Result of smart energy meter when loaded with fan and air blower.
\r\n\tAbout 25 percent of all foods produced globally are lost due to microbial growth. L. monocytogenes is a microorganism ubiquitously present in the environment and affects animals and humans. L. monocytogenes can enter a factory and is able to survive in biofilms in the food processing environment. The use of adequate sanitation procedures is a prerequisite in risk prevention. Moreover, effective control measures for L. monocytogenes are very important to food operators.
\r\n\r\n\tThe safety and shelf life maximizing of food products to meet the demand of retailers and consumers is a challenge and a concern of food operators.
\r\n\r\n\tTo obtain food systems more sustainable, several developments are ongoing to ensure safe food products with an extended shelf life and a reduction of food loss and waste. The problem of antimicrobial resistance is also a great issue that must be taken into consideration.
\r\n\r\n\tThe implementation of natural antimicrobials, using food cultures, ferments, or bacteriophages, is one approach to control L. monocytogenes in food products that meet the consumer preference for clean label solutions.
\r\n\tThis book intends to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art about Listeria monocytogenes in terms of occurrence in humans, animals, and food-producing plants. Its control by more natural agents allows for more sustainable food systems and points future directions to transform challenges into opportunities.
The only treatment to date for coeliac disease (CD) is a strict lifelong gluten-free diet (GFD). However, let´s analyse this sentence carefully and think about what we are conveying to coeliac patients with this recommendation.
When we refer to ‘
What do we mean by ‘
These two paragraphs above refer to two well-differentiated issues: the first one to whether the patient will be able to follow the GFD, while the second refers to whether the patient considers giving up all those things he or she once loved and that are now banned for life, worthwhile. This distinction between confidence and motivation is what we are going to deal with in this chapter. Among people suffering from CD or wheat allergy, this confidence plays a more important role than in those suffering from NCGS, as the latter can regulate their GFD according to their tolerance to the adverse symptomatology without having to face other medical complications.
On the other hand, human beings like to celebrate events with food and drink. Frequently, coeliac patients feel obliged to choose between their physical health and their social integration——“Which do you prefer: to follow your GFD or participate in your community?”—“Both”. Wrong! Too often this is not possible and they have to make a choice.
Despite the benefits of a strict GFD, we know that only 42–91% of coeliac patients show a correct adherence, depending on what we consider
It seems obvious that physical and social consequences of adherence and non-adherence may be the most powerful motivators to initiate a GFD in coeliac patients. Non-adherence has well-known physical consequences as we know that small intake of gluten can lead to a varied gastrointestinal symptomatology such as abdominal pain, diarrhoea, bloating, constipation or more serious consequences such as osteoporosis, sterility in men and women or some types of tumours.
Researchers have paid less attention to the consequences of adherence to a GFD, in other words, the social costs that the correct adherence to a strict GFD has for coeliac patients. These costs are more social than nutritional. In an interesting qualitative study, Sverker [3] interviewed 43 coeliac patients and found five areas where they had problems: shopping, eating out, meals at home with others, when travelling and at work. At an emotional level, these problems led to feelings of isolation, shame, fear of being contaminated with gluten or bothering others. Because of this, coeliac patients often restrict their participation in social activities, especially in those with food, as they think that their participation may condition others’ choices and they, therefore, prefer not to be a bother. Adhering to a GFD may also affect relationships as coeliac patients have unwanted visibility at social events, fear of being rejected or forgotten and, when they do participate, they must always identify themselves as coeliac patients and give detailed explanations, or if not, they must take important risks that could jeopardize their strict GFD.
In their daily lives, they perceive restricted product choice when shopping or eating out, double work and that they have to be constantly on alert to keep up with their GFD. Often, they have to go to several shops and supermarkets to buy the goods they need for their GFD or cook different meals for each family member. In addition, they must be constantly on call while cooking to avoid cross-contamination.
Moreover, GFD adherence is expensive. Some studies estimate that the increase in the cost of shopping per affected family member reaches 1.200€/year [4, 5]. If we take into consideration that CD is genetically mediated, these differences could easily be twice or three times this amount. Therefore, some families could probably not afford a GFD.
The concept of self-efficacy has been widely studied in Psychology [6]. Albert Bandura proposed the self-efficacy expectation in 1977 in the article ‘Self efficacy: towards a unifying theory of behavioural change’ [7] where he defines self-efficacy
To sum up, therefore, according to Bandura, ‘
Self-efficacy and outcome expectations [
The Social Cognitive Theory suggests three types of outcome expectations: physical, social and self-evaluative and they can all be either positive or negative. While positive consequences will increase willingness towards the GFD adherence, negative ones will decrease it. Physical consequences refer to physiological sensations such as nerves, anxiety or well-being associated with the correct adherence, while social consequences are others’ understanding or rejection as well as the cost arising from the diet. The third kind of outcome expectations is self-evaluative expectations, positive and negative, derived from suffering CD and being bound to follow a strict lifelong GFD. These may come together with feelings of pride, belonging or self-assertion or, on the contrary, negative feelings of self-devaluation or depression.
On the other hand, as Figure 1 shows, self-efficacy expectation has three dimensions: magnitude, strength and generality. The strength refers to the level of the expectation, in other words, the higher the expectation the higher the confidence in one´s own ability to stick to a GFD and the associated tasks such as rejecting a dish or talking to a cook to ensure a gluten-free meal. Self-efficacy strength refers to one’s resistance to failure. Finally, generality refers to the range of similar behaviours to which one can apply that given expectation.
Perceived self-efficacy has been applied to many different domains such as self-regulated behaviour, and patients with arthritis [9], physical activity [10], multiple sclerosis [11] or addictive behaviours [12] but it has received scant attention in relation to CD.
Although Bandura [6] proposes a specific self-efficacy expectation narrowly linked to each situation, some authors [13, 14] work with the hypothesis of a more general self-efficacy belief that accounts for behaviour in different domains in life.
Higher levels of general self-efficacy correlate with positive feelings, higher achievements, better quality of life and the perception of potentially stressful situations as challenges rather than as potential threats [6]. Self-efficacy, therefore, is linked to a wide number of psychological constructs and affects not only coping behavior, but human functioning in general.
According to Bandura, levels of general self-efficacy are related to the perception of well-being and healthy behaviours, while he finds negative correlations with negative feelings. According to this author, a high sense of general self-efficacy also correlates with lower levels of depression in patients with heart problems, less pain and low levels of anxiety in individuals with gastrointestinal problems. There is also evidence of greater adherence to physical exercise and healthy eating in those with high general self-efficacy. In the same way, Luszczynska finds that gastrointestinal patients use less passive coping techniques and more active techniques of pain management [13]. This author, together with Scholz, has carried out several studies to search for evidence to consider self-efficacy a universal construct [14]. Because of all this, we think self-efficacy beliefs may play a major role in the adherence to a GFD and this relation has only just begun to be studied in recent years.
According to Bandura [6], there are four sources of self-efficacy: performance accomplishments, vicarious experience through model observation, verbal persuasion on own capabilities and, lastly, the evaluation of emotional arousal during performance. Any change in the level of self-efficacy expectation is going to take place through one of these sources or a combination of any of them.
According to Bandura´s Social Cognitive Theory, performance accomplishments are the strongest source of self-efficacy as is the real evidence that a person can perform a task successfully. Generally speaking, success events help to build a high level of self-efficacy while failures tend to lower it. Although this is the general rule, this does not always work this way as success and failure need to be cognitively processed. After this analysis, and depending on, for instance, attribution mechanisms, a higher or lower belief of self-efficacy will be instilled. Other factors such as skills assessment, perceived task difficulty, the effort made, the situation or former successes or failures will also condition the sense of self-efficacy. Failure is especially negative in early stages before a strong belief of personal efficacy has been developed. On the other hand, if success comes too soon, the self-efficacy belief instilled could be high, but weak and vulnerable to failure. It is success after overcoming difficulties and setbacks that builds high and strong self-efficacy beliefs, in other words, resilient to future adversities. This source of self-efficacy also builds up an expectation easier to apply to new situations than those obtained through the other three sources. In adhering to a GFD, the successful management of the diet at home, when travelling or eating out may lead to a high and strong sense of self-efficacy while conflicts in those areas, the failure in lowering serological markers or symptomatology may reduce self-efficacy beliefs.
Vicarious learning has been widely studied during the 1960s in the last century and the underlying mechanisms have been well established. People do not learn only by direct experience but also by imitation or vicarious observation. So, self-efficacy expectations are also affected by individual´s exposition to models that execute, successfully or not, a certain task. The higher the similarity to the model, the higher the effect in the observer´s self-efficacy beliefs. If the model is too different from the observer, the expectation may not be altered significantly as the observer may consider himself or herself to be incomparable. There are a number of circumstances in which this source is especially effective: the greater similarity in sex, age and race between the model and the observer, the greater the influence conveyed. On the other hand, models facing self-doubts and difficulties but controlling masterfully them seem to be more effective than those who perform perfectly. This source is especially useful with people who have not executed the task before and have not faced failure or success yet. But a competent model not only conveys a sense of self-efficacy but also the knowledge and skills of how a task should be executed. The model not only transmits that the goal is achievable but also shows how the task needs to be performed. Those who appear to be confident and persevere in the task help to develop stronger beliefs of self-efficacy in the observer. Vicarious experience emphasizes predictability and controllability. Through observation, the observer anticipates what is going to happen at the same time that he or she learns to control and manage difficulties, reducing stress and increasing self-efficacy beliefs.
