\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6373",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Myocardial Infarction",title:"Myocardial Infarction",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is still the most common cause of death among adults. Its prevalence is increasing in developing countries and despite all advances in both diagnostic tools and treatment modalities, it is still very common in the developed world. Obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia and overuse of dietary salt play a pivotal role in increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current clinical efforts are mainly focused on the diagnosis and treatment of myocardial infarction. In this book, we provide epidemiological data on myocardial infarction and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, current diagnostic biochemical tests and management strategies. A specific patient group, children, experiencing myocardial infarction are also addressed. Current advances in the management of myocardial infarction have decreased the morbidity and mortality from atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and especially myocardial infarction; however, more can be achieved by the prevention of atherosclerotic processes via focusing on the early stages of the disease.",isbn:"978-1-78984-869-4",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-868-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-437-3",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69907",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"myocardial-infarction",numberOfPages:138,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"10bca0bf18d68ec3c1641dbc3a1ae899",bookSignature:"Burak Pamukçu",publishedDate:"January 3rd 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6373.jpg",numberOfDownloads:12543,numberOfWosCitations:23,numberOfCrossrefCitations:15,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:29,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:67,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 30th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 20th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 29th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 29th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 28th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"70686",title:"Dr.",name:"Burak",middleName:null,surname:"Pamukçu",slug:"burak-pamukcu",fullName:"Burak Pamukçu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/70686/images/system/70686.jpeg",biography:"Burak Pamukçu (M.D.) obtained a doctorate degree in Cardiology from Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey. Dr. Pamukçu finalized his post doctorate fellowship (European Society of Cardiology Atherothrombosis Research Fellowship) at the University Department of Medicine, Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, Birmingham, England, UK. He is mainly interested in atherothrombosis, atherosclerotic heart vessel disease, antithrombotic therapy and interventional cardiology. Currently Dr. Pamukçu is working as a Consultant Cardiologist and Associate Professor of Cardiology in Acıbadem Healthcare Group. He has published 99 scientific publications and served as reviewer for thirty different medical journals. He is also serving as associate editor and editorial board member at peer reviewed medical scientific journals.",institutionString:"Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Istanbul University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"170",title:"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine",slug:"cardiology-and-cardiovascular-medicine"}],chapters:[{id:"64090",title:"Introductory Chapter: Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81697",slug:"introductory-chapter-atherosclerotic-cardiovascular-disease",totalDownloads:963,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Burak Pamukcu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64090",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64090",authors:[{id:"70686",title:"Dr.",name:"Burak",surname:"Pamukçu",slug:"burak-pamukcu",fullName:"Burak Pamukçu"}],corrections:null},{id:"59778",title:"Epidemiology of Myocardial Infarction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74768",slug:"epidemiology-of-myocardial-infarction",totalDownloads:4453,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:22,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. The most common form of CHD is the myocardial infarction. It is responsible for over 15% of mortality each year, among the vast majority of people suffering from non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) than ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The prevalence of myocardial infarction (MI) is higher in men in all age-specific groups than women. Although the incidence of MI is decreased in the industrialized nations partly because of improved health systems and implementation of effective public health strategies, nevertheless the rates are surging in the developing countries such as South Asia, parts of Latin America, and Eastern Europe. The modifiable risk factors represent over 90% of the risk for acute MI. The risk factors such as dyslipidemia, smoking, psychosocial stressors, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obesity, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and a diet low in fruits and vegetables were strongly associated with acute MI.",signatures:"Joshua Chadwick Jayaraj, Karapet Davatyan, S.S. Subramanian and Jemmi Priya",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59778",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59778",authors:[{id:"223196",title:"Dr.",name:"Joshua",surname:"Chadwick",slug:"joshua-chadwick",fullName:"Joshua Chadwick"},{id:"231054",title:"Dr.",name:"Karapet",surname:"Davatyan",slug:"karapet-davatyan",fullName:"Karapet Davatyan"},{id:"231055",title:"Ms.",name:"Jemmi",surname:"Priya",slug:"jemmi-priya",fullName:"Jemmi Priya"},{id:"244487",title:"Dr.",name:"S.S.",surname:"Subramanian",slug:"s.s.-subramanian",fullName:"S.S. Subramanian"}],corrections:null},{id:"62951",title:"The Diagnostic Value of Biochemical Cardiac Markers in Acute Myocardial Infarction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76150",slug:"the-diagnostic-value-of-biochemical-cardiac-markers-in-acute-myocardial-infarction",totalDownloads:2027,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. The role of cardiac markers in the diagnosis, risk stratification, and treatment of patients with chest pain is vital. Patients with elevated cardiac troponin levels but negative CK-MB who were formerly diagnosed with unstable angina or minor myocardial injury are now reclassified as non–ST-segment elevation MI (NSTEMI) even in the absence of diagnostic ECG changes. CK-MB is both a sensitive and specific marker for myocardial infarction. Cardiac troponin T is a cardio-specific, highly sensitive marker for myocardial damage. Cardiac troponin I is a contractile protein exclusively present in the cardiac muscle. The absolute cardiospecificity of cTnI allows the diagnosis of myocardial infarction distinct from muscle lesions and non-cardiac surgery. In 2000, the European Society of Cardiology and the American College of Cardiology redefined AMI with a particular advocacy on troponin. The 2002/2007 American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the American Heart Association (AHA) Guideline Update for the management of these patients strongly recommend to include cTnI. Specifically, with rare exception, the diagnosis cannot be made in the absence of elevated biomarkers of cardiac injury.",signatures:"Shazia Rashid, Arif Malik, Rukhshan Khurshid, Uzma Faryal and\nSumera Qazi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62951",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62951",authors:[{id:"222194",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Shazia",surname:"Rashid",slug:"shazia-rashid",fullName:"Shazia