LC50 values of the individual citrus oils against
\r\n\t
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Thus, both the Citrus fruits and citrus essential oils bear potential to generate livelihood & to boost the country’s economy. Citrus essential oils (CEOs) with diverse biologically active compounds of terpene groups with pleasant aroma have already achieved significant positions in flavor, food, cosmetic industries. At the same time, because of their antimicrobial activities as well as anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, metabolic disorder alleviating activities etc. these oils and their compounds have been getting importance in pharmaceutical and medical sectors for the last few decades [1]. A good number of studies also reported insecticidal potential of citrus EOs extracted from different citrus sp. and their constituents at different times, a few of which are commercialized to be used by the consumers against insect pests. There are 33 recorded species of citrus worldwide (ThePlantList.org) with many recorded and unexplored varieties present in different parts of the world. The essential oil profile of different citrus species varies although some of the constituent compounds are common but present in different amounts in the total bulk oil. Even the oil profile of different vegetative parts of a single citrus species are not identical. Understanding of essential oil profile of diverse citrus species grown in wild, semi wild and cultivated state across the globe at different seasons is the much-needed task as the quality of the oil, oil yield percentage, consistency of the constituents even varies with seasonal changes, geographical location, harvesting time of the plant parts, soil type etc. however from the existing GC–MS profile of different
Pest control sector is dominated by synthetic pesticidal products for many decades. At recent times with increasing concern to ecofriendly product, plant essential oils are getting renewed interest as they are not only effective but also comparatively safe and environment friendly in comparison to synthetic counterparts. Essential oils are part of natural plant defense system and many of them are proved effective and some are exploited for integrated management practices of pest and pathogens. As some citrus species are naturally resistant to certain group of pests and or pathogens, it is assumed that certain bioactive compounds may present in the essential oil part of those citrus species. It is already established that citrus essential oils of different citrus species are effective against wide range of pest and pathogens. It is also important to have an insight about the interaction of citrus constituents against its own insect pest and pathogen complex to be used as insecticidal, repellent and bactericidal etc. A few papers highlighted beneficial effects of using citrus essential oil against its own pest and pathogen complex. The added advantage of considering CEO as insecticidal and insect repellent is that the plant is edible therefore safe for residual contamination or toxicity to consumer. At the same time the pleasant aroma offers consumer acceptance.
CEO and extracts have been tried against a wide range of insect pests for assessing their insecticidal as well as repellent properties. In some parts of the world citrus plants have been traditionally used to ward off a insect pests. Some recent reports especially of the last two decades of the insecticidal and repellent effects of different citrus sp. are presented below. Most of the works were carried out on dipteran, lepidopteran, hemipteran and coleopteran insect pests.
Topical toxicity of the essential oil of
The peel essential oil of the plant is reported to possess repellent effect against
The seed EOs of
Comparative evaluation of toxicity of EOs of
The peel essential oils of
Promising fumigant toxicity of the peel EO of
Moravvej et al. [33] tested fumigant toxicity of EOs from four citrus species namely
Ezeonu et al. [36] reported the insecticidal properties of the volatile peel extracts of
Zewde and Jembere [37] evaluated the solvent extract and essential oil of
Orange oil extract was also recorded effective against the subterranean termite
Majeed et al. [40] reported the insecticidal activity of the acetone, ethanol and aqueous extracts of seeds, leaves and fruit peels and leaves of
Abdel-Kawy et al. [42] showed
While working as biocidal and repellents, plant products including EOs and constituent terpene compounds are reported to act on cholinergic system [43], voltage – gated sodium channel of the nerve membrane, glutamate-gated chloride channel [44], GABA-system [45], Octopaminergic system [46], mitochondrial system [47], endocrine system disrupting the endocrinological balance and respiratory system of insect body. However, not much studies yet conducted on detailed study on the mode of action of EOs and their constituent compounds.
With the development of GC–MS technique, profiling of essential oil became easier. The composition of different citrus species from different parts of the world have been reported utilizing this technique. Most of the profiling results although detected average 20–50 numbers of compounds, a few compounds mostly occupy the major share of the bulk oil. The dominating compounds in most citrus species is limonene. In some species like
From the leaf essential oil of
In the leaf EO of
Phytochemical profiling of essential oil of
In our recent studies 31 compounds from the leaf oil and 26 compounds from the peel essential oil was recorded from GC–MS analysis of EO of
Phytochemical analysis of peel essential oil from three varieties of
Phytochemical study on constituents from the peel of
Phytochemical analysis of citrus leaf EO from Iran showed presence of 27 compounds of which the major compound was linalool (30.62%). The other compounds present in significant amount were geraniol (15.91%), α-terpineol (14.52%), linalyl acetate (13.76%), geranyl acetate (6.75%), Β-pinene (4.51%), neryl acetate (4.24%), p-Cymene (1.86%), and limonene (1.13%) [55]. Chemical composition of EO of
Phytochemical analysis result of
From Nigeria, fifteen phytochemical constituents of the plant oil were reported. Among the compound limonene (94.2%) occupied the major share [59].
A total of 19 constituent compounds were identified from leaf essential oil of
Essential oil composition of different citrus sp. across the globe although may vary but some of the compounds are observed as common in most of the oil profile. The most dominating and commonly present compound is limonene. Other common compounds are citronellal, citronellol, linalool, pinene, myrcene, ocimene, terpinene, caryophyllene etc. The bioactivity of EOs is often related to the activity of major compounds present in the crude oil and some of the studies have already established this fact. Individual assessment for insecticidal property of these common constituent compounds have been performed by different researchers and some of them were found active against insect pest. Limonene and other
In another study against cat flea species
Fouad and da Camara [66] extracted the essential oil from
After identifying limonene as major compound in the EOs of
In a recent study, Sowler et al. [67] comparatively evaluated the effect of laboratory grade limonene and a commercial limonene-based insecticide against
Giatropoulos et al. [68] tested essential oil of
Nootketone and carvacrol, a phytochemical constituent present in essential oil of Citrus [70] acts as insecticidal compound against
Linalool, α-terpinene was reported to show 100% fumigant toxicity against adult rice weevil
Muller et al. [76] recorded 85.4%, 71.1%, and 29% repellency of the candles prepared with 5% geraniol, 5% linalool and 5% citronella against mosquitoes on human landing bioassay. They observed similar repellency against sand flies too. 78% repellency of
North East India is enriched with Citrus species having documented 23 species and 68 varieties out of the 27 species of Citrus found in India [81, 82]. It is established that some of the citrus species are endemic and some are in endangered status [83]. According to Hore and Barua [84], there are eight citrus species indigenous to this region scattered in the form of semi-wild, wild state and some in cultivated state. Some of the species are naturally tolerant to viral and bacterial diseases and also for drought, cold and rainfall. For instance,
Here we have attempted to evaluate insecticidal properties of essential oil extracted from the fruit peel of four citrus species namely
Relation between concentration of EOs and respective percent mortality.
Essential oils | Time | LC50 value μl/500 ml air | 95% confidence level | Regression equation | Chi-square value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower limit | Upper limit | |||||
24 h | 7.32 | 1.143 | 1.902 | Y = 3.67118 + 1.53688X | 31.750 | |
24 h | 2.66 | 1.739 | 2.486 | Y = 4.03677 + 2.26321X | 49.452 | |
24 h | 2.09 | 1.609 | 2.266 | Y = 4.37759 + 1.94055X | 52.747 |
LC50 values of the individual citrus oils against
With the increasing awareness of consumers for ecofriendly products and at the same time increasing resistance of insect pests against insecticides, the demand for novel, safe and effective products is increasing. As discussed above, the existing literature revealed presence of a good number of terpene compounds in different
Synchronous generators are the most important electrical machines. They produce the majority of the world’s electricity. In 2017, global electricity production was 25,721 TWh [1]. Assuming that the share of solar thermal sources is negligible compared to the share of solar photovoltaic sources, it can be estimated that about 98.2% of the total global energy is produced by electric generators. After analyzing the data, it can be estimated that synchronous generators produce 93.8% of the world’s electricity and induction generators 4.4% of the total production of the world’s electricity. The estimate is based on data for 2017. These, and also the following data, are obtained from statistics reports of the International Energy Agency [1].
An additional important point is that electricity trading and, thus, long-distance transmission of electricity are increasing significantly. In 2017, OECD countries produced 11,051 TWh of electricity, with a trading volume of 408 TWh, representing 3.7% of total production. Even more interesting is the growth rate of electricity trade. In the OECD, imports of electricity grew from 89 TWh in 1974 to 480 TWh in 2018, representing an average annual growth rate of 4.0%, compared to 2.1% growth in overall electricity supply.