In adhering to a GFD, this source of self-efficacy is especially useful, developing efficacy beliefs among siblings, friends or class or workmates who have been diagnosed at the same time. Support groups promoted by patients’ associations illustrate clearly how this source can be useful in real settings. This source of self-efficacy must be taken into account, therefore, when designing self-managed health programmes where new members can observe the required behaviour and strategies put into practice by veterans or by recently diagnosed patients.
Verbal persuasion is the third most effective source of self-efficacy when trying to install a healthy habit. It is easier to develop a sense of self-efficacy when others believe in your capabilities. Its effects may be limited when trying to generate high and long-lasting levels of self-efficacy but it is effective if kept within a realistic contest. On the other hand, people seem more motivated when avoiding the negative costs of a certain habit than for the gains that the adoption of a new habit may bring. Meyerowitz and Chaiken [15] reported that emphasis in potential losses of not adhering to a healthy habit is more effective and builds a stronger sense of self-efficacy than the emphasis on the advantages of adhering. It seems that the efficacy of a message based on gains and losses depends on the pre-existing efficacy beliefs. So, emphasis on losses is more effective for those high in self-efficacy while those with a lower pre-existing sense of self-efficacy have their effort undermined. This leads us to think about the need to adapt the message depending on the pre-existing levels of self-efficacy in the coeliac patient. If he or she is confident in being able to follow a GFD strictly we must emphasise the costs of non-adherence while we must moderate the message for those with lower self-efficacy beliefs.
According to Bandura, self-appraisal of affective and physiological states is the fourth source of self-efficacy beliefs. When patients evaluate their capabilities, they often integrate information from their physiological response. People differ in the amount of attention they pay to their emotions and feelings: the less immersed they are in their activities the more likely they are to concentrate on inner sensations and physiological reactions to difficulties. Diseases and physical deficiencies may focus their attention on their own limitations.
A coeliac patient excessively focussed on the internal sensations and anxiety may develop a lower and weaker self-efficacy expectation due to the anxiety generated by the activities required when following a GFD menu, such as talking to waiters, cooks, rejecting food, and so on. This also happens if he or she pays much attention to associated symptomatology.
Since Bandura published the theory of self-efficacy in the 1970s, it has been applied to many areas such as adherence to medical treatments, rehabilitation, sexual risk behaviour, physical exercise, nutrition and weight control, breast and prostate examinations or drug addiction [6].
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health not only as a lack of illness but as a complete feeling of biological, psychological and social well-being. It is not only about being healthy but also about perceiving a good health status and a good quality of life.
Since the end of the twentieth century, western countries adopted this biopsychosocial model in which health and disease are consequences of the interaction of biological and psychological factors. Healthy habits have a beneficial effect on the organism while the absence of them may have an accumulative impact that leads to the development of chronic diseases; this is why it is necessary to develop self-managed health programmes as the most effective medicine nowadays. Fuchs [16] reported that medical expenditure has only a moderate influence on life expectancy and that, apart from genetics, it is their lifestyle and environmental conditions that are the most important factors in determining patient´s health. People suffer from physical problems and die prematurely because of pernicious habits and from preventable causes.
These are the main reasons why we think that self-efficacy expectation and the Social Cognitive Theory offer a suitable framework for intervention in CD. The self-efficacy expectation seems to play a major role at two different levels and both have been widely investigated in the last decades. The former refers to the effects of perceived self-efficacy in neurophysiological systems in coping situations and an extensive summary can be found in Bandura’s ‘Self-efficacy: The exercise of control’. This first level is of great importance if we link it to the recent research about the role of self-immune mechanisms and intestinal microbiota in the etiopathogenesis of coeliac disease [17–20]. A second level, and more relevant for the adherence to a GFD, is the role of self-efficacy expectation in the instillation of healthy habits and the elimination of risky behaviours. The Social Cognitive Theory offers, therefore, the necessary knowledge to develop effective health promotion programmes. In this case, how to improve GFD adherence in coeliac patients in order to enhance quality of life is shown.
The Social Cognitive Theory studies three basic change processes: the adoption of new habits, their maintenance through time, and their generalization to new situations. In other words, how self-efficacy affects the establishment of a strict GFD, its persistence in time, recovery after transgressions and the generalization of those strategies to correctly maintain the diet in different areas such as at home, when travelling, at work or eating out.
People´s beliefs about their own ability to motivate themselves and organize their behaviour play a central role when giving up unhealthy habits and adopting medical treatments as the GFD in coeliac patients. If they hold discouraging beliefs, they will not be able to do what is needed to go on a GFD, they will simply not begin. According to the Social Cognitive Theory, those with high pre-existing self-efficacy expectations will succeed better in definitively adhering to a GFD than those with self-doubts and frequent voluntary or involuntary transgressions. Even those who realize that their current habit is not healthy will not go on a GFD while they lack the self-efficacy required to resist temptations and cope with mood alterations. Di Clemente studied the changes in self-efficacy expectations along different stages of habit change and concluded that patients with weak self-efficacy beliefs give up preventive behaviour faster than those with stronger beliefs [12, 21].
According to Bandura, patients need to have sufficient knowledge about the disease and risk behaviours without being frightened by the message. What patients need are clues about how to behave and the strong conviction of being able to change their concerns about their health into preventive behaviour. That is, as we explain below, the intention-action gap is bridged with planning. So, those patients lacking enough self-efficacy to adhere to a GFD must enrol in self-managed programmes that provide them with gradual experiences that will increase their competence and self-efficacy levels while those fostering high beliefs can start a GFD with the medical recommendation alone. The problem is that today these programmes neither exist nor are scientifically based.
The messages, therefore, must be tailored to suit the chronic patient. Some authors have designed programmes of this type to individualize messages for each patient in tobacco addiction, healthy eating or preventive behaviour in cancer but we have not found any for CD and we think that programmes like these may be useful in clinical settings [22].
In order to stick to a GFD, intention alone will not suffice to develop the intention, patients will need self-regulatory skills. They must learn to design the menu, to set short- and long-term goals to focus the effort, such as travelling, eating out or in different places and to be able to anticipate positive and negative consequences of adherence. Once empowered with these skills and with strong self-efficacy beliefs, patients are ready to adopt the necessary behaviours and habits for following a strict GFD.
Over the past decades, the authors have found strong evidence that adherence to healthy habits are mediated by strong expectations of self-efficacy [6]. The higher this expectation is, the more likely the patient is to adhere to treatment and the more intense will be their efforts made to keep up with the new habit. This relationship has been found in different health topics such as obstructive lung disease, heart function recovery, pain reduction in patients with arthritis, chronic pain, stress reduction, weight loss, control of bulimic behaviour, cholesterol reduction through diet, adherence to physical exercise and many others. Bandura makes a systematic review of this extensive research [6] but this link with CD has scarcely been studied.
GFD has few positive consequences unless it is strict and maintained for a long time. Patients not only have to be able to start the diet but also be able to cope with potentially conflictive situations such as temptations or voluntary and involuntary transgressions. The development of these self-regulatory skills requires a resilient sense of self-efficacy to resist temptations and return to the GFD after transgressions.
The easiest setting to install a GFD is, logically, at home and with naturally gluten exempt food as fish, meat or vegetables but we are social animals and we need to generalize those self-efficacy beliefs developed at home to other settings like restaurants, when we are at work or travelling. This generalization process is not easy, and it is important not only to control the disease but, more specifically, to achieve an adequate quality of life. Coeliac patients must force themselves to conquer new settings and gain confidence without putting themselves at risk. They have to overcome their feelings of ‘being forgotten’, ‘being a bother’ or their fear of ‘be contaminated by gluten’ and to fully participate in the activities of their communities. We are, therefore, speaking about the third of Bandura´s dimensions: magnitude, strength and
It might be easy to go on a GFD, but sticking to it is a very different thing. Traditional explanatory models of change fail to explain the gap between intention and action. The HAPA model [23] tries to address this question and we think it fits very well with the GFD. This model was suggested by Schwarzer in 1988 and deeply reviewed recently by the author as an attempt to integrate the Heckhausen and Gollwitzer’s [24] action phases model with Bandura´s Social Cognitive Theory [8]. Five principles help to define the model:
The model distinguishes between preintentional motivational process and postintentional volitive processes that lead to healthy habits. Therefore, HAPA is a two-phase model: It is in the initial motivational phase, when the individual still has to develop the intention to acquire a healthy habit, which in this case is adherence to a GFD. In this phase, risks are assessed as threatening but unlikely, especially by asymptomatic patients, and not important enough to build an intention but they motivate the patient towards a contemplation stage and an evaluation of the capabilities needed to take up a GFD (social skills, facing temptations, etc.) and the consequences (giving up to certain foods, identifying oneself as coeliac, changing habits or extra work associated with the diet). Analogously, positive consequences are important at this motivational phase (e.g. a healthier diet or symptomatology improvement). In addition, in this time, high self-efficacy beliefs, together with positive outcome expectations, play a major role and both are necessary to develop an intention.
