Comparison of some pregnancy complications and outcome among early and late adolescent.
\r\n\tOver the past few decades, there has been a rationalization for better classification of dystonia and paying more attention to understanding the different causes of dystonic movements from the advanced study of genetics, neurophysiology, and functional imaging in various forms of dystonia.
",isbn:"978-1-83768-478-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83768-477-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83768-479-3",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"1b011946aab26d18e0f4cfa61eb4249a",bookSignature:" Tamer Rizk",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12307.jpg",keywords:"Dystonia, Mutation, Genetic Variant, Exome Sequencing, Dopa-Responsive Dystonia, Rapid-Onset Dystonia-Parkinsonism, Myoclonus Dystonia Syndrome, Dystonia-Hemolytic Anemia, Wilson's Disease, Huntington's Disease, Neuroferritinopathy, Neurodegenerative Disorder",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 24th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 22nd 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 20th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 9th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 7th 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"20 days",secondStepPassed:!1,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Rizk’s research focuses on various subspecialties in the field of pediatric neurology, specifically movement disorders and spasticity. 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His research has been directed at recent advances in management modalities. Dr. Rizk studied Medicine at the Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. His pediatric neurology training was shared between KSA and the UK. Subsequently, he completed a CESR in Paediatric Neurology from the UK. Dr. Rizk has many publications and he is a member of the Editorial board of multiple reputable journals in the field of pediatric neurology. 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\nMaternal, late fetal, neonatal, and infant mortalities have the highest rates in women under 20 years of age than in any other reproductive period.
\nComplications in adolescent mothers are a constant dilemma since many factors are involved, such as inadequate prenatal control, race, family factors, and economic and sociodemographic conditions.
\nHypertensive problems associated with pregnancy are another public health issue that in developing countries still represent the first cause of maternal death; worldwide, their prevalence varies but hovers around 10% of all pregnancies.
\nWhatever causes triggering complications, maternal and neonatal deaths are significant indicators in all countries, and in the case of pregnant adolescents, developing preeclampsia and their high and varied worldwide prevalence make this combination, specifically this group of patients, a point of reference when establishing health policies.
\nThe WHO defines adolescence as the period of human growth and development after childhood and before adulthood, between the ages of 10 and 19. It is one of the most important transitional phases in human life, characterized by an accelerated rhythm of growth and changes, only surpassed by those in infants. This growth and development phase is conditioned by several biological processes. The beginning of puberty is the hallmark of passage from childhood to adolescence. From this stage on, the reproductive system’s capacity to procreate is potentially latent [1].
\nIt is difficult to establish the chronological boundaries of this period, but in accordance with conventionally accepted concepts accepted by the World Health Organization (WHO), adolescence may be divided into two phases:
Early (10–14 years).
Late (15–19 years).
Likewise, other authors refer that there are three stages:
Early adolescence, between the ages of 10 and 13.
Mid-adolescence, between the ages of 14 and 17.
Late adolescence, between the ages of 17 and 21 [2].
The beginning of sexual activity in adolescents currently occurs at a younger age and carries immediate unwanted consequences such as an increased frequency of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and unwanted pregnancy that may lead to miscarriage or other complications during pregnancy [3].
\nFrom a biological viewpoint, some of the consequences of adolescent pregnancy include hypertensive disease of pregnancy, anemia, gestational diabetes, and complications during childbirth that lead to an increase in maternal and fetal mortality [4]; complications in the newborn include higher rates of low birth weight, premature delivery, respiratory diseases, dystocia, and an increased frequency of neonatal complications and greater infant mortality [5].
\nRisk factors in adolescent pregnancy include low educational level, beginning sexual activity before the age of 15, absence of the partner, maternal history of pregnancy in adolescence, and the lack of knowledge and access to birth control methods. There is also a high percentage of school dropouts, a lack of plans for the future, low self-esteem, alcohol and drug abuse, ignorance on sexuality, and an inadequate use of birth control [6].
\nA correlation has been shown between minimal or absent family communication on birth control and sexuality and a higher risk of adolescent pregnancy and infection with sexually transmitted diseases [7].
\nMedical risks associated with pregnancy in adolescent mothers such as hypertensive pathology, anemia, low birth weight, prematurity, insufficient nutrition, etc. lead to an increase in maternal morbidity and mortality and an estimated two- to threefold increase in infant mortality among patients in the age range between 20 and 29.
\nIn adolescents, the higher observed compared risk does not appear to be due to special physiologic conditions but to sociocultural variables and the medical care provided to these patients.
\nThese pregnancies are frequently unwanted or unplanned events within a weak couple relationship, which leads to an attitude of rejection and concealment because of fear of the family group that, in turn, conditions late or insufficient prenatal care.
\nAccording to various publications, we must emphasize that 73–93% of cases of pregnant adolescents are women bearing their first child. The first pregnancy carries specific risks resulting from physiological immaturity in the pregnant adolescent. For example, preeclampsia or gestation-induced hypertension is more frequent in young pregnant women, from a low socioeconomic level, and specifically, in the first pregnancy, conditions all frequently met by a pregnant adolescent. When developing this clinical entity, a possible failure in the adaptive immune response has been posited, although it normally permits the development of a close interrelation between the maternal organism and its host. Since 50% of the fetal antigenic structure is of paternal origin, it acts like a graft and has been associated to factors such as immaturity of the maternal immune system or a functional abnormality that may be associated to maternal malnutrition, a very common condition in pregnant adolescents. Morbidity may be classified according to the gestational periods, whereby miscarriage, anemia, urinary tract infections, and asymptomatic bacteriuria are more common in the first half. In the second half, there are hypertensive manifestations, hemorrhage associated to placental pathology, scarce weight gain and associated maternal malnutrition, symptoms of premature delivery (abnormal contractility), and premature membrane rupture [8, 9].
\nSeveral authors have suggested that there is a relation between hypertensive disorders and pregnancy, which will be further discussed in this chapter. Other complications are summarized in Table 1.