The facts that the majority of the world’s electricity is produced by synchronous generators and that a large amount of the world’s electricity is transmitted over long distances result in significant oscillations of the produced and transmitted power. Despite the relatively small oscillations—the ratio of the amplitude of the oscillations of the transmitted power relative to the mean value of the transmitted power is mainly smaller than 10%—the total global losses due to the extremely large volume of production and transmission of electricity are not negligible. In terms of saving energy, it makes sense to reduce these losses.
The amount of the transmitted power oscillations can be affected by optimizing the topology of the new networks, by reconfiguring of the existing networks, by selection of the better damped new synchronous generators, and by replacement of the existing synchronous generators with the better damped ones. These solutions are expensive, and their realization also depends on other social and ecological factors. Therefore, it is a much more suitable solution to use a control system to damp the power system oscillations. In power systems, control systems called power system stabilizers (PSS) are used to suppress oscillations. PSS represent the best and the most economical solution for damping of the power systems’ oscillations. PSS are simple to realize—they are mainly a part of the controller of the synchronous generator’s static semiconductor excitation system. PSS, based on information of the oscillations of the transmitted power, rotor speed, rotor angle, or rotor acceleration, generate an additional reference signal for the rotor current control system. This additional reference signal represents the supplementary input to the static semiconductor excitation system, which is connected to rotor field winding.
Conventional PSS design is based on a linear control theory. Conventional PSS is simple to realize, but its application shows nonoptimal damping through the entire operating range; by varying the operating point, the synchronous generator’s dynamic characteristics also vary; the fact is that PSS, which was determined for the nominal operating point, does not assure optimal damping in the entire operating range. Such a PSS reduces transmission losses optimally only at the operating point for which the PSS parameters are selected. Due to the large changes in the transmitted power and the large variations in power generation of the synchronous generators, conventional PSS are not satisfactory for use in modern power systems. To improve PSS performance, major modern control theories have been tested in the past decade for the purposes of PSS design. Of all the methods, robust and adaptive control has been implemented to be the most suitable for the design of PSS. Both control methods have been used in order to assure optimal damping through the entire operating range of the synchronous generators. The use of adaptive control is possible because the loading variations and, consequently, the variations of the dynamic characteristics of the synchronous generators are, in most cases, substantially slower than the dynamics of the adaptation mechanism [2].
Reduction of losses is not the sole and basic task of PSS. Even more important is that the PSS improves the stability of the power system and allows the transfer of power from the synchronous generator to the power system or between different points in the power system as near as possible to the stability limit of the transmission. In the presented work, however, we show the results of our study, which will show the applicability of the developed robust and adaptive PSS, mainly for the improvement of the damping of the power system oscillations.
For a detailed analysis of the benefits of the advanced PSS, a mathematical model of the synchronous generator is necessary. In this work, we first present the mathematical model of the synchronous generator connected to the power system, which is convenient for analysis of the physical characteristics of the power system and is appropriate at the same time for the controller design and synthesis. We focus our work on the analysis of a system where a single synchronous generator is connected to an infinite bus. In Section 3, we attempt to estimate the amount and dynamics of the oscillations in the power systems. A thorough analysis is made and presented for the first time. The conventional PSS control system is presented in Section 4. By means of the derived mathematical model of the synchronous generator, we estimate the improvement of the power system damping due to implementation of the conventional PSS. From the analysis, it is evident that conventional PSS does not assure optimal damping in the entire operating range. Therefore, advanced control theories for PSS design and synthesis are presented in Sections 5 and 6. In Section 5, the robust control system theory is used for PSS design. The suitable direct adaptive control theory is presented in Section 6. The PSS control system developed on the basis of the presented theories and the results of the implementation of the advanced control theories for PSS design and synthesis are shown in Section 7.
The seventh-order nonlinear model of the synchronous machine connected to the infinite bus is the most detailed mathematical model of the synchronous generator connected to the large power system with constant frequency and constant voltage (=infinite bus) through the transmission line [3]. Park’s matrix transformation is used to transform the origin windings’ equations into a model with orthogonal axes. On this basis, the magnetic coupling of the stator, field, and damper windings is represented as a function of the position of the machine’s rotor. The seventh-order model is represented in the form of a nonlinear state-space model [4]. The model’s inputs are mechanical torque
and differential equations (Eqs. (11)–(17)):
where
The seventh-order model is the superior one; although, on the other hand, it is too complicated to gain insight into the physical characteristics of the controlled plant [5]. It is also not suitable for the design and synthesis of control systems, since many control methods require linear mathematical models for the development of the control system. Many simplified models are derived from this seventh-order nonlinear model [6]. For a synchronous generator analysis and for the design of the PSS control system, a simplified linearized third-order model is still the most popular. It was presented for the first time in 1952 [7] and is, therefore, also called the Heffron-Phillips model.
The Heffron-Phillips model is obtained from the seventh-order nonlinear model by means of linearization for an every steady-state operating point (i.e., an equilibrium point). The Heffron-Phillips model describes the synchronous generator’s dynamics in the proximity of the selected equilibrium point. The Heffron-Phillips model has two inputs and three state-space variables. The inputs are mechanical torque
where
The oscillations in the power system are due to the physical properties of the synchronous generator that operates parallel to the network. These properties are reflected in the dynamical mathematical model of the synchronous generator and appear as poorly damped dominant eigenvalues. Therefore, any changes in the synchronous generators’ inputs (rotor field voltage and mechanical torque), in the network loads (changes in bus voltages) and disturbances, cause oscillations with relatively high amplitude and low damping. Oscillations in the power system are visible in several physical quantities of the system: in the synchronous generators’ rotor speed, rotor angle, stator voltage, stator current, and produced power and in the power system’s voltages, currents, frequency, and transmitted powers. These oscillations reduce the quality of the electricity and increase the stability risk of the power system.
It is very difficult to estimate the impact of oscillations on actual losses in a power system. In a real power system operation, it is problematic to evaluate how much of the losses is due to the rotor angle oscillations and how much of the losses are due to other factors. Therefore, in the first subsection, the influence of the amplitude and frequency of the oscillations on the amount of the losses in the transmission line and on the constancy of the transmitted power is discussed in more detail. The thoroughly steady-state analysis was made for this purpose. The dynamic analysis is presented in the second subsection. Dynamic analysis shows the vulnerability of the synchronous generator on the different input changes in different operation points.
An analysis of the impact of the oscillations on losses and on the constancy of the transmitted power is made numerically. In the case of constant rotor speed, the induced voltage in the stator winding is sinusoidal, with constant amplitude and frequency. The swinging of the rotor speed results in induced voltage with variable frequency and amplitude. From the solution of the swing equation, it is evident that the swinging of the rotor is sinusoidal [8]. Therefore, in a steady-state analysis, we suppose that the rotor’s speed oscillates about the constant synchronous speed with sinusoidal oscillations. This results in the stator’s induced voltage, which varies sinusoidally in amplitude and frequency. The amplitude increases when the frequency increases, and vice versa. For such input signal, there is no transparent analytical solution for the evaluation of the losses and constancy of the transmitted power. Therefore, the numerical solution that is based on an equivalent circuit of the synchronous generator connected by transmission line to the infinite bus is used for the analysis. The equivalent circuit is shown in Figure 1.
Equivalent circuit of the synchronous generator connected by transmission line to the infinite bus used for the steady-state analysis.
where
For the presented results, the impedances of the synchronous generator and transmission line are shown in Table 1.
The synchronous generator’s and transmission line’s impedances.
Figures 2–5 show the time responses of the electrical quantities if there are no oscillations in rotor speed. The parameters of the generator’s internal voltage and infinite bus voltage are shown in Table 2.
Synchronous generator’s internal voltages for all three phases:
Transmission line currents for all three phases:
Instantaneous three-phase power flow to the infinite bus
Instantaneous three-phase power losses in the transmission line
The parameters of the internal voltage and infinite bus voltage, without oscillations.
Figure 2 shows the instantaneous values of the synchronous generator’s internal voltages for all three phases. Currents in the transmission lines are shown in Figure 3. Power flow to the infinite bus for all three phases separately and the sum of the phases’ power flow are shown in Figure 4. As expected, the total three-phase power flow is constant. Figure 5 shows power losses in the transmission line for all three phases separately and the three-phase power losses. Again, the total three-phase power losses are constant.
Figures 6–10 show the time responses of the electrical quantities if oscillations occur in the rotor speed. The parameters of the generator’s internal voltage and infinite bus voltage are shown in Table 3.
Synchronous generator’s internal voltages for phase a:
Synchronous generator’s internal voltages for all three phases:
Transmission line currents for all three phases:
Three-phase power flow to the infinite bus
Three-phase power losses in the transmission line
The parameters of the internal voltage and infinite bus voltage, with oscillations in internal voltage.