But the development of an intention is not the end of the road. Once developed, this has to be turned into action and, ultimately, into a strict adherence for which self-regulation skills and strategies are required. In this postintentional moment, volitional phase, planning and the self-efficacy beliefs to face transgression (recovery self-efficacy) play a central role.
This distinction is important because, while action self-efficacy predicts intention, maintenance and recovery self-efficacy beliefs are better predictors of adherence. So, individuals that go back to a GFD after a transgression need different self-efficacy beliefs than those that keep their adherence. As the saying goes, it is better to fall and rise again than never have fallen at all.
Once the intention has been developed and the patient enters the volitive phase, we can distinguish between those with the intention to go on a GFD (intenders) and those who have already adhered to the new diet (actors) (Figure 2).
The HAPA model [
To adhere to a habit, intentions need to be transformed into actions through detailed planning, for which people need to imagine themselves in different settings and the different strategies that they can deploy to get a GFD.
Schwarzer distinguishes between action planning and maintenance planning.
Self-efficacy expectation is necessary along all this adherence processes to a GFD but this expectation is slightly different depending on each phase. Marlatt et al. distinguish between initial, maintenance and recovery self-efficacy.
The HAPA model points out the necessary constructs to work on each phase in a self-management health programme. Patients and professionals need to work on the following variables for the motivational phase: action self-efficacy, risk perception, outcome expectations and goal setting while the constructs to work on the volitive phase are action planning, coping planning, social support, maintenance self-efficacy, recovery self-efficacy and action control.
In addition, McLean [26], following a systematic review about adherence to treatments, concludes that this is higher when (1) this follows a cognitive, motivational and behavioural approach, (2) it helps patients to overcome barriers and face relapses and (3) it takes into account the conditions that come from health organizations.
To conclude, we must say that we think that the HAPA model can provide a valid framework for the design and implementation of programmes to improve adherence to a GFD in primary-care settings.
Due to advances in medicine and the subsequent increase in life expectancy in western countries, chronic disease has become a prevalent type of illness and disability in the last decades. Most people with chronic illnesses receive a treatment more based on medication than on education or the development of healthy lifestyles that allow them to manage their illness in a more effective way. This medical treatment is not possible in coeliac disease as there is no other cure besides sticking to a strict GFD for life. According to the Social Cognitive Theory, problems with adherence are more related to a poor belief in the benefits of the treatment or the perceived lack of capacity to stick to it than to the difficulties directly derived from the disease.
Holman and Lorig [27–31] have designed a prototypic programme for the self-management of different chronic diseases. These programmes include the development of technical skills such as pain control, relaxation, short-term goal setting, self-reinforcement, problem solving, heath changes interpretation, community resource finding, medication management and they can be promoted in primary care settings.
Different chronic diseases present very similar problems concerning how to manage symptomatology and how to overcome difficulties when adhering to the treatment or the control of emotions associated to the loss of quality of life. Programmes of this kind are, therefore, generic models that can be adapted to different chronic diseases (e.g. coeliac disease). This research team has not found any scientifically based programme for improving adherence to a GFD and because of this, we would at least like to present the outline of a proposal in this chapter.
Cunningham and Lookwood [32] found that the more the coping self-efficacy for chronic disease is improved through a programme, the higher the improvement is in terms of quality of life. These studies show the need to combine medical treatments with psychosocial interventions based on self-management programmes and we think that coeliac disease treatment would benefit from this approach.
Psycho-CD has the following objectives:
The general objectives include the following:
To improve adherence to GFD in coeliac patients.
To develop a level of quality of life in coeliac patients to match non-sufferers.
To develop high, strong and generalized self-efficacy expectations in different areas to reduce stress and increase the sense of competency in adhering to GFD.
The specific objectives include the following:
To improve knowledge about coeliac disease and adherence to a GFD.
Develop self-efficacy in specific settings such as eating at home, at work, eating out, shopping and when travelling.
To increase social support and referents in the self-management of the disease.
To learn to manage emotions associated with the disease.
We propose to adapt Schwarzer’s HAPA model (Figure 2) within the wider framework of Bandura´s Social Cognitive Theory with three phases:
In this phase, patients will work on self-efficacy expectations to start a GFD, outcome expectations and risk perception in order to develop the intention to stick to a GFD.
During this intentional phase, patients will mainly work on the maintenance of self-efficacy as well as barriers to and resources for adherence to a GFD. The objective of this phase is to work on the intention-action gap with patients through the detailed planning of the diet and how to overcome difficulties.
During the action phase, together with barriers and resources, patients will work on planning to follow the diet correctly in the five areas identified by Sverker, as well as the social skills and coping strategies together with the development of recovery self-efficacy after transgressions.
According to HAPA model principles, along the programme, two different stages will be distinguished depending on the patient´s expectations:
Motivational moment (sessions 1 and 2) when the patient still needs to develop his or her intention (preintender) to follow a GFD.
Volitive moment (sessions 3–10) when some patients have already developed their intention (intender) but have not gone into action and those who already have (actors).
Responsibility is transferred to the patient. Coeliac disease is a chronic disorder and the only treatment to date is a lifelong strict GFD and, therefore, once the treatment has been set up through adequate training, it is the patient who must take accountability for the adherence.
Self-efficacy plays a central role in the programme. Professionals must evaluate specific self-efficacy to initiate, maintain and manage transgressions during the GFD.
According to the HAPA model, the programme is based around a detailed plan to ensure adherence, in other words, professionals will help the patients to plan how to prevent relapses and avoid transgressions.
Professionals will carry out several evaluations throughout the programme:
Initial evaluation
Evaluation of the diet.
Evaluation of specific self-efficacy.
Evaluation of quality of life.
Final evaluation
Evaluation of diet after intervention.
Evaluation of levels of specific self-efficacy after the programme.
Evaluation of quality of life after the programme.
Evaluation of the programme as a whole
This programme is designed to be implemented in primary care or by Patients´ Associations.
Professionals will adapt motivational intervention depending on whether the patient is in a preintentional, intentional or behavioural phase. Messages will be designed according to previous levels of self-efficacy, thus grading the level of threat and the discrepancy between current behaviour and the new demands of adherence.
The programme will be based on solid scientific evidence regarding coeliac disease from which professionals will define risk behaviour and make their corresponding recommendations.
Self-efficacy expectation is a central factor in the programme. Self-efficacy expectations will be developed using Bandura´s sources: previous achievements in programmed behavioural trials in which the required social skills can be put into, use of models through mates and mentors´ support, verbal persuasion with the messages designed by professionals and emotional appraisal through the control of symptomatology and the anxiety associated with social interaction that can threaten adherence to a GFD.
This programme will be managed by dieticians with specific training and experience in coeliac disease.
Patients are responsible for the correct management of their disease, achieving access to a more normalized life through careful planning.
Doctors are in charge of initial diagnosis and motivation as well as the derivation to this programme of adherence improvement.
Patients will be assigned a mentor among more experienced coeliac patients and, preferably, who have undertaken the programme before. Mentors, according to the Social Cognitive Theory, will be similar to the patients to better help the development of empathy and self-efficacy.
The mentor will be a veteran in managing coeliac disease and will guide the patient through the programme, serving as a reference during and after, as a way of increasing his or her social support.
The programme is designed for 10 sessions, preferably in groups of five to eight patients, with a weekly frequency and an estimated duration of 2 h. It would be possible to offer five 4-h sessions.
In the first session, dieticians give an introduction to CD and GFD, introduce the mentor and offer a tailored GF menu for the next 15 days along with the basic recommendations for starting the diet. Mentors do not need to attend the rest of the sessions but they should be available according to the patient´s needs.
During session 2, dieticians will give a detailed explanation of CD and GFD and will motivate patients towards adherence customizing messages based on patient’s moment of change (preintention, intention or action). Dieticians will work on action self-efficacy, positive and negative outcome expectations (physical, social and self-evaluative) and risk perception.
In this session, dieticians will review emotions associated with coeliac disease such as stress, anxiety, sadness, frustration and others as a strategy for preventing relapses and improving quality of life.
In this session, dieticians will explain concepts related to packaging and labelling as well as the acquisition of unpacked goods. Dieticians will review risk behaviours and associated recommendations.
Dieticians will review possible problems associated with eating at home with family and friends. Patients will act out role plays about how to correct inadequate behaviour in guests that may be a risk to their diet as well as how to reject or accept invitations.
Dieticians will review risks when eating out. Patients will act out role plays associated with the social skills needed when ordering gluten-free food, rejecting an unsafe dish and other similar situations.
