular shaped silver Nanoparticles have a very potent catalytic activity so they can used as a catalyst. In case of water treatment when the biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles which are biologically synthesized on nitrocellulose membrane filters, can used for the promising inhibition and inactivation of microbes like
AgNP’s play important role as antifungal agents against various diseases caused by fungi. Biologically synthesized AgNP’s shows enhanced antifungal activity with fluconazole against
Antiangiogenic potential of green synthesized AgNP’s in retinal endothelial cells model mainly produced by inhibition, proliferation and migration of BRECs at 500 nM concentration. In CAM model (chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane) the silver nanoparticles inhibit angiogenesis approximately up to 73%. In comparison to other antiangiogenic molecules. They give dose dependent cytototoxic action on endothelial cell present in blood vessels to inhibit formation of new blood vessel in tumor region. Also the by using the same model i.e. by CAM assay the silver nanoparticle synthesized by
Nanoparticles have advantage over today’s therapies because they can be engineered to have certain properties or to in certain way. They are helpful in cellular imaging. Silver plays an important role in imaging systems due to its stronger and sharper Plasmon resonance. Currently biosensor made with silver used as powerful tool to detect cytochrome P53 of squamous cell cancer of head and neck. Due to the colorimetric sensing property the silver Nanoparticles are applicable to detect the heavy metal ions of nickel, cobalt and mercury along with the sulfide traces. Among all the types of silver Nanoparticles, especially the triangular shaped silver Nanoparticles have higher anisotropy and lightening rod effect which leads to its wide use in manufacturing of Plasmon sensors or Plasmon detectors which are used to detect the mercurial ions in the solution. Also the silver Nanoparticles are used to develop the electrochemical sensor which is used to detect common herbicide atrazine. On the other hand the in situ growth and development of silver Nanoparticles on polydopamine traced filter paper is responsible for the quick collection and detection of green colored residue of malachite [92].
AgNPs have been known for its antimicrobial but the anti-inflammatory response is still limited. Rats treated intra colonic ally with 4 mg/kg or orally with 40 mg/kg of nanocrystalline silver (NP32101) showed significantly reduced colonic inflammation. AgNPs showed rapid healing and improved cosmetic appreance occurring in dose dependent manner. Silver Nanoparticles made by using the extraction method with petroleum ether and some small amount of ethyl acetate are having potent cyclooxigenase-2 inhibition property. So, as one can add the natural extract of anti-inflammatory activity to this silver Nanoparticles extracted with petroleum ether, the anti-inflammatory activity of the resulted silver Nanoparticles get increased. Recently some scientists were done the extraction of soft coral named nephthea sp. Which already possessing the anti-inflammatory activity and extracted the silver Nanoparticles with petroleum ethers then the produced silver Nanoparticles of nephthea sp. having very potent anti-inflammatory activity which were estimated by analysis and molecular docking methods [93].
AgNPs has potential applications in healthcare system and treating infectious diseases and it is emerging as remedies for large no of resistant bacteria infections along with it is known for its anti-inflammatory potential. Apart from it has numerous application in biological and research fields such as electrochemistry, biochemistry, nanoprism synthesis, garments, detergents and soap industry, involved in devising water purification system, and surgical instrument. Nowadays Ag-NPs opened new era as it has used in artificial implants which decreeing dependency on antibiotics. Studies have been revealed that Ag-NPs have novel potential in development of new pharmaceutical dosage forms and AgNPs cures inflammation of bladder which tremendous application in healthcare systems. AgNPs useful in animal models for detection of biosensors [94]. A reliable mechanism responsible for the impressive biological activity of AgNPs is considered to be a key factor in future research. Wide scope to aware control the release of silver and improving the stability of AgNPs used in medical and mechanical devices.
Over the past few decades, nanoparticles of noble metals such as silver exhibited significantly distinct physical, chemical and biological properties from their bulk counterparts. Current chapter specifically encounters synthesis, characterization, and bio-applications of silver nanoparticles, with special emphasis on anticancer, antimicrobial activity and its mechanisms. Green chemistry is being exploited for developing silver nanoparticles. Several methods utilized to create silver nanoparticles utilizing plant extracts as reducing or capping agents. Current chapter represents different methods of preparation silver nanoparticles and application of these nanoparticles in different fields.