Rashid"},{id:"222621",title:"Prof.",name:"Arif",surname:"Malik",slug:"arif-malik",fullName:"Arif Malik"},{id:"238058",title:"Dr.",name:"Rakhshan",surname:"Khurshid",slug:"rakhshan-khurshid",fullName:"Rakhshan Khurshid"},{id:"238060",title:"Dr.",name:"Uzma",surname:"Faryal",slug:"uzma-faryal",fullName:"Uzma Faryal"},{id:"238062",title:"Dr.",name:"Sumera",surname:"Qazi",slug:"sumera-qazi",fullName:"Sumera Qazi"}],corrections:null},{id:"60334",title:"Interventional Therapies for Post-Cardiac Arrest Patients Suffering from Coronary Artery Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75045",slug:"interventional-therapies-for-post-cardiac-arrest-patients-suffering-from-coronary-artery-disease",totalDownloads:1040,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Acute myocardial infarction and coronary artery disease (CAD) are the most common causes for the development of malignant arrhythmia often leading to cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest. Structural heart disease represents the main pathology in older patients, whereas young adults mostly suffer from cardiomyopathies and channelopathies. This book chapter delineates modern interventional therapies for patients with cardiogenic shock or aborted cardiac arrest. Epidemiological data on the incidence of malignant arrhythmia depending causing cardiac arrest depending on the presence or absence of CAD and myocardial infarction are presented. Realistic difficulties within clinical decision-making are counterbalanced for and against an early, aggressive and invasive therapeutic approach including early coronary angiography with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), targeted temperature management and mechanical cardiac assist devices, depending on the individual clinical presentation and underlying cardiac arrhythmia.",signatures:"Michael Behnes, Philipp Kuche, Ibrahim Akin and Kambis Mashayekhi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60334",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60334",authors:[{id:"189154",title:"Prof.",name:"Ibrahim",surname:"Akin",slug:"ibrahim-akin",fullName:"Ibrahim Akin"},{id:"204569",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",surname:"Behnes",slug:"michael-behnes",fullName:"Michael Behnes"},{id:"213288",title:"Dr.",name:"Kambis",surname:"Mashayekhi",slug:"kambis-mashayekhi",fullName:"Kambis Mashayekhi"},{id:"240764",title:"Dr.",name:"Philipp",surname:"Kuche",slug:"philipp-kuche",fullName:"Philipp Kuche"}],corrections:null},{id:"61346",title:"Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis and Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76241",slug:"non-st-elevation-myocardial-infarction-diagnosis-and-management",totalDownloads:2454,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cardiovascular disease is expected to be the main cause of death globally due to the rapidly increasing prevalence of obesity, hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerotic lesions and plaque rupture are the most common cause of myocardial infarction. Resting 12-lead ECG is the first diagnostic test for patients with chest pain and should be performed and interpreted within the first 10 min of the patient’s admission to the emergency department. Cardiac biomarkers preferably, high-sensitivity cardiac troponin, is mandatory in all patients with suspected NSTEMI for the diagnosis, risk stratification and treatment. Rapid, efficient diagnosis and risk stratification of patients with chest pain will help to administer the appropriate medication and plan for the timing of invasive strategy and the choice of revascularization. This chapter helps to simply but elaborately discuss the diagnosis, risk stratification and the management of patients with non-ST elevation of myocardial infarction.",signatures:"Yaser Al Ahmad and Mohammed T. Ali",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61346",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61346",authors:[{id:"218369",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammed",surname:"Ali",slug:"mohammed-ali",fullName:"Mohammed Ali"},{id:"248884",title:"Dr.",name:"Yaser",surname:"Alahamd",slug:"yaser-alahamd",fullName:"Yaser Alahamd"}],corrections:null},{id:"60068",title:"Myocardial Infarction in Children",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74793",slug:"myocardial-infarction-in-children",totalDownloads:1610,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Myocardial infarction (MI) is a clinical condition that develops associated with a sudden reduction or interruption of the blood flow of the vessels supplying the heart for various reasons. The electrocardiographic, echocardiographic and enzymatic diagnostic criteria of MI have been well defined in adults, in children there are some difficulties. Although seen more often in the presence of congenital heart disease (CHD), MI may also be seen in patients without CHD. Unlike atherosclerotic coronary artery disease in adult patients, ischaemia and infarct in children are often associated with coronary artery anomalies and CHD. In addition, congenital prothrombotic diseases, vasculitis, surgical or interventional procedures may also cause ischaemia and infarct. Subendocardial ischaemia, especially aortic stenosis characterised by hypertrophy in the left ventricle is often seen in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or hypertensive patients. The most important risk factors in neonates and infants are the presence of CHD, coronary artery anomalies and perinatal asfixia. The most frequently seen causes of pediatric myocardial infarction (PMI) are abnormal left coronary artery originating from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) and Kawasaki disease. Another often seen cause of PMI is patients who underwent arterial switch operations.",signatures:"Meki Bilici, Mehmet Ture and Hasan Balik",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60068",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60068",authors:[{id:"219534",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Meki",surname:"Bilici",slug:"meki-bilici",fullName:"Meki Bilici"},{id:"239944",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",surname:"Ture",slug:"mehmet-ture",fullName:"Mehmet Ture"},{id:"239945",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasan",surname:"Balik",slug:"hasan-balik",fullName:"Hasan Balik"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7055",title:"Angiography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"20638a6ce5e042484cc33b5b510cdca6",slug:"angiography",bookSignature:"Burak Pamukçu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7055.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70686",title:"Dr.",name:"Burak",surname:"Pamukçu",slug:"burak-pamukcu",fullName:"Burak Pamukçu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6209",title:"Endothelial Dysfunction",subtitle:"Old Concepts and New Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6e76bbf7858977527679a6e6ad6a173",slug:"endothelial-dysfunction-old-concepts-and-new-challenges",bookSignature:"Helena Lenasi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6209.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68746",title:"Dr.",name:"Helena",surname:"Lenasi",slug:"helena-lenasi",fullName:"Helena Lenasi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7220",title:"Congenital Heart Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f59bacfffcccc636ec3082869d10a82e",slug:"congenital-heart-disease",bookSignature:"David C. 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The wearable device market is currently having a worldwide profit of around $34 billion and is expected to reach above $50 billion by 2022 owing to wearables’ ease of use, flexibility, and convenience [4]. Real-time monitoring, operational efficiency, and fitness tracking are reported as main factors supporting the market growth of health wearable devices such as smart watches, smart glasses, and other wellness gadgets, with expected $12.1 billion world market by 2021 [5].