Dieticians will review problems that arise at work, school or university, associated legislation, if there is any, and patients will plan how to get gluten-free food in those settings.
Dieticians will help to plan trips and patients will learn to find patients´ associations in other cities and countries, as well as other valuable information for following the GFD when travelling.
Dieticians will carry out a follow-up interview at 6 months to assess adherence.
In this last session, dieticians will evaluate again self-efficacy expectations, adherence and quality of life as well as the programme as a whole.
Sessions 1–3 will combine technical expositions with presentations of patients and mentors’ experiences.
Sessions 4–8 will have the following structure:
Review of former achievements.
Technical presentation.
Objectives for next session: Design of behavioural trial.
What could go wrong? Contingency plans.
Closing summary and commitment.
Sessions 9 and 10 will combine quantitative and qualitative evaluation of adherence and quality of life together with the sharing of the benefits of the programme.
This chapter presents a theoretical framework that can be useful to improve adherence to a GFD for patients affected by gluten-related disorders, in particular for coeliac patients. The difficulty for a correct adherence lies mainly on how strict the diet needs to be as we understand that it needs to be very strict in the case of CD and wheat allergy, and it could be more relaxed in the case of NCGS.
Self-efficacy expectations play a key role in adherence and quality of life of these patients and the HAPA model offers not only an explanatory mechanism but also the contents that need to be present in any programme to improve adherence.
Psycho-CD is a self-management programme designed to improve adherence and quality of life when adhering to a GFD that can be implemented in primary-care settings or from patients’ associations.
As there is currently no alternative treatment for CD, programmes of this type may result not only in an improvement of the quality of life of the patient but also in a reduction of the costs associated with expensive diagnostic procedures and severe complications arising from inadequate adherence.
In recent times, the deployment of renewable dispersed generation systems and energy storage units uncovered the need for smart metering to oversee and control the generating units. The first-generation of the smart meter was developed in 2005 to transmit data back to the energy supplier. During the process, transferring data every month was upgraded to sharing of data daily or hourly. The process has helped the customers to be able to consume and produce concurrently. This demonstrates smart meters’ significance to electromechanical devices [1], which is only limited to electricity consumption measurement. References [2, 3] reported that in a year time (2020), an estimated one billion smart meters would be produced globally. The researcher further stated that the US would be closed to 65 million demands quota of smart meters by the said year: the expected highest demand by any country out a billion quantities. More so, dated as far back the year 1990, exploring gathered information collected from an energy metering device to bill through a central database came to limelight through a technology called Automatic Meter Reader over from then electromechanical meter.
The flowchart diagram displayed in Figure 1 illustrates the process involved in smart meter evolution [2, 4]. Reference [5] stated that smart energy meter operates in two formats, such as the automatic meter reader (AMR) and the advanced meter infrastructure (AMI). According to Reference [6], AMR is an electronic meter that employs one-way communication data collection. It is a classy system that automatically calculates billing and relays the information about the energy supplier’s consumption rate remotely. The system could involve various techniques to communicate, including general packet radio service (GPRS), supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA), radiofrequency (RF), and global system for mobile (GSM). Given this, the researcher concluded that GSM is the most adaptive device with many users and the coverage zone for data transmission. This quality enhances the chances of using the system for metering purposes. Also, energy meters that use GSM prepare data for easy access to energy consumers and energy suppliers.
Evolution of energy metering to the smart meter.
On the other hand, AMI is an electronic meter that communicates between the energy provider and customers by informing them about the specific interval data. AMI integrates two-way communication and an electronic meter designed to observe and regulate the grid system [7].
A smart metering system could be described as an energy system that measures energy consumption, data collection, data creation, and energy billing activities. References [6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12] define smart meters as the device built and installed around a home or business to measure real-time consumption rate of electric, gas, and water used to envisage the improvement required for the accuracy, reliability, and efficiency enhancement of the outdated or/and overburden electrical, water and gas grids. Reference [13] categorically stated that a smart energy meter is an electrical device that tracks energy usage, and instantaneously communicates the energy supplier’s outcome. Understandably, the process of transferring the energy captured, recorded, and stored at the electricity distributors through a wireless network takes ≤30 seconds to deliver. Reference [14] described the impact smart meter energy has on enhancing energy efficiency challenges through a concept called intelligent energy network. This concept comprises energy meter devices and intelligent communication technology (ICT). Intelligent energy networking was pointed out as the ultimate energy device needed in achieving smart energy metering systems. This device can effectively monitor and control energy data exchange between the utility and the consumers. This process is performed in two-way directionally between meters to meters regarding the networking type imbibed. Reference [15] mentioned the significance of smart metering as an antidote to a more energy-efficient and metering system that gives accurate meter reading and billing system. However, smart metering has related working principles with the conventional meter in arrangement and calculation of physical quantities but differs from the computational aspect. Smart metering computes less energy consumption rate either in hourly or in seconds rather than in monthly. Reference [5] said that smart energy meter operates in two formats, such as AMR and AMI. AMR communicates and collects data for the utility company just in one direction. In the same section, AMI was described as an electronic meter that communicates between the energy provider and customers by informing them about the data collected at a certain interval. The further description illustrates that AMI integrates two-way communication and electronic meter to observe and regulate the grid system [7]. Additionally, a first-generation smart meter was developed in 2005 to transmit data back to the energy supplier. During the process, transmitting data on a monthly basis was upgraded to sharing data daily or hourly. The process has helped the customers to be able to consume and produce concurrently. This demonstrates smart meters’ significance to electromechanical devices [16], which is only limited to electricity consumption measurement. Apart from that, the electromechanical device lacks consistency when it comes to energy measurement and encouragement for criminal activities. The demand for the supply of electrical energy brings about the existence of electronic meters with additional functions. However, electronic meters work on a principle of digital micro- technology (DMT). The application of this principle has no involvement in the moving disc, which results in wear and tear of the moving parts [17]. The electronic meter performs the automatic meter reading from consumers to both production and control executes by the utility. In that case, the smart energy meter combines the electronic device, intelligent communication technology, and control system in real time.
Although smart metering has related working principles with the conventional meter in the arrangement and calculation of physical quantities, they differ in the computational aspect. Smart metering computes less energy consumption rate either in hourly or in seconds rather than in monthly. Figure 2 depicts a smart meter’s general structure comprising two parts: hardware and software. The hardware part consists of three central units: acquisition, data processing, and data transmission units. These units represent the combination of components like a voltage sensor (VS), a current sensor (CS), an energy metering integrated circuit (EMIC), microcontroller unit (MCU), liquid crystal display (LCD), power supply/real-time clock (PS/RTC) and communication unit (CMU) [9, 18, 19].
Basic architecture of smart meter.
As one of the units considered in a smart meter’s architectural development, data acquisition is referred to as a unit where analog data is obtained, processed, and converted into a required digital input for data processing. It is advised that careful execution of this process is necessary to generate a reliable result. This unit consists of the voltage sensor (VS), current sensor (CS), and level shifter circuits (LSC) [18]. The VS and CS function as the facilitators of data acquisition before being transmitted to the energy metering integrated circuit (IC) for signal conditioning while simultaneously convert analog to digital developments. This type of controller is a “system on chip (SOC).” SOC constitutes analog front end (AFE) with a microcontroller unit (MCU). More so, AFE is a section of the smart energy device that is connected to the high voltage lines [18, 20]. This component regulates the high voltage and high current rates from the mains into smaller values ADC and MCU can easily absorb or process [21]. The MCU can be referred to as the device’s brain because it dictates and controls all functions initiated within the smart energy meter.
The data transmission unit is responsible for transferring and receiving generated energy parameters to fully notify the billing and monitoring purposes to both the energy supplier and customers. Data is transmitted to a centralized server with customers’ identities stored to determine the customers’ unwillingness and criminal activities such as unpaid electricity usage, electricity theft, and electricity property vandalism [12].
Communication network systems for smart energy meters are the essential existing networks adapted into energy metering. It can be subdivided into cables and wireless networks, as shown in Figure 3. According to references [22, 23], a smart meter should be built to carry out functionalities like measuring, applying, and communicating energy parameters to stimulate efficiency and energy supply across households and industries. However, this efficiency is possible through a proper selection of communication networks and ports to manage energy data transmission and reception. Communication network systems must be cost-productive, give great transmittable extent, better security characteristics, data transmission, power quality, and the slightest conceivable number of repetitions.
Communication network systems for smart energy meters.
Communication can be achieved using various communication procedures, including power line communication (PLC), ethernet, coaxial cable, RF, Wi-Fi, ZigBee, Bluetooth, GSM, and other available methods. The PLC carries data on conductors employed simultaneously for AC electric power transmission or electric power distribution. PLCs have proven to be a cost-effective solution in a large number of scenarios. Moreover, it provides a distribution system operator with a proprietary communication network and innately integrates the sensing and communication functionalities. Consequently, it has become the predominant smart metering technology in the EU and China [24].