The authors are thankful to Department of Pharmaceutics Sant Gajanan Maharaj College of Pharmacy Mahagaon and Trustees of Sant Gajanan Maharaj College of Pharmacy Mahagaon for providing required guidance and support for completion of this work.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Special thanks to Shivtej for continuous support throughout the work.
AgNP’s | Silver Nano Particles |
NPs | Nanoparticles |
nm | nanometer |
AgNO3 | Silver Nitrate |
PVP | polyvinyl pyrrolidone |
PEG | poly ethylene glycol |
PMAA | poly methacrylic acid |
SPR | surface plasmon resonance |
ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
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Two hundred years ago, industrial revolution in the west has transformed or evolved from mechanical production driven or powered by water, and to date, we are in an era characterised by cyber physical systems. This transformation or industrial revolution has been driven by humans using creative minds to solve problems that were confronted. The Industrial 1.0 Revolution around 1700 AD, mass production was carried out by mechanical production powered by water (steam engines), which was labour intensive. The more manpower an industrial organisation has, the more goods and services would be produced, though this could take long to reach the market but that was the industrial system at that time. From mechanical production powered by steam engines between 1700s and 1800s to the second Industrial Revolution mass production powered by electricity between 1800s and 1900s to the third Industrial Revolution powered by electronic and IT automation and finally to Industry 4.0 Revolution cyber systems in 2000 and beyond, human capital has generated innovative solutions to human problems more than ever before. Today, human capital is not only creative, but rather a super human capital.",book:{id:"6291",slug:"digital-transformation-in-smart-manufacturing",title:"Digital Transformation in Smart Manufacturing",fullTitle:"Digital Transformation in Smart Manufacturing"},signatures:"Joseph Evans Agolla",authors:[{id:"210562",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph",middleName:"Evans",surname:"Agolla",slug:"joseph-agolla",fullName:"Joseph Agolla"}]},{id:"29829",doi:"10.5772/37326",title:"Entrepreneurial Creativity as Discovery and Exploitation of Business Opportunities",slug:"entrepreneurial-creativity-as-discovery-and-exploitation-of-business-opportunities",totalDownloads:5828,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:null,book:{id:"2262",slug:"entrepreneurship-creativity-and-innovative-business-models",title:"Entrepreneurship",fullTitle:"Entrepreneurship - Creativity and Innovative Business Models"},signatures:"Vesa Puhakka",authors:[{id:"112260",title:"Dr.",name:"Vesa",middleName:null,surname:"Puhakka",slug:"vesa-puhakka",fullName:"Vesa Puhakka"}]},{id:"31537",doi:"10.5772/34659",title:"Natural Interactions in Artificial Situations: Focus Groups as an Active Social Experiment",slug:"natural-interactions-in-artificial-situations-focus-groups-as-an-active-social-experiment-",totalDownloads:2282,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:null,book:{id:"1682",slug:"an-ethnography-of-global-landscapes-and-corridors",title:"An Ethnography of Global Landscapes and Corridors",fullTitle:"An Ethnography of Global Landscapes and Corridors"},signatures:"Jakob Demant",authors:[{id:"101137",title:"Dr.",name:"Jakob",middleName:null,surname:"Demant",slug:"jakob-demant",fullName:"Jakob Demant"}]},{id:"31835",doi:"10.5772/35302",title:"The Effect of an Entrepreneurial Training Programme on Entrepreneurial Traits and Intention of Secondary Students",slug:"the-effect-of-an-entrepreneurial-training-programme-on-entrepreneurial-traits-and-intention-of-secon",totalDownloads:5429,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:null,book:{id:"2261",slug:"entrepreneurship-born-made-and-educated",title:"Entrepreneurship",fullTitle:"Entrepreneurship - Born, Made and Educated"},signatures:"Ricardo Gouveia Rodrigues, Anabela Dinis, Arminda do Paço, João Ferreira and Mário Raposo",authors:[{id:"103815",title:"Prof.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:"Gouveia",surname:"Rodrigues",slug:"ricardo-rodrigues",fullName:"Ricardo Rodrigues"},{id:"105171",title:"Prof.",name:"Anabela",middleName:null,surname:"Dinis",slug:"anabela-dinis",fullName:"Anabela Dinis"},{id:"105172",title:"Prof.",name:"Arminda",middleName:null,surname:"Paço",slug:"arminda-paco",fullName:"Arminda Paço"},{id:"105173",title:"Prof.