\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6717",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Oral Microbiology in Periodontitis",title:"Oral Microbiology in Periodontitis",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book will serve as a brief yet exhaustive guide to the role of oral microbes in health and disease. It will be useful to dental and medical students and to microbiologists.",isbn:"978-1-78923-475-6",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-474-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-669-8",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72261",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"oral-microbiology-in-periodontitis",numberOfPages:102,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"746619365268c3b5cf92bafea23a6bfa",bookSignature:"Sonia Bhonchal Bhardwaj",publishedDate:"August 1st 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6717.jpg",numberOfDownloads:7565,numberOfWosCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitations:7,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:11,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:22,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 14th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 5th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 3rd 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 24th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 23rd 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"178566",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia Bhonchal",middleName:null,surname:"Bhardwaj",slug:"sonia-bhonchal-bhardwaj",fullName:"Sonia Bhonchal Bhardwaj",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178566/images/system/178566.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Sonia Bhonchal Bhardwaj, Ph.D., is a senior assistant professor at the Department of Microbiology, Dr. Harvansh Singh Judge Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. She has published several international publications in reputed journals as well as books, book chapters, and congress proceedings.\nDr. Bhardwaj has received grants from the Department of Science and Technology (India) and has worked on biofilm formation in Enterococcus faecalis in periodontitis, Streptococcus mutans, and phage therapy. She is a member of the Indian Association of Medical Microbiology (IAMM), Gastrointestinal Infection Society of India (GISI), Association of Microbiologists of India (AMI), and Society for Bacteriophage Therapy (SBRT).",institutionString:"Panjab University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Panjab University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1000",title:"Periodontology",slug:"periodontology"}],chapters:[{id:"62319",title:"Introductory Chapter: Oral Flora and Oral Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79363",slug:"introductory-chapter-oral-flora-and-oral-diseases",totalDownloads:846,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Sonia Bhonchal Bhardwaj",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62319",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62319",authors:[{id:"178566",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia Bhonchal",surname:"Bhardwaj",slug:"sonia-bhonchal-bhardwaj",fullName:"Sonia Bhonchal Bhardwaj"}],corrections:null},{id:"60570",title:"Influence of the Oral Microbiome on General Health",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76213",slug:"influence-of-the-oral-microbiome-on-general-health",totalDownloads:933,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The prevalence of edentulism is common worldwide. While improvements in access to healthcare and dental care are reducing the prevalence rate of edentulism, the rapidly growing number of elderly as a percent of the global population will sustain a need for denture therapy for the foreseeable future. While denture use has positive impacts on the quality of life, their use is associated with some problems and risks. Denture stomatitis, a chronic infection-related inflammatory disorder of the oral mucosa, is extremely common and has been reported to occur in up to two-thirds of denture wearers. Importantly, epidemiology studies have shown edentulism and denture wearing, while not proven as causative factors, to be associated with significant increases in risk for serious systemic diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and arthritic disorders. A common linkage across these diseases is an association between increased risk for the disease and chronic inflammation. The nature of surface properties and porosity of denture materials contributes to the attachment of microorganisms and the establishment and growth of the adherent biofilm. Hence, proper denture cleansing is critical in maintaining oral hygiene and general health and perhaps to reduce the risk factors for systemic disease.",signatures:"Zvi G. Loewy, Shoshana Galbut, Ephraim Loewy and David A. Felton",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60570",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60570",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"60779",title:"Anaerobic Bacteria Associated with Periodontitis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76352",slug:"anaerobic-bacteria-associated-with-periodontitis",totalDownloads:1677,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Oral bacteria are highly associated with oral diseases, and periodontitis is a strongly prevalent disease, presenting a substantial economical burden. Furthermore, there is a strong association between periodontal bacteria and other diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis, or diabetes, so it becomes clear that efficient periodontal cure would be of good medical benefit to general health. Periodontally, Healthy loci show a low number of bacteria which are cultivable by individual sulcus, 102–103 microorganisms with almost Gram-positive microbiota, including Streptococcus and Actinomyces species. In gingivitis, it is characterized by an increased bacterial number, 104–105 microorganisms by periodontal sulcus, besides an increased diffusion of Gram negative bacteria (15–50%).The increased number of oral bacteria could be associated with the decreased role of the innate and adaptive immunity; so, this chapter will focus on the most prevalent bacteria associated with the oral disease on the one hand and the role of innate immunity and adaptive immunity (Interleukin 1 Beta Il-1β and Tumor necrosis factor-alpha TNF-α) in oral diseases on the other hand.",signatures:"Ahmed Zuhair Jasim Alwaeli",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60779",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60779",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"61071",title:"Oral Microbiology in Periodontal Health and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75709",slug:"oral-microbiology-in-periodontal-health-and-disease",totalDownloads:2071,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Oral microbial community is one of the most complex bacterial florae associated with human body. Up to now, more than 700 different bacterial species have been identified from human oral cavity. Oral bacteria form communities on distinctly different surfaces, such as hard enamel and cementum, as well as on soft epithelial cells. These communities are biofilms, which are characterized by their species composition, their surface or substratum composition, and the conditioning films coating the surfaces on which they form. The composition of the