Bio concentration factor of heavy metals in muscle tissues of fish from the river water
\\n\\n
Dr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\\n\\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\\n\\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\\n\\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\\n\\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\\n\\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\\n\\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Preparation of Space Experiments edited by international leading expert Dr. Vladimir Pletser, Director of Space Training Operations at Blue Abyss is the 5,000th Open Access book published by IntechOpen and our milestone publication!
\n\n"This book presents some of the current trends in space microgravity research. The eleven chapters introduce various facets of space research in physical sciences, human physiology and technology developed using the microgravity environment not only to improve our fundamental understanding in these domains but also to adapt this new knowledge for application on earth." says the editor. Listen what else Dr. Pletser has to say...
\n\n\n\nDr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\n\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\n\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\n\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\n\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\n\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\n\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9759",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease - Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",title:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease",subtitle:"Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Vitamin E is a group of fat-soluble compounds found in a wide variety of foods. Daily requirements of vitamin E can be met with a balanced diet. High-dose supplementation may be hazardous rather than beneficial. Vitamin E serves as an antioxidant, participates in anti-inflammatory processes, inhibits platelet aggregation, and enhances immunity. Vitamin E supplementation can be beneficial against coronary artery disease, eye disorders, cognitive decline, cancer, and skin aging. This book will mainly focus on the diverse functions of vitamin E, importance of vitamin E status to provide a healthy lifespan, and the interaction between vitamin E and several pathological conditions. Readers will receive a general overview of the importance of vitamin E in health and different pathological conditions.",isbn:"978-1-83968-838-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-837-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-839-3",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87564",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"vitamin-e-in-health-and-disease-interactions-diseases-and-health-aspects",numberOfPages:300,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"6c3ddcc13626110de289b57f2516ac8f",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Júlia Scherer Santos",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9759.jpg",numberOfDownloads:3580,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:6,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:8,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 16th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 14th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 13th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 3rd 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 2nd 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109978/images/system/109978.jpg",biography:"Pınar Erkekoğlu graduated from the Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Turkey, where she received her MSci and Ph.D. in Toxicology. She completed her Ph.D. studies at the University of Joseph Fourier, France, and the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission/Institute for Nanosciences and Cryogenics/Nucleic Acid Lesions (CEA/INAC/LAN). She worked as a post-doc and visiting associate in the Biological Engineering Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), USA. She is currently a full professor and head of the Department of Toxicology, Hacettepe University, and a faculty staff/board member at the Hacettepe University Vaccine Institute. Her main interests are endocrine-disrupting chemicals, neurotoxic chemicals, and the toxic effects of vaccines. Dr. Erkekoğlu has published more than 180 papers and 15 book chapters. She has edited seven international books and served as the translation editor for three others. She has been a European Registered Toxicologist (ERT) since 2014.",institutionString:"Hacettepe University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"7",institution:{name:"Hacettepe University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"379",title:"Vitaminology",slug:"alimentology-vitaminology"}],chapters:[{id:"77087",title:"Vitamin E in Human Skin: Functionality and Topical Products",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98336",slug:"vitamin-e-in-human-skin-functionality-and-topical-products",totalDownloads:384,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Vitamins are part of the antioxidant system of human skin, and are detectable in different layers, so the topical application can be an alternative to maintain the functionality of the system. The capacity of the antioxidant gradient of keratinocytes is associated with attenuation of the action of related free radicals in both esthetics and health. These problems arise from extrinsic aging and are related to the risk of cancer. Vitamin E has been proven to have antioxidant and moisturizing properties in the skin and can protect against the damage of UVB radiation, with emphasis on the reduction of acute erythema and photoaging. The choice for the use of topical vitamin E, compared to the oral is given by the safety as mild irritation and it has potential for multifunctional topical formulations. The purpose of the chapter is to review the topical use of formulations with vitamin E, addressing the development, safe use and evaluation of effectiveness.",signatures:"Claudineia Aparecida Sales de Oliveira Pinto, Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins, Renata Miliani Martinez, Thamires Batello Freire, Maria Valéria Robles Velasco and André Rolim Baby",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77087",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77087",authors:[{id:"332694",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Claudineia Aparecida Sales de Oliveira",surname:"Pinto",slug:"claudineia-aparecida-sales-de-oliveira-pinto",fullName:"Claudineia Aparecida Sales de Oliveira Pinto"},{id:"332698",title:"Prof.",name:"André Rolim",surname:"Baby",slug:"andre-rolim-baby",fullName:"André Rolim Baby"},{id:"332699",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Valéria Robles",surname:"Velasco",slug:"maria-valeria-robles-velasco",fullName:"Maria Valéria Robles Velasco"},{id:"351583",title:"MSc.",name:"Thamires",surname:"Batello Freire",slug:"thamires-batello-freire",fullName:"Thamires Batello Freire"},{id:"352145",title:"MSc.",name:"Renata",surname:"Miliani Martinez",slug:"renata-miliani-martinez",fullName:"Renata Miliani Martinez"},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins"}],corrections:null},{id:"76413",title:"Pharmaceutical Applications of Vitamin E TPGS",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97474",slug:"pharmaceutical-applications-of-vitamin-e-tpgs",totalDownloads:252,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"D-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (Vitamin E TPGS) has been approved as a safe pharmaceutical adjuvant by FDA, and several drug delivery systems (DDS) based on TPGS have been developed. TPGS properties as a P-gp inhibitor, solubilizer/absorption and permeation enhancer in drug delivery and TPGS-related formulations such as nanocrystals, nanosuspensions, tablets/solid dispersions, vaccine system adjuvant, nutritional supplement, film plasticizer, anticancer reagent, and so on, are discussed in this review. Consequenly, TPGS can inhibit ATP-dependent P-glycoprotein activity and act as a potent excipient that promotes the efficiency of delivery and the therapeutic effect of drugs. Inhibition of P-gp occurs through mitochondria-dependent inhibition of the P-gp pump. Many of the latest studies address the use of TPGS for many poorly water-soluble or permeable drugs in the manufacture of nanodrugs or other formulations. In addition, it has been reported that TPGS shows a robust improvement in chylomicron secretion at low concentrations and improves intestinal lymphatic transport, which would also boost the potential of drug absorption. It also indicates that there are still many problems facing clinical translation of TPGS-based nanomedicines, requiring a more deep evaluation of TPGS properties and a future-based delivery method.",signatures:"Adnan M. Jasim and Mohammed J. Jawad",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76413",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76413",authors:[{id:"332371",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Adnan Mansour",surname:"Jasim",slug:"adnan-mansour-jasim",fullName:"Adnan Mansour Jasim"},{id:"344231",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammed Jasim",surname:"Jawad",slug:"mohammed-jasim-jawad",fullName:"Mohammed Jasim Jawad"}],corrections:null},{id:"75506",title:"Vitamin E in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) Prevention",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96452",slug:"vitamin-e-in-chronic-myeloid-leukemia-cml-prevention",totalDownloads:228,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The resistance to inhibitors of tyrosine kinase necessitates novel approaches to the therapy of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). The progression of CML to blast crisis is associated with down-regulation of C/EBP-alpha being involved in the differentiation block in leukemic blast cells. Moreover, lowered C/EBP-alpha expression correlates with resistance to imatinib in CML. We have demonstrated that vitamin E up-regulates expression of C/EBP-alpha and down-regulates expression of Snail transcription factor in K562 cells in vitro contributing to the putative recovery of myeloid differentiation potential. In parallel with increased CEBP alpha expression, Vitamin E treatment results in the decreasing expression of placental-like alkaline phosphatase and increasing expression of tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase. We suggest that vitamin E could be used as the plausible biological modulator to prevent the progression to blast crisis and to overcome drug resistance of leukemic cells in CML.",signatures:"Lyudmyla Shvachko, Michael Zavelevich, Daniil Gluzman and Gennadii Telegeev",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75506",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75506",authors:[{id:"339160",title:"Dr.",name:"Lyudmyla",surname:"Shvachko",slug:"lyudmyla-shvachko",fullName:"Lyudmyla Shvachko"},{id:"339269",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",surname:"Zavelevych",slug:"michael-zavelevych",fullName:"Michael Zavelevych"},{id:"339270",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniil",surname:"Gluzman",slug:"daniil-gluzman",fullName:"Daniil Gluzman"},{id:"339271",title:"Dr.",name:"Gennadii",surname:"Telegeev",slug:"gennadii-telegeev",fullName:"Gennadii Telegeev"}],corrections:null},{id:"78135",title:"Vitamin E and Derivatives in Skin Health Promotion",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99466",slug:"vitamin-e-and-derivatives-in-skin-health-promotion",totalDownloads:235,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Vitamin E is fundamental for a proper function of human cells. Mostly obtained from vegetable oils, it has antioxidant and non-antioxidant actions. At times, its oral intake or skin application are employed. Oral intake is recommended in some cases. Differently, the topical application is a part of daily skin routine. Both in oral or in topical formulations, it is employed in its isoforms or derivatives. Tocopherols and tocotrienols are isoforms while derivatives are synthetic forms. In pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations, vitamin E and its derivatives are widely used due to its antioxidant and photoprotective properties. However, the clinical success treatment is often impaired by its low skin penetration, high lipophilicity, and chemical instability. A rational formulation design in the development of novel vitamin E dosage forms is required. In this chapter, the most successful and innovative approaches towards Vitamin E and its derivatives loaded in formulations for skin health promotion are reviewed. Conventional and nanoparticle-based formulations enable vitamin E chemical stabilization, and they are suitable vehicles for its release on the skin. Further, nano-sized carriers can increase vitamin E content in formulations as well as favor its skin penetration.",signatures:"Júlia Scherer Santos, Guilherme Diniz Tavares and Thaís Nogueira Barradas",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78135",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78135",authors:[{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos"},{id:"426780",title:"Prof.",name:"Guilherme",surname:"Diniz Tavares",slug:"guilherme-diniz-tavares",fullName:"Guilherme Diniz Tavares"},{id:"426781",title:"Prof.",name:"Thaís",surname:"Nogueira Barradas",slug:"thais-nogueira-barradas",fullName:"Thaís Nogueira Barradas"}],corrections:null},{id:"77193",title:"Role of Vitamin E in Boosting the Immunity from Neonates to Elderly",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98553",slug:"role-of-vitamin-e-in-boosting-the-immunity-from-neonates-to-elderly",totalDownloads:256,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin which occurs as a tocopherol component abundant in humans. The vitamin E supplements in humans and animals have provided numerous health benefits. The vitamin E is rich in antioxidants which slow the aging process and reduce the free radical damage. Vitamin E isoforms play an important role in respiratory health. It is also important in health and well-being of preterm neonates. Vitamin E deficiency in new born includes hemolytic anemia, disease of retina, bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Further, in vitro studies, vitamin E has increased the oxidative resistance and prevents the atherosclerotic plaque. The consumption of vitamin E rich foods reduces coronary heart diseases. This chapter focuses on the treatment of vitamin E deficiency in preterm babies and the role of vitamin E in preventing coronary heart diseases.",signatures:"Mariyappan Kowsalya, Mohan Prasanna Rajeshkumar, Thangavel Velmurugan, Kattakgounder Govindaraj Sudha and Saheb Ali",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77193",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77193",authors:[{id:"333469",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Mariyappan",surname:"Kowsalya",slug:"mariyappan-kowsalya",fullName:"Mariyappan Kowsalya"},{id:"334818",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanna Rajeshkumar",surname:"Mohan",slug:"prasanna-rajeshkumar-mohan",fullName:"Prasanna Rajeshkumar Mohan"},{id:"421248",title:"Dr.",name:"Thangavel",surname:"Velmurugan",slug:"thangavel-velmurugan",fullName:"Thangavel Velmurugan"},{id:"421249",title:"Dr.",name:"Kattagounder Govindaraj",surname:"Sudha",slug:"kattagounder-govindaraj-sudha",fullName:"Kattagounder Govindaraj Sudha"},{id:"421250",title:"Dr.",name:"Saheb",surname:"Ali",slug:"saheb-ali",fullName:"Saheb Ali"}],corrections:null},{id:"76117",title:"Role of Vitamin E in Pregnancy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97268",slug:"role-of-vitamin-e-in-pregnancy",totalDownloads:504,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Vitamins play important roles in female health. They are essential for many functions, including menstruation and ovulation, oocyte (egg) quality and maturation. Vitamin E was first discovered in 1922 as a substance necessary for reproduction. It has become widely known as a powerful lipid-soluble antioxidant. There are various reports on the benefits of vitamin E on health in general. Vitamin E helps your body create and maintain red blood cells, healthy skin, eyes and strengthens your natural immune system. However, despite it being initially discovered as a vitamin necessary for reproduction, to date studies relating to its effects in this area are lacking. Vitamin E supplementation may help reduce the risk of pregnancy complications involving oxidative stress, such as pre-eclampsia. This chapter is written to provide a review of the known roles of vitamin E in pregnancy.",signatures:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui, Usama Ahmad, Asad Ali, Farogh Ahsan and Md. Faheem Haider",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76117",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76117",authors:[{id:"255360",title:"Dr.",name:"Usama",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"usama-ahmad",fullName:"Usama