Ethernet is the protocol of choice compared to fiber infrastructure for short and long distances. This technique injects a high-frequency carrier into power lines and modulates the carrier with the data to be transmitted [25]. Typically, Ethernet connections are rated at 1, 10, 40, and 100 Gbps, depending on the technology used [26]. Coaxial cable is a high-speed data transfer technology based on cable television infrastructures. Coaxial cable networks were primarily designed for broadcast services, including television and radio channels. Coaxial cable communication is employed as a communication link between home devices, such as smart meters, an electric distribution company, home automation services, home security, and energy management systems in the smart grid context. Its disadvantage is that the entire bandwidth is shared along the line among many customers making the connection slow [25].
ZigBee [24, 27] is an efficient and cost-effective wireless mesh network built on the IEEE standard 802.15.4. However, it offers a low data rate for personal area networks (PANs). The technology can be employed in device control, reliable messaging, home and building automation, remote monitoring, consumer electronics, health care, and several other areas. Estimated data rates are 250 kbps per channel in the unlicensed 2.4 GHz band, 40 kbps per channel in the 915 MHz band and 20 kbps per channel in the 868 MHz band [28].
Wi-Fi technologies consist of 802.11n (300 Mbps), 802.11b (11 Mbps), 802.11 g (54 Mbps) and 802.11a (54 Mbps) [28]. WI-FI support the computer, laptop, game console or peripheral devices. Wi-Fi is generally an upper layer protocol, with IP being the most predominant protocol, allowing communications over the internet without needing a protocol translator. Smart meters with Wi-Fi modules may be utilized for signal repetition, and the addition of repeaters increases the coverage area and network capacity [28]. Bluetooth [28, 29] is another common wireless communications system used to exchange data over short distances. It employs short-wavelength radio transmission (2400–2480 MHz). Its main features are low power consumption and fast data exchange, and widespread availability. Bluetooth technology can be a viable alternative for the communication of control signs and transmit vitality utilization information.
GSM modem [28, 30] operates in similar ways to the mobile phone because they both require internet connectivity to send and receive information. A GSM modem comprises a dedicated modem device with a USB, serial, or Bluetooth connection. Communication with the GSM can be carried out using machine instructions to activate structures on an intelligent modem known as AT command set. The AT command set is widely known as the Hayes standard AT command set. This functions as a set of instructions for configuring and controlling modems. The commands are short sequences of ASCII characters. All command strings (that is, sequences of characters) must be supplementary by the letters AT, an abbreviation for attention that accounts for the set name.
The smart energy operational block diagram in Figure 4 depicts the components of making the smart energy meter for an advanced metering system, thus lessening consumers’ stress in purchasing energy credit units from vendors’ utilities. The device will reduce the production cost, billing cost, and maintenance cost of procuring one from the utility viewpoint.
Smart meter components.
The smart meter measures the current, voltage, power, and energy consumed by loads. The energy meter comprises the voltage and current sensor that helps with the voltage and current signals’ acquisition. The amount of power utilized, the voltage, and current per time are evaluated, enabling the consumer to understand its consumption. More so, energy usage per time is derived per time, thereby providing a fast energy management method. The metering system is also responsible for relaying the amount of voltage and current consumed by the load to the micro controlling unit for the required parameter computation. Hence, if the measured power rating exceeded 2000 Watts, the micro controlling unit sends a command to the relay to control and reduce consumption rate charges. Therefore, the whole system starts to return the entire process to the initialization input all over again. The code in the micro controlling unit is shown in the appendices.
The meter was designed with technical specifications that are identified as accuracy (class 1.0); rated voltage; single-phase (230 V → 250 V); frequency (50 Hz/30A); display (LCD), information record, and energy parameters such as power, current, voltage, power, energy, and cost of billing.
The proposed smart meter was simulated using proteus software. Proteus combines mixed mode SPIC circuit simulation and animated components with various microprocessor models, which facilitate simulation. This assists in developing design and test cases. It emerges amongst the simulation software for electronic design.
The simulated design shown in Figure 5 displays the initialization stage of the smart energy meter. The components are interfaced through the connecting probe. It is seen that the schematic diagram within the simulation showed that the power supply is connected to a potential transformer serving as the voltage sensor. A Zener diode protects the microcontroller unit against any upsurges. The current sensing is based on the Hall effect sensor, with its output increasing by 60 mV for every ampere increment in the measured current. For the voltage sensor, when no current is flowing in the circuit, the device voltage is 0.6 Volt, which is directly proportional to an increase in voltage when increased linearly by 60 mV/A. Caution is taken to ensure that the measured voltage does not exceed the microcontroller’s reference voltage. This is achieved using the zero-crossing detector for enhanced current and voltage measurement.
Smart meter simulated diagram.
The zero-crossing detector is a device used for the detection of voltage and current crosses in whichever direction. However, a comparator can be used as a zero-crossing detector. Assuming our reference voltage for the comparator is chosen as zero (Vref =0), the input voltage will saturate the comparator. Therefore, two Op-Amp is employed in place of zero-crossing. Both Op-Amps are configured so that their output goes high whenever their negative input goes lower than zero. The voltage sensor minimum voltage is set to 0.6 Volt.
The circuit has a transistor-driven relay connected to the collector side. The voltage impressed on this relay is a rated full coil voltage at the peak period. Although, in OFF time, the voltage is completely zero to avoid any hazard during use. The PNP transistor is connected to control the switching of the relay. This process facilitates the selection of BC 327 PNP transistors because of their capacity to handle the current, voltage, and power supply. The transistor is also driven into saturation (turned ON) when the Logic 1 signal is written on the port pin. Thus, turning ON the relay. The relay is turned OFF by writing Logic 0 on the Port 5 and 13 of the ATmega328P. Also, a free-wheeling diode 1 N4148 is connected across the relay coil. This is done to protect the transistor from damage due to the back electromotive force (EMF) generated within the relay’s inductive coil. Thus, the transistor is turned OFF. The energy is stored in the inductor as dissipated through the diode and the relay coil’s internal resistance when the transistor is switched OFF.
The designed smart meter is depicted in Figure 6, while its tested results are tabularized in Table 1, based on the meter’s response when a fan and a blower are connected. The results show the voltage, current, power, energy, the resulting cost of energy every second, and the cumulative cost of energy.
Designed smart meter.
Time | Voltage (V) | Current (AMP) | Power (kW) | Energy (kWh) | Cost | Total cost |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
17:08:34 | 224:51 | 5.41 | 1.22 | 0.34 | US$ 0.08 | US$ 0.08 |
17:08:35 | 224.28 | 5.41 | 1.21 | 0.34 | US$ 0.08 | US$ 0.16 |
17:08:35 | 224.28 | 5.41 | 1.21 | 0.34 | US$ 0.08 | US$ 0.23 |
17:08:35 | 224.28 | 5.47 | 1.23 | 0.34 | US$ 0.08 | US$ 0.3 |
17:08:35 | 224.28 | 5.44 | 1.20 | 0.34 | US$ 0.08 | US$ 0.38 |
17:08:35 | 224.28 | 5.41 | 1.21 | 0.34 | US$ 0.08 | US$ 0.5 |
17:08:35 | 224.04 | 5.44 | 1.22 | 0.34 | US$ 0.08 | US$ 0.54 |
17:08:35 | 224.04 | 5.44 | 1.22 | 0.34 | US$ 0.08 | US$ 0.61 |
17:08:35 | 224.04 | 5.39 | 1.21 | 0.34 | US$ 0.08 | US$ 0.69 |
Result of smart energy meter when loaded with fan and air blower.
Table 2 presents lists of all variables considered in the smart energy meter design and development, including their costs. The overall cost of the designed smart meter prototype was evaluated to approximately US $ 157. The cost of producing a unit may seem expensive due to the procedures and methods of executing the design. However, a cost comparison between the developed smart energy meter prototype and selected intelligent energy meters (See Table 3) with similar functionalities available in the market was conducted. This comparison demonstrated that the project is cost-effective. For mass production on a commercial scale, the cost will further reduce since components are purchased in bulk.
S/N | Component name | Manufacturer | Pieces | Cost (US $) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | USB TTL Serial/RS232 Converter | EIE | 1 | 6.16 |
2 | Term N/C PCB 2 W 2.54 GRN | DEGSON | 4 | 1.07 |
3 | ENCL ABS N/R BK 197 x 114 x 62 | Plaster Converter | 1 | 8.14 |
4 | Socket Banana 4 mm 6A w/h Red | EIE | 2 | 1.35 |
5 | Socket Banana 4 mm 6A w/h Black | EIE | 2 | 1.39 |
6 | Plug Banana 4 mm Stack Rub BLK | ELE | 2 | 2.51 |
7 | Plug Banana 4 mm Stack Rub Red | EIE | 2 | 2.47 |
8 | PSU W/M I-90/264 o = 09 V @2A2 | HG POWER | 1 | 19.71 |
9 | TRF P = 220 S = 9.5 V 1.5A PCB | EIE | 3 | 9.64 |
10 | Zener DO-35 500 mW 5.1 V 1N5231B | Fairchild | 12 | 0.22 |
11 | Terminal Block PCB 10 mm 2 W SIL | DEGSON | 2 | 0.70 |
12 | Current Detector Board | EIE | 1 | 5.57 |
13 | CAP ELEC RAD 1000uf 6 V3 | RUBYCON/HITANO | 4 | 1.86 |
14 | PS TO92 EBC 50 V 0.8A 60 M 160 | SOT TECH | 2 | 0.07 |
15 | PS TO92 EBC 50 V 0.8A 60 M 160 SMD | NXP | 2 | 0.04 |
16 | Header SIL STR 40 W 2.54 | GTX | 1 | 0.225 |
17 | Jumper Wires | ARD117E (40 15 cm) | 1 | 6.78 |
18 | GSM Shield SIM900 | KEYES | 1 | 68.64 |
19 | ARDUINO UNO R3 | CPUT | 2 | 0.04 |
20 | LCD1602 module(16x2) | HD44780 Adafruit | 2 | 12.92 |
Smart energy meter individual component costs.