\n\n | |||||
Kawakita [37] | \nCS | \nOR = 0.49; CI 95% = 0.42–0.59 | \nOR = 0.75; CI 95% = 0.71–0.79 | \n||
CA | \nOR = 0.63; CI 95% = 0.47–0.84 | \nOR = 0.83; CI 95% = 0.75–0.91 | \n|||
MA | \nOR = 1.25; CI 95% = 1.07–1.45 | \nOR = 1.15; CI 95% = 1.09–1.22 | \n|||
PD < 37 weeks | \nOR = 1.36; CI 95% = 1.14–1.62 | \naOR = 1.16; CI 95% = 1.08–1.25 | \n|||
PPH* and BT** | \n*OR = 1.46; CI 95% = 1.10–1.95 | \n**OR = 1.21; CI 95% = 1.02–1.43 | \n|||
Preeclampsia and HELLP Sd | \nOR = 1.44; CI 95% = 1.17–1.77 | \n\n | |||
PL | \n\n | OR = 0.82; CI 95% = 0.71–0.95 | \n|||
Bostanci et al. [21] | \n\n | Early adolescent (%) | \nLate adolescent (%) | \nAdult (%) | \nP value | \n
Preeclampsia | \n4.8 | \n2.7 | \n5.9 | \n<0.001 | \n|
PD | \n37.2 | \n12.8 | \n2.2 | \n<0.001 | \n|
PPROM | \n37.2 | \n10.2 | \n8.5 | \n<0.001 | \n|
IUGR | \n9 | \n3.3 | \n5.4 | \n<0.001 | \n|
Postterm | \n0.7 | \n5.9 | \n8.7 | \n<0.001 | \n|
Episiotomy | \n79.3 | \n69.8 | \n70 | \n>0.05 | \n|
NICU | \n18 | \n11.7 | \n10 | \n0.009 | \n|
Neonatal outcome | \n2.1 | \n1.1 | \n2.1 | \n>0.05 | \n|
LBW | \n17.9 | \n13.2 | \n13.1 | \n>0.05 | \n|
VLBW | \n4.1 | \n3.4 | \n2.7 | \n>0.05 | \n|
CS | \n17.2 | \n25.7 | \n29.6 | \n0.001 | \n
Comparison of some pregnancy complications and outcome among early and late adolescent.
CS, cesarean section; CA, chorioamnionitis; MA, maternal anemia; PD, preterm delivery; PPH, postpartum hemorrhage; BT, blood transfusion; PL, perineal laceration; PPROM, preterm premature rupture of membranes; IUGR, intrauterine growth restriction; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit admission; LBW, low birth weight; VLBW, very low birth weight.
A strategy to confront these problems and adolescent pregnancy is to increase the availability of high-quality sexual and reproductive health services for adolescents [10].
\nPreeclampsia refers to a relatively common hypertensive disorder during pregnancy that develops progressively. Its cause remains unknown, and it frequently leads to severe maternal and perinatal complications.
\nIts incidence is broad since it depends on various aspects such as geographic location, race, nutritional or immunological factors, and associated comorbidities, and even a humid and cold climate has been related to a higher incidence of affected women.
\nIt is estimated that about 7% of pregnancies will develop preeclampsia. The incidence of preeclampsia is about 25% in primiparous women. In industrialized nations, the rate of maternal morbidity due to preeclampsia varies between 3.8 and 12 per 1000 births. In Latin America, there are few reports on the subject, so the real magnitude of the problem remains unknown; there are only some studies from Brazil and Cuba [11].
\nThroughout the world, 25% of all maternal deaths occur in adolescent women. In Latin America, adolescent pregnancy is an independently associated factor conferring greater risk for adversities during pregnancy [12, 13]. In the United States, the maternal mortality rate due to preeclampsia-eclampsia is approximately 1 for every 100,000 live births. In Mexico, maternal mortality has decreased in the past six decades, whereby 1281 maternal deaths were registered in the year 2009, in women between the ages of 15 and 34 [14].
\nThe main causes of death in pregnant women were:
Hypertensive disease induced by pregnancy (20.4%).
Obstetric hemorrhage (19%).
Sepsis (4.1%).
These percentages are five to ten times greater than those reported in industrialized nations or in those with more developed national health systems [15, 16].
\nAccording to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) [17, 18, 19], the classification of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy is as follows:
\nHypertensive disease induced by pregnancy:
Preeclampsia
Mild
Severe
Eclampsia
Chronic hypertension before pregnancy (any etiology).
\nChronic hypertension and pregnancy-induced hypertension:
Preeclampsia
Eclampsia
Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) is defined as the disorder that develops during gestation, delivery, or postpartum, characterized by elevated blood pressure values ≥140/90 mm Hg, accompanied by signs and symptoms allowing it to be classified according to its severity.
\nPreeclampsia refers to the presence of hypertension with values above those previously mentioned and proteinuria, in a pregnant female after the 20th week, after excluding hydatidiform mole or hydrops fetalis.
\nArterial hypertension (AH) is diagnosed if the obtained values exceed, on two separate occasions and with at least 6 hours between each measurement, 140/90 mm Hg or if there is an increase in systolic arterial pressure (SAP) of at least 30 mm Hg or an increase in diastolic arterial pressure (DAP) of at least 15 mm Hg.
\nProteinuria can be diagnosed with a urine test strip but must be confirmed with a quantitative method (urine sample or 24-hour urine).
\nProteinuria must be above >300 mg in the urine collected in 24 hours or the protein: creatinine ratio must be ≥0.3.
\nSevere preeclampsia is defined as a systolic BP ≥160 mm Hg and/or a diastolic BP ≥110 mm Hg, if detected on two separate occasions, with a 6-hour difference, with proteinuria greater than 5 g/24 hours and no previous history of arterial hypertension, diabetic nephropathy, or renal disease.
\nHELLP syndrome is the acronym of hemolysis, elevated liver enzyme levels, and low platelet levels; this syndrome occurs in 10–20% of women with preeclampsia or eclampsia and is considered a severe form of the disease since it leads to increased mortality.
\nIt is defined as the presence of seizures or coma in a patient with preeclampsia, and that cannot be explained by another underlying cause.
\nBP > 140/90 mm Hg before pregnancy or the same obtained values on two separate occasions prior to week 20 of gestation or persistent hypertension after the sixth week postpartum.
\nIt is defined as an increase in SAP greater than 30 mm Hg or an increase greater than 15 mm Hg in DAP, on two separate occasions, prior to week 20 of gestation, initial proteinuria, and generalized edema.
\nThis is hypertension developing in the postpartum without previous preeclampsia; values return to baseline after the tenth day postpartum.
\nPreeclampsia is a syndrome that compromises all maternal organs and systems.
\nThe etiology of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy remains to be identified since searching for their origin has led to an infinite number of hypotheses that encompass practically all maternal and fetal organs.
\nIts physiopathology has not been totally elucidated, and it is no different in the
Several factors have been implicated in its physiopathology such as oxidative stress, the inflammatory response, abnormal circulatory adaptation, metabolic abnormalities, and even abnormalities in placental development, releasing circulating factors that interfere with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and placental growth factor (PGF).
\nAside from the physiopathogenic factors to be discussed ahead, many factors predisposing to preeclampsia have been reported, such as extreme ages (very young or older), nulliparity, obesity, smoking, a history of preeclampsia in a previous pregnancy, etc. Other less studied factors include some infections, asthma, and the time period between pregnancies [20].
\nEndothelial abnormality leads to dysfunction in the control of muscle tone in blood vessels which, in turn, may cause hypertension, edema due to increased permeability, and also proteinuria.