\nIn the past decade, the recent progress in developing wearable devices was more focused on monitoring physical parameters, such as motion, respiration rate, etc. [3, 6, 7]. Today, there is a great interest in evolving wearable sensors capable of detecting chemical markers relevant to the status of health. Different approaches have been applied by researchers to design and fabricate wearable biosensors for remote monitoring of metabolites and electrolytes in body fluids including tear, sweat, and saliva [3, 8, 9, 10]. A great example would be the development of small and reliable sensors that would allow continuous glucose monitoring in diabetic patients [11, 12]. Diabetes is a chronic disease that can significantly impact on quality of life and reduce life expectancy. However, diabetics can stay one step ahead of the disease by monitoring their blood glucose level to minimize the complication of the disease by proper administration of insulin. Currently, blood analysis is the gold standard method for measuring the level of glucose in patient’s blood. However, this technique cannot be applied without penetrating the skin, which can be painful and inconvenient, and requires user obedience. Therefore, current research focuses on the development of portable and wearable devices capable of continuous glucose sensing through noninvasive detection techniques.
\nA majority of the recent studies in this field have targeted the area of personalized medicine, endeavoring to develop miniaturized wearable devices featuring real-time glucose monitoring in diabetic patients [12, 13, 14, 15]. One great example is contact lens which is an ideal wearable device that can be worn for hours without any pain or discomfort [16]. Integration of glucose biosensors into contact lenses has recently been demonstrated by several research groups [9, 17, 18]. However, the level of glucose in tear fluid is very low (0.1–0.6 mM), requiring a high sensitivity of the sensor for picking up the signal from expected chemical reaction [3, 19]. Yao et al. [16] have fabricated a contact lens with integrated sensor for continuous tear glucose monitoring with wireless communication system over a distance of several centimeters. The sensor demonstrated a fast response of 20 s with a minimum detection of less than 0.01 mM glucose, which is 10–60 times lower than glucose level in human tear [16].
\nIn addition to glucose, lactate is an important metabolite in the human body, which gets converted into l-lactate under hypoxic condition [20]. l-Lactate levels in tear fluid is about 1–5 mmol L−1, which might increase significantly due to some heath conditions including ischemia, inadequate tissue oxygenation, stroke, and different types of cancer [21]. Thomas et al. [22] demonstrated an invasive detection of lactate in human tear by integrating an amperometric lactate sensor with Pt working (WE) and reference (RE) electrodes as well as a counter electrode (CE) as current drain, on a polymer-based contact lens, measuring lactate in situ in human tears without any need for physical sampling [22].
\nVery recently, Park et al. [17] reported a novel approach for fabricating fully transparent and stretchable smart contact lens capable of wirelessly monitoring the level of glucose in the tears of diabetic patients. Figure 1 shows the layout of fabricated devices made of glucose sensors, wireless circuit, and display pixel on soft and transparent contact lens substrate (Figure 1a and b). The circuit diagram of the device is illustrated in Figure 1a, with radio frequency antenna receiving signals from a transmitter and a rectifier converting the signals to DC (Figure 1a and c). A continuous network of ultralong Ag nanofibers was used as stretchable electrodes for the antenna and interconnects (Figure 1d). In the case of any change in the concentration of glucose in tear, the sensor resistance changes resulting in the light-emitting diode (LED) pixel turning on or off. The device was tested in vitro using a live rabbit, providing substantial finding for smart contact lenses as one of the promising wearable devices in healthcare system [17].
\n(a) (i) Schematic illustration and (ii) operation of the soft, smart contact lens and (iii) the circuit diagram of the smart contact lens system. The soft, smart contact lens is composed of (b) a hybrid substrate; (c) functional devices including rectifier, LED, and glucose sensor; and (d) a transparent, stretchable conductor for antenna and interconnects [
In addition to tear, sweat electrolyte concentrations and blood serum are related [2, 8]. As one of the most readily accessible human biofluids, a great deal of information about the human body and its physical performance could be obtained via monitoring sweat electrolyte concentrations [23, 24]. Several groups have reported the key biomarkers in human sweat (e.g., sodium level, pH change, lactate concentration) relevant to human health and well-being, for monitoring athletic performance during sporting activities [25]. Jia et al. fabricated a skin-worn tattoo-based sensor for real-time monitoring of lactate in human sweat, offering substantial benefits for biomedical as well as sport applications [25]. In another approach, Curto et al. [26] fabricated a wearable and flexible microfluidic platform capable of monitoring changes in the sweat pH in real time. Anastasova et al. [27] developed a flexible microfluidic device for real-time monitoring of metabolite such as lactate as well as electrolytes such as pH and sodium in human sweat. Recently, Gao et al. [28] developed a flexible and wearable device (Figure 2) made of arrays of sensors for real-time monitoring of heavy metals, such as Zn, Cu, and Hg in human sweat. The device fabrication method is presented in Figure 2a, showing the deposition and stripping steps on microelectrodes. The sensing mechanism was based on an electrochemical detection of targeted heavy metals through four microelectrodes, including Au and Bi working electrodes, Ag reference electrode, and an Au counter electrode (Figure 2b and c). The fabricated device demonstrated high stability and selectivity toward heavy metals, providing a great platform to advancing the field of wearable biosensors for healthcare application, via monitoring the level of some heavy metals in human sweat [28]. A balanced level of Zn is necessary in the human body as a low and high Zn concentration can lead to pneumonia and liver damages, respectively [29, 30]. High level of Cu in the human body can lead to several diseases including Wilson’s disease and heart, kidney, and liver failures as well as brain diseases [31, 32]. The fabricated device demonstrated high stability and selectivity toward heavy metals, providing a great platform to advancing the field of wearable biosensors for healthcare application [28].