Cost | Available smart energy meter | Cost | |
---|---|---|---|
Designed low cost smart energy meter | US$ 156.93 | SMA energy meter | US$ 428.57 |
CAK smart metering | US$ 142.86 | ||
DMED 130 meter | US$ 176 | ||
Linky rollout | US$ 186 | ||
Ontec systems/Itron SA | US$ 103 |
Smart energy meters in the market.
Furthermore, economies of scale can be described as the cost benefits companies acquire when production becomes effective. It is of utmost importance for every company to increase its production, enhancing the lowering of costs. Reference [31] states that mass production and mass customization determine manufacturers’ products’ behavior. A system that engages mass production operates within a standard that generally accepts and forecasts price reduction through economies of scale. And the price difference between mass-produced and customized goods helps lower the prices of units to achieve ‘low-cost’ in its generality.
The chapter presents a smart energy meter design that meets low-cost, energy-efficient, robust, and multi-functional requirements. The device was developed to measure energy consumption rates and billing. Additionally, the proposed system has added features that allow the recovery of the meter energy measurement data remotely. The system enables monitoring and transmission of energy consumed in real-time. A microcontroller board is used as the controlling unit to execute control and monitor activities. An LCD displays standard electrical measurements such as current, voltage, power, and energy consumption. The external communication device was required in the unit’s actualization, in conjunction with the control unit based on the existing mobile technology. It stands as the intermediary between the nearby available utility station and consumers or end-users. In conclusion, liquid crystal display displays real-time based data for the end-user to visualize. The usage data billing is done within thirty seconds, stored, and trans-received the process for data collection, keeping, and billing generation.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
The code below was programmed into the micro controlling unit, debugged, and simulated through proteus with prototype executed in detail.
#include <mega8.h>
#include <delay.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <io.h>
//#include <util/delay.h>
//#include <lcd.h>
//#include "lib/sim300/sim300.h"
//#include <sim300.h>
char *number = "9999999999";
float old_energy = 0;
float reference = 300.0;
//LCD
#define RS PORTD.6
#define E PORTD.7
char t1,z1;
//Global Variables initialization
unsigned char buf[10];
//Power facotr values and functions initialization
void pf_func();
unsigned int k=0,x=0,g=0;
float P=0;
float pf=0;
int adc_read(int ch);
int adc;
unsigned char buf[10];
float am=0,energy=0;
float vm=0;
// initialize adc
void adc_init()
{
// Internal Reference Voltage 2.56
ADMUX = (1<<REFS0) | (1<<REFS1);
// ADC Enable and prescaler of 128
// 8000000/128 = 62500
ADCSRA = (1<<ADEN)|(1<<ADPS2)|(1<<ADPS1)|(1<<ADPS0);
}
// read adc value
int adc_read(int ch)
{
// select the corresponding channel 0∼7
// ANDing with \'7\' will always keep the value
// of \'ch\' between 0 and 7
ch &= 0b00000111; // AND operation with 7
ADMUX = (ADMUX & 0xF8)|ch; // clears the bottom 3 bits before ORing
// start single conversion
// write \'1\' to ADSC
ADCSRA |= (1<<ADSC);
// wait for the conversion to complete
// ADSC becomes \'0\' again
// till then, run loop continuously
while(ADCSRA & (1<<ADSC));
return (ADCW);
}
void uart_transmit (unsigned char data)
{
while (!( UCSRA & (1<<UDRE)));
// wait while register is free
UDR = data;
// load data in the register
}
void string_transmit(char *str){
unsigned char i=0;
while (str[i]!=0)
{
uart_transmit (str[i]);
i++;
}
}
int powerfactor()
{
k=0;
g=g+1;
pf=(float)g/1000000;
pf=pf*50*360*(3.14/180);
pf = cos(pf);
k=abs(ceil(pf*100));
return k;
}
int lcd_data(char t)
{RS=1;
PORTB=t;
E=1;
delay_ms(1);
E=0;
delay_ms(1);
t1 = t << 4;
PORTB=t1;
E=1;
delay_ms(1);
E=0;
delay_ms(1);
return 0;}
int writecmd(char z)
{RS=0;
PORTB=z;
E=1;
delay_ms(1);
E=0;
delay_ms(1);
z1 = z << 4;
PORTB=z1;
E=1;
delay_ms(1);
E=0;
delay_ms(1);
return 0;}
void lcd_print(char *str)
{unsigned char i=0;
while (str[i]!=0)
{lcd_data(str[i]);
i++;}}
void lcd_init(void)
{writecmd(0x02);
writecmd(0x28);
writecmd(0x0c);
writecmd(0x01);
writecmd(0x06);}
void lcd_gotoxy(unsigned char x, unsigned char y)
{
unsigned char firstcharadrs[] = {0x80, 0xC0,0x94,0xD4};
writecmd(firstcharadrs[y-1] + x - 1);
delay_us(100);
}
/*
interrupt [USART_RXC] void intrp()
{
data1=string_receive1();
while(1){
if(strncmp(data1,"off",3)==0){
PORTD.2=1;}
lcd_print("House Disconnected");
data1=string_receive1();
if(strncmp(data1,"on",2)==0){
PORTD.2=0;
break;}
}
}
*/
void Tx_data(char *str)
{
string_transmit("AT+CMGS=");
uart_transmit(\'"\');
string_transmit(number);
uart_transmit(\'"\');
uart_transmit(\'\\r\');
while(*str)
{
uart_transmit(*str);
str++;
delay_ms(0);
}
uart_transmit(\'\\r\');
uart_transmit(0x1a);
}
void main(void)
{
int adc_int[41];
int max=0;
int i=0;
int a = 0;
float max_power = 4000;
DDRB = 0xff;
DDRC = 0x00;
DDRD = 0b11001100;
UBRRH=0x00;
UBRRL=12;
UCSRA=(0<<RXC) | (0<<TXC) | (0<<UDRE) | (0<<FE) | (0<<DOR) | (0<<UPE) | (1<<U2X) | (0<<MPCM);
UCSRB=(1<<RXCIE) | (0<<TXCIE) | (0<<UDRIE) | (1<<RXEN) | (1<<TXEN) | (0<<UCSZ2) | (0<<RXB8) | (0<<TXB8);
UCSRC=(1<<URSEL) | (0<<UMSEL) | (0<<UPM1) | (0<<UPM0) | (0<<USBS) | (1<<UCSZ1) | (1<<UCSZ0) | (0<<UCPOL);
#asm("sei")
lcd_init();
lcd_gotoxy(1,1);
lcd_print("SE METER");
string_transmit("SE METER\\r\\n");
while(1)
{
if (a == 0){ PORTD.3 = 1; a = 1;} // Pin n goes high
else{ PORTD.3 = 0; a = 0;} // Pin n goes low; // (PORTD.3 == 1
UCSRB=(1<<RXCIE) | (0<<TXCIE) | (0<<UDRIE) | (1<<RXEN) | (1<<TXEN) | (0<<UCSZ2) | (0<<RXB8) | (0<<TXB8);
delay_ms(1500);
pf_func();
x = powerfactor();
P=x;
delay_us(20);
lcd_init();
itoa (x,buf);
lcd_print(buf);
lcd_data(\'%\');
lcd_print("PF");
lcd_data(\',\');
lcd_data(\' \');
// Initialize ADC
adc_init();
for(i=0; i<=40; i++)
{
adc_int[i] = adc_read(1); // read adc value at PORTC.1
}
max=adc_int[0];
for(i=0; i<=40; i++)
{
if(max<adc_int[i])
max=adc_int[i];
}
adc=max - 240;
itoa(max,buf);
//am = (float)(adc*0.006849);// 7/1024
am = (float)(adc*0.0416709 *0.7071);// 32.67/(1024 - 240)
ftoa(am,3, buf);
lcd_print(buf);
lcd_data(\'A\');
lcd_data(\',\');
adc_init();
for( i=0; i<=40; i++)
{
adc_int[i] = adc_read(0); // read adc value at PORTC.0
}
max=adc_int[0];
for( i=0; i<=40; i++)
{
if(max<adc_int[i])
max=adc_int[i];
}
adc=max;
itoa(max,buf);
vm = adc*0.30585 * 0.707; //313/1024
ftoa(vm,2, buf);
lcd_gotoxy(1,2);
lcd_print(buf);
lcd_data(\'V\');
delay_ms(700);
lcd_init();
lcd_print("***POWER***");
lcd_gotoxy(1,2);
P=P/100;
am=am*vm*P;
if (am/P > max_power){
PORTD.2=1;
}
if (am/P < max_power){
PORTD.2=0;
}
ftoa(am,2, buf);
//string_transmit(buf);
// string_transmit("\\n\\r");
lcd_gotoxy(1,2);
lcd_print(buf);
lcd_data(\'W\');
delay_ms(700);
am=3.4*am;
am=am/3600;
energy=am+energy;
ftoa(energy,2, buf);
//string_transmit(buf);
//string_transmit("\\n\\r");
lcd_init();
lcd_print("***ENERGY***");
lcd_gotoxy(1,2);
lcd_print(buf);
lcd_print("Wh");
if ((int)energy > (old_energy + reference)){
old_energy = (int)energy;
ftoa(old_energy,2, buf);
Tx_data(buf);
Tx_data("KWH\\n\\r"); }
}
}
void pf_func()
{
while(1)
{
if ( PINC.2==1 )
{
TCNT1=0;
TCCR1B = 0x01; // Start timer at Fcpu/1
break;
}
else
{
continue;
}
}
while(1)
{
if ( PINC.3 == 1 )
{
TCCR1B = 0x00;
g=TCNT1;
break;
}
else
{
continue;
}
}
}
Authors are listed below with their open access chapters linked via author name:
",metaTitle:"IntechOpen authors on the Global Highly Cited Researchers 2018 list",metaDescription:null,metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"New for 2018 (alphabetically by surname).