Ahmad"},{id:"329245",title:"Dr.",name:"Asad",surname:"Ali",slug:"asad-ali",fullName:"Asad Ali"},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider"},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui"},{id:"355655",title:"Mr.",name:"Farogh",surname:"Ahsan",slug:"farogh-ahsan",fullName:"Farogh Ahsan"}],corrections:null},{id:"76798",title:"Impact of Vitamins and Minerals Enriched Flora in the Management of Calciphytoliths: A Special Focus on Vitamin E",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97777",slug:"impact-of-vitamins-and-minerals-enriched-flora-in-the-management-of-calciphytoliths-a-special-focus-",totalDownloads:210,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Calciphytoliths (calcium oxalate calculi) have a great influence on human health and are a disease with a high likelihood of recurrence at a rate of more than 10% within a year. Plant flavonoids, saponins, and tannins are reported to be Litholytic by inhibiting calcium oxalate crystals or by their calcium channel blocking activity. Vitamins and minerals containing flora completely prevent deposition of oxalate by preventing pre-oxidation injury and restoring renal tissue antioxidants. So vitamin therapy also might protect against oxalate calculi deposition in the human kidneys. The present chapter discusses the impact of vitamins especially vitamin E, calcium, and low oxalate-containing plants for the management of various urinary or kidney disorders.",signatures:"Ramu Govindan, Tilak Meenakshisundaram, Navanita Sivaramakumar, Podila Naresh, Duraiswamy Basavan and Dhanabal Palanisamy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76798",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76798",authors:[{id:"298479",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramu",surname:"Govindan",slug:"ramu-govindan",fullName:"Ramu Govindan"},{id:"346328",title:"Prof.",name:"Tilak",surname:"Meenakshisundaram",slug:"tilak-meenakshisundaram",fullName:"Tilak Meenakshisundaram"},{id:"346330",title:"Ms.",name:"Navanita",surname:"Sivaramakumar",slug:"navanita-sivaramakumar",fullName:"Navanita Sivaramakumar"},{id:"346331",title:"Prof.",name:"Duraiswamy",surname:"Basavan",slug:"duraiswamy-basavan",fullName:"Duraiswamy Basavan"},{id:"346333",title:"Prof.",name:"Dhanabal",surname:"Palanisamy",slug:"dhanabal-palanisamy",fullName:"Dhanabal Palanisamy"},{id:"415185",title:"Mr.",name:"Podila",surname:"Naresh",slug:"podila-naresh",fullName:"Podila Naresh"}],corrections:null},{id:"78195",title:"Vitamin E: Natural Antioxidant in the Mediterranean Diet",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99705",slug:"vitamin-e-natural-antioxidant-in-the-mediterranean-diet",totalDownloads:135,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Oxidation has been related to several diseases in humans. Indeed, to protect the body from high free radical damages, organism requires natural resources of antioxidant compounds, such as phenols, tocopherols (α, β, γ, and σ) which have important roles in the cell antioxidant defense system. In Mediterranean areas, olive oils and pepper fruits are considered among the best foods in a diet, which keeps on attracting the interest of scientists due to the health benefits linked with its consumption. The Olive oil and pepper fruits are among the most consumed nutrients in the Mediterranean diet; their richness in naturally powerful antioxidants, such as alpha-tocopherols, polyphenols, carotenoïds, and capsaicinoïds (specific of capsicum species), and monounsaturated fatty acids in olive and seed pepper oils, constitutes good health protection against oxidative damages and inflammation. Also, these phytochemicals shield and prevent the human body from many diseases such as cardiovascular, coronary, Alzheimer’s diseases, and cancers.",signatures:"Samia Ben Mansour-Gueddes and Dhouha Saidana-Naija",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78195",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78195",authors:[{id:"333704",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Samia",surname:"Ben Mansour-Gueddes",slug:"samia-ben-mansour-gueddes",fullName:"Samia Ben Mansour-Gueddes"},{id:"334904",title:"Dr.",name:"Dhouha",surname:"Saidana-Naija",slug:"dhouha-saidana-naija",fullName:"Dhouha Saidana-Naija"}],corrections:null},{id:"76292",title:"Vitamin E: Recommended Intake",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97381",slug:"vitamin-e-recommended-intake",totalDownloads:234,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Data of vitamin E intake and status are controversial. Vitamin E is an essential micronutrient for humans and achieving an optimal status is assumed to produce beneficial health outcomes. Dietary intake recommendations for vitamin E vary considerably by different countries and organizations. It appears to be still a challenge to define these despite the wealth of data published. Vitamin E requirements have been proposed to depend on other nutritional factors, such as the intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Although several foods contain naturally occurring sources of vitamin E, it is frequently the case that the intake recommendations are not achieved. Several other dietary factors affect the need for vitamin E. In this regard, significant challenges to be considered include the efficiency of other tocopherol variants and their properties that could affect the revision of the nutritional recommendations for vitamin E. Particularly, an ever-increasing evidence indicates that other vitamin E homologs may potentially present with a higher biological activity. Low dietary consumption of vitamin E, coupled with compelling evidence that increased intake of vitamin E above current recommendations for the general population may benefit older individuals.",signatures:"Marianna Schwarzova, Katarina Fatrcova-Sramkova, Eva Tvrda and Miroslava Kacaniova",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76292",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76292",authors:[{id:"335734",title:"Prof.",name:"Miroslava",surname:"Kačániová",slug:"miroslava-kacaniova",fullName:"Miroslava Kačániová"},{id:"335737",title:"Dr.",name:"Marianna",surname:"Schwarzová",slug:"marianna-schwarzova",fullName:"Marianna Schwarzová"},{id:"335738",title:"Dr.",name:"Katarína",surname:"Fatrcová-Šrámková",slug:"katarina-fatrcova-sramkova",fullName:"Katarína Fatrcová-Šrámková"},{id:"344238",title:"Dr.",name:"Eva",surname:"Tvrdá",slug:"eva-tvrda",fullName:"Eva Tvrdá"}],corrections:null},{id:"76753",title:"Biosynthesis Pathways of Vitamin E and Its Derivatives in Plants",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97267",slug:"biosynthesis-pathways-of-vitamin-e-and-its-derivatives-in-plants",totalDownloads:276,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Naturally occurring vitamin E, comprised of four forms each of tocopherols and tocotrienols, are synthesized solely by photosynthetic organisms and function primarily as antioxidants. The structural motifs of the vitamin E family and specifically the chroman moiety, are amenable to various modifications in order to improve their bioactivities towards numerous therapeutic targets. Tocopherols are lipophilic antioxidants and together with tocotrienols belong to the vitamin-E family. These lipid-soluble compounds are potent antioxidants that protect polyunsaturated fatty acids from lipid peroxidation. Biosynthetic pathways of plants producing a diverse array of natural products that are important for plant function, agriculture, and human nutrition. Edible plant-derived products, notably seed oils, are the main sources of vitamin E in the human diet. The biosynthesis of tocopherols takes place mainly in plastids of higher plants from precursors derived from two metabolic pathways: homogentisic acid, an intermediate of degradation of aromatic amino acids, and phytyldiphosphate, which arises from methylerythritol phosphate pathway. Tocopherols and tocotrienols play an important roles in the oxidative stability of vegetable oils and in the nutritional quality of crop plants for human and livestock diets. Here, we review major biosynthetic pathways, including common precursors and competitive pathways of the vitamin E and its derivatives in plants.",signatures:"Makhlouf Chaalal and Siham Ydjedd",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76753",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76753",authors:[{id:"336326",title:"Dr.",name:"Makhlouf",surname:"Chaalal",slug:"makhlouf-chaalal",fullName:"Makhlouf Chaalal"},{id:"336443",title:"Dr.",name:"Siham",surname:"Ydjedd",slug:"siham-ydjedd",fullName:"Siham Ydjedd"}],corrections:null},{id:"75417",title:"Tocotrienol: An Underrated Isomer of Vitamin E in Health and Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96451",slug:"tocotrienol-an-underrated-isomer-of-vitamin-e-in-health-and-diseases",totalDownloads:419,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Vitamin E was first discovered as a fertility factor in 1922 in the laboratory of Herbert McLean Evans, a scientist and anatomist. Following this discovery, it was extensively researched and found to possess a potent antioxidant property. It soon dawned that the family of vitamin E has eight members: four tocopherols, namely α-, β-, δ- and γ-tocopherol; and four tocotrienols in the form of α-, β-, δ- and γ-tocotrienols. This chapter discusses this rather unknown and underrated isomer of vitamin E with unsurpassed health benefits: tocotrienols. Until recently, tocotrienols rarely figured in vitamin E research in spite of their relative superiority to tocopherol coupled with their abundant presence in palm oil. In fact, since palm oil contains about 70% of all tocotrienol homologues, it would be no exaggeration to call it nature’s best kept secret, if not the most promising natural substance in influencing health and disease. While highlighting the wonders of tocotrienols as a safe and efficacious product, this chapter offers a panoramic view of recent research into tocotrienols that demonstrates their undeniable benefits in conferring protection against cancer as well as a whole litany of ailments including cardiovascular, metabolic, autoimmune, bone and neurological diseases. Admittedly, many of these researches were conducted in the laboratory, with some preclinical trials translated into clinical trials. Nonetheless, it is hoped that more randomised clinical trials will be carried out on a global scale in the near future. From the vessels in the heart to the neurons in the brain, tocotrienols have the extraordinary potential to be the future of vitamin E research.",signatures:"Ahmad Farouk Musa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75417",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75417",authors:[{id:"333824",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad Farouk",surname:"Musa",slug:"ahmad-farouk-musa",fullName:"Ahmad Farouk Musa"}],corrections:null},{id:"77766",title:"Vitamin E in Human Health and Oxidative Stress Related Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99169",slug:"vitamin-e-in-human-health-and-oxidative-stress-related-diseases",totalDownloads:211,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Oxidative stress characterized by an imbalance in the production and degradation of radical species has been implicated in the onset and progression of several diseases. The efficacy of antioxidants acting via the inhibition of radical chain reactions, scavenging of free radicals, direct donation of electrons to radical species and chelation of metal ions have been reported to attenuate the oxidative process. Vitamin E is an effective antioxidant and its hydrophobic nature and membrane permeability offer some benefits to application and bioavailability. This chapter highlights the following; structural differences in the vitamin family, biosynthesis in plants and the native biological role, antioxidant mechanisms of vitamin E, an overview of the prophylactic action of vitamin E as well as the effect on the oxidative process in some diseases.",signatures:"Israel Ehizuelen Ebhohimen, Taiwo Stephen Okanlawon, Augustine Ododo Osagie and Owen Norma Izevbigie",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77766",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77766",authors:[{id:"332421",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Israel Ehizuelen",surname:"Ebhohimen",slug:"israel-ehizuelen-ebhohimen",fullName:"Israel Ehizuelen Ebhohimen"},{id:"418960",title:"Mr.",name:"Owen Norma",surname:"Izevbigie",slug:"owen-norma-izevbigie",fullName:"Owen Norma Izevbigie"},{id:"418961",title:"Mr.",name:"Taiwo Stephen",surname:"Okanlawon",slug:"taiwo-stephen-okanlawon",fullName:"Taiwo Stephen Okanlawon"},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie"}],corrections:null},{id:"77097",title:"Male Infertility, Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98204",slug:"male-infertility-oxidative-stress-and-antioxidants",totalDownloads:240,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Within the male reproductive system, oxidative stress (OS) has been identified as prevailing etiology of male infertility. The effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on male fertility depend on the dimensions, “modus operandi” of the ROS and the oxido-reduction potential (ORP) of the male reproductive tract. Hereupon, for an adequate response to OS, the cells of our body are endowed with a well-sophisticated system of defense in order to be protected. Various antioxidant enzymes and small molecular free radical scavengers, maintain the delicate balance between oxidants and reductants (antioxidants), crucial to cellular function and fertility. Therapeutic use of antioxidants is an optimal and coherent option in terms of mitigating OS and improving semen parameters. Therefore, recognizing and managing OS through either decreasing ROS levels or by increasing antioxidant force, appear to be a requesting approach in the management of male infertility. However, a clear defined attitude of the experts about the clinical efficacy of antioxidant therapy is still deprived. Prominently, antioxidant such as coenzyme Q10, vitamin C and E, lycopene, carnitine, zinc and selenium have been found useful in controlling the balance between ROS production and scavenging activities. In spite of that, healthy lifestyle, without smoke and alcohol, everyday exercise, reduction of psychological stress and quality well-designed meals, are habits that can overturn male infertility.",signatures:"Vegim Zhaku, Ashok Agarwal, Sheqibe Beadini, Ralf Henkel, Renata Finelli, Nexhbedin Beadini and Sava Micic",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77097",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77097",authors:[{id:"333532",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Vegim",surname:"Zhaku",slug:"vegim-zhaku",fullName:"Vegim Zhaku"},{id:"354806",title:"Prof.",name:"Nexhbedin",surname:"Beadini",slug:"nexhbedin-beadini",fullName:"Nexhbedin Beadini"},{id:"354807",title:"Prof.",name:"Sheqibe",surname:"Beadini",slug:"sheqibe-beadini",fullName:"Sheqibe Beadini"},{id:"354808",title:"Prof.",name:"Ashok",surname:"Agarwal",slug:"ashok-agarwal",fullName:"Ashok Agarwal"},{id:"354809",title:"Dr.",name:"Renata",surname:"Finelli",slug:"renata-finelli",fullName:"Renata Finelli"},{id:"354810",title:"Prof.",name:"Ralf",surname:"Henkel",slug:"ralf-henkel",fullName:"Ralf Henkel"},{id:"354811",title:"Prof.",name:"Sava",surname:"Micic",slug:"sava-micic",fullName:"Sava Micic"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:{id:"17",series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",issn:"2632-0983",editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}}},tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5176",title:"Nutritional Deficiency",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a2e20dabc8ed6fbaef3686be8c6fce99",slug:"nutritional-deficiency",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Belma Kocer-Gumusel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5176.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5836",title:"Bisphenol A",subtitle:"Exposure and Health Risks",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"446599b9e5cf929537d445edc546c449",slug:"bisphenol-a-exposure-and-health-risks",bookSignature:"Pinar Erkekoglu and Belma Kocer-Gumusel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5836.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6486",title:"Glutathione in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"23fb1f2e0cea5cf004d57bc8c0d46ce4",slug:"glutathione-in-health-and-disease",bookSignature:"Pinar Erkekoglu and Belma Kocer-Gumusel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6486.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7281",title:"Oncogenes and Carcinogenesis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"728df4ace35f652725e5b94da45d0c4d",slug:"oncogenes-and-carcinogenesis",bookSignature:"Pinar Erkekoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7281.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5940",title:"Vitamin C",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e23e79359167bb9d4a53edd78c7b5038",slug:"vitamin-c",bookSignature:"Amal H. 