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira",slug:"joao-ferreira",fullName:"João Ferreira"},{id:"105174",title:"Prof.",name:"Mário",middleName:null,surname:"Raposo",slug:"mario-raposo",fullName:"Mário Raposo"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"64579",title:"Social Policy and the Welfare State",slug:"social-policy-and-the-welfare-state",totalDownloads:7283,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"The developments and changes in the social life have led to change in the social needs. Therefore, problems and their solutions also change. The industrial revolution which realized in the eighteenth century had some important impacts not only on the economic life but also on social structure. It was aimed to solve social problems and ensure prosperity through social policies, which is a multidisciplinary field, and consequently, the concept of welfare state emerged. The states, which had liberal concerns and traditional protection functions and reached a powerful position with their internationalist approaches, underwent a transformation period because of the economic and social developments which took place in the last quarter of the twentieth century. It has been subject of criticism that states increased the social expenses to satisfy the social needs and therefore caused an economic crisis in this period when the effects of globalization were discussed. In this study, the change and transformation process in the welfare states and their social policies at the global scale will be handled conceptually and from the historical development perspective. Making determinations about the past and present, as well as having assumptions for future, this study aims to contribute to literature.",book:{id:"7598",slug:"public-economics-and-finance",title:"Public Economics and Finance",fullTitle:"Public Economics and Finance"},signatures:"Esra Dundar Aravacik",authors:[{id:"282700",title:"Dr.",name:"Esra",middleName:null,surname:"Dündar Aravacık",slug:"esra-dundar-aravacik",fullName:"Esra Dündar Aravacık"}]},{id:"65684",title:"Theory of Public Debt and Current Reflections",slug:"theory-of-public-debt-and-current-reflections",totalDownloads:2938,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"From the ancient ages to today, administrations needed continuous financing and met this financing with various sources. The process of social development necessitated public borrowing for different purposes ranging from creation of a consumer society to sell the surplus of developed countries to postwar human relations and from the development financing of developing countries to the payment of debt by debt. Particularly after World War II (1941–1945), the developed countries provided the external resources to developing countries for development financing. As a result of the increase in the mobility of capital in the process of globalization (especially short-term speculative capital investments), developing countries were dragged to the debt-interest helix problem and the external debt crises. The stabilization programs proposed by the IMF led to government guarantee of private sector external debts in the developing countries and led to a rapid increase in the public debt stock.",book:{id:"7598",slug:"public-economics-and-finance",title:"Public Economics and Finance",fullTitle:"Public Economics and Finance"},signatures:"Sibel Aybarç",authors:[{id:"286689",title:"Dr.",name:"Sibel",middleName:null,surname:"Aybarç",slug:"sibel-aybarc",fullName:"Sibel Aybarç"}]},{id:"58010",title:"Fourth Industrial Revolution: Current Practices, Challenges, and Opportunities",slug:"fourth-industrial-revolution-current-practices-challenges-and-opportunities",totalDownloads:6296,totalCrossrefCites:41,totalDimensionsCites:66,abstract:"The globalization and the competitiveness are forcing companies to rethink and to innovate their production processes following the so-called Industry 4.0 paradigm. It represents the integration of tools already used in the past (big data, cloud, robot, 3D printing, simulation, etc.) that are now connected into a global network by transmitting digital data. The implementation of this new paradigm represents a huge change for companies, which are faced with big investments. In order to benefit from the opportunities offered by the smart revolution, companies must have the prerequisites needed to withstand changes generated by “smart” system. In addition, new workers who face the world of work 4.0 must have new skills in automation, digitization, and information technology, without forgetting soft skills. This chapter aims to present the main good practices, challenges, and opportunities related to Industry 4.0 