For better insight, Figure 6 shows the instantaneous values of the synchronous generator’s internal voltage for phase a. The oscillations are visible in amplitude and in frequency.
Figure 7 shows the instantaneous values of the synchronous generator’s internal voltages for all three phases. Currents in the transmission lines are shown in Figure 8. Power flow to the infinite bus for all three phases separately and the instantaneous value of the three-phase power flow are shown in Figure 9. In this case, due to oscillations in rotor speed, and, consequently, oscillations in the internal voltages, the total three-phase power flow is not constant. Figure 10 shows power losses in the transmission line for all three phases separately and the three-phase power losses. Again, total three-phase power losses are not constant.
From Figures 2–10, it is seen clearly that the rotor speed oscillations cause the oscillation in the transmitted power. The sum of the transmitted powers of the individual phases is no longer constant (Figure 9), as is the case for the balanced three-phase symmetric systems without oscillations (Figure 4). These oscillations reduce the transmission capability and quality. To ensure the power transmission with minimal power oscillations, it is necessary to reduce the rotor speed oscillations.
A thorough numerical analysis was performed to estimate the influence of the rotor speed oscillations on the power system losses. Some results are presented in Tables 4 and 5. Table 4 shows the impact of the rotor speed oscillations on the losses by active power generation. The results are presented in two different operating points. In the first one, the electric angle between generator internal voltage and infinite bus voltage was 10°, and, in the second one, the angle amounts to 40°. The results of the rotor speed oscillations’ variations are presented in the amplitude range from 0 to 20% of the synchronous speed by frequencies 1 and 2 [Hz]. From the obtained results, it is evident that there is no influence of the oscillations on power losses in the transmission line.
1.0 | 1.0 | 10 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0.40 | 1.1·10−3 | 0.3 |
1.0 | 1.0 | 10 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 1 | 1 | 0.40 | 1.5·10−3 | 0.4 |
1.0 | 1.0 | 10 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 2 | 2 | 0.40 | 1.5·10−3 | 0.4 |
1.0 | 1.0 | 10 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 1 | 1 | 0.40 | 2.6·10−3 | 0.6 |
1.0 | 1.0 | 10 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 2 | 2 | 0.40 | 2.5·10−3 | 0.6 |
1.0 | 1.0 | 40 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1 | 1 | 1.47 | 1.8·10−2 | 1.2 |
1.0 | 1.0 | 40 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 1 | 1 | 1.47 | 1.8·10−2 | 1.2 |
1.0 | 1.0 | 40 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 2 | 2 | 1.46 | 1.9·10−2 | 1.3 |
1.0 | 1.0 | 40 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 1 | 1 | 1.46 | 1.9·10−2 | 1.3 |
1.0 | 1.0 | 40 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 2 | 2 | 1.46 | 1.9·10−2 | 1.3 |
Mean values of three-phase transmitted power to the infinite bus (
1.1 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 3.7·10−3 | 3.7·10−4 | 10 |
1.1 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 1 | 1 | 3.6·10−3 | 7.9·10−4 | 22 |
1.1 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 2 | 2 | 3.6·10−3 | 7.7·10−4 | 21 |
1.1 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 1 | 1 | 3.3·10−3 | 2.0·10−3 | 61 |
1.1 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 2 | 2 | 3.3·10−3 | 2.0·10−3 | 61 |
1.5 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 1.9·10−2 | 9.4·10−3 | 50 |
1.5 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 1 | 1 | 1.9·10−2 | 1.0·10−2 | 54 |
1.5 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 2 | 2 | 1.9·10−2 | 1.0·10−2 | 54 |
1.5 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 1 | 1 | 1.8·10−2 | 1.2·10−2 | 66 |
1.5 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 2 | 2 | 1.8·10−2 | 1.2·10−2 | 66 |
Mean values of three-phase transmitted power to the infinite bus (
Table 5 shows the impact of the rotor speed oscillations on the losses by reactive power generation. The results are presented at two different operating points. In the first one, the generator’s internal voltage was 10% bigger than the infinite bus voltage, and, in the second one, the difference amounts to 50%. The results of rotor speed oscillations’ variations are presented in the amplitude range from 0 to 20% of the synchronous speed by frequencies 1 and 2 [Hz]. From the results, it is obvious that the influence of the oscillations on power losses in the transmission line is negligible.
The Heffron-Phillips model described in Section 2 is used for the analysis of the dynamic characteristics of the synchronous generator. The impact of the inputs’ variations on the oscillations is studied on the synchronous generator with the following data [4]:
New parameters in Table 6 are as follows:
cos | ||
Data of the synchronous generator used for dynamic analysis [4].
From the data in Table 6, the equilibrium state for the Heffron-Phillips model is calculated by means of a phasor diagram. Phasor equations permit the solution of the initial conditions that exist prior to the application of the inputs’ variations. The linearization coefficients of the Heffron-Phillips model are calculated for the synchronous generator with data in Table 6 and for the calculated equilibrium state’s data. The linearization coefficients for nominal operating point (
cos | ||
λ1 = −0.3502 + 10.7270i | λ2 = −0.3502 − 10.7270i | λ3 = −0.2732 |
Linearization parameters and eigenvalues of the Heffron-Phillips model in the nominal operating point.
The linearized Heffron-Phillips model of a synchronous generator has three eigenvalues. The damping ratio and frequency of rotor angle oscillation are seen directly from the dominant conjugate complex eigenvalues. Therefore, it is very transparent to investigate the dependence of the synchronous generator’s oscillation dynamics from the operating point by means of eigenvalue analysis. By changing the operating point, the Heffron-Phillips model’s eigenvalues also change.
Transient response of the synchronous generator with data in Table 6 and nominal operating point with data in Table 7 are shown in Figures 11–13. Step changes are simulated in both generator’s inputs. Figure 11 shows the simulated trajectory of the turbine mechanical torque and rotor excitation voltage. Step changes are selected in order to maximize the excitation of oscillations.
Synchronous generator inputs’ trajectories: Mechanical torque
Synchronous generator outputs’ trajectories: Generated electrical power
Synchronous generator outputs’ trajectories: Rotor speed
The responses of the generated electrical power and the stator voltage are shown in Figure 12. The oscillations are seen clearly from the response of the generated electrical power.
Figure 13 shows the response of the rotor speed and rotor angle on the inputs’ trajectories shown in Figure 11.
To evaluate the influence of the operating point on the synchronous generator’s dynamics, the Heffron-Phillips model was calculated, and simulations were performed at different operating points for different types of generators with different nominal values. From the obtained results, it was obvious that the dynamics of the synchronous generator vary significantly.
In this text, results for the synchronous generator with data in Table 6 are presented for the two most distinctive operating points:
The operating point with high active power and low reactive power:
The operating point with low active power and high reactive power
Table 8 shows the linearization data and Heffron-Phillips model eigenvalues for the operating point where active power is generated with very high power factor cos
cos | ||
λ1 = −0.4493 + 9.9715i | λ2 = −0.4493 − 9.9715i | λ3 = −0.0750 |
Linearization parameters and eigenvalues of the Heffron-Phillips model at operating point
The results of the simulation of the synchronous generator at operating point
Synchronous generator inputs’ trajectories: Mechanical torque
Synchronous generator outputs’ trajectories: Generated electrical power
Synchronous generator outputs’ trajectories: Rotor speed
Synchronous generator inputs’ trajectories: Mechanical torque
Table 9 shows the linearization data and Heffron-Phillips model eigenvalues for other interesting operating points. In this case, almost only reactive power is generated—Power factor cos
cos | ||
λ1 = −0.2123 + 10.0141i | λ2 = −0.2123 − 10.0141i | λ3 = −0.5490 |
Linearization parameters and eigenvalues of the Heffron-Phillips model at operating point
The results of the simulation of the synchronous generator in operating point
Synchronous generator outputs’ trajectories: Generated electrical power
Synchronous generator outputs’ trajectories: Rotor speed
From the analysis of the effect of different loadings on the synchronous generator dynamic characteristics, it can be concluded that the variations in the machine dynamics are considerable in the entire operating range, and, therefore, a control system is necessary for damping of the oscillations. From the comparison of the responses across different operating points, it is obvious that the present system is nonlinear and that the conventional linear control theory does not provide adequate damping throughout the entire operating area. Therefore, the implementation of a robust or adaptive control theory is meaningful.