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\nJocelyn Chanussot (chapter to be published soon...)
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\nYuekun Lai
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\nPrevious years (alphabetically by surname)
\\n\\nAbdul Latif Ahmad 2016-18
\\n\\nKhalil Amine 2017, 2018
\\n\\nEwan Birney 2015-18
\\n\\nFrede Blaabjerg 2015-18
\\n\\nGang Chen 2016-18
\\n\\nJunhong Chen 2017, 2018
\\n\\nZhigang Chen 2016, 2018
\\n\\nMyung-Haing Cho 2016, 2018
\\n\\nMark Connors 2015-18
\\n\\nCyrus Cooper 2017, 2018
\\n\\nLiming Dai 2015-18
\\n\\nWeihua Deng 2017, 2018
\\n\\nVincenzo Fogliano 2017, 2018
\\n\\nRon de Graaf 2014-18
\\n\\nHarald Haas 2017, 2018
\\n\\nFrancisco Herrera 2017, 2018
\\n\\nJaakko Kangasjärvi 2015-18
\\n\\nHamid Reza Karimi 2016-18
\\n\\nJunji Kido 2014-18
\\n\\nJose Luiszamorano 2015-18
\\n\\nYiqi Luo 2016-18
\\n\\nJoachim Maier 2014-18
\\n\\nAndrea Natale 2017, 2018
\\n\\nAlberto Mantovani 2014-18
\\n\\nMarjan Mernik 2017, 2018
\\n\\nSandra Orchard 2014, 2016-18
\\n\\nMohamed Oukka 2016-18
\\n\\nBiswajeet Pradhan 2016-18
\\n\\nDirk Raes 2017, 2018
\\n\\nUlrike Ravens-Sieberer 2016-18
\\n\\nYexiang Tong 2017, 2018
\\n\\nJim Van Os 2015-18
\\n\\nLong Wang 2017, 2018
\\n\\nFei Wei 2016-18
\\n\\nIoannis Xenarios 2017, 2018
\\n\\nQi Xie 2016-18
\\n\\nXin-She Yang 2017, 2018
\\n\\nYulong Yin 2015, 2017, 2018
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'New for 2018 (alphabetically by surname).
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJocelyn Chanussot (chapter to be published soon...)
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nYuekun Lai
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPrevious years (alphabetically by surname)
\n\nAbdul Latif Ahmad 2016-18
\n\nKhalil Amine 2017, 2018
\n\nEwan Birney 2015-18
\n\nFrede Blaabjerg 2015-18
\n\nGang Chen 2016-18
\n\nJunhong Chen 2017, 2018
\n\nZhigang Chen 2016, 2018
\n\nMyung-Haing Cho 2016, 2018
\n\nMark Connors 2015-18
\n\nCyrus Cooper 2017, 2018
\n\nLiming Dai 2015-18
\n\nWeihua Deng 2017, 2018
\n\nVincenzo Fogliano 2017, 2018
\n\nRon de Graaf 2014-18
\n\nHarald Haas 2017, 2018
\n\nFrancisco Herrera 2017, 2018
\n\nJaakko Kangasjärvi 2015-18
\n\nHamid Reza Karimi 2016-18
\n\nJunji Kido 2014-18
\n\nJose Luiszamorano 2015-18
\n\nYiqi Luo 2016-18
\n\nJoachim Maier 2014-18
\n\nAndrea Natale 2017, 2018
\n\nAlberto Mantovani 2014-18
\n\nMarjan Mernik 2017, 2018
\n\nSandra Orchard 2014, 2016-18
\n\nMohamed Oukka 2016-18
\n\nBiswajeet Pradhan 2016-18
\n\nDirk Raes 2017, 2018
\n\nUlrike Ravens-Sieberer 2016-18
\n\nYexiang Tong 2017, 2018
\n\nJim Van Os 2015-18
\n\nLong Wang 2017, 2018
\n\nFei Wei 2016-18
\n\nIoannis Xenarios 2017, 2018
\n\nQi Xie 2016-18
\n\nXin-She Yang 2017, 2018
\n\nYulong Yin 2015, 2017, 2018
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The future will certainly belong to those companies which pay most attention to effective management of human resources, which, in terms of time factor is an important prerequisite for growth and competitiveness of a company.",book:{id:"5826",slug:"issues-of-human-resource-management",title:"Issues of Human Resource Management",fullTitle:"Issues of Human Resource Management"},signatures:"Josef Drábek, Silvia Lorincová and Jana Javorčíková",authors:[{id:"199928",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvia",middleName:null,surname:"Lorincová",slug:"silvia-lorincova",fullName:"Silvia Lorincová"},{id:"199933",title:"Mr.",name:"Josef",middleName:null,surname:"Drábek",slug:"josef-drabek",fullName:"Josef Drábek"},{id:"199934",title:"Mrs.",name:"Jana",middleName:null,surname:"Javorčíková",slug:"jana-javorcikova",fullName:"Jana Javorčíková"}]},{id:"54634",doi:"10.5772/67868",title:"Use of Psychological Examinations of Employees and Job Applicants in Personnel Management",slug:"use-of-psychological-examinations-of-employees-and-job-applicants-in-personnel-management",totalDownloads:1629,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"This paper deals with psychological and diagnostic examination of the personality of employees and candidates for work, an unexplored subject in the field of labour law and human resource (HR) management in Slovakia. Based on legal analysis of national and international laws and regulations as well as medical knowledge in clinical and occupational psychology, the authors surveyed employers in various industry sectors to test several hypotheses. The results of this study and other empirical data are the foundation for conclusions and the legal basis for drafting a proposal to amend the current legal framework in Slovakia as well as in‐house company procedures known as ‘best‐practices’.",book:{id:"5826",slug:"issues-of-human-resource-management",title:"Issues of Human Resource Management",fullTitle:"Issues of Human Resource Management"},signatures:"Andrea Olšovská and Marek Švec",authors:[{id:"198386",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Olšovská",slug:"andrea-olsovska",fullName:"Andrea Olšovská"},{id:"198850",title:"Dr.",name:"Marek",middleName:null,surname:"Švec",slug:"marek-svec",fullName:"Marek Švec"}]},{id:"54880",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68433",title:"Innovative Work Behavior: To What Extent and How Can HRM Practices Contribute to Higher Levels of Innovation Within SMEs?",slug:"innovative-work-behavior-to-what-extent-and-how-can-hrm-practices-contribute-to-higher-levels-of-inn",totalDownloads:2101,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"In this chapter, the influence of HR practices and more specifically the Ned Herrmanns development tool HBDI on the development of innovative work behavior (IWB) is described. Innovative work behavior today is important for organizations to stay in a competitive position. Also for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), like the case study in this chapter, innovation is essential to keep the SME’s competitive advantage. As people are the most important resource in service companies, and they can contribute to innovation via their motivation and skills, the role of human resource management is important. In this book chapter, we analyze the positive influence of various HR practices on IWB. One of these HR practices is the HBDI tool, a specifically designed questionnaire which gives people insight into their problem-solving styles. The outcomes of the study in this chapter show that both HR practices and also the HBDI tool have a positive influence on developing innovative work behavior and on innovation performance.",book:{id:"5826",slug:"issues-of-human-resource-management",title:"Issues of Human Resource Management",fullTitle:"Issues of Human Resource Management"},signatures:"Joost Bücker and Eveline van der Horst",authors:[{id:"199058",title:"Dr.",name:"Joost",middleName:null,surname:"Bücker",slug:"joost-bucker",fullName:"Joost Bücker"},{id:"202237",title:"MSc.",name:"Eveline",middleName:null,surname:"Van Der Horst",slug:"eveline-van-der-horst",fullName:"Eveline Van Der Horst"}]},{id:"58609",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73092",title:"Organizational Trust as a Conflict Management Tool in Contemporary Work Organizations",slug:"organizational-trust-as-a-conflict-management-tool-in-contemporary-work-organizations",totalDownloads:1463,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Conflict between management and employees or among employees is an irresistible phenomenon in contemporary work organizations. Evidences gathered from past and present studies revealed that a lot of conflict situations have occurred in work organizations which have significantly impacted organizational performance and its survival in recent times. Consequently, several conventional strategies and techniques have been deployed to constructively manage conflict situation in work organization however, realities show that managing conflict in work organizations remain a challenge to managers in today’s world of work. This is partly due to the fact that conflict arises from different sources; hence it is inimical to subscribes to the idea of one-size-fit-all approach to management of conflict. Based on this momentum, this chapter examines organizational trust as a conflict management tool in contemporary work organizations using an explanatory design and a basic review of literature. The chapter therefore explains the concept of organizational conflict vis-a vis organizational trust within the context of work organization. It also discusses factors causing conflict situation. It examines the importance of trust and factors responsible for the development of trust in organizations. The chapter further examines some theories of trust and also develops a framework for dealing with conflict in work organization.",book:{id:"6305",slug:"organizational-conflict",title:"Organizational Conflict",fullTitle:"Organizational Conflict"},signatures:"Oludele Mayowa Solaja",authors:[{id:"211557",title:"Mr.",name:"Oludele",middleName:"Mayowa",surname:"Solaja",slug:"oludele-solaja",fullName:"Oludele Solaja"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"55499",title:"Human Resources Management in Nonprofit Organizations: A Case Study of Istanbul Foundation for Culture and Arts",slug:"human-resources-management-in-nonprofit-organizations-a-case-study-of-istanbul-foundation-for-cultur",totalDownloads:2198,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The aim of this study is to investigate