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Mohammed",dateSubmitted:"July 8th 2020",dateReviewed:"November 4th 2020",datePrePublished:"December 3rd 2020",datePublished:"June 16th 2021",book:{id:"9887",title:"Control Based on PID Framework",subtitle:"The Mutual Promotion of Control and Identification for Complex Systems",fullTitle:"Control Based on PID Framework - The Mutual Promotion of Control and Identification for Complex Systems",slug:"control-based-on-pid-framework-the-mutual-promotion-of-control-and-identification-for-complex-systems",publishedDate:"June 16th 2021",bookSignature:"Wei Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9887.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101176",title:"Prof.",name:"Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"wei-wang",fullName:"Wei Wang"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"326786",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammed",fullName:"Ibrahim Mohammed",slug:"ibrahim-mohammed",email:"ibrahim.mohammed@uoninevah.edu.iq",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"74293",slug:"a-hybrid-control-approach-based-on-the-combination-of-pid-control-with-lqr-optimal-control",signatures:"Ibrahim K. 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The contents of the book will be written by multiple authors and edited by experts in the field.",isbn:"978-1-80355-439-6",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-438-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-440-2",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"43443244d8385c57f1424d5d37c91788",bookSignature:"Prof. Elsadig Musa Ahmed",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12239.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 22nd 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 13th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 12th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 30th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 29th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"16 days",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"268621",title:"Prof.",name:"Elsadig",middleName:"Musa",surname:"Ahmed",slug:"elsadig-ahmed",fullName:"Elsadig Ahmed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268621/images/17940_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Elsadig Musa Ahmed is Professor of Economics and Technology Management at Multimedia University (MMU), MMU Senate member, Students’ disciplinary committee and Board of Postgraduates. Coordinator for Post Graduate programs of the Faculty of Business (March 2006-April 2014), Chairperson of Center for Globalization and Sustainability Research (CGSR) (March2009-April2014), Multimedia University (MMU), Melaka Campus, Malaysia, member of Research and Development, research grants panel and the Institute of Postgraduate Studies (IPS) Coordination Committee (ICC) MMU. He is currently teaching Advanced Research Methodology, Entrepreneurship and Commercialization, and Economics for Managers at the postgraduate level and economic subjects at the undergraduate level.\nHis research interests include development economics, productivity analysis, knowledge-based economy, productivity and environment (green productivity), Bioeconomy, Islamic finance and microfinance, economic growth, (environment, tourism) and Entrepreneurship. He is the book\\'s author (Green Productivity: Applications in Malaysia’s Manufacturing) in 2012. He has published more than 100 publications in international refereed journals and presented several papers at conferences. He supervised and produced 14 PhD, 4 DBA, 3 Masters, and 8 MBA Theses. Currently, supervises several students at Doctor of Philosophy (PhD.), Master of Philosophy (MPhil) and MBA project, undergraduate final levels. In terms of research grants he received 5 external projects in ICT and Economic Growth, Foreign Direct Investment Spillover Effects from the Malaysian government, and Mobile Banking for Microfinance from the Islamic Development Bank (IsDB), Jeddah KSA. He examined several PhD theses from Malaysian Universities, Indian Universities, and other countries. I have been appointed as auditor, assessor, and editorial board member for several programmes, journals, conferences, and professorial positions. He has been appointed as a panel review of the Malaysian Ministry of Education research grants and reviewer for the IsDB proposals for postdoctoral and PhD scholarships. In terms and training, he conducted several workshops and public lectures not limited to writing research grants proposals, postgraduate thesis writing, Writing scientific papers for publishing in Scopus and WoS indexed journals, leadership, and performance analysis appraisal in Malaysia, KSA, and Sudan. \nHe is the leader of the Economic Planning Forum and Research skills Workshops of Sudanese researchers’ initiatives. A member of The Council for Sudanese Experts and Scientists Abroad, World Economics Association, World Assembly of Youth (WAY), Arab Science and Technology Foundation (ASTF), World Academy of Sciences, Engineering and Technology (WASET), Scientific and Technical Committee on Humanities and Social Sciences, World Association for Sustainable Development (WASD), Sudan Knowledge and several associations. He is an editorial board member and reviewer for various international journals and conferences such as (Economic Modelling, Journal of Productivity Analysis, Applied Economics, Journal of Information and Knowledge Management, Telecommunications Policy). 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Industrialization and human activities have partially or totally turned our environment into dumping sites for waste materials. As a result, many water resources have been rendered polluted and hazardous to man and other living systems [1]. The toxic substances discharged into water bodies are not only accumulated through the food chain [2], but may also either limit the number of species or produce dense populations of microorganisms [3]. Aquatic ecosystems are affected by several stresses that significantly weaken biodiversity. River pollution is an environmental problem in the world. They are subjected to various natural processes such as the hydrological cycle occurring in the environment, Because of unprecedented development, human beings are responsible for choking several aquatic ecosystems to death. Storm water runoff and carry out of sewage into rivers are two common ways that various nutrients and other pollutants enter the aquatic ecosystems resulting in pollution [4, 5]. Heavy metal contamination particularly the non-essential elements may have distressing effects on the ecological balance of the recipient aquatic environment with a diverse of organisms including fish. It has particular significance in ecotoxicology, since the heavy metals are highly persistent and have the potential to bio accumulate and bio magnify in food chain, and become toxic to living organisms at higher trophic levels in nature.
Uppanar River is considered to be one of the highly polluted rivers in south east coast of India due to industrialization. SIPCOT (Small Industrial Promotion Corporation of Tamil Nadu, covering an area of about 520 acres with 52 industries) is located on the bank of the Uppanar River at Cuddalore. It was established for chemical, petrochemical, pharmaceutical, biocides, fertilizer, fungicides, chlor–alkai and metal processing industries etc. Many possible environmental contaminants could be discussed in a review of toxic substances from industrial sources. The combined effect of all these might be the reason of frequent fish death and depletion of aquatic ecosystems in this area. Indiscriminate discharge of partially treated effluents from SIPCOT industrial complex into coastal environment affects both biotic and abiotic system and finally causes some ill effects to human beings through food chain. A detailed study was made on the bio accumulation of heavy metals in the food chain and the spectrum of issues and consequences were discussed in the present study.
The specific objectives of this study are:
The interpretation of the impact of pharmaceutical industrial effluent on surface water quality of Uppanar River in Cuddalore.
Find out the suitability of river water for fisheries.
To evaluate the health risk of fish consumption by human beings collected from the river.
Uppanar River is a stream in Cuddalore (Lat.11/ 43’N, Long. 79/ 46’ E) (Fig. 1). It flows between Cuddalore and Chidambaram Taluks and joins with the Bay of Bengal by the mouth of Gadilam River. It runs behind the SIPCOT (State Industrial Promotion Corporation of Tamil Nadu Limited) industrial complex which consists of Pharmaceutical industries, fertilizers, dyes, chemicals, mineral processing plants and metal based industries. The river receives the partially treated and untreated effluents of these industries through small channels and pipeline. The water at lower reaches is polluted more when compared to the upper reaches. In addition to the industrial wastes, the river also receives the municipal wastes and domestic sewage from the Cuddalore old town. As the river receives the treated and partially treated effluents from nearly 55 industries, it is said to be highly polluted. Pharmaceutical industrial effluent before and after treatment and four stations in the Uppanar River, the river (Outfall), Upstream (uncontaminated -Semmankuppam) and Downstream (Contaminated-Kudikadu) were selected for the heavy metal (Cu, Cd, Mn, Zn and Pb) analyses and seasonal variations were reported. A study on the transfer of Cd, Pb, Cu, mn and Zn through the food chain of the river Uppanar proved the existence of bioaccumulation in fish.
Water samples were collected with 1 L polyethylene bottles which were previously cleaned by washing with non-ionic detergent, rinsed with tap water and later soaked in 10% HNO3 for 24 hours and finally rinsed with deionized water prior to use. During sampling, sample bottles were rinsed with sampled water three times and then filled to the brim at a depth of one meter below the wastewater from each of the four designated sampling points. Temperature and pH measured immediately after collection. The waste water and river water samples were digested and heavy metals were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) as described in the APHA standard methods (1992).
The map of Cuddalore and Uppanar River sampling sites
Dried samples of muscle tissues from each fish were digested using microwave digestion system. After digestion, the residues were diluted to 25ml with 2.5% of HNO3. The Instrument (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer – AAS) was calibrated with standard solutions and prepared from commercial materials. The water used was deionized and distilled. The metal analysis of the tissue and water samples (Cd, Cu, Mn, Zn, Pb) were carried out by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS).
The spatial variation of the heavy metals, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn and Mn) along the six sampling locations of all the four seasons was shown in Fig 2. The average mean concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn and Mn were higher in the untreated effluents than the treated effluents.
Mean and S.D of heavy metal (Cu, Pb, Cd, Mn and Zn) concentrations in pharmaceutical industry effluents(Raw & Treated) and Uppanar River water at four sampling sites
Cadmium concentrations in unpolluted natural waters are usually below 1 μg/l. Contamination of drinking-water may occur as a result of the presence of cadmium as an impurity in the zinc of galvanized pipes or cadmium-containing solders in fittings, water heaters, water coolers and taps. Drinking-water from shallow wells of areas in Sweden where the soil had been acidified contained concentrations of cadmium approaching 5 μg/l. In Saudi Arabia, mean concentrations of 1– 26 μg/l were found in samples of potable water, some of which were taken from private wells or cold corroded pipes (Mustafa et al., 1988). Levels of cadmium could be higher in areas supplied with soft water of low pH, as this would tend to be more corrosive in plumbing systems containing cadmium. In the Netherlands, in a survey of 256 drinking-water plants in 1982, cadmium (0.1–0.2 μg/l) was detected in only 1% of the drinking-water samples. Cadmium has been shown to induce carcinogenesis by both the inhalation and parental routes of exposure. The variations in the heavy metal concentration of both the untreated and treated effluents were due to the heavy metal decreasing efficiency of primary and secondary treatment of the Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP). The average mean concentration of Cd at the river water ranged from (0.011 – 21.213 ppm) during all the four seasons. There was a higher fluctuation in the various sampling sites of river, which was attributed to the reason of the other industrial and anthropogenic sources. Upstream Cd concentration during all the four seasons were several times lesser than the Cd concentration of raw effluent, which indicated the dilution effect of the river weather and also it showed that this site is free from anthropogenic inputs, and only the natural effects are the predominant factors in this particular site.
Copper is a natural element which is widely distributed in soils, rocks and in rivers and the sea. The Cu is widely used in society and yet is potentially quite toxic to life in rivers. The present result of average mean concentration of Cu at the various sampling stations of river water ranged from 0.230 – 13.313mg/l during all the four seasons. The Cu concentration at outfall increased two folds compared to the outlet that could be attributed to the reason of anthropogenic activities, agriculture runoff, sludge from publicly-owned treatment works (POTWs) and municipal and industrial solid waste dumped into the river water. Copper is released in to water as a result of natural weathering of soil and discharges from industries and sewage treatment plants [7, 8]. The Cu concentration in downstream were several folds higher than the raw effluent Cu concentration. It may be attributed to domestic sewage and run-off from extensive farmed areas [9]. Copper compounds which are used in electroplating industries such as cupric sulphate and cupric acetate and in fertilizers such as copper naphthenate and paint industries such as cuprous oxide, Ceramics and glass industries such as cupric acetate, cuprous and cupric oxides used as pigments and for making glazes were discharged through the treated industrial effluents. Other than this copper released through the domestic activities such as human wastes flushed through the toilets, washing and bathing water etc. Copper occurs naturally in all foods and water and, in small concentrations, plays an essential role in the human diet. Copper in the dissolved form is potentially very toxic to aquatic animals and plants, especially to young life-stages such as fish larvae. The toxicity of copper is however greatly reduced when it is bound to particulate matter in the river water and when the water is hard. The industries and public should recognize the need to monitor the concentrations in discharges and in rivers closely, to ensure that Water Quality Objectives are not exceeded.
Exposure to lead causes a variety of health effects, and affects children in particular. Water is rarely an important source of lead exposure except where lead pipes, for instance in old buildings, are common. Removal of old pipes is costly but the most effective measure to reduce lead exposure from water. The higher concentration of Pb at various sampling sites of river water could be attributed to the reason of less soluble of Pb containing minerals in natural water and its concentration diluted through the dilution effect of the water [10, 11]. The Pb concentration in downstream of all the four seasons was several folds higher than the raw effluents. The profile of the Pb showed that it did not have only one source; furthermore higher concentration of Pb in the downstream indicated the presence of contamination through various industrial effluents of SIPCOT area and local anthropogenic inputs. Lead is rarely found in source water, but enters tap water through corrosion of plumbing materials. The most common problem is with brass or chrome-plated brass faucets and fixtures which can leach significant amounts of lead into the water, especially hot water. Most industrially processed lead is applied for fabricating computer and TV screens. The lead compound tetra-ethyl lead is applied as an additive in fuels. This organic lead compounds is quickly converted to inorganic lead, and ends up in water, sometimes even in drinking water. Fortunately, this form of release of lead is less and less abundant. Lead accumulates in leg tissue. The most severe type of lead poisoning causes encephalopathy. Lead toxicity is induced by lead ions reacting with free sulfydryl groups of proteins, such as enzymes. These are deactivated. Furthermore, lead may interact with other metal ions.