Two principal control systems affect a synchronous generator directly: a governor control system and an excitation control system. The governor control system controls the mechanical power from a steam or water turbine by opening or closing valves regulating the steam or water flow. The response of the governor control system is too slow to damp the synchronous generator’s oscillations, which are mainly in the frequency range 0.5–2.5 Hz. Damping the oscillations is possible only with the excitation control system. The excitation control system (also called an automatic voltage regulator) changes the rotor field voltage (and current) in such a way that the generator’s output voltage is the same (or close enough) to the reference voltage. In modern power plants, the thyristor or transistor rectifiers are used mainly to generate the required voltage for rotor winding. The electrical power flow from the excitation system is much smaller than the mechanical power flow. This, and the fact that semiconductor components are used in the excitation system instead of mechanical ones, is the reason that the excitation system is significantly faster than the governor system. Therefore, an exciter is used for the damping of the oscillations.
A conventional linear PSS approach is based on utilization of the static excitation system. Through this system, the PSS changes the field excitation voltage of a synchronous generator. An additional component of an electrical torque is generated as a consequence. This torque must be in phase with the rotor speed and thus increases damping of the synchronous generator [9]. Figure 20 presents a block diagram of the Heffron-Phillips model of synchronous generator equipped with an excitation system, voltage controller, and power system stabilizer [10]. The generator’s output voltage is compared with a reference voltage, and the calculated error is driven to the rectifier with an integrated voltage controller. The rectifier with the voltage controller is presented with the first-order model. The PSS input represents one or more signals in which oscillations are visible. The PSS generates an additional signal, which is added to the voltage error.
Block diagram of the Heffron-Phillips model of synchronous generator equipped with excitation system, voltage controller, and power system stabilizer.
The symbols in Figure 20 represent the following:
For PSS input
where
Based on the block diagram in Figure 20 and the transfer function in (Eq. (6)), the IEEE Association established the IEEE Standard for the PSS studies [11]. The Standard enables the unification of commercial applications of PSS. The Standard sets out four basic types of PSS, which differ mainly with regard to the available input and degree of the transfer function. Most of the commercial PSS are realized on the standardized proposals.
For synthesis of a PSS, knowledge is required of a mathematical model of a synchronous generator with an excitation system. The required model is calculated from the known data of a synchronous generator, or by means of identification. Usage of systematic methods for tuning parameters of conventional PSS assures effective damping for the nominal operating point, though with a significantly decreased damping for some non-nominal operating points. The other disadvantages of these methods are the requirement of the synchronous generator mathematical model’s parameters and the time-consuming tuning. Therefore, in practice, the systematic methods are rarely implemented. Hence, neither optimal damping in the nominal operating point nor stable operation is secured in the entire operating range. The implementations of an incorrectly tuned PSS could be harmful. Such PSS are, in practice, often turned off [12].
Due to a mathematical model of a synchronous generator not being available, sophisticated and time-consuming synthesis of the conventional linear PSS, and its proven non-optimum damping in the entire operating range of synchronous generator, advanced control theories are recommended for the PSS implementation.
Among many robust control approaches, the sliding mode control is one of the most interesting. The main advantages of this control are its insensitivity to parameter variations, rejection of disturbances, a decoupling design procedure, and simple implementations by means of power converters [13].
The fundamentals of the sliding mode control theory date back to the late 1950s. Since that time, new research directions emerged, due to the appearance of new classes of control problems, new mathematical methods, and new prospects of implementation [13, 14, 15].
A modification of the sliding mode control based on the decoupling principle will be used for the proposed PSS design. The mathematical model of the controlled plant must be transformed to a regular form:
where
For the PSS design being based on the simplified linearized model of synchronous generator, a state-space vector in regular form
Sliding mode control for implementation in PSS requires knowledge of all state-space variables of the synchronous generator’s regular form model. Measurements of electrical power, rotor speed, and terminal voltage are feasible only at the synchronous generator. For the sliding mode control, the state-space variables for the regular form model need to be calculated from the measured variables. To calculate regular form state-space variables, firstly, variables
Finally, state-space variables
In such a way, the state-space variables could be obtained without explicit differentiation.
A sliding surface was selected, such that the rotor’s angle deviation and rotor’s speed deviation converged exponentially to zero. For this aim, a linear equation of the sliding surface was selected:
When the sliding mode appears on manifold
To obtain the required dynamic properties of the control system, we assigned eigenvalues of a closed-loop system with a linear feedback. For the controllable system described with (Eqs. (21), (22)), there exists matrix
In the first stage of design of the sliding mode, we chose the desired eigenvalues of the system described with (Eq. (27)). From the desired eigenvalues, we determined matrix
The second stage of the design procedure is the selection of the discontinuous control law, such that the sliding mode always arises at manifold
An appropriate choice of the control law represents the discontinuous control described with
where
The selected discontinuous control leads to
There exists such positive value of g that the functions
Many examples with utilization of different adaptive techniques for realization of PSS can be found in publications. The majority of PSS realizations are based on usage of indirect adaptive control, where explicit identification of a mathematical model of a synchronous generator is needed to be carried out [16, 17]. A transparent structure of the adaptive control system with the separated identification algorithm and the control law represents an advantage of indirect adaptive PSS. There are significantly less publications available where usage of direct adaptive control for PSS is presented [18]. The methods of direct adaptive control are more difficult to be utilized for the conventional PSS structure than those for the indirect adaptive control. However, their advantage is in not requiring explicit identification of the SG, and they are, therefore, computationally less demanding. In this article, the developed robust PSS will be compared with direct adaptive PSS which was studied in detail in [2].
The theoretical foundation for the used direct adaptive PSS is represented by a theory of model reference adaptive control for almost strictly positive real plants.
The implemented direct adaptive control is considered for the controlled plant, which is described by
where
It is assumed that:
The range of the plant matrices parameters is bounded.
All possible pairs
All possible pairs
The reference model is described by
where
The output tracking error is defined as
The control
where
The adaptive gains
where σ term is introduced in order to avoid divergence of the integral gains in the presence of disturbance and
The necessary condition for asymptotic tracking when
For the non-ASPR plant described by the transfer matrix
the feedforward compensator is defined by the strictly proper transfer function matrix
Instead of the plant output
The augmented system is defined as
Feedforward compensator
The effectiveness of the proposed sliding mode PSS and direct adaptive PSS was tested with the simulations of the seventh-order nonlinear model of the synchronous generator in the entire operating range, numerically, as well as experimentally, in the laboratory.
A block diagram of the sliding mode PSS is shown in Figure 21.
Block diagram of the sliding mode PSS.
A sliding mode controller requires measurements of three synchronous generator’s quantities: electrical power, rotor speed, and terminal voltage. Input filters are low-pass filters to eliminate the measured noise. From these measured variables, the state-space variables for the regular form model are calculated by means of state transformation. State transformation is carried out by Eqs. (24) and (25). The obtained regular form state-space variables are used in the control law described with Eqs. (26) and (29). The output of the discontinuous control law is conducted in the limiter. Hard type saturation of the PSS output was utilized, with a limited value of ±35% of the value of a nominal rotor excitation voltage. The set value represents a limitation in a real excitation system.
For a synchronous generator with the data listed in Section 3, we selected desired eigenvalues
Figures 22–24 show the responses of the seventh-order nonlinear model of the considered 160 MVA synchronous generator equipped with an excitation system and robust PSS to the step changes of the mechanical torque and the field excitation voltage, as shown in Figure 11. The synchronous generator operates in in the vicinity of the nominal operating point. Figures 22 and 23 show the generated electrical power, rotor speed, and rotor angle at nominal operating point
Electrical power
Rotor angle
Excitation voltage
Figure 24 shows the excitation voltage produced by a robust PSS at operating point
During the operation in the entire operating range, the dynamics of the synchronous generator vary significantly. The sliding mode controller with the calculated parameters was stable and robust and displayed the effective damping in all operating conditions. The theoretical analysis of the invariance of the proposed control system to the disturbances and the variation of the plant parameter are described in detail in [20].
In this work, the results of the two most extreme operating points are presented (the same operating points as described in Section 3.2):
Figure 25 shows the generated electrical power and rotor speed at operating point
Electrical power
Electrical power
To analyze the impact of parameter variations on the damping efficiency of the proposed control systems, both control systems were tested at different operating points for synchronous generators of different types and nominal powers. In this work, the results are presented for a synchronous generator with nominal power 555 MVA. The data of the considered synchronous generator are shown in Table 10 [4].
cos | ||
Data of the 555 MVA synchronous generator used for the analysis of the impact of parameter variations on the damping efficiency [4].
The linearization coefficients for nominal operating point (
cos | ||
λ1 = −0.2554 + 8.4389i | λ2 = −0.2554 - 8.4389i | λ3 = −-0.1678 |
Linearization parameters and eigenvalues of the Heffron-Phillips model at the nominal operating point of the 555 MVA synchronous generator.