resident oral microflora shows local variations in composition on distinct surfaces (e.g., tongue, cheek, teeth) due to differences in key environmental conditions. Many studies have found that certain microbial flora may be compatible with a state of periodontal health and variations in oral flora is associated with varying degrees of periodontal disease. Information about the composition and the assembly processes of oral microbiota could be used to develop effective strategy and monitoring protocols for periodontal therapy.",signatures:"Nada Tawfig Hashim",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61071",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61071",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"60051",title:"Discriminating Life Forms in Oral Biofilms",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75746",slug:"discriminating-life-forms-in-oral-biofilms",totalDownloads:1148,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The bacteria colonizing the hard and soft tissues of the oral cavity are known to significantly influence oral health and disease. Recent studies of subgingival dental plaque, based on different identification methods, provide direct evidence of substantial diversity of plaque microbiota. Till date only about 280 bacterial species have been isolated by cultivable methods, characterized and formally named out of this enormous microbial diversity of oral biofilms. As a consequence, there is a complete lack of information about the properties of a substantial proportion of the plaque microbiota, apart from their position in the taxonomic hierarchy of bacteria. This limited knowledge about the behavior and properties, combined with recognition of the considerable diversity that exists within individual species, raises serious questions to the foundations on which previous conclusions, concerning the etiology of periodontal diseases, rest. The emerging realization is it is impossible to fully understand oral health and disease without identifying and understanding the pathogenic potential of all of the bacteria that colonize the oral cavity. The current chapter shall provide an update on current status of oral microbiota, ecological significance of their biofilm life style and various methods to study microbes residing in oral biofilms.",signatures:"Vishakha Grover and Anoop Kapoor",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60051",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60051",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"61997",title:"Trojans in Oral Environments: Evidence of Molecular Mimicry in Oral Immunity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75747",slug:"trojans-in-oral-environments-evidence-of-molecular-mimicry-in-oral-immunity",totalDownloads:891,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Oral microbiome possesses more than 1000 microbial species that co-exist with human oral cavity. However, when there is an imbalance in microbial ecosystem, infection and inflammation occurs. Chronic inflammation produces constant antigen-cell presentation and reactivity T and B cell results in an adaptive immune response with high specificity cell-cell and antibody response producing an autoimmune disease by molecular mimicry. In this chapter, using just BLAST, shows self-epitopes (autoantigens) from different autoimmune diseases such as Systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren’s syndrome, neuromyelitis optica, Stiff-Person syndrome, autoimmune diabetes, autoimmune thyroiditis, myasthenia gravis, autoimmune gastritis, autoimmune hepatitis, myositis and rheumatoid arthritis that possess similarities with microbial epitopes belonging to oral microbiome acting has a computer trojan occult in a software package.",signatures:"Gustavo Obando-Pereda",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61997",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61997",authors:[null],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10221",title:"Bacteriophages in Therapeutics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"96b799aada07c6e98864f2d8e5780bac",slug:"bacteriophages-in-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Sonia Bhonchal Bhardwaj",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10221.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178566",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia Bhonchal",surname:"Bhardwaj",slug:"sonia-bhonchal-bhardwaj",fullName:"Sonia Bhonchal Bhardwaj"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"352",title:"Gingival Diseases",subtitle:"Their Aetiology, Prevention and Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"012b0c5861d2250ac8aeaf385b2e1efe",slug:"gingival-diseases-their-aetiology-prevention-and-treatment",bookSignature:"Fotinos S. 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According to the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are characterized by social communication impairment and repetitive restricted behaviors. Autism is the commonest neurodevelopmental disorder in the scope of ASD. The social impairment affects both verbal and nonverbal communication [1].
\nThere is lack of social attention and attention shifting in the autistic children in parallel with lack of development of joint attention skills [2]. The affected children display emotional reactions that do not associate with the surrounding events. They show negative emotions more frequently than positive emotions, without justifiable cause for inducing either response. Their play patterns are solitary, and they do not develop typical interactive social play with other children [3].
\nAbnormality in face perception is a core feature in autism. Face processing includes unchangeable facial features as those relating to gender and identity and changeable facial features such as emotional expression and gaze direction. Autistic children ignore looking at faces of others and are unable to understand facial expressions. Fixation time on the eye area of the face is reduced in ASD individuals. Opposite to what occurs in typically developing individuals, processing of gaze direction in autism experimentally produced more activation in fusiform gyrus for averted than for direct look. This was termed “covert attention,” as autistic individuals are visually attentive and perceptive, but in an atypical manner.
\nDuring recognition of neutral faces, the autistic children exhibit a reduced activation of fusiform gyrus, superior temporal sulcus, amygdala, and occipital lobes, the primary areas for face recognition. In spite of this fact, autistic children showed typical activation when looking at familiar faces like that of a mother. Inferior temporal, middle, and inferior frontal gyri are also involved in face processing. It is important to note that reduced connectivity in brain networks between areas of face processing emerged as a holistic approach to explain the atypical face perception in autistic children [4].
\nThe social processing involves social cognition and social motivation. Social cognition involves processes like attention, memory, and theory of mind, by which the person infers the internal state of others. Social motivation resembles directing attention to socially relevant stimuli and enjoying social activities. Both activities depend on the function of face processing. So it is related to the areas of face processing in addition to striatum (social interaction) and orbitofrontal cortex (social motivation) [5]. Impaired connectivity in social executive functions is present in ASD children [6].