\n(a) A schematic showing the concept of deposition and stripping on microelectrodes. (b) A schematic showing the composition of the microsensor array. (c) Optical image of a flexible sensor array interfacing with a flexible printed circuit connector [
Saliva, as a great diagnostic fluid, can be used in personal health devices for real-time monitoring of chemical markers including salivary lactate analysis [33]. Chai et al. developed a saliva nanosensor with a radio-frequency identification tag, integrated into dental implants for detecting cardiac biomarkers in saliva and predicting close heart attack in patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases [34]. In another approach, an instrumented mouthguard was designed and fabricated by Kim et al. [35] for measuring salivary uric acid levels which could be a biomarker for several diseases including hyperuricemia, gout, physical stress, and renal syndrome. The fabricated device showed high selectivity and sensitivity to low level of uric acid as well as great stability during a 4-h operation period [35]. Mannoor et al. [36] developed a hybrid biosensor made of graphene layers printed onto water-soluble silk, for noninvasive detection of bacteria through body fluids including sweat and saliva. This graphene/silk hybrid device illustrated an extremely high sensitivity to bacteria in body fluid with detection limits down to a single bacterium [36]. In addition, the fabricated device provided the potential users with battery-free operation and wireless communication system via radio frequency [36]. Arakawa et al. [37] designed and fabricated a salivary sensor equipped with a wireless measurement system, embedded onto a mouthguard support, featuring a high sensitivity toward detection of glucose over a range of 5–1000 μmol L−1. The device demonstrated a great stability during a 5-h real-time glucose monitoring period in an artificial saliva with a phantom jaw [37]. In a similar approach, de Castro et al. [38] developed a microfluidic paper-based device integrated into a mouthguard, for continues monitoring of glucose and nitrite in human saliva. The saliva samples were collected from periodontitis and/or diabetes patients as well as healthy individuals. The fabricated device featured a low detection limit of 27 and 7 μmol L−1 for glucose and nitrite, respectively [38].
\nIn summary, there is a great potential for micro- and nanosensors’ integration into healthcare monitoring devices, developing new technologies for noninvasive detection of diseases in the human body. Flexible wearable devices offer promising capabilities in real-time monitoring of body fluids including tear, sweat, and saliva. However, more research is required to expand the use of wearable platforms in continuous analysis of body fluids, providing reliable real-time detection of targeting ions and proteins, among other complex analytes.
\nThe type II secretion system (T2SS) shares many structural characteristics with the type IV pilus (T4P) and is conserved among Gram-negative bacteria for delivery of colonization and virulence factors in the extracellular milieu [4, 5]. In
The growth defect of mutants lacking essential components or regulators of the T2SS shows that it is a vital component for
The structural components [5] and secreted proteins [4] of the T2SS have recently been the object for reviews. Briefly, the T2SS assembles in 4 complexes; (i) the secretin, a pore located in the outer membrane, (ii) the inner membrane anchoring platform, (iii) the intracytoplasmic ATPase complex and (iv) the pseudopilus. Even though the exact sequence of biogenesis is still unknown, a general pathway of assembly has been suggested.
The targeted proteins with signal peptides are firstly translocated to the periplasm by Sec or Tat, where they are assembled to acquire a secretion competent conformation [12, 13]. Then, it has been proposed that they bind to the pseudopilin trimeric tip and to the inner membrane platform. This interaction activates the ATPase hydrolysis activity, thus the pseudopilus elongation by addition of pseudopilin subunits and leads to the thrust of the secreted protein through the secretin channel as a piston [5]. It has been proposed that the signals for T2SS transportation are dependent on the protein conformation on the N-terminal signal peptides, but they have not been clearly identified yet [14].
The T2SS apparatus is composed of a dozen types of proteins, which are encoded on the
In
In the aquatic environment, after binding to zooplankton, copepods and insect egg masses,
Besides chitin, collagen can also be used as carbon source by
After the ingestion,
A second important component of the mucinase complex is the neuramidase (VCNA - VC1784). The sialidase, or neuraminidase, is encoded on the pathogenicity island of every toxigenic
The CT (VC1456-57) is an AB5 toxin secreted by the T2SS in the intestinal lumen, which represents the main virulence factor of
Prior to GM1 binding, the CT must be processed by extracellular proteases to be activated. These proteases are therefore important for virulence and colonization. Besides their capacity to activate the toxin, they have a role in finding a substrate (modification of integrin) and nutrients, and in deactivating host defense mechanisms. Among the T2SS secreted proteins, 3 serine proteases with 30% homology between them have been identified, the
Other virulence factors secreted by the T2SS have been identified in
The cytolytic toxin cytolysin/hemolysin A (VCC or HlyA - VCA0219), is secreted by the T2SS [6]. All
Leucine aminopeptidase (Lap - VCA0812) and aminopeptidase (LapX - VCA0813) are other secreted proteases using T2SS [6]. Lap is a zinc dependant metallo-exopeptidase that cleaves leucin in N-terminal position, while the role of LapX remains unknown [61]. Both Lap and LapX have no role in virulence in a
Finally, several proteins involved in biofilm formation and dissemination are also secreted by the T2SS in
The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a versatile syringe-like apparatus with homology to the phage T4 and produced by more than 25% Gram-negative bacteria that, upon contact with a target cell, punctures its cell wall, allowing translocation of toxic effectors directly into the neighboring cells [64, 65]. The cellular targets of these effectors are multiple; peptidoglycan, actin, cellular membrane, nucleic acids and immune system components, for instance [66]. As the target cells release their DNA into the extracellular milieu upon lysis, another function of the T6SS is to capture the extracellular DNA (eDNA) in order to acquire new features such as antibiotic resistance factors and new effectors or immunity proteins [67]. Bacteria use this device as a competition effector to take over the environmental niche and a single bacterium can possess as much as 6 different types of T6SS [65]. In
The T6SS is anchored in the cell membrane and contains 4 distinct domains; (i) the membrane complex, (ii) the baseplate, (iii) the contractile sheath and (iv) the syringe. The current knowledge on the structure of the T6SS have been reviewed elsewhere [64].