The transient response of the noncontrolled synchronous generator with data in Table 10 and nominal operating point data in Table 11 are shown in Figures 27 and 28. Step changes are simulated in both generators’ inputs. Figure 27 shows the simulated trajectory of the turbine mechanical torque and rotor excitation voltage. Step changes are selected as the worst case in order to maximize the excitation of oscillations.
The 555 MVA synchronous generator inputs’ trajectories: Mechanical torque
The 555 MVA synchronous generator outputs’ trajectories: Rotor speed
Figure 28 shows the response of the generated electrical power and rotor speed on the inputs’ trajectories shown in Figure 27.
The results are presented of the robust control at two operating points:
cos | ||
λ1 = −0.3140 + 7.8075i | λ2 = −0.3140 - 7.8075i | λ3 = −0.0506 |
Performance in linearization parameters and eigenvalues of the Heffron-Phillips model in operating point
cos | ||
λ1 = −0.1430 - 8.1276i | λ2 = −0.1430 + 8.1276i | λ3 = −0.3927 |
Linearization parameters and eigenvalues of the Heffron-Phillips model at operating point
The 555 MVA synchronous generator inputs’ trajectories: Mechanical torque
The 555 MVA synchronous generator’s electrical power
The 555 MVA synchronous generator inputs’ trajectories: Mechanical torque
The 555 MVA synchronous generator’s electrical power
Figure 25 shows the generated electrical power and rotor speed at heavily damped operating point
The proposed direct adaptive controller guarantees stability of any controlled plant that satisfies ASPR conditions. A synchronous generator with automatic voltage system does not satisfy the necessary ASPR conditions. Augmenting of the plant with a parallel feedforward compensator must be carried out to assure stable operation of the entire adaptive control system. The augmentation is performed such that the augmented plant fulfills ASPR conditions. The requirement is satisfied in the majority of cases with the introduction of a feedforward compensator
A block diagram of the direct adaptive PSS is presented in Figure 33.
The benefit of the control diagram shown in Figure 33, if compared to other adaptive structures, is a very simple realization of the adaptation mechanism. The presented direct adaptive PSS is essentially simplified; namely, a reference model is not required because of the constant (zero) command signal.
The reference terminal voltage
The parameters of the adaptation mechanism for the considered linearized controlled plant are determined with the rules described in [2], such as
Figures 34–36 show the responses of the seventh-order nonlinear model of the considered 160 MVA synchronous generator equipped with an excitation system and adaptive PSS to the step changes of the mechanical torque and the field excitation voltage, as shown in Figure 11. Figures 34 and 35 show the generated electrical power, rotor speed, and rotor angle at nominal operating point P = 1.0 [pu] and Q = 0.62 [pu].
Figure 36 shows the excitation voltage produced by an adaptive PSS at nominal operating point
Figures 34–36 are directly comparable with Figures 22–25.
The results of the two most extreme operating points are presented (the same as in Sections 3.2 and 7.1.2):
The effectiveness of the adaptive PSS for oscillation damping in the presence of parameter deviations is shown with a test on the 555 MVA synchronous generator, as in Section 7.1.3. Figure 39 shows the generated electrical power and rotor speed at operating point
From the results presented in Sections 7.1 and 7.2 presented in Figures 22–32 and 34–40, it is seen clearly that robust and adaptive PSS improve the damping of oscillations of the synchronous generators significantly (shorter time of oscillations, smaller overshoot, and better damping). The numerical assessment was done for better insight into the effectiveness of both control algorithms. The integral square root performance index of rotor speed oscillation (
Block diagram of the direct adaptive PSS.
Electrical power
Rotor angle
Excitation voltage
Electrical power
Electrical power
The 555 MVA synchronous generator’s electrical power
The 555 MVA synchronous generator’s electrical power
Synchronous generator with nominal power | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
cos | Performance index | ||||
Without PSS | Robust PSS | Adaptive PSS | |||
1.0 | 0.1 | 0.995 | 1.98 10−6 | 0.96 10−6 | 0.91 10−6 |
1.0 | 0.62 | 0.85 | 0.99 10−6 | 0.56 10−6 | 0.44 10−6 |
0.1 | 1.0 | 0.099 | 0.56 10−6 | 0.41 10−6 | 0.42 10−6 |
Integral square root performance index of rotor speed oscillation of the 160 MVA synchronous generator without PSS, with robust PSS, or with adaptive PSS at different operating points.
Synchronous generator with nominal power | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
cos | Improvement of performance index regarding the case without PSS [%] | |||
Robust PSS | Adaptive PSS | |||
1.0 | 0.1 | 0.995 | 51 [%] | 54 [%] |
1.0 | 0.62 | 0.85 | 43 [%] | 55 [%] |
0.1 | 1.0 | 0.099 | 26 [%] | 25 [%] |
The improvements of the integral square root performance index of rotor speed oscillation of the 160 MVA synchronous generator at different operating points following the use of robust or adaptive PSS.
The time responses shown in Figures 28,30,32,39, and 40 were considered for a synchronous generator with nominal power 555 MVA. The calculated performance indexes of the synchronous generator without PSS, with robust PSS, or with adaptive PSS are shown in Table 16. The improvements of the performance index by means of proposed control systems regarding the noncontrolled synchronous generator are presented in Table 17.
Synchronous generator with nominal power | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
cos | Performance index | ||||
Without PSS | Robust PSS | Adaptive PSS | |||
1.0 | 0.1 | 0.995 | 1.73 10−6 | 0.76 10−6 | 0.92 10−6 |
1.0 | 0.62 | 0.85 | 0.89 10−6 | 0.51 10−6 | 0.47 10−6 |
0.1 | 1.0 | 0.099 | 0.33 10−6 | 0.28 10−6 | 0.28 10−6 |
Integral square root performance index of rotor speed oscillation of the 555 MVA synchronous generator without PSS, with robust PSS, or with adaptive PSS at different operating points.
Synchronous generator with nominal power SN = 555 [MVA] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
cos | Improvement of performance index regarding the case without PSS [%] | |||
Robust PSS | Adaptive PSS | |||
1.0 | 0.1 | 0.995 | 56 [%] | 47 [%] |
1.0 | 0.62 | 0.85 | 43 [%] | 47 [%] |
0.1 | 1.0 | 0.099 | 15 [%] | 15 [%] |
The improvements of the integral square root performance index of rotor speed oscillation of the 555 MVA synchronous generator at different operating points following the use of robust or adaptive PSS.
From the obtained numerical results, it is obvious that the proposed robust and adaptive PSS assure significant damping improvement in the entire operating range. The effectiveness of both proposed stabilizers are similar. They depend on the type of generator, largeness of the generator, operating point (loading), etc. In general, we can conclude that, according to the introduced performance index, their improvement is in the range of 10–60 [%].
Changes in construction of synchronous generators and the introduction of additional control systems into power systems have led to significant increase of oscillations in power systems and related stability problems. Conventional linear power system stabilizers are not able to solve these problems. Advanced control theories seem appropriate to design more powerful power system stabilizers.
Two power system stabilizers were developed based on robust control theory and adaptive control theory. The effectiveness of both stabilizers was evaluated as objectively as possible. The proposed control approaches were evaluated on a basis of a theoretical analysis and numerical simulations. The sliding mode stabilizer and direct adaptive stabilizer have the following advantages in comparison to conventional linear stabilizers:
The proofs of the stability of the entire closed-loop system exist for both controllers presented.
Both controllers require minimal preknowledge of the controlled plant structure and parameters.
Both controllers have an uncomplicated tuning procedure.
Both controllers do not require the measurement of the additional control plant variables.
Both controllers are easy to implement (low computing demand and low sampling frequency).
Both controllers damp oscillations in the entire operating range and assure stability.
Both controllers do not calculate high output amplitudes and are insensitive to the actuator’s saturations.
The comparison of the developed novel power system stabilizers shows the significant advantage of the modern concepts in all the considered ranges of the operation. Due to the actuality and importance of the issues tackled, the development of more effective power system stabilizers is inevitable. It is our estimation that the intensity of research in this field will increase in the future. In our evaluation, the robust and adaptive controls emerged as the most prospective concepts for implementation in power system stabilizers.