Zinc can be introduced into water naturally by erosion of minerals from rocks and soil; however since zinc ores are only slightly soluble in water. Values of 5–22 mg have been reported in studies on the average daily intake of zinc in different areas. The zinc content of typical mixed diets of North American adults varies between 10 and 15 mg/day. Drinking-water usually makes a negligible contribution to zinc intake unless high concentrations of zinc occur as a result of corrosion of piping and fittings. Under certain circumstances, tap water can provide up to 10% of the daily intake (WHO). High natural levels of zinc in water are usually associated with higher concentrations of other metals such as lead and cadmium. Mostly, the zinc is introduced into water by artificial pathways such as by-products of steel production or coal-fired power stations, or from the burning of waste materials. Zinc is also used in some fertilizers that may leach into groundwater. Older galvanized metal pipes and well cribbings were coated with zinc that may be dissolved by soft, acidic waters. Zinc is an essential nutrient for body growth and development; however drinking water containing high levels of zinc can lead to stomach cramps, nausea and vomiting. Although the Zn is normally found little amount in nature, It is also emitted through effluents of many commercial industries during mining and smelting (metal processing) activities. In the present study upstream Zn concentration during all the four seasons was several times lesser than the Zn concentration of raw effluent, which showed that there was no adverse effect of effluent on the upstream. The Zn concentration in downstream ranged from 1.130 – 58.046 mg/L of all the four seasons which was attributed to the greatest frequency of near source areas like hazardous waste sites and the release of industrial effluents through the transmission of iron pipes. Urban runoff, mine drainage, and municipal sewages are the more concentrated sources of zinc in water.
The element manganese is present in over 100 common salts and mineral complexes that are widely distributed in rocks, in soils and on the floors of lakes and oceans. Industrial emissions containing manganese oxides are the principal source of manganese in the atmosphere. The total atmospheric emission of manganese from anthropogenic sources in India was estimated to be 1225 t in 1984; 78.5% of this originated from industrial processes, mainly related to metal alloy production. Emissions stemming from gasoline-powered motor vehicles accounted for a further 17.2%, whereas the remaining 4.3% of atmospheric manganese emissions were due to the burning of coal for power generation, solid waste incineration and pesticide application. In the present study the Mn concentration in downstream ranged from 21.736 – 64.837 mg/L of all the four seasons and it was several folds higher than the raw effluent, which could be attributed to the reason of its usage in the cleaning, bleaching, manufacturing of iron, steel alloys, batteries, glass and fireworks industries and improper discharge of the effluents from these industries [12,13]. Manganese is an essential element in humans and animals, functioning both as an enzyme co-factor and as a constituent of metalloenzymes. Gross deficiencies of manganese have never been observed in the general population, but a recent experimental study involving human subjects fed a manganese-deficient diet (0.11 mg/d) resulted in the development of dermatitis and hypocholesterolaemia and elevated concentrations of serum calcium and phosphorus. A statistical analysis of the metabolic studies showed that a daily manganese intake of approximately 5 mg is required to consistently maintain a positive balance.
The present results showed that the metal concentration decreased in the ranking order of Zn>Mn>Cu>Cd> Pb during all the four seasons. According to the seasons, it was in the following ranking pattern summer>winter>Southwest>Northeast.
Most of the dissolved heavy metals showed high concentrations during the summer period than that of the other seasons. ANOVA of the results showed that the metal concentrations were significantly different between sampling stations and the four seasons. The highest flows occurred during the northeast monsoon from October to December. It was also observed that for all (five) metals studied; there was a trend of increasing concentrations from the upstream stations to the downstream stations.
A study on the transfer of Cd, Pb, Cu, Mn and Zn through the food chain of the river Uppanar proved the existence of bioaccumulation in fish. The Bio- concentration factor of the heavy metals in muscle tissues of fish from the river water are presented in Table 1. The BCF of Cu ranged from 0.001 to 0.009, that of Pb ranged from 0.061-0.100, Cd from 0.003-0.004, Zn from 0.031-0.083, and Mn 0.408-0.922.The BCF value of Cu was found highest (0.009) in
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
Cu muscles/Cu water | \n\t\t\t0.009 | \n\t\t\t0.002 | \n\t\t\t0.001 | \n\t\t\t0.002 | \n\t\t
Pb muscles/Pb water | \n\t\t\t0.061 | \n\t\t\t0.100 | \n\t\t\t0.063 | \n\t\t\t0.074 | \n\t\t
Cd muscles /Cd water | \n\t\t\t0.003 | \n\t\t\t0.004 | \n\t\t\t0.003 | \n\t\t\t0.004 | \n\t\t
Zn muscles/Zn water | \n\t\t\t0.031 | \n\t\t\t0.041 | \n\t\t\t0.083 | \n\t\t\t0.073 | \n\t\t
Mn muscles/Mn water | \n\t\t\t0.408 | \n\t\t\t0.798 | \n\t\t\t0.707 | \n\t\t\t0.922 | \n\t\t
Bio concentration factor of heavy metals in muscle tissues of fish from the river water
BCF =Conc. in muscle tissues of fish (dry weight basis) / Conc. in water of the river
Due to the improper discharge of partially treated industrial waste water and domestic sewage water into the Uppanar river, the level of heavy metals recorded in water of the downstream and the heavy metals other than Zn and Mn in the water of upstream were generally high and their values exceeded the maximum permissible limit when compared with the limits of WHO (Pb – 0.05, Cd 0.005, Zn 5.0, Mn 0.1, mg L -1) for drinking water. This situation has arisen as a result of the rapid expansion of industrial activities, followed by increased urbanization and growth of population with exploitation of natural resources, extension of modern agricultural practices as well as the lack of environmental regulations [14]. The present finding showed significant co-relationships between heavy metal concentrations of water and that of the fish tissue, which may indicate that the fish bio-accumulated these elements from the water of Uppanar River. Further, these present result showed that metal concentrations in muscle tissue were below the allowable concentration and consumption safety tolerance in fish set by countries elsewhere, and suggested by WHO. The maximum levels permitted for fishes are - Zn 100, Cu 30, Mn 1.0, and Pb 2.0, µg g -1 as per WHO and permitted level Cd is 0.05 – 0.1 µg g -1 [14], None of the metals in the present results were above the prescribed limits; thus have, little threat to public health. The present study indicates that, consumption of these species is safe. However, it is quite evident that there was bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fish tissues and condition may get worse. Therefore, a regular monitoring of heavy metal levels in fishes is necessary.
The comparison of dissolved metal concentration of River Uppanar with other Indian rivers showed that the Cd, Cu and Pb concentration was several times higher than the Achankoil, Ganga, Brahmani and Mahanadi River (Table 2). The comparative results showed Uppanar River is highly contaminated with industrial effluents discharge, which are the important point sources of toxic heavy metals like Cd, Cu and Pb. The concentration of Zn and Mn at Uppanar River was higher when compared to Mahanadi, Ganga and Brahmani, while it was several hundred times higher than Achankoil River [15, 16, 17, 18 and 19]. The present study revealed that pollutants found in river water are also present in pharmaceutical industrial effluents at higher frequencies of occurrence and concentration. Therefore, pharmaceutical industrial ETPs are clearly a significant point source for organic pollutants in surface waters.
Mahanadi River | \n\t\t\t- | \n\t\t\t5.9 | \n\t\t\t2.68 | \n\t\t\t11.0 | \n\t\t\t96.9 | \n\t\t\tKanhauser et al., (1997) | \n\t\t
Achankovil River | \n\t\t\t6.0 | \n\t\t\t224 | \n\t\t\t72 | \n\t\t\t415 | \n\t\t\t699 | \n\t\t\tPrasad et al., (2006) | \n\t\t
Ganga River | \n\t\t\t5 | \n\t\t\t10 | \n\t\t\t120 | \n\t\t\t60 | \n\t\t\t260 | \n\t\t\tAktar et al., (2010) | \n\t\t
Damodhar River | \n\t\t\t300 | \n\t\t\t3950 | \n\t\t\t- | \n\t\t\t- | \n\t\t\t- | \n\t\t\tChatterjee et al., (2010) | \n\t\t
Brahmani River | \n\t\t\t4.0 | \n\t\t\t4.7 | \n\t\t\t27 | \n\t\t\t80.1 | \n\t\t\t102 | \n\t\t\tReza et al., (2010) \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t
Uppanar River | \n\t\t\t36.08 | \n\t\t\t191.5 | \n\t\t\t98.5 | \n\t\t\t201.38 | \n\t\t\t273.93 | \n\t\t\tPresent Study | \n\t\t
Comparison of dissolved metal concentration with other Indian River (µg/L)
As heavy metals are not decomposed biologically, level of these metals, beyond recommended limit, may exist in the river for quite a long distance and it may lead to the long term health-related problems to the people and communities using the water, particularly as a domestic supply source. The result of this work revealed that the mean level of heavy metals discharged into the river has exceeded the maximum permissible limit set by Indian Standards for Drinking Water. The resulting effect is the increase in background level of all the pollutants along the river. It is also observed that level of pollutants in the river during summer season is relatively higher when compared to the other seasons. When the quality of the river is compared with the Indian Standards recommended limits for source of water supply, the river was found to contain some heavy metals above the recommended limits, indicating pollution. Land-use changes in recent years have resulted in a significant deterioration of the water quality of the Uppanar River. Considering the fact that this area is highly populated with many industries and the final drainage of this river ends into the sea, the water quality and pollution status of this river system is of great concern. Therefore, in this study water samples that were taken during four consecutive seasons confirmed that the river has seriously been polluted with Cu,Pb, Mn,Zn and Cd. The result demonstrated that trace elements have originated from various pollutant sources; however, the main anthropogenic sources were industrial wastes, municipal wastes and run-off from agricultural fields.. Heavy metal concentration found in the edible part of fish species are within the WHO permissible limits for human consumption. Thus, there appears to be no immediate threat to the fisheries of the river due to heavy metal contamination. Though, the results indicate that the heavy metal contamination of the river affects the aquatic life including the fish, a scientific method of detoxification of the river water is essential to improve the health of these fish and in turn, the human beings consuming the fishes of the river. Despite mounting urban sprawl of Cuddalore old town in the past decade increased industrialization consequently followed by releasing of untreated industrial effluents into the river played a significant role in polluting the Uppanar River.
While the 21st century offers many technological possibilities to the service of humanity, humans try to dominate nature by using science and technological facilities and change the existing balance. The deteriorating natural balance and environmental problems that occur as a result are the most important hazards that threaten health in our age. The effects of climate change increase in parallel with increasing environmental problems. With industrialization, mining, pesticide use and increasing energy needs, heavy metals come to the forefront primarily in relation to occupational diseases, and they are also among the pollutants that disrupt the ecological balance as a result of water, soil and air pollution. Under normal conditions, the proportion of heavy metals in nature is low. When the concentration ratio in the natural environment increases, heavy metals such as arsenic, mercury, cadmium, chromium and lead have toxic effects, especially on organisms, and inhibit enzymes. They create environmentally toxic effects with their non-degradable and accumulatory properties in environmental compartments [1, 2, 3]. While some metals are important as trace elements for living organisms, they may accumulate in living organisms above a certain concentration and cause toxic effects or they can convert to other compounds in the environment; during this transformation, toxic and water-soluble compounds of a metal may sometimes occur. For this reason, heavy metals and trace elements are classified as vital and non-vital according to their degree of participation in biological processes. Those defined as vital must be present at a certain concentration in the structure of the organism. Because these metals participate in biological reactions, they must be consumed regularly in foods. For example, copper is an indispensable element in red blood cells and in many oxidation and reduction processes in animals and humans. On the other hand, non-vital heavy metals can cause health problems by affecting the physiological structure even at very small concentrations. The best example of this group is mercury, which binds to sulfurous enzymes. Whether a heavy metal is necessary for living organisms depends on the organism being considered. For example, while nickel is toxic to plants, it must be present as a trace element in animals [4, 5, 6].
There are more than 32 metals in the periodic table. Heavy metals are metals with high density and toxic effects even at very low concentrations, with a density of 5 g/cm3 or higher [7]. These metals enter water, nutrients, soil and air ecosystems from the earth through natural processes and through anthropogenic activities [8]. These are considered major pollutants because of their toxic effects on living organisms and their prevalence in the world. Al, Fe, Cr, Sb, As, Be, Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ni, Se, Ag and Zn are classified as primary contaminant metals by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) [9]. In addition, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) has included heavy metals on the priority chemicals list due to their potential threat to human health and their toxicity [10].
Inorganic arsenic (As) is a gray-colored element with a molecular weight of 74.92 g/mol found naturally in the earth’s crust. However, inorganic arsenic often coexists with other elements such as oxygen, chlorine, and sulfur. Inorganic arsenic compounds include arsenic pentoxide, arsenic trioxide, and arsenic acid. The combination of carbon and hydrogen with arsenic creates organic arsenic. Organic arsenic compounds include arsanilic acid, arsenobetaine and dimethylarsinic acid. Pure arsenic is rarely found in nature and is not very toxic, but it can be oxidized easily in humid air and become toxic by conversion to arsenic anhydride. Arsenic, which has four different oxidation steps, is mostly in the form of +3 and + 5 valences in nature [1, 11, 12].