\nAutistic individuals resist change in their daily routine or the familiar surroundings. They do not explore while playing, and the toys are manipulated with little creativity or symbolic function. They are cognitively inflexible, as they may be preoccupied with parts of objects, or attached to unusual objects or movements, as watching the rotatory activity of fans. They could show stereotypic repetitive behavior that may be injurious to self or others. They tend to have a repetitive sensory motor behavior, insistence on sameness, and sometimes self-injurious acts [7].
\nAutism has a strong complex genetic basis. Abnormalities in gene expression affect the molecular, synaptic, cellular, and brain network levels. There is variability in results of brain imaging studies [magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)] in autism, which report structural cerebral changes and functional connectivity disruptions. Alterations in overall gray and white matter volume and in regional lobes and gyri were witnessed.
\nEarly brain overgrowth, especially in an early age of 2–3 years old toddlers remains, however, one of the most replicated findings. Compared with typically developing children, global gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) volumes were significantly increased and also right superior temporal gyrus regional GM and WM volumes. Higher fractional anisotropy value was also observed in the corpus callosum, posterior cingulate cortex, and limbic lobes of autistic children [8]. The converging findings of structural and white matter abnormalities in autism suggest that alterations in neural anatomy of different brain regions may be involved in the associated behavioral and cognitive deficits in this disorder.
\nNevertheless, recent neural models of autism spectrum disorders have moved the focus from a lesion model to connectivity disorder model. Aberrant conductivity between different brain regions in autism is currently the most frequently addressed neurodevelopmental model. Minshew and Williams [9] have implicated intra-hemispheric connectivity to be mainly involved in the disorder. Vissers et al. [10] have studied functional and structural brain connectivity in individuals with high functioning individuals with ASD. They supported the findings that long-range cortico-cortical functional and structural pathways displayed weaker connectivity in people with ASD than in controls, but with less evidence for local overconnectivity. Other researchers have supported a local overconnectivity and long-range underconnectivity pattern of brain functioning in autism through the use of high-resolution electroencephalography (EEG) [11]. Cortical underconnectivity between brain regions, especially the frontal cortex and more posterior areas, is relatively well established in autism. This supports the view that there is weaker coordination between different parts of the brain that should be working together to accomplish complex social and language tasks. This is opposite to what is occurring during normal development [12].
\nIn this cerebral connectivity disorder of autism, the cerebellum has also been strongly implicated. Although the role of cerebellum as error detector and coordinator of movement and balance was the typical portrait of cerebellar function, yet recognition of nonmotor functions of the cerebellum has recently come into view. While some parts of the cerebellum are predominantly connected to sensorimotor cortex, other connections project to cognitive and affective regions and comprise a large fraction of cerebellar connectivity [13]. Impairment of these connections was also reported in autism.
\nAs a model for aberrant conductivity in autism, we could consider the reported comments about deviations in corpus callosum, white matter, and neurotransmitters. So, brain connectivity includes connectivity between the two hemispheres done mainly by the corpus callosum (CC), or between multiple areas in the brain accomplished by tracts in white matter and by synapses and neurotransmitters. People need this connectivity as different regions of the brain need to communicate in order to identify a face, understand, and respond to others and to different social situations. Disruption of white matter tracts in regions related to social functioning is implicated in autism [14]. In autism, defective joint attention was related to decreased connectivity and synchronization between posterior involuntary attention related to responding to joint attention (RJA) and anterior volitional joint attention related to initiating joint attention (IJA) [15].
\nThe corpus callosum (CC) constitutes the main commissural tract between the two hemispheres (more than 200 million axons). A study by Hardan et al. [16] that investigated the corpus callosum by MRI-based morphometry has identified decreased total volume of CC and several of its seven subdivisions. This was found in other studies and could reflect in the form of social deficits, repetitive behavior, and sensory processing abnormalities.
\nThere are neural circuits for social cognition, which involves attention, memory, motivation, and emotion. Abnormalities in social brain structures and circuitry that are modulated by several neurotransmitters and neuromodulators have been linked, through human fMRI and animal research, to disorders of social functioning as in autism [17]. Neurotransmitter systems involved in autism spectrum disorders have been identified as GABA, glutamate, serotonin, catecholamines, and acetyl choline [18, 19].
\nIn the area of communication abilities, the gifts of memory, understanding, emotional expression, and learning are used on a daily basis. Sometimes, these abilities are disrupted due to deviant central nervous system development (neurodevelopmental disease), which includes long-range underconnectivity and local overconnectivity. Conditions like autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), can emerge secondary to these disruptions.
\nAutism is in comorbidity relationship with many disorders as epilepsy [20], with intellectual disability and with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [21]. Other disorders such as fragile X, Rett syndrome, and tuberous sclerosis are also described. Intellectual disability, epilepsy, and ADHD can share a common neurobiological basis and are factors of poor prognosis of autism [22]. Comorbidities are the main reasons for referral to outpatient clinics and admission to hospitals. Among the most challenging co-existing dysfunctions are cognitive impairment, hyperactivity, sensory processing disorders, and dyspraxia. They mask and hinder proper diagnosis and are the cause of inadequate management [23, 24]. That is why Gadow et al. [25] strongly recommend looking at the presence of comorbidities before starting any treatment for autism.