Valine glycine rich proteins G 1, 2 and 3 (VgrG1-3) and a single proline-alanine-alanine-arginine repeated motif protein (PAAR) form the tip of the syringe [69]. There are multiple PAAR proteins in
In
The complexity of the apparatus and its organization require a fine regulation to insure its efficiency and recycling. The transcriptional regulation of the T6SS in
As mentioned before, the T6SS apparatus carries toxic effectors directly into the target bacterial or eukaryotic cells. A single contraction event allows the translocation of many of these effectors at the same time into the target cell [69]. The cellular targets for these effectors are multiple; they go from peptidoglycan to cellular membrane, actin and nucleic acids [64]. To protect themselves against the toxic effectors they produce, bacterial cells express immunity proteins, which brings the notion of strains compatibility (for more information see: [81]). The secreted effectors and structure components can be reused by recipient cells to form a new T6SS [82].
Hcp is one of the proteins transported by the T6SS into the target cell, in addition to be part of its structure by forming the inner tube and serving as a chaperone to the effector molecules [83]. Hcp is encoded by two different yet functional genes (VC1415; VCA0017) producing the same protein [68, 84]. Both genes must be knocked out to suppress the T6SS activity [68]. Hcp is co-expressed with HlyA, and its secretion was observed before the discovery of the T6SS [84].
Similarly to Hcp, the VgrG proteins (VC1416; VCA0018; VCA0123) are part of the T6SS structure and are secreted into the target cell upon contraction of the T6SS [68, 85]. VgrG-1 has an actin cross-linking activity in eukaryotic cells, thus preventing cytoskeleton reorganization and phagocytosis [86]. VgrG-2 is homologous to VgrG-1, but without a functional C-terminal effector domain [85]. Both appear to be essential for secretion of other T6SS components as a mutational inactivation of one of these gene makes the mutant unable to secrete any T6SS-dependant effectors [85]. Since its toxicity is exclusive to eukaryotic cells, no immunity coupled protein is required against VgrG-1. The VgrG-3 protein is known to be active against other bacteria by hydrolyzing peptidoglycan with its lysozyme-like domain, after a translocation to the periplasm [85, 87]. It might also have a muramidase activity, which could be useful in its aquatic niche to gain access to chitin or in infection to cross mucin [88]. TsiV3 (VCA0124) acts as the antitoxin for VgrG-3 by biding to it and prevents the degradation of the cell wall in the predator bacteria [87]. Thus, VgrG-3 might be important for infection by killing gut microbiota and by hydrolysing mucin.
The PAAR proteins (VCA0284; VCA0105), along with VgrGs, form the tip of the syringe of T6SS, bind the effectors and are therefore essential for T6SS effectors’ secretion. There are two proteins with a PAAR domain in
The cargo effector VasX (VCA0020) acts as a colicin and targets the inner bacterial membrane or eukaryotic membrane in which it is believed to form pores, increase permeability and lead to its disruption [89]. It is encoded downstream of Hcp-2 and VgrG-2 and is regulated by VasH [89]. Its immunity coupled protein is TsiV2 (VCA0021) [88]. The VasW (VCA0019) protein encoded right upstream VasX is an adaptor protein that plays a role in secretion of VasX and an accessory role to VasX bactericidal activity [90].
The type six effector Lipase (TseL - VC1418) is another cargo effector and its secretion depends on the presence of VgrG-3. It carries a phospholipase domain that is believed to cause damage to cell membranes in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells [88, 91]. Its immunity coupled protein is TsiV1 (VC1419).
The type six effector Hydrolase (TseH - VCA0285) is encoded next to the PAAR protein and its secretion is dependant of the T6SS [92]. It has been shown that TseH is able to degrade peptidoglycan, a main component of the bacterial cell wall, by hydrolysis and would therefore make it an important effector as for interbacterial competition. Its immunity coupled protein is the type six immunity hydrolase (TsiH - VCA0286), which prevents cell wall degradation.
Recently, another lipase, the Type VI lipase effector
It is most likely that, as genome analysis of more
The type I secretion system (T1SS) is used by Gram-negative bacteria to secrete, in a one-step process using ATP, proteins directly into the extracellular milieu.
The most studied T1SS is the hemolysin A associated T1SS (HlyA-T1SS) from
The secreted proteins carry a C-terminal secretion signal sensed by the inner membrane proteins upon binding [95]. The porin TolC is then recruited to the complex, and the proteins pass through the HlyB and HlyD channel. The binding of TolC to the inner membrane complex allows its opening and the secretion of the protein to the extracellular milieu, whereafter TolC leaves the complex [94]. As the inner membrane proteins bind to specific substrates, the TolC can be used by multiple T1SS within a cell [96]. The secreted proteins have a functional domain in N-terminal and are secreted shortly after their translation in their unfolded state. In
The
The repeat in toxin (RTX) proteins are a class of proteins exclusively secreted by the T1SS [99]. They include the HlyA of
One T1SS has been described in
Three other T1SS could be found in
The Type III secretion system (T3SS) is a multicomponent device translocating various effectors directly into the neighbouring eukaryotic host cells and is found in many
The T3SS is a multicomponent apparatus spawning both bacterial membranes. While the effectors’ secretion through T3SS is Sec independent, the translocation of the membrane components of the injectosome requires it [113]. The T3SS uses ATP for the active translocation of the effectors through both bacterial membranes directly into host cell cytoplasm. The T3SS consists of an injectosome with structural and genetic homology to the flagellum and a molecular syringe, the structure has been reviewed elsewhere [113]. In brief, the syringe connects the membrane complex to the host cell cytoplasm. It is composed of (i) a basal needle, (ii) a tip and, at its end, (iii) a translocation pore. The membrane complex is composed of an assembly of concentric rings creating a channel through both bacterial membranes. It includes an outer membrane ring connected, in the periplasm, to the inner membrane ring, in addition to a cytoplasmic portion, made of a cytoplasmic ring and an ATPase complex. The exact T3SS assembly in
While some
The presence of T3SS in non O1/O139 strains leads to intestinal epithelium damages, such as alteration of the brush border and disruption, as seen in the infant rabbit model of infection [112]. It is the result of the translocation of many effectors into the eukaryotic host cytoplasm by the T3SS. In
A total of 11 proteins that use the T3SS for their secretion have been identified by using a FRET technique to visualize the translocation of proteins in HeLa cells, including an effector specific to
Another of the secreted effectors is VopE (A33_1662) [121]. VopE is translocated to the mitochondria after its secretion by the T3SS, where it acts as a GTPase-activating protein. Its presence in the mitochondria intervenes with the normal process of Rho GTPases Miro1 and 2, thus with the immune response using mitochondrial signalisation pathways [121, 122]. Along with VopF, VopE would lead to the loosening of the tight junctions, a primordial structure of the intestinal epithelium [119]. VopM (A33_1684) is another effector secreted by the T3SS that leads to actin stress fibers formation and brush border effacement [110].