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These molecules can derive from the grape, in which the non-volatile forms are usually present as glycosylated molecules, the metabolic activities of yeast and bacteria, the chemical reactions taking place during the wine aging and storage, and the environment. The sulfur compounds include molecules positively correlated to the aromatic profile of wine, namely the volatile thiols, and are responsible for certain defects, imparting notes described as cabbage, onion, rotten egg, garlic, sulfur and rubber. Due to the low concentration of these molecules in wine, their high reactivity and the matrix complexity, the analytical methods which enable their detection and quantification represent a challenge. The solid phase microextraction (SPME) technique has been developed for sulfur compounds associated with off-flavors. The analysis of volatile thiols usually requires a derivatization followed by gas chromatography (GC)-MS or UPLC-MS methods. Besides the sulfur-containing aromas, another sulfur compound that deserves mention is the reduced glutathione (GSH) which has been widely studied due to its antioxidant properties. The analysis of GSH has been proposed using a liquid chromatography technique (HPLC or UPLC) coupled with fluorescence, MS and UV detectors.",book:{id:"6077",slug:"grapes-and-wines-advances-in-production-processing-analysis-and-valorization",title:"Grapes and Wines",fullTitle:"Grapes and Wines - Advances in Production, Processing, Analysis and Valorization"},signatures:"Daniela Fracassetti and Ileana Vigentini",authors:[{id:"207271",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Fracassetti",slug:"daniela-fracassetti",fullName:"Daniela Fracassetti"},{id:"220967",title:"Dr.",name:"Ileana",middleName:null,surname:"Vigentini",slug:"ileana-vigentini",fullName:"Ileana Vigentini"}]},{id:"66619",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85692",title:"Contribution of the Microbiome as a Tool for Estimating Wine’s Fermentation Output and Authentication",slug:"contribution-of-the-microbiome-as-a-tool-for-estimating-wine-s-fermentation-output-and-authenticatio",totalDownloads:1094,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Wine is the alcoholic beverage which is the product of alcoholic fermentation, usually, of fresh grape must. Grape microbiome is the source of a vastly diverse pool of filamentous fungi, yeast, and bacteria, the combination of which plays a crucial role for the quality of the final product of any grape must fermentation. In recent times, the significance of this pool of microorganisms has been acknowledged by several studies analyzing the microbial ecology of grape berries of different geographical origins, cultural practices, grape varieties, and climatic conditions. Furthermore, the microbial evolution of must during fermentation process has been overstudied. The combination of the microbial evolution along with metabolic and sensorial characterizations of the produced wines could lead to the suggestion of the microbial terroir. These aspects are today leading to open a new horizon for products such as wines, especially in the case of PDO-PGI products. The aims of this review is to describe (a) how the microbiome communities are dynamically differentiated during the process of fermentation from grape to ready-to-drink wine, in order to finalize each wine’s unique sensorial characteristics, and (b) whether the microbiome could be used as a fingerprinting tool for geographical indication, based on high-throughput sequencing (HTS) technologies. Nowadays, it has been strongly indicated that microbiome analysis of grapes and fermenting musts using next-generation sequencing (NGS) could open a new horizon for wine, in the case of protected designation of origin (PDO) and protected geographical indication (PGI) determination.",book:{id:"8054",slug:"advances-in-grape-and-wine-biotechnology",title:"Advances in Grape and Wine Biotechnology",fullTitle:"Advances in Grape and Wine Biotechnology"},signatures:"Dimitrios A. Anagnostopoulos, Eleni Kamilari and Dimitrios Tsaltas",authors:[{id:"180885",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Dimitris",middleName:null,surname:"Tsaltas",slug:"dimitris-tsaltas",fullName:"Dimitris Tsaltas"},{id:"203761",title:"MSc.",name:"Dimitris",middleName:null,surname:"Anagnostopoulos",slug:"dimitris-anagnostopoulos",fullName:"Dimitris Anagnostopoulos"},{id:"271801",title:"Ms.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Kamilari",slug:"elena-kamilari",fullName:"Elena Kamilari"}]},{id:"67444",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86443",title:"Somatic Variation and Cultivar Innovation in Grapevine",slug:"somatic-variation-and-cultivar-innovation-in-grapevine",totalDownloads:1036,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Paradoxically, continuous vegetative multiplication of traditional grapevine cultivars aimed to maintain cultivar attributes in this highly heterozygous species ends in the accumulation of considerable somatic variation. This variation has long contributed to cultivar adaptation and evolution under changing environmental and cultivation conditions and has also been a source of novel traits. Understanding how this somatic variation originates provides tools for genetics-assisted tracking of selected variants and breeding. Potentially, the identification of the mutations causing the observed phenotypic variation can now help to direct genome editing approaches to improve the genotype of elite traditional cultivars. Molecular characterization of somatic variants can also generate basic information helping to understand gene biological function. In this chapter, we review the state of the art on somatic variation in grapevine at phenotypic and genome sequence levels, present possible strategies for the study of this variation, and describe a few examples in which the genetic and molecular basis or very relevant grapevine traits were successfully identified.",book:{id:"8054",slug:"advances-in-grape-and-wine-biotechnology",title:"Advances in Grape and Wine Biotechnology",fullTitle:"Advances in Grape and Wine Biotechnology"},signatures:"Pablo Carbonell-Bejerano, Carolina Royo, Nuria Mauri, Javier Ibáñez and José Miguel Martínez Zapater",authors:[{id:"287215",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Martinez Zapater",slug:"jose-miguel-martinez-zapater",fullName:"Jose Miguel Martinez Zapater"},{id:"287226",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Ibáñez",slug:"javier-ibanez",fullName:"Javier Ibáñez"},{id:"300441",title:"Dr.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Carbonell-Bejerano",slug:"pablo-carbonell-bejerano",fullName:"Pablo Carbonell-Bejerano"},{id:"300442",title:"Dr.",name:"Carolina",middleName:null,surname:"Royo",slug:"carolina-royo",fullName:"Carolina Royo"},{id:"300444",title:"Dr.",name:"Nuria",middleName:null,surname:"Mauri",slug:"nuria-mauri",fullName:"Nuria Mauri"}]},{id:"57946",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71627",title:"Microbiological, Physical, and Chemical Procedures to Elaborate High-Quality SO2-Free Wines",slug:"microbiological-physical-and-chemical-procedures-to-elaborate-high-quality-so2-free-wines",totalDownloads:1616,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is the most preservative used in the wine industry and has been widely applied, as antioxidant and antibacterial agent. However, the use of sulfur dioxide implicates a range of adverse clinical effects. Therefore, the replacement of the SO2 content in wines is one of the most important challenges for scientist and winemakers. This book chapter gives an overview regarding different microbiological, physical, and chemical alternatives to elaborate high-quality SO2-free wines. In the present chapter, original research articles as well as review articles and results obtained by the research group of the Wine Technology Center (VITEC) are shown. This study provides useful information related to this novel and healthy type of wines, highlighting the development of winemaking strategies and procedures.",book:{id:"6077",slug:"grapes-and-wines-advances-in-production-processing-analysis-and-valorization",title:"Grapes and Wines",fullTitle:"Grapes and Wines - Advances in Production, Processing, Analysis and Valorization"},signatures:"Raúl Ferrer-Gallego, Miquel Puxeu, Laura Martín, Enric Nart, Claudio\nHidalgo and Imma Andorrà",authors:[{id:"207221",title:"Dr.",name:"Raúl",middleName:null,surname:"Ferrer-Gallego",slug:"raul-ferrer-gallego",fullName:"Raúl Ferrer-Gallego"},{id:"208597",title:"Dr.",name:"Miquel",middleName:null,surname:"Puxeu",slug:"miquel-puxeu",fullName:"Miquel Puxeu"},{id:"208598",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Martín",slug:"laura-martin",fullName:"Laura Martín"},{id:"208599",title:"Mr.",name:"Enric",middleName:null,surname:"Nart",slug:"enric-nart",fullName:"Enric Nart"},{id:"208600",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudio",middleName:null,surname:"Hidalgo",slug:"claudio-hidalgo",fullName:"Claudio Hidalgo"},{id:"208601",title:"Dr.",name:"Imma",middleName:null,surname:"Andorrà",slug:"imma-andorra",fullName:"Imma Andorrà"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"58638",title:"Occurrence and Analysis of Sulfur Compounds in Wine",slug:"occurrence-and-analysis-of-sulfur-compounds-in-wine",totalDownloads:1953,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Sulfur compounds play an important role in the sensory characteristics of wine. These molecules can derive from the grape, in which the non-volatile forms are usually present as glycosylated molecules, the metabolic activities of yeast and bacteria, the chemical reactions taking place during the wine aging and storage, and the environment. The sulfur compounds include molecules positively correlated to the aromatic profile of wine, namely the volatile thiols, and are responsible for certain defects, imparting notes described as cabbage, onion, rotten egg, garlic, sulfur and rubber. Due to the low concentration of these molecules in wine, their high reactivity and the matrix complexity, the analytical methods which enable their detection and quantification represent a challenge. The solid