There are many uses of arsenic compounds in industry. Arsenic acid (AsO4H3), arsenic trichloride (AsCl3), arsenic triiodide (AsI3), arsenic anhydride (As2O5), copper arsenide ([Cu3 (AsO3) 2) and very toxic compounds such as calcium arsenide [Ca3 (AsO4)5], lead arsenide [Pb3AsO4) and sodium arsenate (Na2HAsO4), which are highly water soluble, are used for the production of paint (green, yellow), glass, ceramics, and semiconductors. Arsenic compounds can also be used as insecticides. Sodium arsenate (Na2HAsO4, 7H2O) is used to kill some parasites in viticulture, fruit cultivation and potato growing. Arsenic compounds have also been used as chemical weapons. Lewisite containing arsenic is a volatile liquid (chlorovinyldichloroarsine) and Adamsite (diphenylaminechlorarsine) is a solid substance used in the form of aerosol. These substances have vesicant, irritant and sternutatory properties. Arsenious anhydride or arsenic trioxide (As2O3) is one of the most toxic compounds among arsenic compounds. It is a white powder, dissolves quickly in alkalis, acids and hot water, and contains arsenous acid (H3AsO3). Since it is volatile, it easily enters through the lungs, but there is a risk of loss during toxicological searches. As2O3 was used as a rat poison since medieval times. Today, arsenic compounds are used in limited amounts (10%) as rodenticide. Arsine (AsH3), or arsenous hydrogen, is a colorless gas with an unpleasant garlic odor. It is released as a result of contact between inorganic arsenic compounds with hydrogen or the hydrolysis of metallic (zinc, aluminum, etc.) arsenides with water or an acid, especially during washing of some metal parts with acids (H2SO4). Ethyl arsine is formed by the interaction of various fungi with arsenic compounds. The toxicity of arsenic compounds generally depends on their solubility in water: Pure metal arsenic and inorganic compounds (sulfides) are insoluble in water and theoretically lack toxic effects, though in a humid environment, they can be oxidized to toxic compounds (As2O3). Water soluble inorganic compounds (arsenous anhydride, arsenide, alkaline arsenates) are very toxic; and arsenic hydrogen or arsine (AsH3) has a different toxicity than other forms of inorganic arsenic as a hemolytic poison. There is a reaction with thiol groups. Mold and dampness increase the toxicity of arsenic compounds. Organic arsenic compounds have lower toxicity, they are eliminated faster from organisms [1, 13, 14, 15].
Arsenic compounds block the thiol (-SH) groups of many enzymes that play a role in cell respiration and different metabolisms in organisms. By inhibiting the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvic acid, they disrupt the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids and form a true “biochemical lesion”. Since the skin and keratinized tissues are rich in sulfur, the accumulation of arsenic compounds here is directly related to their attraction to thiol groups [1]. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IRAC) has classified inorganic arsenic as a Group 1 carcinogenic to humans [16]. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), on the other hand, classified it as a Group A human carcinogen. The EPA calculated the cancer slope factor for inorganic arsenic oral exposure as 1.5 mg/kg/day. No cancer inhalation studies are available in humans or animals for arsine. The EPA has not classified arsine for carcinogenicity. The EPA set limits on the amount of arsenic that can be released into the environment from industrial sources. For this, the amount of arsenic permitted in drinking water was determined as 0.01 ppm [17].
Lead and its derivatives are industrial toxic substances that have been widely used by humans for centuries and therefore play an important role in environmental pollution. Lead is a metal found in nature. It is a bluish gray metal that is rarely found in the earth’s crust. It occurs mainly as lead ore, and the most important ore is lead sulfide (galena). It is found in a variety of compounds such as lead, lead acetate, lead chloride, lead chromate, lead nitrate, and lead oxide. While pure lead is insoluble in water, the solubility of lead compounds in water varies. The chemical symbol of lead is Pb and its atomic weight is 207.2 g/mol. Its vapor pressure is 1.77 mm Hg at 1000°C [18]. In nature, pure metal or its oxides, inorganic salts such as carbonate, sulfate, nitrate and acetate, and organic compounds such as lead tetraethyl exist. The primary use of lead is in the manufacture of batteries. In addition, it is widely used in in the production of paint, alloys and metal products (lead-antimony and lead-tin) in industry, electronic conductors, rubber, sheet lead, waterproof plates (roofing) or sound and radiation insulation, linoleum, solder, pipes, ammunition and toys. Its use for ceramic glazes, paint and pipe soldering has decreased significantly. In addition, it is used in the composition of some ointments (lead acetate), diluted lead acetate (as abortive) is used infrequently in treatment under the name white water and as an insecticide (lead arsenate) in agriculture. Tetraethyl lead was used as a gasoline additive to increase the octane rating, before the EPA banned its use in gasoline in 1996 in the USA. Leaded gasoline is still used for propeller planes and some race cars [1, 19]. Metallic lead is a bluish, gray-silver soft metal. It melts at 327°C, is quite dense and can easily stretch (can take the form of a wire). It is not affected by dilute hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid. It forms concentrated sulfuric acid and hot lead sulfate. Lead melts even in cold temperatures, forming lead nitrate and nitrous vapors. Organic acids (acetic acid, citric acid, etc.) affect lead slowly and cause the formation of their respective salts. It emits steam at temperatures above 500°C and harmful metallic dust. Lead is slightly soluble in water and may be the source of toxicity in some drinking water. Lead oxides usually form from water-insoluble compounds. PbO “oxide” (yellow masikot) forms yellow-orange lead oxide (lilac) when heated and is used for glass, enamel, accumulators, etc. in industry. PbO2 “bioxide” is the red oxide of lead and is an energetic oxidizer. Pb3O4 “minium” (cinnabar, plombi orthoplumbus) is a red-colored compound added to antirust paints and used in the varnish, enamel, crystal and battery industries. It is formed by heating lead oxide in air flow at 500°C. Lead sulfide is the substance that forms the mineral galena in its natural state. It is insoluble in water. It is found in the combination of yellow-colored varnishes used in ceramics and pottery, and color changes to dark brown when manganese oxide is added or green when copper oxide is added. These varnishes continue to be used in many countries today. It can be dissolved with organic acids. Food or acidic liquids (vinegar, wine, lemon juice, etc.) should not be placed in containers painted with this type of varnish. Lead hydrocarbonate is mixed with linen oil and used to obtain white paint. However, these dyes darken with the effect of hydrogen sulfide in the air and also have toxic effects. Although its use is prohibited in many countries, residues in old settlements can cause some poisoning cases. Arsenate lead was formerly used as insecticide in agriculture, including in Turkey, before being banned in many countries because of its toxicity. However, some residues from past use can be found in the soil due to its durability. Lead chromate is also called “chrome yellow” and can be used to obtain yellow dye. Lead stearate is used to reinforce some plastic materials. The basic iodide and acetate of lead -lead iodide and lead acetate (soluble in water)- are used in dermatology to benefit from solubilizing effect in the form of a solution. Basic lead acetate is a compound made by neutralizing lead acetate with lead oxide (PbO). Lead naphthenate is used as an additive in some moisturizing drugs. Alcoholic derivatives of tetraethyl-lead and tetramethyl-lead are organic derivatives of lead that are added to gasoline as an antidetonante (0.5%). Often ethylene dibromide and ethylene dichloride compounds are added to engines to prevent metallic lead build-up. Exhaust fumes from cars operating with leaded gasoline contain lead halides and oxides as well as a small amount of undissolved lead-alcohol (1–10%). In many countries, the proportion of lead in gasoline is legally limited (0.5 g/l) and unleaded gasoline vehicles are now produced. These organic lead derivatives added to gasoline play an important role in air pollution (especially in big cities) [1, 20].
Lead is taken into the organism generally through digestion (in the form of food, liquid drinks, vapor or particles) and through the respiratory tract. It is a highly toxic metal that enters biological systems by mixing with respired air and nutrients from the air, water and soil. Up to 90% of the lead in the atmosphere in solid and gaseous form is absorbed by the lungs. Small lead dust or vapor, especially in the air, cause lead compounds (oxides or salts) to enter the organism by inhalation. Very small particles can reach the alveoli, while large particles are discharged from the upper respiratory tract or can be reabsorbed by entering the digestive tract through sputum and saliva. When organic lead compounds contaminate the skin, they can be absorbed significantly, especially from lesioned areas. When the carcinogenic effect is examined, human studies are insufficient regarding lead exposure and increased cancer risk. In animal studies, kidney tumors were reported in rats and mice orally exposed to lead. Lead is assessed as B2 (possible human carcinogen - based on evidence of adequate carcinogenicity in animals) according to the Guidelines for Carcinogenic Risk Assessment (US EPA, 1986) [1, 21].
Elemental mercury (Hg) is a silver-white metal with an atomic weight of 200.59 g/mol. Mercury is liquid at room temperature and has a vapor pressure of 0.002 mm Hg at 25°C. Mercury can be found in three oxidation states; elemental-metallic (Hg), precious mercury-mercurous (Hg +) and divalent mercury-mercuric (Hg ++), as well as both inorganic and organic compounds. Inorganic mercury compounds include mercury chloride, and mercury sulfide. Organic mercury compounds include mercuric acetate, methylmercuric chloride, dimethyl mercury, and phenylmercuric acetate. These different forms transform into each other in the natural environment (for example, methylation of inorganic Hg, oxidation of metallic mercury to inorganic compounds, etc.). All types of mercury are highly toxic, and the toxic properties of these different mercury compounds are quite different: inorganic and organic mercury differ from each other in terms of entry and absorption routes [1]. Mercury is one of the main elements involved in the formation of the earth’s crust. Mercury, which is generally found in superficial layers, is used in many areas today. However, its usage areas are narrowing due to the risk it creates. Mercury (Hg) compounds are used in industry, paint, explosives, electronic devices, accumulators, thermometers, etc. It is used in construction. The main source of mercury contamination in the world is the production of alkali chlorine to obtain electrolytes from chlorine and sodium hydroxide in industry [1, 22].
Elementary mercury (metallic mercury) is a very dense liquid and volatile at ambient temperature. A major source of exposure for elemental mercury occurs via inhalation in occupational settings. Elemental mercury is used in thermometers, barometers and pressure-sensing devices. It is also used in batteries, lamps, industrial processes, and in oils used for purification and lubrication. Another source of exposure to low levels of elemental mercury in the general population is elemental mercury released from amalgam fillings in teeth. It is generally taken into the body in the form of steam. Mercury vapors readily cross the alveolar barrier. Inorganic mineral mercury salts can be mono or divalent (mono- or divalent). Today, the general population is not exposed to significant inorganic mercury compounds. Most products containing these compounds are now banned. Until 1990, mercury compounds were used in latex paint to prevent bacterial and fungal growth. The EPA banned all interior paints containing mercury in 1990, and exterior use after 1991. Although agricultural and pharmaceutical use of inorganic mercury has ceased in the United States, mercury chloride is still used as a disinfectant and pesticide. Mercury chloride (bivalent), also known as sublimation, has a corrosive (caustic, burning) effect. Inorganic mercury (mono) salts, such as calomel, are less soluble than divalent compounds and show lower toxicity. After exposure to inorganic mercury salts, the main storage locations are kidney and brain tissue. Organic mercury compounds are in the form of alkyl or aryl derivatives. Methyl-Hg (methyl mercury) is the most important of these compounds in terms of toxicity. Methyl mercury has no industrial use; it forms by methylation of inorganic mercury ions in the environment. Methyl mercury exposure mostly occurs through diet, especially fish and fish products. In the past, sources of methyl mercury exposure included fungicide-treated cereals and meats from animals fed such cereals. However, fungicides containing mercury are banned in the USA today and exposure through this route does not occur at present [1, 23].
Mercury is listed as a contaminant of concern by the EPA due to its persistence in the environment, its bioaccumulative potential, and its toxicity to humans and the environment. In today’s world where environmental health conditions are decreasing, people are constantly exposed to metal (elements) and organic mercury compounds. Contamination of the environment with mercury as a result of distorted industrialization, use of mercury in fossil sourced petroleum products, fungicides, chemical production, used batteries, use in hospitals and use against mold cause intense exposure of humans and foods (fish, plants, etc.) to mercury. Significant amounts of mercury come from the atmosphere with annual rainwater. Pollution with mercury is more common in closed seas and inland waters than in open seas. For this reason, mercury accumulation occurs more rapidly in creatures living in contaminated waters. Mercury is found in the water system in elemental, inorganic and organic forms. Organic mercury in water is found either in the form of covalently-bonded organic mercury (methyl mercury) and dimethyl mercury (less toxic than methylmercuride) or mercury complexed with organic matter (humic substances). Methyl mercury is a metabolized form of mercury and is highly toxic to human embryos and fetuses. It is shaped by the effect of microorganisms in fish and accumulates to a degree that threatens human and animal health. Especially large fish (predators) that feed on small fish pose a problem in this regard. High levels of methyl mercury can be obtained from fish that are fed or caught in contaminated areas [1, 24]. Between 1953 and 1956, a type of mercury poisoning called “Minamata disease” occurred in Japanese fishermen. It was understood that these fishermen had eaten fish they caught in waters contaminated with organic mercury wastes from a factory producing plastic in the vicinity for a long time [25]. The use of organic mercury compounds in agriculture poses a risk in terms of environmental and food pollution [26, 27].
Various studies were conducted on elemental mercury and cancer in humans. However, the EPA classified elemental mercury as group D, which cannot be classified as a human carcinogenic, based on insufficient human and animal data. There are no studies on the carcinogenic effects of inorganic mercury in humans. The EPA classified inorganic mercury compounds in the possible human carcinogen group C, as there is insufficient data in humans and animals. There are no studies on the carcinogenic effects of methyl mercury in humans. Based on insufficient data in humans and limited evidence of carcinogenicity in animals, the EPA classified it in group C as a possible human carcinogen [28].
Cadmium is a soft silver-white metal often found in combination with other elements. Although cadmium compounds are not normally soluble, their solubility in water is quite good. The chemical symbol of cadmium is Cd and its atomic weight is 112.41 g/mol. Cadmium is found in nature in the form of yellow cadmium sulfide (CdS), together with zinc ore [29]. Cadmium, one of the most dangerous heavy metal pollutants in the ecosystem, is a toxic metal discovered by Friedrich Stromeyer in 1817. The industrial use of cadmium goes back 50 years. Due to its noncorrosive features, it is widely used in the aircraft industry, as a neutron absorber in nuclear power plants, as a stabilizer in insecticide formulations, plastic production, and in the paint and nickel cadmium battery industry. It occurs as a by-product in lead production. This situation is significant in terms of environmental pollution. Cadmium contaminates water and soil by transfer into soil and water from industrial waste and residues. Due to the long-term use of phosphorus fertilizer and treatment sludge, agricultural soils in many parts of the world are exposed to low or moderate cadmium accumulation. Due to its high mobility in water and the soil–plant system, cadmium can easily be included in the food chain; thus, it can be dangerous for plant, animal and human health. The sources of cadmium in the air are the burning of fossil fuels such as coal or oil and waste. Cadmium can also be emitted into the air as a byproduct of the smelting of ores such as zinc, lead or copper. Cadmium in the atmosphere is also increased by the burning of nickel-cadmium batteries and the use of cadmium dyes.