\nLikewise, the abnormal expression of procoagulant factors by the endothelium favors the development of coagulopathy. All of these abnormalities injure target organs such as the kidney, the liver, the central nervous system, and the placenta. Women with previous vascular disease are at greater risk of developing preeclampsia, quite possibly a result of preestablished vascular injury.
\nThe placenta plays a pivotal role in the development of preeclampsia since it only develops in its presence and symptoms rapidly remit after delivery.
\nDuring the development of normal placentation, the cytotrophoblast invades the spiral arteries which leads to their remodeling; they will have low resistance and high elasticity or capacitance. This cytotrophoblastic vascular invasion not only affects the most superficial layers but reaches the muscle tunica. Trophoblast penetration has also been reported as incomplete and is not invasive in patients with preeclampsia; after complete remodeling of the spiral arteries, placental perfusion decreases. Although remodeling of the spiral arteries begins in the first trimester, it is not considered complete until weeks 18–20 of gestation.
\nRecently, great importance has been attributed to angiogenesis because of molecules such as VEGF, angiopectin, and other proteins in the ephrin family. The invasive trophoblast expresses VEGF, P1GF, VEGF, and their respective receptors. Likewise, in in vitro studies in which these signals were blocked, integrin alpha-1, a marker of pseudovasculogenesis, decreased alarmingly.
\nAs previously mentioned, systemic endothelial dysfunction in these patients may explain all or almost all of the clinical signs, such as hypertension, proteinuria, or abnormalities in target organs such as the liver, the central nervous system, or the kidneys.
\nAmong the various findings upholding this theory, we can mention the following:
The plasma elevation in some biomarkers, such as fibronectin, factor VIII, and thrombomodulin, reflects endothelial cell injury in patients with preeclampsia.
Vasodilation mediated by flow has also been reported in the vessels of women with preeclampsia, suggesting altered endothelial function.
Decreased production of vasodilators such as prostacyclins or an increase in the production of angiotensin II also suggests endothelial injury.
In these patients, renal biopsies show diffuse glomerular injury caused by glomerular endotheliosis.
Likewise, the serum of women with preeclampsia has been shown to activate the endothelium in in vitro studies using endothelial cells from the umbilical veins.
An important factor for future consideration is that the increased concentrations of sFlt-1 generally precede, by 5 weeks, the development of clinical manifestations and appear to be most elevated in the initial phase of severe preeclampsia. However, neither PlGF nor VEGF, measured during gestation, appears to decrease prior to the onset of preeclampsia symptoms.
\nMost recently, decreases in urinary PIGF have been described before the development of preeclampsia. Some authors have speculated that sFlt-1 plays a beneficial role in fetal circulation and that preeclampsia is a reflection of a maladaptive effect of its release into the maternal circulation. Thus, in the setting of some spiral arterioles with increased resistance, vasoconstriction of the nonplacental maternal circulation would theoretically increase the cardiac output percentage reaching the placental sub-circulation. Although most cases of preeclampsia are sporadic, some authors suggest that genetics play a role in the development of this entity based on a series of findings:
Primiparous women with a positive family history of preeclampsia have a two- to fivefold greater risk of developing preeclampsia than primiparous women without this history.
In sisters with preeclampsia, the genetic imprint plays a major role in the development of the disease.
Studies in women pregnant with males that were the result of a gestation with preeclampsia have greater probabilities of developing the disease in their pregnancies.
Women who became pregnant with men whose previous partner had preeclampsia have greater probabilities of developing the disease if gestation with the previous partner was normotensive [20].
Traditional references accept that the risk of preeclampsia-eclampsia in adolescents is twice that in the adult population. However, literature reviews are contradictory; while one group of authors refer to an increased risk of preeclampsia in adolescents [21], others detect no differences between these and adult pregnant women, as shown in Table 2.
\nParra [38] | \nUnder 19 year 13.5% | \nThe prevalence is greater than 17–19 years before the age of 17 p < 0.001 | \n|||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zeck et al. [25] | \n5% in adolescents vs 1.5% in adults | \nOR 3.666 (1.627, 7.723) | \n|||
Tebeu et al. [24] | \nRisk of 13–16 vs 20–34 years | \nOR 2.974 (1.627, 5.427) | \n|||
Gronvik [22] | \nMeta-analysis | \nOR 3.52 (2.26, 5.48) | \n|||
Bostanci et al. [21] | \n\n | Age of resolution P < 0.001 | \nNumber of appointments P < 0.001 | \nPrevalence of preeclampsia P < 0.001 | \naOR p < 0.001 | \n
Early adolescent 11–13 years | \n36 weeks | \n3.0 | \n4.8% | \n1.14 (0.031, 0.63) | \n|
Middle adolescent 14–16 years | \n37 weeks | \n4.78 | \n\n | \n | |
Late adolescent 17–19 years | \n38 weeks | \n5.54 | \n2.7% | \n0.44 (0.31, 0.63) | \n|
Adult | \n\n | \n | 5.9% | \n2.1 (1.51, 3.01) | \n|
Garmer [39] | \nHypertensive disorders related with pregnancy P = 0.99 | \n||||
<20 years | \n20–34 years | \n||||
8.7% | \n9.2% | \n||||
Azevedo et al. [6] | \nHypertensive disorders in pregnancy | \n10% | \n
Prevalences of preeclampsia in adolescents.
Several studies and meta-analysis [22] detect a significant difference between pregnant adolescents and adult women, with up to 20% more preeclampsia events in pregnant adolescents than in adult women [23]; they actually report a greater risk of preeclampsia-eclapmsia in the group of adolescents between the ages of 13 and 16 when compared with women between the ages of 20 and 34, OR 2.97 (95%CI 1.62–5.42) [24], as well as lower frequencies of preeclampsia in adolescents (5%) vs. 1.5% in the adult group, and the difference was statistically significant, OR 3.66 (95%CI 1.67–7.72) [25].
\nTherefore, the frequency of preeclampsia in adolescents is currently different according to the studied population as a result of many factors such as prenatal care and body weight changes in pregnancy [26, 27, 28, 29].
\nThere is significant bias in observational studies that depend on the type of design and case identification; in these cases, no significant association is found suggesting an increased frequency of preeclampsia in pregnant adolescents, RR 0.88 (95%CI 95% 0.73–1.23). On the contrary, if we take into account follow-up studies, the pregnant adolescent is 23% less likely to develop preeclampsia when compared with pregnant women in other age ranges, RR 0.77 (95%CI 0.64–0.92).
\nTherefore, the available evidence suggests that adolescence is not a determining factor in the development of preeclampsia and eclampsia, but geographic area does appear to be an additional factor.
\nIn a systematic review [30] describing pregnant adolescents that participated in integral prenatal care programs, they had a lower risk of developing pregnancy-induced hypertension (RR 0.59) than those following traditional prenatal care programs. This means that integral prenatal care programs focused on adolescents decrease the frequency of pregnancy-induced pregnancy by 41% [10].