Other effectors have been identified, but their function remains unclear, such as VopZ (A33_1704), VopW (A33_1690), VopA (A33_1680), VopG (A33_1697), VopI (A33_1687), VopY (A33_1700), VopH (A33_1678) and VopK (A33_1699) [110, 114]. VopW is known as a hydrophilic translocator that would both have structural and effector roles [114]. Despite the lack of information, a study on multiple effectors brought some light on their potential role in infection [110]. It stated that VopA, VopM, VopW and VopH seemed to be required for intestinal colonization in infant mouse model of infection, as mutants of these effectors where not recovered from infected animals. VopA could also have a role in adhesion to the intestinal cells in the early stages of infection. Along with VopH, VopI and VopW, VopA could be part of the structural apparatus as it is essential for other effectors secretion.
Three T4Ps can be found at the surface of
The pandemic virulence potential of
MSHA is produced by O1 El Tor and O139 strains, but not by the O1 classical strains, and is important for adhesion to chitinous surface and biofilm formation, although it does not seem to play a role in virulence nor colonization in humans [27, 31, 126, 128]. Its filament is composed of the single major pilin MshA [129]. The dynamic of retraction/polymerization of the MSHA is controlled by c-di-GMP [129].
The third T4P identified in
The cholix toxin (ChxA) is a eukaryotic elongation factor-2 specific ADP-rybosyl transferase that induces cell death [133]. ChxA is produced by many
Accessory cholera enterotoxin (Ace - VC1459) and zonula occludens toxin (Zot - VC1458) are accessory toxins that are both encoded near the CT genes on the CTXφ phage [136, 137]. Zot leads to the disruption of the tight junctions between intestinal epithelial cells, an important structure in the intestinal permeability [138, 139]. It is translocated and anchored in the outer membrane and has two functional domains. The N-terminal domain is important for CTXφ phage’s morphogenesis and the C-terminal domain is cleaved by proteases. Once released into the intestinal lumen, the C-terminal domain acts as a toxin [139, 140]. Thus, Zot does not employ a conventional secretion system for its release into the extracellular milieu. Regarding Ace, it leads to fluid secretion in rabbit ileal loop model by unbalancing calcium secretion and the secretion mechanism has not been determined yet [138].
Most bacteria, including Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, release MV, also known as the type 0 secretion system [141]. Different types of MV can be produced including the outer membrane vesicles (OMV), the outer-inner membrane vesicles (OIMV), the cytoplasmic membrane vesicles (CMV) and the tube-shaped membranous structures (TSMS). The different types of MV differ in their composition and their biogenesis mechanisms, which will not be presented here since they have already been reviewed elsewhere [142].
A role for the MV in antimicrobial peptides (AMP) resistance has been reported in several Gram-negative bacteria including
Besides AMP, MV are also involved in serum resistance in
A role of the MV in resistance to bacteriophages has also been demonstrated in
A significant part of antimicrobial resistance is associated with the biofilm lifestyle of bacteria. The bacteria growing in a biofilm are up to 1000 times more resistant to antimicrobials and disinfectants than their planktonic counterparts [155]. It has been demonstrated that MV are involved in the formation of biofilms in several Gram-negative bacteria [156]. In
The MV can also carry virulence factors including the CT, the major virulence factor of
Besides the CT, other biologically active virulence factors can also be transported to the host cells through MV. It is the case for HA/P and VesC [160], PrtV metalloprotease [56] and the VCC [161]. Therefore, the MV of
Most of the bacteria, including pathogens, form biofilm to survive and persist in different environments. Biofilms are organized bacterial communities attached to a surface and producing a matrix.
Planktonic
Additionally, FrhA (hemagglutinin) and CraA (adhesin) secreted through the T1SS are involved in adhesion and biofilm formation (see T1SS section). The expression of both
Once attached,
Shortly after VPS secretion has been initiated, the sequential secretion of the 3 major biofilm matrix proteins through the T2SS occurs. The first matrix protein to be secreted is RbmA, followed by Bap1 and RbmC [176]. More specifically, RmbC has a role in maintaining and stabilizing the biofilm [177]. A study using mutants lacking RbmC and its homolog Bap1 showed a change of colonial morphology and the loss of biofilm formation capacity [177, 178]. On the other hand, RbmA controls the structure of the biofilm [9, 179].
Growth of the biofilm is ensured by two different processes: (i) the bacteria inside the matrix are dividing inside an envelope formed by the VPS, RbmC and Bap1 [176] and (ii) new bacteria are recruited inside the biofilm. This recruitment requires the cleavage of the N-terminal domain of RbmA by PrtV. Once cleaved, RbmA can bind bacterial cells that are not producing VPS (planktonic) and recruits them into the biofilm [180]. Since MV have been observed in the biofilm matrix and PrtV can be associated to the surface of the MV, it is possible that MV play an important role in biofilm maturation in
Besides VPS, proteins and MV, a significant amount of eDNA is entrapped in the biofilm matrix. The roles of eDNA in bacterial physiology have been reviewed elsewhere and include nutrient source, horizontal gene transfer and adherence [183]. Recently, a role in the tridimensional matrix structure of the biofilm in
Biofilm dispersal is a complex process by which bacteria actively succeed to evade biofilm matrix [186]. Conversely to adhesion and biofilm maturation, little is known about the dispersion process of
Over the last decades, numerous studies have focused on the secreted molecules and secretion systems used by
The recent characterization of the MakA toxin secretion through the fT3SS [168] and the numerous studies on the T6SS since its discovery 15 years ago [68] clearly demonstrate that there is still work to do on the secretome and secretion systems in
The regulation of the secretion systems and their cargo molecules is a complex process. It involves numerous regulators that can be activated or repressed depending on the detection of specific intracellular and extracellular signals. So far, most of the studies aiming to decipher the regulation pathways have been performed under laboratory conditions. The featuring of conditions that characterize the intestinal environment before and during diarrhea, including the peristaltic movement, anaerobia, the presence of the microbiota, water efflux and high osmolarity, is likely to modify
This work was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC http://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/index_eng.asp) Discovery grant number RGPIN-2017-05322. AMD received financial support from the Fonds de recherche du Québec en Santé, doctoral training scholarship #290352.