Various salts of cadmium (acetate, bromide, fluoride, iodide, carbonate, chloride, nitrate, oxide, salicylate, cyanide, tungstate) are free or in the form of alloys with zinc, nickel, silver and lead. They are used in cells, accumulators, porcelain, nuclear material, amalgam in dentistry, plastic, metal coating, vacuum tubes, photographic materials etc. Cadmium oxide and anthranilate are used as anthelmintic agents in pigs and chickens in production and veterinary medicine [1, 30, 31, 32].
Poisoning with cadmium occurs by inhalation of dust or vapors at low concentrations over a long period of time and ingestion of dissolved cadmium and its salts mixed with food. Smoking is an important source of cadmium exposure. Smokers have twice as much cadmium in their bodies than non-smokers. For non-smokers, food is the largest source of cadmium exposure. Cadmium levels in some foods can be increased by applying phosphate fertilizer or sewage sludge to agricultural areas. The dark brown fumes that occur when cadmium is heated outdoors cause poisoning. The presence of cadmium’s main mineral compounds in the environment or workplace air causes occupational diseases [1]. In the most obvious example of Cd poisoning today; in the city of Toyama, Japan, 200 people were shown to have permanent bone and kidney disorders due to severe Cd poisoning due to excessive consumption of Cd-contaminated rice [33].
Cadmium poisoning is on the occupational diseases list in EU countries. The Japanese named cadmium poisoning itai itai (pain-pain) disease. The EPA considers cadmium to be a possible human carcinogen (cancer-causing agent) and classified it as a Group B1 carcinogen [34].
Chromium (Cr) is a gray solid steel with a high melting point and atomic weight of 51.996 g/mol. It has oxidation steps ranging from chromium (-II) to chromium (+VI). It forms a large number of compounds in both chromium (III) and chromium (VI) forms. Chromium compounds are stable in the trivalent state and the hexavalent form is the second most stable state. While chromium (VI) compounds are easily soluble in water, chromium (III) compounds are slightly soluble in water and the water-soluble part can be found as chromium (III) complexes. Chromium is an element naturally found in rocks, animals, plants, soil, volcanic dust and gases. It is mostly in the form of naturally occurring chromium (III), which is an important nutrient, and chromium (VI), most commonly produced by industrial processes, along with the lesser known metallic chromium (0). Chromium (III) is essential for normal glucose, protein and fat metabolism and is therefore an essential dietary element. Chromium (III) is an essential element that should be consumed daily by adults at 50–200 μg/day. The body has various systems to reduce chromium (VI) to chromium (III). The most important industrial chromium sources in the atmosphere are related to ferrochrome production. Metal chrome is mostly used to make steel and other alloys. Chromium compounds in chromium (III) or chromium (VI) forms are used for chrome plating, paint and pigment production, leather and wood protection, and treatment of cooling tower water. It is used for toner for copiers and in smaller quantities in various industries such as drilling muds and textiles. The general population is exposed to chromium (chromium (III) in general) by food and drinking water and breathing air containing chemicals. Chromium (VI) is much more toxic than chromium (III) for both acute and chronic exposure. The respiratory tract is the primary target organ for chromium (VI) following inhalation exposure in humans [1, 35, 36]. The EPA concluded that only chromium (VI) should be classified as a human carcinogen. Animal studies show that chromium (VI) causes lung tumors with respiratory exposure. The EPA classified chromium (VI) as Group A, a known human carcinogen, for inhalational exposure. There is no data on the carcinogenic potential of chromium (III) compounds. The EPA classified chromium (III) as group D [37].
The chemical symbol for nickel is Ni and its atomic weight is 58.71 g/mol. It is a silvery-white hard metal found in nature as a component of silicate, sulfide or arsenide ores. Nickel is found in the environment primarily with oxygen or sulfur as oxides or sulfides. The most common form in nature is the Ni + 2 state. Each form of nickel has different physical properties. Soluble nickel salts include nickel chloride, nickel sulfate and nickel nitrate. Nickel carbonyl, an extremely unstable form, does not occur naturally and decomposes rapidly. Since nickel is a natural element in the earth’s crust, it is found in small amounts in food, water, soil and air. Foods are the main sources of nickel exposure. Average intake for adults is approximately 100–300 μg/day. In addition, people working in professions involved in the production, processing and use of it, or people who come into contact with everyday products such as jewelry and stainless-steel cooking and dining utensils containing nickel, and who consume cigarette tobacco may be exposed to nickel. The most toxic nickel compound is nickel carbonyl (Ni (CO)4). Nickel carbonyl, used in the metallurgy and refining industry, is obtained by the reaction of metallic nickel with CO2. If air inhaled for 20 minutes contains 30 ppm of nickel carbonyl, it can lead to lethal toxic effects [1, 38, 39]. Nickel is found at very low levels in ambient air as a result of emissions from oil and coal burning, nickel refining, sewage sludge burning, production facilities and other sources. Due to its high instability, nickel carbonyl exposure is extremely rare. In industry, it is used in electroplating, batteries, (cadmium-nickel mixture) coins, industrial installations, spark plugs, machine parts, stainless steel, nickel-chromium resistance wires and catalysts [1, 40].
Nickel salts, nickel sulfate via inhalation and drinking water and nickel acetate are not carcinogenic in rats or mice. The EPA has not evaluated soluble salts of nickel for potential human carcinogenicity. Lung tumors were reported to develop in rats exposed to nickel carbonyl through inhalation. The EPA classified nickel carbonyl as group B2, possible human carcinogen. An increased risk of lung and nasal cancer was reported for nickel refinery powders and nickel subsulfide among nickel refinery workers. Nickel refinery powder is a mixture of many nickel compounds, the main component being nickel subsulfide. Additionally, animal studies reported lung tumors due to nickel refinery dust and nickel subsulfide exposure. The EPA classified nickel refinery powder and nickel subsulfide as group A human carcinogens [41].
Heavy metal toxicity caused by various anthropogenic and geological activities poses a global threat to the environment and people [42]. Humans have long used chemical, physical and biological methods to combat the threat of heavy metal toxicity, both to humans and the surrounding environment [8]. For example, in the literature, Spirulina (Arthrospira), a photosynthetic thread-like cyanobacterium commonly known as blue green algae, was shown to attenuate experimentally-induced heavy metal toxicity. A total of 58 preclinical studies demonstrated the mitigating effect of Spirulina against experimental arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury toxicities [42]. Some important antioxidants such as flavonoids, pectin, and phytic acid are also used to remove heavy metals from the human body [43].
The removal of heavy metals from environmental compartments has become an extremely important issue. Current cleaning (or remediation) technologies to reduce harmful effects in heavy metal-contaminated areas include excavation (physical removal of the contaminated material), stabilization of metals in the site soil, and the use of plants to stop the spread of contamination or remove metals from the soil (bioremediation). Along with a range of phytochemicals, microorganisms are thought to be able to act as heavy metal removal agents in both humans and the surrounding environment [43]. The bioremediation approach is an effective method for removing toxic wastes from the environment using biological agents. It can help remove many contaminants such as metals, pesticides, explosives and oil compounds. It is mostly performed on-site and is widely accepted. Microorganisms and plants use different mechanisms for bioremediation of contaminated water and soils [44, 45, 46]. The bioremediation process occurs through a variety of mechanisms like redox, adsorption, complexation, ion exchange, precipitation and electrostatic attraction [47]. Microorganisms may begin metal mobilization/immobilization with redox reactions and hence affect bioremediation processes. Heavy metals like Fe, As, Cr and Hg enter oxidation and reduction cycles. Remediation of heavy metals from water uses microorganisms including algae and bacteria, along with fungi (
Phytoremediation is proven to be a promising alternative to traditional approaches as it is cost effective, environmentally friendly and esthetically pleasing. To date, approximately 500 taxa were identified as hyperaccumulators of one or more metals based on their natural extraction ability. In addition, more research is needed that integrates biotechnological approaches with extensive multidisciplinary research to improve plant tolerance and reduce toxic metal deposition in the soil [8, 53]. In the agricultural field, phytoremediation, phyto-extraction, phyto-polymerization, phytostabilization, phytodegradation and rhizophilization are effectively used for the removal of heavy metals [45]. Plants also help prevent wind, rain, and groundwater runoff from carrying pollutants from the site to the surrounding areas or deeper underground [46] (Figure 1). Silicon (Si) is the second most abundant element in the soil. Research to date suggests that Si can alleviate heavy metal toxicity in plants at both plant and soil levels, with the use of Si supplementation providing a beneficial role in reducing abiotic factors, including heavy metal stress, as well as stress exerted by biota [54, 55].
Mitigation of heavy metal pollution [
Integrated processes are a combination of two different methods to achieve a synergistic and effective method to remove heavy metals. Combining both microorganisms and plants is a bioremediation approach that enables more efficient cleaning of heavy metal contaminated soils. However, the success of this approach largely depends on the organisms involved [44, 56].
Heavy metal pollution in water and soil has increased in the last few decades due to anthropogenic activities. For this reason, the issue of dealing with heavy metal pollution in environmental matrices still maintains its importance. Legal regulations are enforced by governments, and monitoring studies, assessment of environmental impacts, use of soluble and non-toxic compounds in environmental compartments (air, water, soil and plants) in industrial processes, heavy metal-free pesticides, appropriate wastewater treatment plants and renewable energy sources instead of fossil fuels are priority measures to reduce the concentrations of heavy metals in the environment. In addition, heavy metals, which cause serious health problems even at very low concentrations due to their long-term persistence, must be removed from receiving environments in order to protect the integrity of the ecosystem and human health. As a bioremediation approach, removing toxic wastes from the environment by using bioaccumulatory organisms such as plants or mussels maintains its importance among studies aimed at recovery. Studies have shown that integrated methods - especially the combination of suitable plants and microorganisms - are very effective in mitigating the effects of heavy metals in the environment.
IntechOpen implements a robust policy to minimize and deal with instances of fraud or misconduct. As part of our general commitment to transparency and openness, and in order to maintain high scientific standards, we have a well-defined editorial policy regarding Retractions and Corrections.
",metaTitle:"Retraction and Correction Policy",metaDescription:"Retraction and Correction Policy",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/retraction-and-correction-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"IntechOpen’s Retraction and Correction Policy has been developed in accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) publication guidelines relating to scientific misconduct and research ethics:
\\n\\n1. RETRACTIONS
\\n\\nA Retraction of a Chapter will be issued by the Academic Editor, either following an Author’s request to do so or when there is a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct. Upon receipt of a report by a 3rd party, the Academic Editor will investigate any allegations of scientific misconduct, working in cooperation with the Author(s) and their institution(s).
\\n\\nA formal Retraction will be issued when there is clear and conclusive evidence of any of the following:
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\\n\\n1.2. REMOVALS AND CANCELLATIONS
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\\n\\nIntechOpen believes that the number of occasions on which a Statement of Concern is issued will be very few in number. In all cases when such a decision has been taken by the Academic Editor the decision will be reviewed by another editor to whom the author can make representations.
\\n\\n3. CORRECTIONS
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\\n\\n3.1. ERRATUM
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\\n\\nA published Erratum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\\n\\n3.2. CORRIGENDUM
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\\n\\n4. FINAL REMARKS
\\n\\nIntechOpen wishes to emphasize that the final decision on whether a Retraction, Statement of Concern, or a Correction will be issued rests with the Academic Editor. The publisher is obliged to act upon any reports of scientific misconduct in its publications and to make a reasonable effort to facilitate any subsequent investigation of such claims.
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\\n\\nThe general principles set out above apply to Retractions and Corrections issued in all IntechOpen publications.
\\n\\nAny suggestions or comments on this Policy are welcome and may be sent to permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2017-09-11
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen’s Retraction and Correction Policy has been developed in accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) publication guidelines relating to scientific misconduct and research ethics:
\n\n1. RETRACTIONS
\n\nA Retraction of a Chapter will be issued by the Academic Editor, either following an Author’s request to do so or when there is a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct. Upon receipt of a report by a 3rd party, the Academic Editor will investigate any allegations of scientific misconduct, working in cooperation with the Author(s) and their institution(s).
\n\nA formal Retraction will be issued when there is clear and conclusive evidence of any of the following:
\n\nPublishing of a Retraction Notice will adhere to the following guidelines:
\n\n1.2. REMOVALS AND CANCELLATIONS
\n\n2. STATEMENTS OF CONCERN
\n\nA Statement of Concern detailing alleged misconduct will be issued by the Academic Editor or publisher following a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct when:
\n\nIntechOpen believes that the number of occasions on which a Statement of Concern is issued will be very few in number. In all cases when such a decision has been taken by the Academic Editor the decision will be reviewed by another editor to whom the author can make representations.
\n\n3. CORRECTIONS
\n\nA Correction will be issued by the Academic Editor when:
\n\n3.1. ERRATUM
\n\nAn Erratum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter originates from the production process handled by the publisher.
\n\nA published Erratum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\n\n3.2. CORRIGENDUM
\n\nA Corrigendum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter is a result of an Author’s miscalculation or oversight. A published Corrigendum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\n\n4. FINAL REMARKS
\n\nIntechOpen wishes to emphasize that the final decision on whether a Retraction, Statement of Concern, or a Correction will be issued rests with the Academic Editor. The publisher is obliged to act upon any reports of scientific misconduct in its publications and to make a reasonable effort to facilitate any subsequent investigation of such claims.