\nDue to the heterogeneous presentations of preeclampsia in adolescents from different regions, age is probably not a determining factor but is rather associated to other variables, such as excess weight, excessive weight gain during pregnancy, and inadequate prenatal care, among others.
\nTwo factors warrant analysis in terms of the development of preeclampsia in pregnant adolescents; the first is its association with obesity. Obesity is currently considered an epidemic in which one of every four women in reproductive age is obese and over half of women between the ages of 20 and 39 have excess weight or obesity. Obesity has been reported to increase the risk of adverse maternofetal outcomes due to its association to and development of comorbidities such as gestational diabetes, fetal macrosomia, an increase in cesarean sections, and preeclampsia. Its genesis is the increase in oxidative stress; an increase in circulating pro-inflammatory biomarkers such as C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and interleukin-8; the presence of dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and abnormalities of endothelial function, all playing a role in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia [31].
\nAnother factor leading to a poor maternal-perinatal outcome and that also increases the risk of preeclampsia is an inadequate nutrient intake, including calcium, zinc, vitamin C, vitamin E, and essential fatty acids. This factor has a doubly negative effect and results from the fact that adolescents are still growing, and during pregnancy, nutrients compete with the fetus for development, therefore leading to nutritional deficiencies [31].
\nAs to the studies recommended in pregnant adolescents to screen for preeclampsia, there are currently no specific tests that can help establish a preclinical diagnosis, so the methods used in the general population are the only option:
First trimester combined test: markers (weight, blood pressure), ultrasound markers (uterine Doppler), and biochemical markers (PAPP-A, sFlt-1/PIGF).
Prophylactic aspirin before the 16th week of gestation in patients at greatest risk, based on an abnormal uterine Doppler in the first trimester.
In the second trimester, a uterine Doppler combined with other variables has a high negative predictive value.
Since there is no defined pattern in adolescent preeclampsia, its diagnosis and treatment must be the same as in the general population.
\nTherefore, the following recommendations have been established [32]:
\nIn pregnant adolescents, screening, diagnostic, and therapeutic interventions should be similar to those applied in the rest of the population.
Care of pregnant adolescents must be provided in
Although there is no evidence on the beneficial effect of interventions used to curb weight gain during pregnancy, offering a medical evaluation and nutritional counseling is a good practice to recommend.
Every adolescent clinic must establish the incidence of preeclampsia and eclampsia in its patient population and determine which factors are associated to their development.
According to the diagnostic situation of preeclampsia and eclampsia in each adolescent clinic, screening, preventive, early detection, and therapeutic programs must be designed.
In adolescents with preeclampsia, the disease is generally manifested in the latter part of gestation, close to full-term delivery, so good prenatal care fosters a timely diagnosis of hypertensive disease in earlier stages and improves maternal and fetal outcomes. In the case of the induction of delivery, outcomes will also be improved by decreasing the need for cesarean delivery even in the cases of severe preeclampsia: the neonatal outcome also improves since age is not an influencing factor but disease severity is.
\nFollow-up of the offspring of mothers with any pregnancy-associated hypertensive state [33] has shown that by age 7, their systolic blood pressure is increased although within normal parameters—SBP of 104 mm Hg (95%CI 101–106 vs. SBP 99 mm Hg, 95%CI 99–100, p = 0.001)—and this cardiometabolic injury is evident from the age of 2 years.
\nThis abnormality is only observed in full-term births and not in premature offspring; a posited explanation is that the stress caused by preterm delivery protects the fetus from sequelae.
\nAnother consequence observed in the offspring of hypertensive mothers is the development of hypertension and cerebral vascular disease when these children reach adulthood. Also, their risk of developing hypertension increases if their body mass index is elevated, and this has been observed since the ages of 4–10, even if the mother had hypertension with no proteinuria; the presence of elevated liver enzymes or thrombocytopenia has also been associated with hypertension in young offspring [34, 35].
\nFetal changes due to maternal hypertension have been associated with genetic and environmental mechanisms that condition modifications in fetal programming [36]. Among the effects caused by preeclampsia, one hypothesis suggests that superficial invasion of spiral arteries leads to fetal malnutrition. Changes in fetal programming may also involve abnormalities in the inflammatory response and endothelial dysfunction associated with preeclampsia.
\nAn important point in this description of long-term sequelae in the offspring of pregnant adolescents is that they are not modified by age.
\n\n
Adolescent pregnancy is a very important biopsychosocial event, a public health issue, and a continuous social reflection.
Hypertensive problem associated with pregnancy including the period of adolescence is another public health issue; its prevalence in the worldwide is around 10% of all pregnancies.
Preeclampsia in adolescents refers to a relatively common hypertensive disorder during pregnancy that develops progressively. Its cause remains unknown, and it frequently leads to severe maternal and perinatal complications.
The incidence is broad since it depends on various aspects such as geographic location, race, nutritional or immunological factors, and associated comorbidities.
Traditional references accept that the risk of preeclampsia-eclampsia in adolescents is twice that in the adult population, but in recent studies including meta-analysis, the presence of preeclampsia in pregnant adolescents varies from a 20% more frequent and specifically in the group of 13–16 years (OR 2.97, 95% CI 1.62–5.42) to 23% less. Therefore, the available evidence suggests that adolescence is not a determining factor in the development of preeclampsia and eclampsia, but geographic area does appear to be an additional factor.
Two other determinants of risk factor for developing preeclampsia in pregnant adolescent are obesity and inadequate nutrient intake (calcium, zinc, vitamin C, vitamin E, and essential fatty acids).
In adolescents with preeclampsia, the disease is generally manifested in the latter part of gestation, close to full-term delivery.
A good prenatal care fosters timely diagnosis of hypertensive disease in earlier stages and improves maternal and fetal outcomes.
Estuaries are places where silting-up events usually occur. Different processes are the root of particle sedimentation on the bed, which contributes to the filling process of estuaries. Flocculation processes (aggregation and break up), erosion, deposition and compaction are major phenomena that must be considered in order to predict the long term behaviour of estuarine sedimentary dynamic. So, in sedimentary transport, as well as other problems with particulate flows, the complex dynamics is not well described [1].
Most of the study had been realised at macro-scales, due to the huge number of particles that constitute these particulate systems, where the fluid and the particles can be considered as a mixture. So it is of single-phase models at large scale without [2] or with sedimentation consolidation model [3]. They can simulate the behaviour of large-scale systems such as estuaries or ports. At smaller scale, Euler–Euler two-phase flow models have been used with success [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]. The predictive ability and accuracy of theses codes depend essentially on the quality of the closure equations that model phenomena at smallest scales. Processes such as drag or lift forces acting on a suspension are not well established, and there is clearly a need to better understand smallest-scale phenomena in order to better formulate these constitutive relations.