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He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:7,paginationItems:[{id:"11667",title:"Marine Pollution - Recent Developments",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11667.jpg",hash:"e524cd97843b075a724e151256773631",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"April 20th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"318562",title:"Dr.",name:"Monique",surname:"Mancuso",slug:"monique-mancuso",fullName:"Monique Mancuso"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11664",title:"Recent Advances in Sensing Technologies for Environmental Control and Monitoring",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11664.jpg",hash:"cf1ee76443e393bc7597723c3ee3e26f",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 4th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"24687",title:"Dr.",name:"Toonika",surname:"Rinken",slug:"toonika-rinken",fullName:"Toonika Rinken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11662",title:"Limnology - The Importance of Monitoring and Correlations of Lentic and Lotic Waters",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11662.jpg",hash:"f1043cf6b1daae7a7b527e1d162ca4a8",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"315689",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmine",surname:"Massarelli",slug:"carmine-massarelli",fullName:"Carmine Massarelli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"10845",title:"Marine Ecosystems - Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services and Human Impacts",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10845.jpg",hash:"727e7eb3d4ba529ec5eb4f150e078523",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 12th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"320124",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana M.M.",surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-m.m.-goncalves",fullName:"Ana M.M. 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He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNVJQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-07T13:23:04.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. His research interests include biochemistry, oxidative stress, reactive species, antioxidants, lipid peroxidation, inflammation, reproductive hormones, phenolic compounds, female infertility.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/15648_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is currently working as Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow for the last 6 years. He has completed his Doctor in Philosophy (Pharmacology) in 2020 from Integral University, Lucknow. He completed his Bachelor in Pharmacy in 2013 and Master in Pharmacy (Pharmacology) in 2015 from Integral University, Lucknow. He is the gold medalist in Bachelor and Master degree. He qualified GPAT -2013, GPAT -2014, and GPAT 2015. His area of research is Pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/ natural products in liver and cardiac diseases. He has guided many M. Pharm. research projects. He has many national and international publications.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null},{id:"255360",title:"Dr.",name:"Usama",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"usama-ahmad",fullName:"Usama Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255360/images/system/255360.png",biography:"Dr. Usama Ahmad holds a specialization in Pharmaceutics from Amity University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Integral University. Currently, he’s working as an Assistant Professor of Pharmaceutics in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University. From 2013 to 2014 he worked on a research project funded by SERB-DST, Government of India. He has a rich publication record with more than 32 original articles published in reputed journals, 3 edited books, 5 book chapters, and a number of scientific articles published in ‘Ingredients South Asia Magazine’ and ‘QualPharma Magazine’. He is a member of the American Association for Cancer Research, International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and the British Society for Nanomedicine. Dr. Ahmad’s research focus is on the development of nanoformulations to facilitate the delivery of drugs that aim to provide practical solutions to current healthcare problems.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"30568",title:"Prof.",name:"Madhu",middleName:null,surname:"Khullar",slug:"madhu-khullar",fullName:"Madhu Khullar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/30568/images/system/30568.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madhu Khullar is a Professor of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology at the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. She completed her Post Doctorate in hypertension research at the Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA in 1985. She is an editor and reviewer of several international journals, and a fellow and member of several cardiovascular research societies. Dr. Khullar has a keen research interest in genetics of hypertension, and is currently studying pharmacogenetics of hypertension.",institutionString:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",institution:{name:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",biography:"Xianquan Zhan received his MD and Ph.D. in Preventive Medicine at West China University of Medical Sciences. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics at the Central South University, China, and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), USA. He worked at UTHSC and the Cleveland Clinic in 2001–2012 and achieved the rank of associate professor at UTHSC. Currently, he is a full professor at Central South University and Shandong First Medical University, and an advisor to MS/PhD students and postdoctoral fellows. He is also a fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine and European Association for Predictive Preventive Personalized Medicine (EPMA), a national representative of EPMA, and a member of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences (AAAS). He is also the editor in chief of International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, an associate editor of EPMA Journal, Frontiers in Endocrinology, and BMC Medical Genomics, and a guest editor of Mass Spectrometry Reviews, Frontiers in Endocrinology, EPMA Journal, and Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. He has published more than 148 articles, 28 book chapters, 6 books, and 2 US patents in the field of clinical proteomics and biomarkers.",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"297507",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:"Elias",surname:"Assmann",slug:"charles-assmann",fullName:"Charles Assmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/297507/images/system/297507.jpg",biography:"Charles Elias Assmann is a biologist from Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM, Brazil), who spent some time abroad at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU, Germany). He has Masters Degree in Biochemistry (UFSM), and is currently a PhD student at Biochemistry at the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the UFSM. His areas of expertise include: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Enzymology, Genetics and Toxicology. He is currently working on the following subjects: Aluminium toxicity, Neuroinflammation, Oxidative stress and Purinergic system. Since 2011 he has presented more than 80 abstracts in scientific proceedings of national and international meetings. Since 2014, he has published more than 20 peer reviewed papers (including 4 reviews, 3 in Portuguese) and 2 book chapters. He has also been a reviewer of international journals and ad hoc reviewer of scientific committees from Brazilian Universities.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"217850",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarete Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Bagatini",slug:"margarete-dulce-bagatini",fullName:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217850/images/system/217850.