\nAmong the several comorbidities associated with autism, this chapter is going to focus on three commonly encountered conditions: ADHD, dyspraxia, and sensory processing disorders. ADHD, characterized by symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity [1], is frequently associated with autism. The diagnosis of this disorder is difficult to make when present concomitant with autism. In fact, in previous versions of DSM, ASD and ADHD were regarded as distinct disorders. The child was either diagnosed as ASD or ADHD, with a common negative impact mainly on semantics and pragmatics in both of their language profiles. A diagnosis of ASD was considered an exclusion criterion for the diagnosis of ADHD. However, recent research recognizes considerable clinical, genetic, and neuropsychological overlap between ASD and ADHD and within the DSM-5, and ADHD can now be diagnosed in conjunction with ASD.
\nBoth disorders share a portion of their heritable etiology. About 50–72% of the contributing genetic factors overlap between ASD and ADHD. Furthermore, similar deficits in executive function, social cognition, and motor speed have been linked to both ASD and ADHD [26]. Both diseases have similar neuropathology and also share similar symptomatology with considerable overlap in their core and associated symptoms and a frequent overlap in their comorbid conditions. Consequently, it is apparent that ASD and ADHD diagnoses belong to a broader spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders, an abnormal connectivity spectrum disorder, which results from neural long-range underconnectivity and short-range overconnectivity. Many psychopathological, neuropsychological, brain imaging, genetic, and medical findings have suggested that these disorders are part of a continuum [27].
\nThere are some recorded similarities between these two disorders. First, males are more commonly affected as having ASD or ADHD than females. A review of automated medical records of children revealed the percentages of males evaluated in ASD and ADHD groups were 80.4 and 77.7%, respectively [28]. Second, both disorders are often diagnosed later during childhood. The respective median ages for a diagnosis of ASD or ADHD were 4.7 and 6.4 years [29]. Third, these disorders share symptomatology, showing considerable overlap in the core and associated symptoms, that is, issues with attention, impulsivity, repetitive behaviors, impairments in socialization and communication, anxiety, sensory processing abnormalities, and ritualistic behaviors, such as counting, ordering, repeating or arranging [30]. Fourth, these disorders share neuropathology.
\nIn clinical practice, the often reported co-occurrence of ASD and ADHD might link them in several pathways: inattention/impulsivity and social ineptness; hyperactivity and stereotypic, repetitive behaviors; and the semantic pragmatic language deficit. The clinical links between ASD and ADHD are variable and strong, as well as the neurodevelopmental basis [31].
\nAnother comorbid disorder that occurs frequently with autism is dyspraxia. Praxis is the ability to conceptualize, plan, and successfully complete motor actions in novel situations. It is a naturally emerging skill that develops as the child interacts successfully with people and objects in the environment and enables the child to learn new skills by watching, imitating, and exploring.
\nDevelopmental dyspraxia is the failure to acquire the ability to perform appropriate complex motor actions. It is related to problems of transitive gestures (pantomimed tool use), intransitive actions (symbolic gestures such as waving goodbye), imitative actions (such as imitating meaningless hand or body postures), motor planning, and difficulty conceptualizing novel ways to interact with objects [32]. Many researches have illustrated that children with autism have difficulties in all categorizations of developmental dyspraxia [33].
\nAutistic children have impaired motor function, including clumsy gait, impairments in coordination, balance, and posture, and abnormal performance of skilled gestures [34]. The deficient performance of skilled motor gestures secondary to command, imitation, or tool use is actually one of the most consistent motor signs in autism [35], which is also consistent with “developmental dyspraxia” [36].
\nMotor praxis concerns have been reported for children with ASD based on scores from a variety of motor tests and movement observations. Autistic children have been reported to show deficits in their ability to produce meaningful and meaningless gestures on command, imitate demonstrated gestures without objects, and imitate gestures involving real or imaginary tool use. These praxis abilities require the child to interpret sensory information and then formulate internal action models. That is why some researchers suggested that impairments in dyspraxia may contribute to the primary features of the disorder, including impaired social interaction and communication skills [37].
\nBesides motor praxis dysfunction, speech-language pathologists have observed co-occurrence of childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) with autism. CAS is difficulty in coordinating volitional motor movements that are required for clear and intelligible speech. It can be witnessed in verbal and nonverbal autistic children in the form of defective vowel production, prosody, and difficulty in imitation of speech sounds. This definitely augments the problem of social and language delay in autism and presents a big obstacle in the pathway of verbal language. The possible presence of this obstacle might to be considered and evaluated before the start of therapy because comorbidity between autism and CAS is still vague, and verbal language remains the ultimate goal of success of therapy from the parents’ perspective.
\nA recent research, however, has found autism and apraxia of speech to be highly comorbid. A 3-year study on 30 children with communication delay has shown that 63.6% of children originally diagnosed as having autism had speech apraxia and 36.8% of children originally diagnosed with speech apraxia had autism. The drawn conclusion from this study was that two-thirds of the children initially diagnosed with autism also had apraxia [38]. It is advisable that children with autism are observed for signs of apraxia and children with apraxia are observed for signs of autism. This observation in clinical practice translates to the fact that language delay in autistic children may not be purely of an “autistic” origin.
\nA third comorbidity commonly occurring with autism is sensory processing disorders (SPDs). Sensory processing means the brain’s ability to register, organize, and make sense of the information received through one’s senses. SPDs are commonly encountered with autism and have recently been included among the diagnostic criteria in DSM-5. They might even be encountered in children with other developmental disabilities and in typically developing children as well. When sensory processing is dysfunctional, the individual’s ability to cope with the demands of the environment would be disrupted [39].