Direct numerical simulation models for particulate flows have received a great attention for 20 years. In these methods, the fluid phase is governed by the Navier–Stokes equations, and the rigid inclusions are governed by Newton’s laws. The flow field around each particle is resolved, and hydrodynamic interactions are results of simulations. Such a model was proposed by Glowinski et al. [11], Peskin [12], Yu and Shao [13], Wachs [14].
Natural sediments responsible for the morphodynamic of the estuaries and coast are of different sizes and densities. Some are cohesive and some are non-cohesive. The transport in suspension and their sedimentation of such a polydisperse suspension are different than the ones for a monodisperse suspension [15]. Thus, the complex behaviour of such particulate systems is not well understood and not really explored by numerical investigations.
We propose here to examine the sedimentation of a polydisperse suspension by the use of a two-dimensional fully resolved model that we developed and validated with monodisperse suspensions in water column. Section 2 briefly describes the mathematical and numerical background of the model. Section 3 presents a validation of the model. Simulation results on the sedimentation of monodisperse and polydisperse particle systems are discussed in Section 4. Finally, Section 5 presents the conclusions and perspectives of the work.
In the direct numerical simulation models for particulate flows, the fluid phase is governed by the Navier–Stokes equations, and the rigid inclusions are governed by Newton’s laws. The flow field around each particle is resolved, and hydrodynamics interactions are results of simulation. The model presented here is based on the ‘Direct-Forcing/Fictitious Domain’ method of Yu and Shao [13] and the Direct Numerical code of Guillou and Makhloufi [16]. Herein we briefly recall the basic equations with special closure laws. More details can be found in Verjus [17] and Verjus et al. [18].
Let consider a Newtonian fluid and one rigid cylindrical particle. Let
where
A fractional-step method is used in order to decouple the problem described by the Eqs. (1)–(5). For a time instant, three major steps are written: one for the prediction of the fluid velocity (and pressure) (Eqs. (6) and (7)); one for the calculation of the particle’s motion and the interaction with the fluid (Eqs. (7)–(9)); and the last one to correct the fluid’s velocity (Eq. (10)). The present model is an extension of the SUDRES code [16] for the DNS of the fluid flow in two dimensions. A Finite Difference Method on a staggered grid and a projection technique are used to solve the fluid problem. Finally, the time marching-algorithm used is as follows:
• Step 1: Calculation of the fluid velocity and pressure with a projection method
• Step 2: Calculation of the particle subproblem for
◦ Step 2.1: Calculation of
◦ Step 2.2: Calculation of
• Step 3: Correction of the fluid velocity
The discretization of the particle (Lagrangian mesh associated to the particle) is still an open question. In the Distributed Lagrangian Multiplier Method, different techniques are used to discretize the particle [19], but the Collocation Element Method is often used. In the present study, a structured meshing strategy is used to discretize the particle (Figure 1). So for the solid problem, the particle is dicretized with the Collocation Point Method. The arrangement of the Lagrangian points is presented in Yu and Shao [13]. Special attention is dedicated to the space between particle nodes: it is greater than the fluid nodes space as suggested by Glowinski et al. [11]. Bilinear interpolations are used to interpolate quantities defined on the fluid’s mesh (Eulerian) on the particle’s mesh (Lagrangian) and vice versa. A trapezoidal rule is used to perform integrals. The collision strategy employed in this code is based on a normal repulsive force acting when two particles are too close each other [11].
Meshes of the fluid and solid domains.
The numerical model is validated by three cases: the simulation of the flow around a fixed particle, the sedimentation of one particle and the sedimentation of two particles.
The first test case is the fixed cylinder (circular particle) in Poiseuille flow. A cylinder is placed at the centre of a channel of width
Flow past a circular cylinder (vorticity on the left and stream line on the right) in a channel (width/diameter = 4) for
Rep | 0.5 | 1 | 5 | 10 | 20 | 0 | 100 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present | 93.00 | 46.68 | 10.28 | 6.05 | 3.96 | 2.84 | 2.16 |
Present | 90.34 | 46.68 | 10.01 | 5.89 | 3.85 | 2.75 | 2.08 |
Present | 89.11 | 44.73 | 9.88 | 5.83 | 3.80 | 2.72 | 2.06 |
Yu and Shao [13] | 87.95 | 44.16 | 9.95 | 5.75 | 3.76 | 2.68 |
Drag coefficients for several Reynolds numbers and for several mesh sizes (
The second test case concerns the sedimentation of circular particle in a fluid at rest. The gravity is along the channel axis. The domain and numerical parameters are identical to the ones used for the first case. The Froude and Reynolds numbers are based on an estimation of the settling velocity
Sedimentation of a circular particle (
This test concerns the sedimentation of two particles in a close domain. The simulations for
Sedimentation of two particles: (a) trajectories of the particles; (b) equilibrium positions of the particles; (c) time evolution of the dimensionless rotation velocity.
This configuration corresponds to the experiment of Jayaweera and Mason [21]. As described by Feng et al. [22], the trailing cylinder accelerates in the wake of the leading one and then turns around this one until the centre of the cylinders is horizontally aligned. Afterwards, the two particles move apart on the horizontal direction. This phenomenon is found in the simulation. As Feng et al. [22] showed the trailing particle oscillates around the channel axis, whereas the leading one oscillates with smaller amplitude around an axis close to wall. Figure 4c shows that the rotation of the particles is accounted for. The rotational velocity is quite small but not nil. More details about the chaotic sedimentation of two particles at low Reynolds number were presented in Verjus et al. [17].
In this section, the sedimentation of a great number of particles is considered. The settling velocity depends on the number of particles. The more there are, smaller is the velocity. In such a case, the terminal velocity formulation is close to the one proposed by Richardson-Zaki [23]:
The problem concerns the sedimentation of
Snapshot of the sedimentation of an initially homogeneous suspension of 785 particles (
A comparison with macroscopic parameter such as the settling velocity of Richardson-Zaki can be made. But a control surface (volume in 3
In Figure 6 (left), the clear water interface is drawn for several solid volume fractions. At the beginning of the motion, the interface settles with a constant velocity and then reaches a regime for which the evolution slows down. This is hindered settling regime. After a while, there is no motion. It corresponds to the gel point. The hindering regime depends on the number of particles, so its time duration is longer for the higher initial solid volume fraction. The right picture presents the evolution of the dimensionless settling velocity versus the solid volume fraction (0.026, 0.058, 0.103, 0.136, 0.233 and 0.32 which correspond to 136, 306, 544, 850, 1204 and 1666 particles) for
Left: Time evolution of the clear water-suspension interface (settling curve) for three initial solid volume fractions 0.32, 0.162, 0.058 (
In this section, we consider the sedimentation of a poly-disperse suspension. The simulations are two dimensional, and particles are represented by discs with three different diameters:
Snapshots of the sedimentation of tri-disperse particles in a closed box (grey particles for diameter
Figure 7 presents the motions of particles and the fluid flow for various instants. At the beginning of simulation, the suspension is homogeneous in the domain. After few seconds, most of smallest particles are expulsed upwards, whereas the two other kinds of particles fall on the bottom. However, the biggest particles fall faster than medium ones and then reach the bottom first. In the suspension, two different areas appear: one which is essentially composed of smallest particles in the upper part and a second one constituted with a non-homogeneous mixture of small and medium particles. The bed is constituted in majority of big particles. At the end of simulation, particles are fully segregated, and the bed is composed of three layers filled mainly with respectively one class of particle.