the efficiency and importance of human resources management in nonprofit organizations. The understanding was included to the literature as personnel management at the beginning of the twentieth century and it turned into an approach as human resources management in the 1980s. It could be observed that many organizations, which deem the human as the most critical stakeholder, adopt a traditional way of personnel management in operating human resources. The employees play a key role in the success of an organization. For this reason, subjects such as recruitment, training, development, career management, performance appraisal, occupational health, and safety are the fundamental functions of human resources management. The study examines to what extent these roles are evaluated through a case study. The subject matter of the study is the most powerful culture and art foundation in Turkey. Compared to many other nonprofit organizations, the foundation actively performs a variety of services within a year worldwide. The fact that the total number of employees might rise up to 800, including the field personnel, indicates the need of a good functioning human resources management. The human resources practices of the foundation are examined and evaluated within that scope.",book:{id:"5826",slug:"issues-of-human-resource-management",title:"Issues of Human Resource Management",fullTitle:"Issues of Human Resource Management"},signatures:"Beste Gökçe Parsehyan",authors:[{id:"189113",title:"Dr.",name:"Beste",middleName:null,surname:"Gokce Parsehyan",slug:"beste-gokce-parsehyan",fullName:"Beste Gokce Parsehyan"}]},{id:"55186",title:"Labor Relations: Contemporary Issues in Human Resource Management",slug:"labor-relations-contemporary-issues-in-human-resource-management",totalDownloads:2986,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"In this chapter, we examine the labor relations through the role of trade unions, collective bargaining, wages and benefits across the European Union. We conclude that labor relations have a direct influence on the labor market, designing the lines for taking decisions in organizations, but also, by governments. Our argumentation explains the relationship between employers and employees through legal rights (established by the law), negotiation process, collective bargaining, ‘actors’ in this process, wage and benefits, social and security protection.",book:{id:"5826",slug:"issues-of-human-resource-management",title:"Issues of Human Resource Management",fullTitle:"Issues of Human Resource Management"},signatures:"Ana‐Maria Bercu and Ana Iolanda Vodă",authors:[{id:"198390",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana-Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Bercu",slug:"ana-maria-bercu",fullName:"Ana-Maria Bercu"},{id:"206016",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Iolanda",middleName:null,surname:"Voda",slug:"ana-iolanda-voda",fullName:"Ana Iolanda Voda"}]},{id:"54634",title:"Use of Psychological Examinations of Employees and Job Applicants in Personnel Management",slug:"use-of-psychological-examinations-of-employees-and-job-applicants-in-personnel-management",totalDownloads:1628,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"This paper deals with psychological and diagnostic examination of the personality of employees and candidates for work, an unexplored subject in the field of labour law and human resource (HR) management in Slovakia. Based on legal analysis of national and international laws and regulations as well as medical knowledge in clinical and occupational psychology, the authors surveyed employers in various industry sectors to test several hypotheses. 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The object of this chapter is the corporate culture in Slovak enterprises and the possibilities of its change towards the raising level of human resources development. Based on the analysis of corporate culture in selected enterprises, the aim of the chapter is to propose methodology for management of change of corporate culture supporting the development of human resources in enterprises. The sociological interview identifies the predominant type of corporate culture in Slovak medium and large enterprises in years 2014 – 2016. The examination is based on the assumption that there are significant differences between preferred values of corporate culture in local and global enterprises. It also identifies the need to change the corporate culture in enterprises and their awareness of corporate culture change management towards human resources development. The results of the survey verify Slovak managers’ interest on human resources development and the formation of strong corporate culture. The results are the basis for the formulation of proposals and recommendations resulting in the methodology for management of change of corporate culture supporting the development of human resources in enterprises.",book:{id:"5826",slug:"issues-of-human-resource-management",title:"Issues of Human Resource Management",fullTitle:"Issues of Human Resource Management"},signatures:"Lukáš Smerek",authors:[{id:"197295",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Lukáš",middleName:null,surname:"Smerek",slug:"lukas-smerek",fullName:"Lukáš Smerek"}]},{id:"54434",title:"Investing in Human Capital as a Key Factor for the Development of Enterprises",slug:"investing-in-human-capital-as-a-key-factor-for-the-development-of-enterprises",totalDownloads:2781,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are considered to be a driving force of the economy in the world. Among the most valuable features of SMEs is their flexibility, decision-making accessibility, implementation, innovation and high adaptability to the market environment. SMEs provide for acceleration and economic growth of the country and its regions. Investment in human capital in SMEs, (meaning investment into intangible assets of the company), it is one of the ways to support this sector. In the same manner as SMEs are considered to be a driving force of the economy, human resources can be seen as its driving force, the source of success, competitiveness and added value of businesses. Human capital is one of the most valuable components of any business and that is why investment in human resources becomes a necessary step ensuring that a business prospers in a changing market environment. Current trends also point to the growing importance of investment in human capital. The future will certainly belong to those companies which pay most attention to effective management of human resources, which, in terms of time factor is an important prerequisite for growth and competitiveness of a company.",book:{id:"5826",slug:"issues-of-human-resource-management",title:"Issues of Human Resource Management",fullTitle:"Issues of Human Resource Management"},signatures:"Josef Drábek, Silvia Lorincová and Jana Javorčíková",authors:[{id:"199928",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvia",middleName:null,surname:"Lorincová",slug:"silvia-lorincova",fullName:"Silvia Lorincová"},{id:"199933",title:"Mr.",name:"Josef",middleName:null,surname:"Drábek",slug:"josef-drabek",fullName:"Josef Drábek"},{id:"199934",title:"Mrs.",name:"Jana",middleName:null,surname:"Javorčíková",slug:"jana-javorcikova",fullName:"Jana Javorčíková"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"440",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 18th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). 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His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",slug:"alexandros-tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"lulu-wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. His research interests include Biomedical Signal Processing and Modelling, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation Engineering, Neuroengineering and Parkinson's Disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",slug:"hitoshi-tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",slug:"marcus-vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",slug:"ramana-vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Villarreal is a research professor from the Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, México. 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Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Computational Neuroscience",value:23,count:1},{group:"subseries",caption:"Evolutionary Computation",value:25,count:1},{group:"subseries",caption:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",value:26,count:3},{group:"subseries",caption:"Applied Intelligence",value:22,count:4}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:148,paginationItems:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",biography:"Vahid Asadpour, MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. 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Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology"},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 18th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRqB9QAK/Profile_Picture_1626163237970",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"ofsBook.detail",path:"/welcome/678ca4185133438014939804bf8a05e6",hash:"",query:{},params:{hash:"678ca4185133438014939804bf8a05e6"},fullPath:"/welcome/678ca4185133438014939804bf8a05e6",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()