\n\nIn the case of Retraction or removal of the Work, the publisher will be under no obligation to refund the APC.
\n\nThe general principles set out above apply to Retractions and Corrections issued in all IntechOpen publications.
\n\nAny suggestions or comments on this Policy are welcome and may be sent to permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2017-09-11
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Pradhan",authors:[{id:"201253",title:"Dr.",name:"Satyasundara",middleName:null,surname:"Mahapatra",slug:"satyasundara-mahapatra",fullName:"Satyasundara Mahapatra"},{id:"203077",title:"Dr.",name:"Rati Ranjan",middleName:null,surname:"Dash",slug:"rati-ranjan-dash",fullName:"Rati Ranjan Dash"},{id:"203078",title:"Dr.",name:"Sateesh Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Pradhan",slug:"sateesh-kumar-pradhan",fullName:"Sateesh Kumar Pradhan"}]},{id:"55968",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69615",title:"On the Use of Hybrid Heuristics for Providing Service to Select the Return Channel in an Interactive Digital TV Environment",slug:"on-the-use-of-hybrid-heuristics-for-providing-service-to-select-the-return-channel-in-an-interactive",totalDownloads:1271,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The technologies used to link the end-user to a telecommunication infrastructure, has been changing over time due to the consolidation of new access technologies. Moreover, the emergence of new tools for information dissemination, such as interactive digital TV, makes the selection of access technology, factor of fundamental importance. One of the greatest advantages of using digital TV as means to disseminate information is the installation of applications. In this chapter, a load characterization of a typical application embedded in a digital TV is performed to determine its behavior. However, it is important to note that applications send information through an access technology. Therefore, this chapter, based on the study on load characterization, developed a methodology combining Bayesian networks and technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) analytical approach to provide support to service providers to opt for a technology (power line communication, PLC, wireless, wired, etc.) for the return channel.",book:{id:"5966",slug:"heuristics-and-hyper-heuristics-principles-and-applications",title:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics",fullTitle:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics - Principles and Applications"},signatures:"Marcos César da Rocha Seruffo, Ádamo Lima de Santana, Carlos\nRenato Lisboa Francês and Nandamudi Lankalapalli Vijaykumar",authors:[{id:"10493",title:"Dr.",name:"Adamo",middleName:null,surname:"Lima De Santana",slug:"adamo-lima-de-santana",fullName:"Adamo Lima De Santana"},{id:"202549",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcos",middleName:null,surname:"Seruffo",slug:"marcos-seruffo",fullName:"Marcos Seruffo"},{id:"202551",title:"Dr.",name:"Nadamundi",middleName:null,surname:"Vijaykumar",slug:"nadamundi-vijaykumar",fullName:"Nadamundi Vijaykumar"},{id:"202552",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Renato",middleName:null,surname:"Francês",slug:"carlos-renato-frances",fullName:"Carlos Renato Francês"}]},{id:"55594",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69222",title:"Multi‐Objective Hyper‐Heuristics",slug:"multi-objective-hyper-heuristics",totalDownloads:1457,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Multi‐objective hyper‐heuristics is a search method or learning mechanism that operates over a fixed set of low‐level heuristics to solve multi‐objective optimization problems by controlling and combining the strengths of those heuristics. Although numerous papers on hyper‐heuristics have been published and several studies are still underway, most research has focused on single‐objective optimization. Work on hyper‐heuristics for multi‐objective optimization remains limited. This chapter draws attention to this area of research to help researchers and PhD students understand and reuse these methods. It also provides the basic concepts of multi‐objective optimization and hyper‐heuristics to facilitate a better understanding of the related research areas, in addition to exploring hyper‐heuristic methodologies that address multi‐objective optimization. Some design issues related to the development of hyper‐heuristic framework for multi‐objective optimization are discussed. The chapter concludes with a case study of multi‐objective selection hyper‐heuristics and its application on a real‐world problem.",book:{id:"5966",slug:"heuristics-and-hyper-heuristics-principles-and-applications",title:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics",fullTitle:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics - Principles and Applications"},signatures:"Mashael Suliaman Maashi",authors:[{id:"201702",title:"Dr.",name:"Mashael",middleName:null,surname:"Maashi",slug:"mashael-maashi",fullName:"Mashael Maashi"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"56264",title:"Heuristics Techniques for Scheduling Problems with Reducing Waiting Time Variance",slug:"heuristics-techniques-for-scheduling-problems-with-reducing-waiting-time-variance",totalDownloads:1681,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"In real computational world, scheduling is a decision making process. This is nothing but a systematic schedule through which a large numbers of tasks are assigned to the processors. Due to the resource limitation, creation of such schedule is a real challenge. This creates the interest of developing a qualitative scheduler for the processors. These processors are either single or parallel. One of the criteria for improving the efficiency of scheduler is waiting time variance (WTV). Minimizing the WTV of a task is a NP-hard problem. Achieving the quality of service (QoS) in a single or parallel processor by minimizing the WTV is a problem of task scheduling. To enhance the performance of a single or parallel processor, it is required to develop a stable and none overlap scheduler by minimizing WTV. An automated scheduler's performance is always measured by the attributes of QoS. One of the attributes of QoS is ‘Timeliness’. First, this chapter presents the importance of heuristics with five heuristic-based solutions. Then applies these heuristics on 1‖WTV minimization problem and three heuristics with a unique task distribution mechanism on Qm|prec|WTV minimization problem. The experimental result shows the performance of heuristic in the form of graph for consonant problems.",book:{id:"5966",slug:"heuristics-and-hyper-heuristics-principles-and-applications",title:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics",fullTitle:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics - Principles and Applications"},signatures:"Satyasundara Mahapatra, Rati Ranjan Dash and Sateesh K. Pradhan",authors:[{id:"201253",title:"Dr.",name:"Satyasundara",middleName:null,surname:"Mahapatra",slug:"satyasundara-mahapatra",fullName:"Satyasundara Mahapatra"},{id:"203077",title:"Dr.",name:"Rati Ranjan",middleName:null,surname:"Dash",slug:"rati-ranjan-dash",fullName:"Rati Ranjan Dash"},{id:"203078",title:"Dr.",name:"Sateesh Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Pradhan",slug:"sateesh-kumar-pradhan",fullName:"Sateesh Kumar Pradhan"}]},{id:"55554",title:"Hyper‐Heuristics and Metaheuristics for Selected Bio‐Inspired Combinatorial Optimization Problems",slug:"hyper-heuristics-and-metaheuristics-for-selected-bio-inspired-combinatorial-optimization-problems",totalDownloads:1571,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Many decision and optimization problems arising in bioinformatics field are time demanding, and several algorithms are designed to solve these problems or to improve their current best solution approach. Modeling and implementing a new heuristic algorithm may be time‐consuming but has strong motivations: on the one hand, even a small improvement of the new solution may be worth the long time spent on the construction of a new method; on the other hand, there are problems for which good‐enough solutions are acceptable which could be achieved at a much lower computational cost. In the first case, specially designed heuristics or metaheuristics are needed, while the latter hyper‐heuristics can be proposed. The paper will describe both approaches in different domain problems.",book:{id:"5966",slug:"heuristics-and-hyper-heuristics-principles-and-applications",title:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics",fullTitle:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics - Principles and Applications"},signatures:"Aleksandra Swiercz",authors:[{id:"203032",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Aleksandra",middleName:null,surname:"Swiercz",slug:"aleksandra-swiercz",fullName:"Aleksandra Swiercz"}]},{id:"55594",title:"Multi‐Objective Hyper‐Heuristics",slug:"multi-objective-hyper-heuristics",totalDownloads:1457,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Multi‐objective hyper‐heuristics is a search method or learning mechanism that operates over a fixed set of low‐level heuristics to solve multi‐objective optimization problems by controlling and combining the strengths of those heuristics. Although numerous papers on hyper‐heuristics have been published and several studies are still underway, most research has focused on single‐objective optimization. Work on hyper‐heuristics for multi‐objective optimization remains limited. This chapter draws attention to this area of research to help researchers and PhD students understand and reuse these methods. It also provides the basic concepts of multi‐objective optimization and hyper‐heuristics to facilitate a better understanding of the related research areas, in addition to exploring hyper‐heuristic methodologies that address multi‐objective optimization. Some design issues related to the development of hyper‐heuristic framework for multi‐objective optimization are discussed. The chapter concludes with a case study of multi‐objective selection hyper‐heuristics and its application on a real‐world problem.",book:{id:"5966",slug:"heuristics-and-hyper-heuristics-principles-and-applications",title:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics",fullTitle:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics - Principles and Applications"},signatures:"Mashael Suliaman Maashi",authors:[{id:"201702",title:"Dr.",name:"Mashael",middleName:null,surname:"Maashi",slug:"mashael-maashi",fullName:"Mashael Maashi"}]},{id:"55968",title:"On the Use of Hybrid Heuristics for Providing Service to Select the Return Channel in an Interactive Digital TV Environment",slug:"on-the-use-of-hybrid-heuristics-for-providing-service-to-select-the-return-channel-in-an-interactive",totalDownloads:1271,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The technologies used to link the end-user to a telecommunication infrastructure, has been changing over time due to the consolidation of new access technologies. Moreover, the emergence of new tools for information dissemination, such as interactive digital TV, makes the selection of access technology, factor of fundamental importance. One of the greatest advantages of using digital TV as means to disseminate information is the installation of applications. In this chapter, a load characterization of a typical application embedded in a digital TV is performed to determine its behavior. However, it is important to note that applications send information through an access technology. Therefore, this chapter, based on the study on load characterization, developed a methodology combining Bayesian networks and technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) analytical approach to provide support to service providers to opt for a technology (power line communication, PLC, wireless, wired, etc.) for the return channel.",book:{id:"5966",slug:"heuristics-and-hyper-heuristics-principles-and-applications",title:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics",fullTitle:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics - Principles and Applications"},signatures:"Marcos César da Rocha Seruffo, Ádamo Lima de Santana, Carlos\nRenato Lisboa Francês and Nandamudi Lankalapalli Vijaykumar",authors:[{id:"10493",title:"Dr.",name:"Adamo",middleName:null,surname:"Lima De Santana",slug:"adamo-lima-de-santana",fullName:"Adamo Lima De Santana"},{id:"202549",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcos",middleName:null,surname:"Seruffo",slug:"marcos-seruffo",fullName:"Marcos Seruffo"},{id:"202551",title:"Dr.",name:"Nadamundi",middleName:null,surname:"Vijaykumar",slug:"nadamundi-vijaykumar",fullName:"Nadamundi Vijaykumar"},{id:"202552",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Renato",middleName:null,surname:"Francês",slug:"carlos-renato-frances",fullName:"Carlos Renato Francês"}]},{id:"55704",title:"Advanced Particle Filter Methods",slug:"advanced-particle-filter-methods",totalDownloads:1541,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"This chapter presents a set of algorithmic methods based on particle filter heuristics. We start with an introduction to particle filters, which covers the main motivation and related works. Then, the generic framework for particle filter algorithm is presented, followed by two important use cases regarding indoor positioning and multitarget tracking; for both problems, modified particle filter algorithms are presented followed by experimental results, implementation remarks, and a discussion. 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In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. 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Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. 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He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. 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His research interest focuses on computational chemistry and molecular modeling of diverse systems of pharmacological, food, and alternative energy interests by resorting to DFT and Conceptual DFT. He has authored a coauthored more than 255 peer-reviewed papers, 32 book chapters, and 2 edited books. He has delivered speeches at many international and domestic conferences. He serves as a reviewer for more than eighty international journals, books, and research proposals as well as an editor for special issues of renowned scientific journals.",institutionString:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",institution:{name:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",biography:"Dr. Mirza Hasanuzzaman is a Professor of Agronomy at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh. He received his Ph.D. in Plant Stress Physiology and Antioxidant Metabolism from Ehime University, Japan, with a scholarship from the Japanese Government (MEXT). Later, he completed his postdoctoral research at the Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of the Ryukyus, Japan, as a recipient of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) postdoctoral fellowship. He was also the recipient of the Australian Government Endeavour Research Fellowship for postdoctoral research as an adjunct senior researcher at the University of Tasmania, Australia. Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s current work is focused on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of environmental stress tolerance. Dr. Hasanuzzaman has published more than 150 articles in peer-reviewed journals. He has edited ten books and written more than forty book chapters on important aspects of plant physiology, plant stress tolerance, and crop production. According to Scopus, Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s publications have received more than 10,500 citations with an h-index of 53. He has been named a Highly Cited Researcher by Clarivate. He is an editor and reviewer for more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and was a recipient of the “Publons Peer Review Award” in 2017, 2018, and 2019. He has been honored by different authorities for his outstanding performance in various fields like research and education, and he has received the World Academy of Science Young Scientist Award (2014) and the University Grants Commission (UGC) Award 2018. He is a fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the Royal Society of Biology.",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",biography:"Kusal K. Das is a Distinguished Chair Professor of Physiology, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College and Director, Centre for Advanced Medical Research (CAMR), BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapur, Karnataka, India. Dr. Das did his M.S. and Ph.D. in Human Physiology from the University of Calcutta, Kolkata. His area of research is focused on understanding of molecular mechanisms of heavy metal activated low oxygen sensing pathways in vascular pathophysiology. He has invented a new method of estimation of serum vitamin E. His expertise in critical experimental protocols on vascular functions in experimental animals was well documented by his quality of publications. He was a Visiting Professor of Medicine at University of Leeds, United Kingdom (2014-2016) and Tulane University, New Orleans, USA (2017). For his immense contribution in medical research Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India conferred him 'G.P. Chatterjee Memorial Research Prize-2019” and he is also the recipient of 'Dr.Raja Ramanna State Scientist Award 2015” by Government of Karnataka. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB), London and Honorary Fellow of Karnataka Science and Technology Academy, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Karnataka.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"243660",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda",middleName:null,surname:"Biradar",slug:"mallanagouda-shivanagouda-biradar",fullName:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243660/images/system/243660.jpeg",biography:"M. S. Biradar is Vice Chancellor and Professor of Medicine of\nBLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India.\nHe obtained his MD with a gold medal in General Medicine and\nhas devoted himself to medical teaching, research, and administrations. He has also immensely contributed to medical research\non vascular medicine, which is reflected by his numerous publications including books and book chapters. Professor Biradar was\nalso Visiting Professor at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University)",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"289796",title:"Dr.",name:"Swastika",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"swastika-das",fullName:"Swastika Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289796/images/system/289796.jpeg",biography:"Swastika N. Das is Professor of Chemistry at the V. P. Dr. P. G.