\nSuarez [39] have drawn a hierarchical classification of SPD, dividing it into three main categories: sensory-based motor disorder (poor motor planning and/or postural instability resulting from improper processing of information from the senses), sensory discrimination disorder (inability to perceive differences and similarities in data received from the senses which can make reading very challenging), and sensory modulation disorder (impairment in intensity and nature of behavior in response to sensory information). The latter subtype is the one commonly encountered in autism, and it has three subcategories: sensory hyperresponsiveness, sensory hyporesponsiveness, and sensory seeking.
\nConsequently, autistic individuals with SPD can be categorized into hyporesponsive, hyperresponsive, or sensory seekers. The hyperresponsiveness means overreaction to sensations that are typically harmless or not even perceived by others. Inappropriate behavior outbursts may be triggered by feeling textures on the skin (clothes and food), movement activities (swinging), or hearing sudden noises (doorbells). They are overcautious and resist changes in daily routine. The hyporesponsiveness requires intense sensory input to attract the attention of the child as sustained loud sound. Symptoms include not responding to name, or even to painful stimuli. Sensory seeking is characterized by excessive drive for certain sensory stimuli, as putting things in the mouth or touching people to the point of annoying them. Sensory seeking may be injurious or disrupting to the development of meaningful social relationships.
\nThe proposed division of sensory modulation disorder into distinct subcategories serves theoretical understanding of the problem. Clinically, however, the autistic children show a mixture of symptoms that belong to more than one subcategory. They might be annoyed by ordinary sounds to the degree that they cover their ears, and they might be attracted to very fine sounds as the sound of turning of a page, or they might ignore a very loud sound [40]. Some researchers have reported positive associations between hyporeactivity and social communication symptom severity, whereas others have found that child hyperreactivity is likely to negatively affect family life and social adaptive behaviors of school-age children [41].
\nQuestions have arisen regarding the relation of restricted repetitive behavior and sensory processing disorders (SPDs) in autism. Gabriels et al. [42] have suggested the presence of a subgroup with frequent restricted repetitive behavior and multiple abnormal sensory responses due to significant relationship between both. Hyper- or hyporeactivity to sensory stimuli have actually been included in DSM-5 as one of the forms that exist under the title of “Restricted Repetitive patterns of Behavior.”
\nAutism is a diverse manifold neurodevelopmental disorder affecting many of the child’s abilities. Some disabilities are core features, while others are comorbidities. The clinical picture therefore differs from one child to another. The main deficit in neurodevelopment is that of aberrant connectivity.
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All published Book Chapters are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Monographs are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others. Our Copyright Policy aims to guarantee that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our Authors. IntechOpen upholds a flexible Copyright Policy meaning that there is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors hold exclusive copyright to their work.
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\n\n\n\nIntechOpen is committed to disseminating high-quality scientific research in a manner that exemplifies the best practice in scholarly publishing. IntechOpen is an official member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), which advocates the maintenance of the highest ethical standards for all parties involved in the act of publishing, including Authors, Academic Editors of the book, Peer Reviewers, the publisher and Societies, where applicable.
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\n\nIntechOpen publishes books in the English language. If you are interested in the translation of Book Chapters, please check IntechOpen's Translation Policy.
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Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"817",title:"Material Engineering",slug:"material-engineering",parent:{id:"121",title:"Mechanical Engineering",slug:"mechanical-engineering"},numberOfBooks:7,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:127,numberOfWosCitations:86,numberOfCrossrefCitations:46,numberOfDimensionsCitations:104,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"817",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10773",title:"Advances in Fatigue and Fracture Testing and Modelling",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"22eb4fe235e1d5d074c3ad7643f8a567",slug:"advances-in-fatigue-and-fracture-testing-and-modelling",bookSignature:"Zak Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10773.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8457",title:"New Challenges in Residual Stress Measurements and Evaluation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"884c1522185476729c2eec9adfba4f86",slug:"new-challenges-in-residual-stress-measurements-and-evaluation",bookSignature:"Caterina Casavola, Claudia Barile, Vincenzo Moramarco and Giovanni Pappalettera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8457.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"214432",title:"Dr.",name:"Caterina",middleName:null,surname:"Casavola",slug:"caterina-casavola",fullName:"Caterina Casavola"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9265",title:"Strength of Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1ec891200aebef4dc2b19461e0ee4068",slug:"strength-of-materials",bookSignature:"Héctor Jaramillo S., Julian Arnaldo Avila and Can Chen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9265.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"255849",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hector",middleName:"Enrique",surname:"Jaramillo S.",slug:"hector-jaramillo-s.",fullName:"Hector Jaramillo S."}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8369",title:"Creep Characteristics of Engineering Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"810e34ac2596856d53111a3b50fd2542",slug:"creep-characteristics-of-engineering-materials",bookSignature:"Tomasz Ta?ski, Marek Sroka, Adam Zieli?ski and Grzegorz Gola?ski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8369.