phase microextraction (SPME) technique has been developed for sulfur compounds associated with off-flavors. The analysis of volatile thiols usually requires a derivatization followed by gas chromatography (GC)-MS or UPLC-MS methods. Besides the sulfur-containing aromas, another sulfur compound that deserves mention is the reduced glutathione (GSH) which has been widely studied due to its antioxidant properties. The analysis of GSH has been proposed using a liquid chromatography technique (HPLC or UPLC) coupled with fluorescence, MS and UV detectors.",book:{id:"6077",slug:"grapes-and-wines-advances-in-production-processing-analysis-and-valorization",title:"Grapes and Wines",fullTitle:"Grapes and Wines - Advances in Production, Processing, Analysis and Valorization"},signatures:"Daniela Fracassetti and Ileana Vigentini",authors:[{id:"207271",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Fracassetti",slug:"daniela-fracassetti",fullName:"Daniela Fracassetti"},{id:"220967",title:"Dr.",name:"Ileana",middleName:null,surname:"Vigentini",slug:"ileana-vigentini",fullName:"Ileana Vigentini"}]},{id:"57497",title:"Recovering Ancient Grapevine Varieties: From Genetic Variability to In Vitro Conservation, A Case Study",slug:"recovering-ancient-grapevine-varieties-from-genetic-variability-to-in-vitro-conservation-a-case-stud",totalDownloads:1768,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"A great number of varieties have been described in grapevine; however, few of them are currently in use. The increasing concern on varietal diversity loss has encouraged actions for recovering and preserving grapevine germplasm, which represents valuable resources for breeding as well as for diversification in grapevine-derived products. On the other hand, it is expected that this important crop, which is distributed in warm areas worldwide, will suffer the climate changes. Therefore, it is also convenient the identification of intravarietal variability and the recovery of accessions well adapted to particular environments. In this chapter, we will contribute to highlight the importance of recovering ancient materials, the usefulness of SSR markers to determine their molecular profile, the importance to analyze their virus status, and the possibilities that offer biotechnological tools for virus sanitation and in vitro storage as a complement of field preservation. In this context, we have evaluated different grapevine accessions and developed in vitro culture protocols for micropropagation, sanitation, and storage grapevine cultivars. In this work, we report the results obtained for the historic variety “Valencí Blanc” (or “Beba”) and the historic and endangered variety “Esclafagerres” (“Esclafacherres” or “Esclafacherris”).",book:{id:"6077",slug:"grapes-and-wines-advances-in-production-processing-analysis-and-valorization",title:"Grapes and Wines",fullTitle:"Grapes and Wines - Advances in Production, Processing, Analysis and Valorization"},signatures:"Carmina Gisbert, Rosa Peiró, Tania San Pedro, Antonio Olmos,\nCarles Jiménez and Julio García",authors:[{id:"207745",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmina",middleName:null,surname:"Gisbert",slug:"carmina-gisbert",fullName:"Carmina Gisbert"},{id:"207748",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Peiró",slug:"rosa-maria-peiro",fullName:"Rosa María Peiró"},{id:"207749",title:"Ms.",name:"Tania",middleName:null,surname:"San Pedro Galán",slug:"tania-san-pedro-galan",fullName:"Tania San Pedro Galán"},{id:"207750",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Olmos",slug:"antonio-olmos",fullName:"Antonio Olmos"}]},{id:"58633",title:"The Evolution of Polyphenols from Grapes to Wines",slug:"the-evolution-of-polyphenols-from-grapes-to-wines",totalDownloads:2023,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Polyphenols play an important role in the quality of wines, due to their contribution to the wine sensory properties: color, astringency and bitterness. They act as antioxidants, having positive role in human health. They can be divided into non-flavonoid (hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids and stilbenes) and flavonoid compounds (anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols and flavonols). Anthocyanins are responsible for the color of red grapes and wines, hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acids act as copigments, stilbenes as antioxidants and the flavan-3-ols are mainly responsible for the astringency, bitterness and structure of wines, being involved also in the color stabilization during aging. This chapter will focus on the chemical structures of the main polyphenols, their identification and quantification in grapes and wines by advanced analytical techniques, highlighting also the maceration and aging impact on the polyphenols evolution. The factors influencing the phenolic accumulation in grapes are also reviewed, emphasizing as well the relationship between phenolic content in grapes versus wine. Polyphenolic changes during the wine making process are highlighted along with the main polyphenol extraction methods and analysis techniques. This research will contribute to the improvement in the knowledge of polyphenols: their presence in grapes, the relationship with wine quality and the influence of the external factors on their evolution.",book:{id:"6077",slug:"grapes-and-wines-advances-in-production-processing-analysis-and-valorization",title:"Grapes and Wines",fullTitle:"Grapes and Wines - Advances in Production, Processing, Analysis and Valorization"},signatures:"Violeta-Carolina Niculescu, Nadia Paun and Roxana-Elena Ionete",authors:[{id:"187102",title:"Dr.",name:"Roxana",middleName:null,surname:"Ionete",slug:"roxana-ionete",fullName:"Roxana Ionete"},{id:"206056",title:"Dr.",name:"Violeta",middleName:"Carolina",surname:"Niculescu",slug:"violeta-niculescu",fullName:"Violeta Niculescu"},{id:"207020",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nadia",middleName:null,surname:"Paun",slug:"nadia-paun",fullName:"Nadia Paun"}]},{id:"67760",title:"Production and Marketing of Low-Alcohol Wine",slug:"production-and-marketing-of-low-alcohol-wine",totalDownloads:1300,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Moderate wine consumption may be associated with specific health benefits and a healthy lifestyle. However, increased amounts of ethanol are cytotoxic and associated with adverse health outcomes. Alcohol reduction in wine might be an avenue to reduce alcohol related harm without forcing consumers to compromise on lifestyle and benefit from positive aspects of moderate consumption. The aim of this review is to give an overview of viticultural and pre and post fermentation methods to produce low-alcohol wine, and to summarize the current evidence on the consumer acceptance and behaviour related to low-alcohol wine. Strategies for the labelling and marketing of wines with reduced alcohol content are discussed.",book:{id:"8054",slug:"advances-in-grape-and-wine-biotechnology",title:"Advances in Grape and Wine Biotechnology",fullTitle:"Advances in Grape and Wine Biotechnology"},signatures:"Tamara Bucher, Kristine Deroover and Creina Stockley",authors:[{id:"289140",title:"Dr.",name:"Creina",middleName:null,surname:"Stockley",slug:"creina-stockley",fullName:"Creina Stockley"},{id:"289141",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamara",middleName:null,surname:"Bucher",slug:"tamara-bucher",fullName:"Tamara Bucher"},{id:"289142",title:"Ms.",name:"Kristine",middleName:null,surname:"Deroover",slug:"kristine-deroover",fullName:"Kristine Deroover"}]},{id:"57946",title:"Microbiological, Physical, and Chemical Procedures to Elaborate High-Quality SO2-Free Wines",slug:"microbiological-physical-and-chemical-procedures-to-elaborate-high-quality-so2-free-wines",totalDownloads:1613,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is the most preservative used in the wine industry and has been widely applied, as antioxidant and antibacterial agent. However, the use of sulfur dioxide implicates a range of adverse clinical effects. Therefore, the replacement of the SO2 content in wines is one of the most important challenges for scientist and winemakers. This book chapter gives an overview regarding different microbiological, physical, and chemical alternatives to elaborate high-quality SO2-free wines. In the present chapter, original research articles as well as review articles and results obtained by the research group of the Wine Technology Center (VITEC) are shown. This study provides useful information related to this novel and healthy type of wines, highlighting the development of winemaking strategies and procedures.",book:{id:"6077",slug:"grapes-and-wines-advances-in-production-processing-analysis-and-valorization",title:"Grapes and Wines",fullTitle:"Grapes and Wines - Advances in Production, Processing, Analysis and Valorization"},signatures:"Raúl Ferrer-Gallego, Miquel Puxeu, Laura Martín, Enric Nart, Claudio\nHidalgo and Imma Andorrà",authors:[{id:"207221",title:"Dr.",name:"Raúl",middleName:null,surname:"Ferrer-Gallego",slug:"raul-ferrer-gallego",fullName:"Raúl Ferrer-Gallego"},{id:"208597",title:"Dr.",name:"Miquel",middleName:null,surname:"Puxeu",slug:"miquel-puxeu",fullName:"Miquel Puxeu"},{id:"208598",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Martín",slug:"laura-martin",fullName:"Laura Martín"},{id:"208599",title:"Mr.",name:"Enric",middleName:null,surname:"Nart",slug:"enric-nart",fullName:"Enric Nart"},{id:"208600",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudio",middleName:null,surname:"Hidalgo",slug:"claudio-hidalgo",fullName:"Claudio Hidalgo"},{id:"208601",title:"Dr.",name:"Imma",middleName:null,surname:"Andorrà",slug:"imma-andorra",fullName:"Imma Andorrà"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1411",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81659",title:"State-of-the-Art Knowledge about 2,4,6-Trichloroanisole (TCA) and Strategies to Avoid Cork Taint in Wine",slug:"state-of-the-art-knowledge-about-2-4-6-trichloroanisole-tca-and-strategies-to-avoid-cork-taint-in-wi",totalDownloads:27,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103709",abstract:"Cork stoppers have been used for many centuries to seal