Figure 8 presents the vertical evolution of the net pressure at different instants. This pressure corresponds to the total pressure less the hydrostatic pressure in that case. At the beginning of the simulation, the pressure gradient is constant. Two areas appear at instant
Net pressure versus height at different instants. Right figure is the simulation with the parameters presented in the article. Left figure, the simulation case differs by the number particles by species (114 particles of diameter
Where
Particles arrangement in the bed at the end of the simulation. Velocity vectors and contours are plotted (unity: cm/s).
A fully resolved model based on the Direct-Forcing/Fictitious Domain method (DF/FD) was developed to study the sedimentation of particles. It was validated on simple cases and applied to the sedimentation of mono-disperse particles. The macroscopic behaviour of the solution corresponds to experimental results and average settling velocities follow a Richardson-Zaki type law. The application of the model to a poly-disperse suspension leads to the apparition of a natural segregation of the particles on the bed. As the pressure is computed by the model, the pressure between the grains can be extract. So the excess pore pressure along the vertical is extract. It appears that at the end of the simulation, but not of the rearrangement of the bed, the pressure profile approaches the law proposed by Guazzelli and Morris [24].
The results presented here are limited to low Reynolds numbers, so we will explore other range of Reynolds numbers. The simulation of sedimentation of particles with complex shapes is possible, but a supplementary work is necessary concerning the collision strategy.
We would like to thank the Syndicat Mixte du Cotentin for financing the computational resources.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. 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This demand has been partly addressed by the substitution of natural alternatives to synthetic ingredients. One such example in this endeavour, is the study of the application of natural biopolymers as food emulsion stabilisers. When biopolymers such as proteins and polysaccharides or their complexes are applied as emulsion stabilisers, they exhibit different modes of action. These include acting as emulsifiers (polypeptides), increasing the viscosity of the medium (polysaccharides), reducing coalescence by coating individual droplets as well as acting as weighting agents (polysaccharides and polypeptides). Biopolymers can be covalently complexed using chemical, enzymatic or thermal treatments. These treatments generally increase the robustness and solubility of the final complexes. Biopolymer complexes have been reported to show higher stability to varying temperatures, pH and ionic strength. When two incompatible biopolymers are mixed, either associative or segregative phase separation occurs. The former involves separation of oppositely charged polymers due to electrostatic repulsion and the latter involves separation of similarly charged or neutral biopolymers. In this chapter, the stabilising effect, complexation, mode of action, phase behaviour and future application of biopolymers in emulsions are discussed.",book:{id:"6519",slug:"science-and-technology-behind-nanoemulsions",title:"Science and Technology Behind Nanoemulsions",fullTitle:"Science and Technology Behind Nanoemulsions"},signatures:"Yvonne Maphosa and Victoria A. Jideani",authors:[{id:"18450",title:"Prof.",name:"Victoria",middleName:null,surname:"Jideani",slug:"victoria-jideani",fullName:"Victoria Jideani"},{id:"201151",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Yvonne",middleName:null,surname:"Maphosa",slug:"yvonne-maphosa",fullName:"Yvonne Maphosa"}]},{id:"60323",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75778",title:"Microemulsion in Enhanced Oil Recovery",slug:"microemulsion-in-enhanced-oil-recovery",totalDownloads:1678,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:"The success of surfactant flooding for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) process depends on the efficiency of designed chemical formula. In this chapter, a thorough discussion on Winsor Type III microemulsion was included which is considered the most desirable condition for achieving an ultra-low interfacial tension during surfactant-flooding process. A brief literature review on chemicals, experimental approaches, and methods used for the generation of the desirable phase was presented. Phase behavior studies of microemulsion are a very important tool in describing the interaction of an aqueous phase containing surfactant with hydrocarbon phase to form the Type III microemulsion. Microemulsion highly depends on brine salinity and the interfacial tension (IFT) changes as microemulsion phase transition occurs. At optimal salinity, Type III microemulsion forms, whereas salinity greater or lower than optimal value causes a significant increase in the IFT, resulting in insufficient oil displacement efficiency. Type III microemulsion at optimum salinity is characterized by ultra-low IFT, and extremely high oil recovery can be achieved. In addition, this chapter also stated various other mechanisms relating to oil entrapment, microemulsion phase transition, and surfactant loss in porous media.",book:{id:"6519",slug:"science-and-technology-behind-nanoemulsions",title:"Science and Technology Behind Nanoemulsions",fullTitle:"Science and Technology Behind Nanoemulsions"},signatures:"Shehzad Ahmed and Khaled Abdalla Elraies",authors:[{id:"237176",title:"Dr.",name:"Shehzad",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"shehzad-ahmed",fullName:"Shehzad Ahmed"},{id:"237829",title:"Dr.",name:"Khaled",middleName:null,surname:"Elraies",slug:"khaled-elraies",fullName:"Khaled Elraies"}]},{id:"52575",doi:"10.5772/65301",title:"Wetting and Drying of Colloidal Droplets: Physics and Pattern Formation",slug:"wetting-and-drying-of-colloidal-droplets-physics-and-pattern-formation",totalDownloads:3118,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"When a colloidal droplet is deposited on a solid substrate at ambient condition, it will experience the processes of wetting and drying spontaneously. These ostensibly simple and ubiquitous processes involve numerous physics: droplet spreading and wetting, three-phase contact line motion, flow fields inside droplets, and mass transportation within droplets during drying. Meanwhile, the continuous evaporation of liquid produces inter- and/or intra-molecular interactions among suspended materials and builds up the internal stress within droplets. After drying, interesting and complex desiccation patterns form in the dried droplets. These desiccation patterns are believed to have wide applications, e.g., medical diagnosis. However, many potential applications are limited by the current understanding of wetting and drying of colloidal droplets. This chapter focuses on the complex physics associated with these processes and the pattern formation in the dried colloidal droplets. Moreover, potential applications of these desiccation patterns and prospective works of wetting and drying of the colloidal droplets are outlined in this chapter.",book:{id:"5403",slug:"advances-in-colloid-science",title:"Advances in Colloid Science",fullTitle:"Advances in Colloid Science"},signatures:"Ruoyang Chen, Liyuan Zhang, Duyang Zang and Wei Shen",authors:[{id:"187613",title:"Prof.",name:"Duyang",middleName:null,surname:"Zang",slug:"duyang-zang",fullName:"Duyang Zang"}]},{id:"59511",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74221",title:"Stresses and Strains Distribution of a Developed Cold Bituminous Emulsion Mixture Using Finite Element Analysis",slug:"stresses-and-strains-distribution-of-a-developed-cold-bituminous-emulsion-mixture-using-finite-eleme",totalDownloads:1035,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Cold bitumen emulsion mixtures (CBEMs) offer an