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15700",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomasz Arkadiusz",middleName:null,surname:"Tański",slug:"tomasz-arkadiusz-tanski",fullName:"Tomasz Arkadiusz Tański"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8844",title:"Mechanics of Functionally Graded Materials and Structures",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dcaee033a035bfe8daa8ffa06b37b25f",slug:"mechanics-of-functionally-graded-materials-and-structures",bookSignature:"Farzad Ebrahimi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8844.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"20062",title:"Dr.",name:"Farzad",middleName:null,surname:"Ebrahimi",slug:"farzad-ebrahimi",fullName:"Farzad Ebrahimi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7679",title:"Adhesives and Adhesive Joints in Industry Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c52e732b7cc9463f2ddda5b46fca9ad3",slug:"adhesives-and-adhesive-joints-in-industry-applications",bookSignature:"Anna Rudawska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7679.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110857",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Rudawska",slug:"anna-rudawska",fullName:"Anna Rudawska"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5271",title:"Advances in Tribology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cef4274b28d575de81e692b8d88b750d",slug:"advances-in-tribology",bookSignature:"Pranav H. Darji",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5271.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"141348",title:"Dr.",name:"Pranav H.",middleName:null,surname:"Darji",slug:"pranav-h.-darji",fullName:"Pranav H. Darji"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:7,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"67088",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86387",title:"Epoxy Adhesives",slug:"epoxy-adhesives",totalDownloads:1213,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Epoxy adhesives are primarily composed of epoxy resin and curing agent. Epoxy adhesives are supplied in both one-component package and two-component package depending on curing agent used and curing method applied. Two-component epoxy adhesives are prepared by packing epoxy composition and curing agent composition separately. They cure soon after mixing the two components together. Almost all room temperature cure epoxy adhesives are supplied in two-component package. One-component epoxy adhesives are prepared and supplied by mixing all formulated components in advance including epoxy resin and curing agent. One-component epoxy adhesives usually need cure at elevated temperature and store at low temperature in a refrigerator or even freezer. Epoxy adhesives have been widely used as typical reactive adhesives for various applications ranging from general industry, construction, electronics assembly, automobile production to aerospace market. Typical room temperature cure epoxy adhesives, thermal cure epoxy adhesives and UV cure epoxy adhesives are introduced in detail.",book:{id:"7679",slug:"adhesives-and-adhesive-joints-in-industry-applications",title:"Adhesives and Adhesive Joints in Industry Applications",fullTitle:"Adhesives and Adhesive Joints in Industry Applications"},signatures:"Chunfu Chen, Bin Li, Masao Kanari and Daoqiang Lu",authors:[{id:"234454",title:"Dr.",name:"Chunfu",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"chunfu-chen",fullName:"Chunfu Chen"}]},{id:"51522",doi:"10.5772/64247",title:"Friction and Wear in Automotive Journal Bearings Operating in Today’s Severe Conditions",slug:"friction-and-wear-in-automotive-journal-bearings-operating-in-today-s-severe-conditions",totalDownloads:2851,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"A current trend in the transport sector seeks to increase the vehicle efficiency and to cut fuel consumption which leads to new technologies and advancements in modern and future combustion engines. Some of these technical progresses lead to highly stressed engine parts and new challenges arise, particularly for journal bearings. The increasing thermal and mechanical load caused by downsized and turbocharged engines, friction reduction by employing low-viscosity lubricants and other emission reduction measures—for utilizing stop-start systems—put additional stress on the crankshaft journal bearings. This contribution focuses on highly stressed journal bearings which operate in the boundary, mixed and hydrodynamic lubrication regime. Therefore, measurements on a journal bearing test-rig are performed which allow an extensive verification of the numerical investigation. For the numerical analysis of friction and wear, a mixed elasto-hydrodynamic simulation approach is developed, which considers the elastic deformation of the contacting components, the complex rheological behaviour of the lubricant and metal-metal contact if the lubricant is unable to separate the contacting surfaces. Both the rheological data and the surface roughness parameters are obtained from measurements. The current challenges are studied in four application-oriented examples and the influencing parameters on a reliable friction and wear prediction are explored.",book:{id:"5271",slug:"advances-in-tribology",title:"Advances in Tribology",fullTitle:"Advances in Tribology"},signatures:"David E. Sander, Hannes Allmaier and Hans-Herwig Priebsch",authors:[{id:"151052",title:"Dr.",name:"Hannes",middleName:null,surname:"Allmaier",slug:"hannes-allmaier",fullName:"Hannes Allmaier"},{id:"151317",title:"Mr.",name:"David",middleName:"E.",surname:"Sander",slug:"david-sander",fullName:"David Sander"},{id:"188490",title:"Prof.",name:"Hans-Herwig",middleName:null,surname:"Priebsch",slug:"hans-herwig-priebsch",fullName:"Hans-Herwig Priebsch"}]},{id:"51177",doi:"10.5772/63654",title:"The Tribology and Chemistry of Phosphorus‐Containing Lubricant Additives",slug:"the-tribology-and-chemistry-of-phosphorus-containing-lubricant-additives",totalDownloads:2609,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Phosphate esters, thiophosphate esters and metal thiophosphates have been used as lubricant additives for over 50 years. Recently, phosphorus‐containing ionic liquids have emerged as a new class of lubricant additives. While the use of phosphorus compounds has been extensive, a detailed knowledge of how they work has been a much more recent