wine in various vessels. Therefore, corks have become a traditional part of wine packaging in many countries and still play an important role for the entire wine industry. Nowadays, there is a wide option of bottle cork stoppers on the market, such as natural corks, agglomerated and technical stoppers (1 + 1), etc. These cork closures have a number of advantages, including positive sustainable and ecological aspects. Natural cork material can also be responsible for cork taint, which imparts musty/moldy or wet cardboard off-odors to the wine. However, corks are not the only source of cork taint in wine, as will be shown in the present chapter. Over the past decades, a number of compounds have been detected that can contribute to the cork taint. Among them, haloanisoles play a major role, in particular 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (TCA), which has been shown to be responsible for 50–80% or more of musty defect cases in wine. Currently, the cork and wine industries have developed a number of tools and technologies to effectively prevent cork tait in wine or to remove it if the wine is already contaminated. These practical as well as analytical questions about the TCA defects are the subject of the actual chapter.",book:{id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg"},signatures:"Andrii Tarasov, Miguel Cabral, Christophe Loisel, Paulo Lopes, Christoph Schuessler and Rainer Jung"},{id:"78620",title:"Table Grapes: There Is More to Vitiviniculture than Wine…",slug:"table-grapes-there-is-more-to-vitiviniculture-than-wine",totalDownloads:141,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99986",abstract:"Table grapes are fruits intended for fresh human consumption due to their sensory attributes and nutritional value. The objective of this chapter is to review the existing knowledge about table grapes, including a description of different varieties, with particular emphasis on the new highly appreciated seedless varieties. Following an introductory note on the world distribution and production of table grapes, also considering the impact of climate change, selected varieties of table grapes will be characterized in terms of their physiology, postharvest features, and consumer preferences. A morphological description of each variety, with emphasis on grape skin, grape rachis and grape cluster will be included. A final note on the drying of table grapes into raisins, and the most appropriate varieties for drying, will be given. The major changes occurring throughout the growth, development, and ripening phases of table grapes production will be discussed, regarding both physical (skin color and skin and pulp texture) and chemical (phenolic compounds, sugar content and acidity) parameters, as well as growth regulators.",book:{id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg"},signatures:"Ana Cristina Agulheiro-Santos, Marta Laranjo and Sara Ricardo-Rodrigues"},{id:"79500",title:"New Insights about the Influence of Yeasts Autolysis on Sparkling Wines Composition and Quality",slug:"new-insights-about-the-influence-of-yeasts-autolysis-on-sparkling-wines-composition-and-quality",totalDownloads:94,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101314",abstract:"Sparkling wines elaborated using the traditional method undergo a second fermentation in the bottle. This process involves an aging time in contact with the lees, which enriches the wine in various substances, especially proteins, mannoproteins and polysaccharides, thanks to the autolysis of the yeasts. As a result of this yeast autolysis, sparkling wines benefit from better integration of carbon dioxide and a clear sensory improvement, especially in the case of long aging. This chapter synthetizes the main results that our research group has obtained about the influence of yeasts autolysis on sparkling wines composition and quality during last years, making special emphasis on the capacity of the lees to release proteins and polysaccharides as well as on their capacity to consume oxygen and thus protect the sparkling wines from oxidation.",book:{id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg"},signatures:"Pere Pons-Mercadé, Pol Giménez, Glòria Vilomara, Marta Conde, Antoni Cantos, Nicolas Rozès, Sergi Ferrer, Joan Miquel Canals and Fernando Zamora"},{id:"79110",title:"Microbial Decontamination by Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF) in Winemaking",slug:"microbial-decontamination-by-pulsed-electric-fields-pef-in-winemaking",totalDownloads:81,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101112",abstract:"Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF) is a non-thermal technique that causes electroporation of cell membranes by applying very short pulses (μs) of a high-intensity electric field (kV/cm). Irreversible electroporation leads to the formation of permanent conductive channels in the cytoplasmic membrane of cells, resulting in the loss of cell viability. This effect is achieved with low energy requirements and minimal deterioration of quality. This chapter reviews the studies hitherto conducted to evaluate the potential of PEF as a technology for microbial decontamination in the winemaking process for reducing or replacing the use of SO2, for guaranteeing reproducible fermentations or for wine stabilization.",book:{id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg"},signatures:"Carlota Delso, Alejandro Berzosa, Jorge Sanz, Ignacio Álvarez and Javier Raso"},{id:"78993",title:"pH Control and Aroma Improvement Using the Non-Saccharomyces Lachancea thermotolerans and Hanseniaspora spp. Yeasts to Improve Wine Freshness in Warm Areas",slug:"ph-control-and-aroma-improvement-using-the-non-saccharomyces-lachancea-thermotolerans-and-hanseniasp",totalDownloads:90,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100538",abstract:"Lachancea thermotolerans is a yeast species that works as a powerful bio tool capable of metabolizing grape sugars into lactic acid via lactate dehydrogenase enzymes. The enological impact is an increase in total acidity and a decrease in pH levels (sometimes >0.5 pH units) with a concomitant slight reduction in alcohol (0.2–0.4% vol.), which helps balance freshness in wines from warm areas. In addition, higher levels of molecular SO2 are favored, which helps to decrease SO2 total content and achieve better antioxidant and antimicrobial performance. The simultaneous use with some apiculate yeast species of the genus Hanseniaspora helps to improve the aromatic profile through the production of acetyl esters and, in some cases, terpenes, which makes the wine aroma more complex, enhancing floral and fruity scents and making more complex and fresh wines. Furthermore, many species of Hanseniaspora increase the structure of wines, thus improving their body and palatability. Ternary fermentations with Lachancea thermotolerans and Hanseniaspora spp. sequentially followed by Saccharomyces cerevisiae are a useful bio tool for producing fresher wines from neutral varieties in warm areas.",book:{id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg"},signatures:"Antonio Morata, Carlos Escott, Iris Loira, Juan Manuel Del Fresno, Cristian Vaquero, María Antonia Bañuelos, Felipe Palomero, Carmen López and Carmen González"},{id:"78970",title:"Alternatives to CU Applications in Viticulture. How R&D Projects Can Provide Applied Solutions, Helping to Establish Legislation Limits",slug:"alternatives-to-cu-applications-in-viticulture-how-r-d-projects-can-provide-applied-solutions-helpin",totalDownloads:180,totalDimensionsCites:2,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100500",abstract:"Copper (Cu) and its based preparations have been used for over 200 years to control fungi and bacterial diseases in cultivated plants. Downy mildew caused by the obligate biotrophic oomycete Plasmopara viticola is one of the most relevant and recurrent diseases of grapevines. Recently, the use of Cu is being limited by some regulations because of its high impact at different levels (health and environmental problems). Due to its accumulation in soil, this metal causes a little controversy with the principles of sustainable production. Therefore, international legislation and initiatives have recently been arisen to start limiting its use, with the main goal to replace it. In this framework, some alternatives have been tested and others are recently being developed to replace, at least partially, the use of Cu in viticulture. Many of them, are being developed and tested under the scope of research and development EU funded projects. To not compromise sustainability targets in viticulture, results from these R&D projects need to be considered to assess the present risks of using Cu in viticulture and to better support establishing limits for its applications, considering soils vulnerability, while no sustainable alternatives are available in the market.",book:{id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg"},signatures:"Mario De La Fuente, David Fernández-Calviño, Bartosz Tylkowski, Josep M. 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He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"147824",title:"Mr.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Revuelta Sanz",slug:"pablo-revuelta-sanz",fullName:"Pablo Revuelta Sanz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"24",type:"subseries",title:"Computer Vision",keywords:"Image Analysis, Scene Understanding, Biometrics, Deep Learning, Software Implementation, Hardware Implementation, Natural Images, Medical Images, Robotics, VR/AR",scope:"The scope of this topic is to disseminate the recent advances in the rapidly growing field of computer vision from both the theoretical and practical points of view. Novel computational algorithms for image analysis, scene understanding, biometrics, deep learning and their software or hardware implementations for natural and medical images, robotics, VR/AR, applications are some research directions relevant to this topic.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11420,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"1177",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:"J. 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