energy-efficient, sustainable and cost-effective alternative to conventional hot asphalt mixtures, as no heating is required to produce the CBEMs. The enhancement of flexible pavements performance by modifying asphalt mixture has been considered valuable. This is due to the undesirable environmental conditions and heavy loads that will cause unsatisfactory performance of conventional mixtures. Empirical methods using layers with elastic response have been largely used to design such mixtures. Currently fast and powerful design techniques are used to reduce the limitation in determining stresses, strains and displacement in flexible pavements analysis. This research presents a simple and more practicable design procedure of CBEM and discusses limitations of this design. Also, present the properties and characteristics of modified CBEMs for surface course mixture using glass fibre as a reinforcing material. In addition, a three-dimensional (3D) finite element analysis (FEA) simulation for the prediction of pavement mechanical behaviour and performance is carried out using ABAQUS software in which element types, model dimensions and meshing have been taken to achieve appropriate accuracy and convergence.",book:{id:"6519",slug:"science-and-technology-behind-nanoemulsions",title:"Science and Technology Behind Nanoemulsions",fullTitle:"Science and Technology Behind Nanoemulsions"},signatures:"Hayder Kamil Shanbara, Felicite Ruddock and William Atherton",authors:[{id:"223414",title:"Dr.",name:"Hayder",middleName:null,surname:"Shanbara",slug:"hayder-shanbara",fullName:"Hayder Shanbara"},{id:"238617",title:"Mrs.",name:"Felicite",middleName:null,surname:"Ruddock",slug:"felicite-ruddock",fullName:"Felicite Ruddock"},{id:"238619",title:"Dr.",name:"William",middleName:null,surname:"Atherton",slug:"william-atherton",fullName:"William Atherton"}]},{id:"66492",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84538",title:"Application of Emulsions and Microemulsions in Enhanced Oil Recovery and Well Stimulation",slug:"application-of-emulsions-and-microemulsions-in-enhanced-oil-recovery-and-well-stimulation",totalDownloads:1435,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Hydrocarbons are produced and transported in a form of mixtures containing oil, gas, and water plus organic and inorganic contaminants. The flow presence of these contaminants (emulsifiers) with the continuous agitation from reservoirs up to surface facilities leads to formation of tight emulsions that need to be dealt with carefully to treat and process them adequately. Emulsions, in the other hand, are sometimes intentionally formed for using in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and well stimulation. In EOR, emulsions are formed and injected into the reservoirs for the objective of improving both the microscopic displacement efficiency and the macroscopic sweep efficiency, which leads to higher recovery factor. In well stimulation emulsified acids are used during matrix acidizing and acid fracturing to retard acid reaction with rocks, to generate deeper penetration inside the reservoir. Microemulsion is a form of emulsion with less droplet size, and hence higher stability, that occasionally used during EOR and hydraulic fracturing to further improve the reservoir recovery and well production rate. This chapter discusses the application of emulsions and microemulsions in petroleum industry. The chapter discusses emulsions, microemulsions, emulsification processes, application of emulsions and microemulsions in enhanced oil recovery and well stimulations, and ended with conclusions.",book:{id:"6830",slug:"microemulsion-a-chemical-nanoreactor",title:"Microemulsion",fullTitle:"Microemulsion - a Chemical Nanoreactor"},signatures:"Mysara E. Mohyaldinn, Anas M. Hassan and Mohammed A. Ayoub",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"60140",title:"Factors Affecting the Stability of Emulsions Stabilised by Biopolymers",slug:"factors-affecting-the-stability-of-emulsions-stabilised-by-biopolymers",totalDownloads:2660,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:29,abstract:"There has been an increase in consumer demand for healthy food products made from natural ingredients. This demand has been partly addressed by the substitution of natural alternatives to synthetic ingredients. One such example in this endeavour, is the study of the application of natural biopolymers as food emulsion stabilisers. When biopolymers such as proteins and polysaccharides or their complexes are applied as emulsion stabilisers, they exhibit different modes of action. These include acting as emulsifiers (polypeptides), increasing the viscosity of the medium (polysaccharides), reducing coalescence by coating individual droplets as well as acting as weighting agents (polysaccharides and polypeptides). Biopolymers can be covalently complexed using chemical, enzymatic or thermal treatments. These treatments generally increase the robustness and solubility of the final complexes. Biopolymer complexes have been reported to show higher stability to varying temperatures, pH and ionic strength. When two incompatible biopolymers are mixed, either associative or segregative phase separation occurs. The former involves separation of oppositely charged polymers due to electrostatic repulsion and the latter involves separation of similarly charged or neutral biopolymers. In this chapter, the stabilising effect, complexation, mode of action, phase behaviour and future application of biopolymers in emulsions are discussed.",book:{id:"6519",slug:"science-and-technology-behind-nanoemulsions",title:"Science and Technology Behind Nanoemulsions",fullTitle:"Science and Technology Behind Nanoemulsions"},signatures:"Yvonne Maphosa and Victoria A. Jideani",authors:[{id:"18450",title:"Prof.",name:"Victoria",middleName:null,surname:"Jideani",slug:"victoria-jideani",fullName:"Victoria Jideani"},{id:"201151",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Yvonne",middleName:null,surname:"Maphosa",slug:"yvonne-maphosa",fullName:"Yvonne Maphosa"}]},{id:"52371",title:"Manganese Sulfide (MnS) Nanocrystals: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications",slug:"manganese-sulfide-mns-nanocrystals-synthesis-properties-and-applications",totalDownloads:2814,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Manganese(II) sulfide (MnS) is an interesting material for both fundamental and applicative research, especially when its bulk properties are modulated by reducing the size into the nanometric region (< 100 nm). Due to its polymorphism, MnS is an attractive material to develop synthetic strategies for polymorphism control. We have reviewed the literature concerning MnS nanosystems having at least one dimension smaller than 100 nm. Successful synthetic techniques for the preparation of zero- and one-dimensional MnS nanosystems (either homogeneous and heterogeneous) with size, shape, and polymorphism control are presented with emphasis on solvothermal techniques and on studies devoted to understanding the growth mechanism and the polymorphism. Properties and applications are collected in three broad areas corresponding to nanosize MnS used as an optical, electric, and magnetic material. MnS has attracting properties such as its large bandgap, which makes it promising for emission in the ultraviolet region. The magnetic properties have also arisen attention since MnS is antiferromagnetic at low temperature and (super)paramagnetic at room temperature. Finally, the layered structure of the hexagonal polymorph is responsible for the good performance of nanosize MnS as a lithium-ion battery electrode or supercapacitor material since the insertion/exchange of small ions is easy.",book:{id:"5403",slug:"advances-in-colloid-science",title:"Advances in Colloid Science",fullTitle:"Advances in Colloid Science"},signatures:"Anna M. Ferretti, Sara Mondini and Alessandro Ponti",authors:[{id:"189155",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandro",middleName:null,surname:"Ponti",slug:"alessandro-ponti",fullName:"Alessandro Ponti"},{id:"194648",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna M.",middleName:null,surname:"Ferretti",slug:"anna-m.