\nHalakatti College of Engineering and Technology, BLDE (Deemed\nto be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. She obtained an\nMSc, MPhil, and PhD in Chemistry from Sambalpur University,\nOdisha, India. Her areas of research interest are medicinal chemistry, chemical kinetics, and free radical chemistry. She is a member\nof the investigators who invented a new modified method of estimation of serum vitamin E. She has authored numerous publications including book\nchapters and is a mentor of doctoral curriculum at her university.",institutionString:"BLDEA’s V.P.Dr.P.G.Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248459/images/system/248459.png",biography:"Akikazu Takada was born in Japan, 1935. After graduation from\nKeio University School of Medicine and finishing his post-graduate studies, he worked at Roswell Park Memorial Institute NY,\nUSA. He then took a professorship at Hamamatsu University\nSchool of Medicine. In thrombosis studies, he found the SK\npotentiator that enhances plasminogen activation by streptokinase. He is very much interested in simultaneous measurements\nof fatty acids, amino acids, and tryptophan degradation products. By using fatty\nacid analyses, he indicated that plasma levels of trans-fatty acids of old men were\nfar higher in the US than Japanese men. . He also showed that eicosapentaenoic acid\n(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels are higher, and arachidonic acid\nlevels are lower in Japanese than US people. By using simultaneous LC/MS analyses\nof plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites, he recently found that plasma levels of\nserotonin, kynurenine, or 5-HIAA were higher in patients of mono- and bipolar\ndepression, which are significantly different from observations reported before. In\nview of recent reports that plasma tryptophan metabolites are mainly produced by\nmicrobiota. He is now working on the relationships between microbiota and depression or autism.",institutionString:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",institution:{name:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",biography:"Mohammed Khalid received his B.S. degree in chemistry in 2000 and Ph.D. degree in physical chemistry in 2007 from the University of Khartoum, Sudan. He moved to School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia in 2009 and joined Dr. Ron Clarke as a postdoctoral fellow where he worked on the interaction of ATP with the phosphoenzyme of the Na+/K+-ATPase and dual mechanisms of allosteric acceleration of the Na+/K+-ATPase by ATP; then he went back to Department of Chemistry, University of Khartoum as an assistant professor, and in 2014 he was promoted as an associate professor. In 2011, he joined the staff of Department of Chemistry at Taif University, Saudi Arabia, where he is currently an assistant professor. His research interests include the following: P-Type ATPase enzyme kinetics and mechanisms, kinetics and mechanisms of redox reactions, autocatalytic reactions, computational enzyme kinetics, allosteric acceleration of P-type ATPases by ATP, exploring of allosteric sites of ATPases, and interaction of ATP with ATPases located in cell membranes.",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"63810",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Montor",slug:"jorge-morales-montor",fullName:"Jorge Morales-Montor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63810/images/system/63810.png",biography:"Dr. Jorge Morales-Montor was recognized with the Lola and Igo Flisser PUIS Award for best graduate thesis at the national level in the field of parasitology. He received a fellowship from the Fogarty Foundation to perform postdoctoral research stay at the University of Georgia. He has 153 journal articles to his credit. He has also edited several books and published more than fifty-five book chapters. He is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Latin American Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine. He has received more than thirty-five awards and has supervised numerous bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. students. Dr. Morales-Montor is the past president of the Mexican Society of Parasitology.",institutionString:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"217215",title:"Dr.",name:"Palash",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"palash-mandal",fullName:"Palash Mandal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217215/images/system/217215.jpeg",biography:null,institutionString:"Charusat University",institution:null},{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",biography:"Leszek Szablewski is a professor of medical sciences. He received his M.S. in the Faculty of Biology from the University of Warsaw and his PhD degree from the Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences. He habilitated in the Medical University of Warsaw, and he obtained his degree of Professor from the President of Poland. Professor Szablewski is the Head of Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw. Professor Szablewski has published over 80 peer-reviewed papers in journals such as Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Reviews of Cancer, Biol. Chem., J. Biomed. Sci., and Diabetes/Metabol. Res. Rev, Endocrine. He is the author of two books and four book chapters. He has edited four books, written 15 scripts for students, is the ad hoc reviewer of over 30 peer-reviewed journals, and editorial member of peer-reviewed journals. Prof. Szablewski’s research focuses on cell physiology, genetics, and pathophysiology. He works on the damage caused by lack of glucose homeostasis and changes in the expression and/or function of glucose transporters due to various diseases. He has given lectures, seminars, and exercises for students at the Medical University.",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",middleName:null,surname:"Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173123/images/system/173123.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Maitham A. Khajah received his degree in Pharmacy from Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, in 2003 and obtained his PhD degree in December 2009 from the University of Calgary, Canada (Gastrointestinal Science and Immunology). Since January 2010 he has been assistant professor in Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research interest are molecular targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the mechanisms responsible for immune cell chemotaxis. He cosupervised many students for the MSc Molecular Biology Program, College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University. Ever since joining Kuwait University in 2010, he got various grants as PI and Co-I. He was awarded the Best Young Researcher Award by Kuwait University, Research Sector, for the Year 2013–2014. He was a member in the organizing committee for three conferences organized by Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, as cochair and a member in the scientific committee (the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Kuwait International Pharmacy Conference).",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"195136",title:"Dr.",name:"Aya",middleName:null,surname:"Adel",slug:"aya-adel",fullName:"Aya Adel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195136/images/system/195136.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adel works as an Assistant Lecturer in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. Dr. Adel is especially interested in joint attention and its impairment in autism spectrum disorder",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94911/images/system/94911.png",biography:"Dr Boulenouar Mesraoua is the Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology at Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar and a Consultant Neurologist at Hamad Medical Corporation at the Neuroscience Department; He graduated as a Medical Doctor from the University of Oran, Algeria; he then moved to Belgium, the City of Liege, for a Residency in Internal Medicine and Neurology at Liege University; after getting the Belgian Board of Neurology (with high marks), he went to the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom for a fellowship in Clinical Neurophysiology, under Pr Willison ; Dr Mesraoua had also further training in Epilepsy and Continuous EEG Monitoring for two years (from 2001-2003) in the Neurophysiology department of Zurich University, Switzerland, under late Pr Hans Gregor Wieser ,an internationally known epileptologist expert. \n\nDr B. Mesraoua is the Director of the Neurology Fellowship Program at the Neurology Section and an active member of the newly created Comprehensive Epilepsy Program at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; he is also Assistant Director of the Residency Program at the Qatar Medical School. \nDr B. Mesraoua's main interests are Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Clinical Neurology; He is the Chairman and the Organizer of the well known Qatar Epilepsy Symposium, he is running yearly for the past 14 years and which is considered a landmark in the Gulf region; He has also started last year , together with other epileptologists from Qatar, the region and elsewhere, a yearly International Epilepsy School Course, which was attended by many neurologists from the Area.\n\nInternationally, Dr Mesraoua is an active and elected member of the Commission on Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR ) , a regional branch of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), where he represents the Middle East and North Africa(MENA ) and where he holds the position of chief of the Epilepsy Epidemiology Section; Dr Mesraoua is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, the Europeen Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society.\n\nDr Mesraoua's main objectives are to encourage frequent gathering of the epileptologists/neurologists from the MENA region and the rest of the world, promote Epilepsy Teaching in the MENA Region, and encourage multicenter studies involving neurologists and epileptologists in the MENA region, particularly epilepsy epidemiological studies. \n\nDr. Mesraoua is the recipient of two research Grants, as the Lead Principal Investigator (750.000 USD and 250.000 USD) from the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) and the Hamad Hospital Internal Research Grant (IRGC), on the following topics : “Continuous EEG Monitoring in the ICU “ and on “Alpha-lactoalbumin , proof of concept in the treatment of epilepsy” .Dr Mesraoua is a reviewer for the journal \"seizures\" (Europeen Epilepsy Journal ) as well as dove journals ; Dr Mesraoua is the author and co-author of many peer reviewed publications and four book chapters in the field of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurology",institutionString:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",institution:{name:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",country:{name:"Qatar"}}},{id:"282429",title:"Prof.",name:"Covanis",middleName:null,surname:"Athanasios",slug:"covanis-athanasios",fullName:"Covanis Athanasios",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282429/images/system/282429.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Neurology-Neurophysiology Department of the Children Hospital Agia Sophia",institution:null},{id:"190980",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud Saleh",slug:"marwa-mahmoud-saleh",fullName:"Marwa Mahmoud Saleh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190980/images/system/190980.jpg",biography:"Professor Marwa Mahmoud Saleh is a doctor of medicine and currently works in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. She got her doctoral degree in 1991 and her doctoral thesis was accomplished in the University of Iowa, United States. Her publications covered a multitude of topics as videokymography, cochlear implants, stuttering, and dysphagia. She has lectured Egyptian phonology for many years. Her recent research interest is joint attention in autism.",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259190/images/system/259190.png",biography:"Dr. Naqvi is a radioanalytical chemist and is working as an associate professor of analytical chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Advance separation techniques, nuclear analytical techniques and radiopharmaceutical analysis are the main courses that he is teaching to graduate and post-graduate students. In the research area, he is focusing on the development of organic- and biomolecule-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy of infectious and cancerous diseases. Under the supervision of Dr. Naqvi, three students have completed their Ph.D. degrees and 41 students have completed their MS degrees. He has completed three research projects and is currently working on 2 projects entitled “Radiolabeling of fluoroquinolone derivatives for the diagnosis of deep-seated bacterial infections” and “Radiolabeled minigastrin peptides for diagnosis and therapy of NETs”. He has published about 100 research articles in international reputed journals and 7 book chapters. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) Islamabad, Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicine (PINM), Faisalabad and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology (INOR) Abbottabad are the main collaborating institutes.",institutionString:"Government College University",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"277367",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Martin",surname:"Márquez López",slug:"daniel-marquez-lopez",fullName:"Daniel Márquez López",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/277367/images/7909_n.jpg",biography:"Msc Daniel Martin Márquez López has a bachelor degree in Industrial Chemical Engineering, a Master of science degree in the same área and he is a PhD candidate for the Instituto Politécnico Nacional. His Works are realted to the Green chemistry field, biolubricants, biodiesel, transesterification reactions for biodiesel production and the manipulation of oils for therapeutic purposes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",country:{name:"Argentina"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",biography:"Francisco Javier Martín-Romero (Javier) is a Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Extremadura, Spain. He is also a group leader at the Biomarkers Institute of Molecular Pathology. Javier received his Ph.D. in 1998 in Biochemistry and Biophysics. At the National Cancer Institute (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD) he worked as a research associate on the molecular biology of selenium and its role in health and disease. After postdoctoral collaborations with Carlos Gutierrez-Merino (University of Extremadura, Spain) and Dario Alessi (University of Dundee, UK), he established his own laboratory in 2008. The interest of Javier's lab is the study of cell signaling with a special focus on Ca2+ signaling, and how Ca2+ transport modulates the cytoskeleton, migration, differentiation, cell death, etc. He is especially interested in the study of Ca2+ channels, and the role of STIM1 in the initiation of pathological events.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"217323",title:"Prof.",name:"Guang-Jer",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"guang-jer-wu",fullName:"Guang-Jer Wu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217323/images/8027_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"148546",title:"Dr.",name:"Norma Francenia",middleName:null,surname:"Santos-Sánchez",slug:"norma-francenia-santos-sanchez",fullName:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148546/images/4640_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272889",title:"Dr.",name:"Narendra",middleName:null,surname:"Maddu",slug:"narendra-maddu",fullName:"Narendra Maddu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272889/images/10758_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"242491",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelica",middleName:null,surname:"Rueda",slug:"angelica-rueda",fullName:"Angelica Rueda",position:"Investigador Cinvestav 3B",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242491/images/6765_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"88631",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Petyaev",slug:"ivan-petyaev",fullName:"Ivan Petyaev",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lycotec (United Kingdom)",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"423869",title:"Ms.",name:"Smita",middleName:null,surname:"Rai",slug:"smita-rai",fullName:"Smita Rai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424024",title:"Prof.",name:"Swati",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"swati-sharma",fullName:"Swati Sharma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"439112",title:"MSc.",name:"Touseef",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"touseef-fatima",fullName:"Touseef Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424836",title:"Dr.",name:"Orsolya",middleName:null,surname:"Borsai",slug:"orsolya-borsai",fullName:"Orsolya Borsai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"422262",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Paola Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Palmeros-Suárez",slug:"paola-andrea-palmeros-suarez",fullName:"Paola Andrea Palmeros-Suárez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Guadalajara",country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"12",type:"subseries",title:"Human Physiology",keywords:"Anatomy, Cells, Organs, Systems, Homeostasis, Functions",scope:"Human physiology is the scientific exploration of the various functions (physical, biochemical, and mechanical properties) of humans, their organs, and their constituent cells. 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This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRqB9QAK/Profile_Picture_1626163237970",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"ofsBook.detail",path:"/welcome/43443244d8385c57f1424d5d37c91788",hash:"",query:{},params:{hash:"43443244d8385c57f1424d5d37c91788"},fullPath:"/welcome/43443244d8385c57f1424d5d37c91788",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()