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Margarete Dulce Bagatini is an associate professor at the Federal University of Fronteira Sul/Brazil. She has a degree in Pharmacy and a PhD in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry. She is a member of the UFFS Research Advisory Committee\nand a member of the Biovitta Research Institute. She is currently:\nthe leader of the research group: Biological and Clinical Studies\nin Human Pathologies, professor of postgraduate program in\nBiochemistry at UFSC and postgraduate program in Science and Food Technology at\nUFFS. She has experience in the area of pharmacy and clinical analysis, acting mainly\non the following topics: oxidative stress, the purinergic system and human pathologies, being a reviewer of several international journals and books.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"226275",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Metin",middleName:null,surname:"Budak",slug:"metin-budak",fullName:"Metin Budak",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226275/images/system/226275.jfif",biography:"Metin Budak, MSc, PhD is an Assistant Professor at Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine. He has been Head of the Molecular Research Lab at Prof. Mirko Tos Ear and Hearing Research Center since 2018. His specializations are biophysics, epigenetics, genetics, and methylation mechanisms. He has published around 25 peer-reviewed papers, 2 book chapters, and 28 abstracts. He is a member of the Clinical Research Ethics Committee and Quantification and Consideration Committee of Medicine Faculty. His research area is the role of methylation during gene transcription, chromatin packages DNA within the cell and DNA repair, replication, recombination, and gene transcription. His research focuses on how the cell overcomes chromatin structure and methylation to allow access to the underlying DNA and enable normal cellular function.",institutionString:"Trakya University",institution:{name:"Trakya University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",slug:"anca-pantea-stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",biography:"Anca Pantea Stoian is a specialist in diabetes, nutrition, and metabolic diseases as well as health food hygiene. She also has competency in general ultrasonography.\n\nShe is an associate professor in the Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania. She has been chief of the Hygiene Department, Faculty of Dentistry, at the same university since 2019. Her interests include micro and macrovascular complications in diabetes and new therapies. Her research activities focus on nutritional intervention in chronic pathology, as well as cardio-renal-metabolic risk assessment, and diabetes in cancer. She is currently engaged in developing new therapies and technological tools for screening, prevention, and patient education in diabetes. \n\nShe is a member of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, Cardiometabolic Academy, CEDA, Romanian Society of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Romanian Diabetes Federation, and Association for Renal Metabolic and Nutrition studies. She has authored or co-authored 160 papers in national and international peer-reviewed journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"279792",title:"Dr.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Cotas",slug:"joao-cotas",fullName:"João Cotas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279792/images/system/279792.jpg",biography:"Graduate and master in Biology from the University of Coimbra.\n\nI am a research fellow at the Macroalgae Laboratory Unit, in the MARE-UC – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre of the University of Coimbra. My principal function is the collection, extraction and purification of macroalgae compounds, chemical and bioactive characterization of the compounds and algae extracts and development of new methodologies in marine biotechnology area. \nI am associated in two projects: one consists on discovery of natural compounds for oncobiology. The other project is the about the natural compounds/products for agricultural area.\n\nPublications:\nCotas, J.; Figueirinha, A.; Pereira, L.; Batista, T. 2018. An analysis of the effects of salinity on Fucus ceranoides (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae), in the Mondego River (Portugal). Journal of Oceanology and Limnology. in press. DOI: 10.1007/s00343-019-8111-3",institutionString:"Faculty of Sciences and Technology of University of Coimbra",institution:null},{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279788/images/system/279788.jpg",biography:"Leonel Pereira has an undergraduate degree in Biology, a Ph.D. in Biology (specialty in Cell Biology), and a Habilitation degree in Biosciences (specialization in Biotechnology) from the Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Portugal, where he is currently a professor. In addition to teaching at this university, he is an integrated researcher at the Marine and Environmental Sciences Center (MARE), Portugal. His interests include marine biodiversity (algae), marine biotechnology (algae bioactive compounds), and marine ecology (environmental assessment). Since 2008, he has been the author and editor of the electronic publication MACOI – Portuguese Seaweeds Website (www.seaweeds.uc.pt). He is also a member of the editorial boards of several scientific journals. Dr. Pereira has edited or authored more than 20 books, 100 journal articles, and 45 book chapters. He has given more than 100 lectures and oral communications at various national and international scientific events. He is the coordinator of several national and international research projects. In 1998, he received the Francisco de Holanda Award (Honorable Mention) and, more recently, the Mar Rei D. Carlos award (18th edition). He is also a winner of the 2016 CHOICE Award for an outstanding academic title for his book Edible Seaweeds of the World. In 2020, Dr. Pereira received an Honorable Mention for the Impact of International Publications from the Web of Science",institutionString:"University of Coimbra",institution:{name:"University of Coimbra",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"61946",title:"Dr.",name:"Carol",middleName:null,surname:"Bernstein",slug:"carol-bernstein",fullName:"Carol Bernstein",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61946/images/system/61946.jpg",biography:"Carol Bernstein received her PhD in Genetics from the University of California (Davis). She was a faculty member at the University of Arizona College of Medicine for 43 years, retiring in 2011. Her research interests focus on DNA damage and its underlying role in sex, aging and in the early steps of initiation and progression to cancer. In her research, she had used organisms including bacteriophage T4, Neurospora crassa, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and mice, as well as human cells and tissues. She authored or co-authored more than 140 scientific publications, including articles in major peer reviewed journals, book chapters, invited reviews and one book.",institutionString:"University of Arizona",institution:{name:"University of Arizona",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"182258",title:"Dr.",name:"Ademar",middleName:"Pereira",surname:"Serra",slug:"ademar-serra",fullName:"Ademar Serra",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/182258/images/system/182258.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serra studied Agronomy on Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) (2005). He received master degree in Agronomy, Crop Science (Soil fertility and plant nutrition) (2007) by Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD), and PhD in agronomy (Soil fertility and plant nutrition) (2011) from Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados / Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (UFGD/ESALQ-USP). Dr. Serra is currently working at Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA). His research focus is on mineral nutrition of plants, crop science and soil science. 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The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. 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