-ferretti",fullName:"Anna M. Ferretti"},{id:"194649",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Mondini",slug:"sara-mondini",fullName:"Sara Mondini"}]},{id:"60144",title:"Effects of Interfacial Tension Alteration on the Destabilization of Water-Oil Emulsions",slug:"effects-of-interfacial-tension-alteration-on-the-destabilization-of-water-oil-emulsions",totalDownloads:1438,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Resolution of water-in-oil emulsion is a major crude oil processing requirement in oil industry. To improve the quality of the oil and fulfill regulatory requirements numerous chemical demulsifiers of varying efficiencies and effectiveness have been developed over the years. In this study, we have investigated the effects of water content, temperature, and different concentrations of Sodium Methyl Ester Sulfonate (SMES) on emulsion viscosity profiles and stability under distinct levels of salinities. The water content was measured with the American Standard Testing Method ASTM D4928 while SARA analysis was conducted using the ASTM D3279 and ASTM D6591 methods. The density and viscosity of the samples were measured following the ASTM D5002 and ASTM D445 techniques respectively while the emulsion stability was evaluated based on the rate of sedimentation, flocculation and coalescence from Turbiscan classic MA 2000. Refractometer with the aid of a light-emitting diode, a sapphire prism and a high-resolution optical sensor was used to measure the refractive index while interfacial tension was measured with spinning drop tensiometer. The emulsion samples were investigated at 25, 50 and 75°C. Analyses show that the interactions of the constituents of a crude oil system, the produced water system and the emulsion system play major roles in the characterization of water-in-crude oil emulsions. Hence, the stability of water-in-crude oil emulsions is related to the viscous force presented by the continuous phase, water cut and salinity.",book:{id:"6519",slug:"science-and-technology-behind-nanoemulsions",title:"Science and Technology Behind Nanoemulsions",fullTitle:"Science and Technology Behind Nanoemulsions"},signatures:"Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon and Bamikole Joshua Adeyemi",authors:[{id:"228105",title:"Dr.",name:"Aliyu",middleName:null,surname:"Adebayo Sulaimon",slug:"aliyu-adebayo-sulaimon",fullName:"Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon"},{id:"239984",title:"Mr.",name:"Bamikole",middleName:null,surname:"Adeyemi",slug:"bamikole-adeyemi",fullName:"Bamikole Adeyemi"}]},{id:"71462",title:"Thermal and Acoustic Numerical Simulation of Foams for Constructions",slug:"thermal-and-acoustic-numerical-simulation-of-foams-for-constructions",totalDownloads:743,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Cellular foams are widely employed as insulation materials, both thermal and acoustic, often in competition with traditional fibrous insulation material, e.g., rock wool. As for the acoustic and thermal properties, several models have been developed to predict acoustic properties of poroelastic materials, but they are usually applied to fibrous layers or polyurethane foams, whereas their application to new materials like complex cellular foams has not been assessed due to the different cell microstructures. There is a very strong interest both in industrial and academic in developing novel insulation materials; accordingly, the possibility of ideally designing the cellular foam microstructure to achieve desired acoustic performances appears a highly attractive target. The paper will first discuss the state-of-the-art acoustic and thermal models and their application to cellular foam materials. Then a novel sustainable alginate-based foam material will be analyzed as a case study, by focusing the aspects related to their microstructure and acoustic properties. For the derivation of an acoustic model, the determination of the parameters of Johnson-Champoux-Allard (JCA) acoustic model (tortuosity, viscous characteristic length, thermal characteristic length, porosity, and flow resistivity) was performed using five different forecasting methods, including traditional analytical model for fibrous materials as well as inverse procedure.",book:{id:"8111",slug:"foams-emerging-technologies",title:"Foams",fullTitle:"Foams - Emerging Technologies"},signatures:"Marco Caniato, Giada Kyaw Oo D’Amore and Jan Kašpar",authors:null},{id:"66314",title:"Effect of Surfactants on Bubble-Particle Interactions",slug:"effect-of-surfactants-on-bubble-particle-interactions",totalDownloads:1096,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"The interaction of air bubbles with solid particles is an important mechanism in many industrial processes, e.g., in flotation, fermentation, wetting, multiphase reactors, columns, etc. The surface-active agents are adsorbed both on air-liquid and solid-liquid interfaces and significantly influence the bubble-particle interaction. In this chapter, the mechanism, dynamics, and fundamental steps of bubble adhesion onto the solid surface are described. The first part is devoted to the description of influence of surfactants on the bubble behavior during the collision, as well as their influence on thinning and breaking of liquid film. The second part describes the effect of surfactants on the formation and expansion of the three-phase contact line between the bubble and the hydrophobic solid particle. The important role of surfactant type, concentration, and purity is discussed.",book:{id:"7735",slug:"surfactants-and-detergents",title:"Surfactants and Detergents",fullTitle:"Surfactants and Detergents"},signatures:"Pavlína Basařová and Mária Zedníková",authors:[{id:"289395",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavlína",middleName:null,surname:"Basařová",slug:"pavlina-basarova",fullName:"Pavlína Basařová"},{id:"289396",title:"Dr.",name:"Mária",middleName:null,surname:"Zedníková",slug:"maria-zednikova",fullName:"Mária Zedníková"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"504",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11410,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11411,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11413,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11414,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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She is also a UNESCO-trained International Bioethics Facilitator.",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"355660",title:"Dr.",name:"Anitha",middleName:null,surname:"Mani",slug:"anitha-mani",fullName:"Anitha Mani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"355612",title:"Dr.",name:"Janani",middleName:null,surname:"Karthikeyan",slug:"janani-karthikeyan",fullName:"Janani Karthikeyan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334400",title:"Dr.",name:"Suvetha",middleName:null,surname:"Siva",slug:"suvetha-siva",fullName:"Suvetha Siva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"14",type:"subseries",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11410,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983"},editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",slug:"ana-isabel-flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",slug:"christian-palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"82392",title:"Nanomaterials as Novel Biomarkers for Cancer Nanotheranostics: State of the Art",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105700",signatures:"Hao Yu, Zhihai Han, Cunrong Chen and Leisheng Zhang",slug:"nanomaterials-as-novel-biomarkers-for-cancer-nanotheranostics-state-of-the-art",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biotechnology - 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