paradigm.",book:{id:"6291",slug:"digital-transformation-in-smart-manufacturing",title:"Digital Transformation in Smart Manufacturing",fullTitle:"Digital Transformation in Smart Manufacturing"},signatures:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Raffaele Cioffi and Federico\nZomparelli",authors:[{id:"161682",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabio",middleName:null,surname:"De Felice",slug:"fabio-de-felice",fullName:"Fabio De Felice"},{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"},{id:"205141",title:"Dr.",name:"Federico",middleName:null,surname:"Zomparelli",slug:"federico-zomparelli",fullName:"Federico Zomparelli"},{id:"208748",title:"Dr.",name:"Raffaele",middleName:null,surname:"Cioffi",slug:"raffaele-cioffi",fullName:"Raffaele Cioffi"}]},{id:"63402",title:"Decentralized Territorial Communities and Implementation of Public Policies: The Case of Cameroon",slug:"decentralized-territorial-communities-and-implementation-of-public-policies-the-case-of-cameroon",totalDownloads:1281,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Cameroon’s Constitutional Law of 18 January 1996 enshrined decentralization as a fundamental principle of the organization of state governance, and subsequent implementing legislation affirms the central government’s commitment to transferring a number of powers to local authorities with a view to local management. Local and regional authorities then appear as an essential link in the implementation of public policies at the local level. Their genuine autonomy in financial and administrative matters is a necessary condition for achieving local development objectives. However, a review of the existing literature reveals that these communities do not have real autonomy in public policy decision-making, which is illustrated by mixed development at the local level.",book:{id:"7598",slug:"public-economics-and-finance",title:"Public Economics and Finance",fullTitle:"Public Economics and Finance"},signatures:"Guy Yakana Yombi, Mounton Chouaïbou and Lucie Yakana Agoume",authors:[{id:"257106",title:"Mr.",name:"Guy",middleName:null,surname:"Yakana Yombi",slug:"guy-yakana-yombi",fullName:"Guy Yakana Yombi"},{id:"267660",title:"MSc.",name:"Mounton",middleName:null,surname:"Chouaïbou",slug:"mounton-chouaibou",fullName:"Mounton Chouaïbou"},{id:"267661",title:"MSc.",name:"Yakana Agoume",middleName:null,surname:"Lucie",slug:"yakana-agoume-lucie",fullName:"Yakana Agoume Lucie"}]},{id:"58030",title:"Manufacturing Transformation toward Mass Customization and Personalization in the Traditional Food Industry",slug:"manufacturing-transformation-toward-mass-customization-and-personalization-in-the-traditional-food-i",totalDownloads:1576,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Digital transformation of the manufacturing process in high-tech has been underway for a long time. On the other hand, the transformation in low-tech and traditional industries progresses more slowly. Especially, the human factor is greater in the food manufacturing industry, which retains many more labor-intensive elements. This is because the development of foods was traditionally customized to the cultures of particular regions, so many foods were not suitable for mass production, which has led to the high level of personal skills. However, new trends have been shown recently in the sake manufacturing industry. Head craftsmen at a sake brewery, known as Toji, have managed the entirety of the manufacturing process and determined the length and timing of each process for hundreds of years. In these circumstances, some sake breweries have started to make sake in a new way that breaks with tradition. They implement smart manufacturing and customization to respond to diversified customer needs without altering the product price through the digitization of the manufacturing process and the formalization of personal skills. This chapter also discusses the prospects of this transition and considers its effects on the industry with theoretical framework and social background of manufacturing transformation.",book:{id:"6291",slug:"digital-transformation-in-smart-manufacturing",title:"Digital Transformation in Smart Manufacturing",fullTitle:"Digital Transformation in Smart Manufacturing"},signatures:"Daisuke Kanama",authors:[{id:"210580",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Daisuke",middleName:null,surname:"Kanama",slug:"daisuke-kanama",fullName:"Daisuke Kanama"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"65",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:101,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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