development. In this chapter, the use of phosphate esters, thiophosphate esters, metal thiophosphates and phosphorus‐containing ionic liquids as antiwear or extreme pressure additives is discussed. The primary emphasis will be on how they form a protective film, which is both durable and reduces friction. The first part of the chapter discusses the use of alkyl phosphates, triaryl phosphates and metal‐containing thiophosphate esters with primarily iron‐ and steel‐based bearing materials. The second part of the chapter examines phosphorus‐containing ionic liquids and the challenges posed by new bearing materials with different surface chemistries.",book:{id:"5271",slug:"advances-in-tribology",title:"Advances in Tribology",fullTitle:"Advances in Tribology"},signatures:"David W. Johnson",authors:[{id:"178441",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Johnson",slug:"david-johnson",fullName:"David Johnson"}]},{id:"51347",doi:"10.5772/63533",title:"Modelling Cavitation in (Elasto)Hydrodynamic Lubrication",slug:"modelling-cavitation-in-elasto-hydrodynamic-lubrication",totalDownloads:1635,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"In this chapter we will present a derivation of a mathematical model describing how cavitation influences the pressure distribution in a thin lubricant film between two moving surfaces. The main idea in the derivation is to first describe the influence of cavitation on the mass flow and thereafter using a conservation law for the mass. This leads to a nonlinear system with two complementary variables: one is the pressure distribution and the other is related to the density, i.e. a nonlinear complementarity problem (NLCP). The proposed approach is used to derive a mass conserving cavitation model considering that density, viscosity and film thickness of the lubricant depend on the pressure. To demonstrate the applicability and evaluate the proposed model and the suggested numerical implementation, a few model problems are analysed and presented.",book:{id:"5271",slug:"advances-in-tribology",title:"Advances in Tribology",fullTitle:"Advances in Tribology"},signatures:"Andreas Almqvist and Peter Wall",authors:[{id:"181745",title:"Dr.",name:"Andreas",middleName:null,surname:"Almqvist",slug:"andreas-almqvist",fullName:"Andreas Almqvist"},{id:"185675",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Wall",slug:"peter-wall",fullName:"Peter Wall"}]},{id:"50962",doi:"10.5772/63657",title:"Tribocorrosion",slug:"tribocorrosion",totalDownloads:2250,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"This chapter includes some of the definitions of corrosion as important problem in many industries. The main forms of corrosion have been discussed in this chapter which depended on the appearance of corroded surface with some details of their mechanisms and how can prevent them. This chapter reviews tribocorrosion and explains the simplest method for tribocorrosion test by certain set-up using electrochemical test with three electrodes. Tribocorrosion test is needs to special arrangement of cell to be predicted which also has been mentioned in this chapter.",book:{id:"5271",slug:"advances-in-tribology",title:"Advances in Tribology",fullTitle:"Advances in Tribology"},signatures:"Rana Afif Majed Anaee and Majid Hameed Abdulmajeed",authors:[{id:"181900",title:"Dr.",name:"Rana",middleName:"Afif",surname:"Anaee",slug:"rana-anaee",fullName:"Rana Anaee"},{id:"190735",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Majid",middleName:"Hameed",surname:"Abdulmajeed",slug:"majid-abdulmajeed",fullName:"Majid Abdulmajeed"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"69687",title:"Modeling of Creep Deformation and Creep Fracture",slug:"modeling-of-creep-deformation-and-creep-fracture",totalDownloads:982,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"This chapter reports the recent progresses in (1) the development of a modified hyperbolic sine law able to depict the minimum creep strain rate over a wider range of stress levels; (2) the development of the creep fracture criterion and model based on the cavity area fraction along grain boundary calibrated with the most representative and comprehensive cavitation data obtained from X-ray synchrotron investigation; and (3) the development of mesoscopic composite approach modeling of creep deformation and creep damage. The first progress facilitates to overcome the difficulty in creep deformation modeling caused by stress breakdown phenomenon; the second progress is of a really scientifically sound and fundamental new approach, first in the world; the third progress provides the concept and tool, at the appropriate size scale, for the modeling of the creep deformation and creep fracture. They all contribute to the specific knowledge and new methodology to the topic area. Furthermore, it is expected that cavitation fracture modeling methodology reported here will find use in the analysis and modeling of other types of failure such as ductile and fatigue failure. This chapter presents an excellent example of interdisciplinary collaborative research and it advocates further such collaboration in its conclusion.",book:{id:"9265",slug:"strength-of-materials",title:"Strength of Materials",fullTitle:"Strength of Materials"},signatures:"Qiang Xu and Zhongyu Lu",authors:[{id:"308353",title:"Dr.",name:"Qiang",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"qiang-xu",fullName:"Qiang Xu"},{id:"319445",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhongyu",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",slug:"zhongyu-lu",fullName:"Zhongyu Lu"}]},{id:"66810",title:"Free Vibration of Axially Functionally Graded Beam",slug:"free-vibration-of-axially-functionally-graded-beam",totalDownloads:1118,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Axially functionally graded (AFG) beam is a special kind of nonhomogeneous functionally gradient material structure, whose material properties vary continuously along the axial direction of the beam by a given distribution form. There are several numerical methods that have been used to analyze the vibration characteristics of AFG beams, but it is difficult to obtain precise solutions for AFG beams because of the variable coefficients of the governing equation. In this topic, the free vibration of AFG beam using analytical method based on the perturbation theory and Meijer G-Function are studied, respectively. First, a detailed review of the existing literatures is summarized. Then, based on the governing equation of the AFG Euler-Bernoulli beam, the detailed analytic equations are derived on basis of the perturbation theory and Meijer G-function, where the nature frequencies are demonstrated. Subsequently, the numerical results are calculated and compared, meanwhile, the analytical results are also confirmed by finite element method and the published references. The results show that the proposed two analytical methods are simple and efficient and can be used to conveniently analyze free vibration of AFG beam.",book:{id:"8844",slug:"mechanics-of-functionally-graded-materials-and-structures",title:"Mechanics of Functionally Graded Materials and Structures",fullTitle:"Mechanics of Functionally Graded Materials and Structures"},signatures:"Dongxing Cao, Bin Wang, Wenhua Hu and Yanhui Gao",authors:[{id:"283678",title:"Prof.",name:"Dongxing",middleName:null,surname:"Cao",slug:"dongxing-cao",fullName:"Dongxing Cao"},{id:"295692",title:"Mr.",name:"Bin",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"bin-wang",fullName:"Bin Wang"},{id:"295693",title:"Dr.",name:"Wenhua",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wenhua-hu",fullName:"Wenhua Hu"},{id:"295694",title:"Mr.",name:"Yanhui",middleName:null,surname:"Gao",slug:"yanhui-gao",fullName:"Yanhui Gao"}]},{id:"51522",title:"Friction and Wear in Automotive Journal Bearings Operating in Today’s Severe Conditions",slug:"friction-and-wear-in-automotive-journal-bearings-operating-in-today-s-severe-conditions",totalDownloads:2851,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"A current trend in the transport sector seeks to increase the vehicle efficiency and to cut fuel consumption which leads to new technologies and advancements in modern and future combustion engines. Some of these technical progresses lead to highly stressed engine parts and new challenges arise, particularly for journal bearings. The increasing thermal and mechanical load caused by downsized and turbocharged engines, friction reduction by employing low-viscosity lubricants and other emission reduction measures—for utilizing stop-start systems—put additional stress on the crankshaft journal bearings. This contribution focuses on highly stressed journal bearings which operate in the boundary, mixed and hydrodynamic lubrication regime. Therefore, measurements on a journal bearing test-rig are performed which allow an extensive verification of the numerical investigation. For the numerical analysis of friction and wear, a mixed elasto-hydrodynamic simulation approach is developed, which considers the elastic deformation of the contacting components, the complex rheological behaviour of the lubricant and metal-metal contact if the lubricant is unable to separate the contacting surfaces. Both the rheological data and the surface roughness parameters are obtained from measurements. The current challenges are studied in four application-oriented examples and the influencing parameters on a reliable friction and wear prediction are explored.",book:{id:"5271",slug:"advances-in-tribology",title:"Advances in Tribology",fullTitle:"Advances in Tribology"},signatures:"David E. Sander, Hannes Allmaier and Hans-Herwig Priebsch",authors:[{id:"151052",title:"Dr.",name:"Hannes",middleName:null,surname:"Allmaier",slug:"hannes-allmaier",fullName:"Hannes Allmaier"},{id:"151317",title:"Mr.",name:"David",middleName:"E.",surname:"Sander",slug:"david-sander",fullName:"David Sander"},{id:"188490",title:"Prof.",name:"Hans-Herwig",middleName:null,surname:"Priebsch",slug:"hans-herwig-priebsch",fullName:"Hans-Herwig Priebsch"}]},{id:"70512",title:"Residual Stress Modeling and Deformation Measurement in Laser Metal Deposition Process",slug:"residual-stress-modeling-and-deformation-measurement-in-laser-metal-deposition-process",totalDownloads:818,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Direct metal deposition (DMD) has become very popular within the space of rapid manufacturing and repair. Its capability of producing fully dense metal parts with complex internal geometries, which could not be easily achieved by traditional manufacturing approaches, has been well demonstrated. However, the DMD process usually comes with high thermal gradients and high heating and cooling rates, leading to residual stresses and the associated deformation, which can have negative effect on product integrity. This paper studies the features of thermal stress and deformation involved in the DMD process by constructing a 3-D, sequentially coupled, thermomechanical, finite element model to predict both the thermal and mechanical behaviors of the DMD process of Stainless Steel 304 (SS 304). A set of experiments were then conducted to validate deformation using a laser displacement sensor. Comparisons between the simulated and experimental results show good agreement. This model can be used to predict the mechanical behavior of products fabricated by the DMD process and to help with the optimization of design and manufacturing parameters.",book:{id:"8457",slug:"new-challenges-in-residual-stress-measurements-and-evaluation",title:"New Challenges in Residual Stress Measurements and Evaluation",fullTitle:"New Challenges in Residual Stress Measurements and Evaluation"},signatures:"Heng Liu and Frank Liou",authors:[{id:"101869",title:"Prof.",name:"Frank",middleName:null,surname:"Liou",slug:"frank-liou",fullName:"Frank Liou"},{id:"292019",title:"Mr.",name:"Heng",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"heng-liu",fullName:"Heng Liu"}]},{id:"67088",title:"Epoxy Adhesives",slug:"epoxy-adhesives",totalDownloads:1213,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Epoxy adhesives are primarily composed of epoxy resin and curing agent. Epoxy adhesives are supplied in both one-component package and two-component package depending on curing agent used and curing method applied. Two-component epoxy adhesives are prepared by packing epoxy composition and curing agent composition separately. They cure soon after mixing the two components together. Almost all room temperature cure epoxy adhesives are supplied in two-component package. One-component epoxy adhesives are prepared and supplied by mixing all formulated components in advance including epoxy resin and curing agent. One-component epoxy adhesives usually need cure at elevated temperature and store at low temperature in a refrigerator or even freezer. Epoxy adhesives have been widely used as typical reactive adhesives for various applications ranging from general industry, construction, electronics assembly, automobile production to aerospace market. 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