The properties of components for FE modeling of the investigated rock bolt.
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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7294",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Fiber Optics - From Fundamentals to Industrial Applications",title:"Fiber Optics",subtitle:"From Fundamentals to Industrial Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Optical fibers in metrology, telecommunications, sensors, manufacturing, and health science have gained massive research interest. The number of applications is increasing at a fast pace. This book aims to present a collection of recent advances in fiber optics, addressing both fundamental and industrial applications. It covers the current progress and latest breakthroughs in emergent applications of fiber optics. 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He obtained a master's degree in Photonics from the Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau in 2013. In 2017, he received his PhD in Industrial Engineering from the Università degli Studi di Roma 'Tor Vergata” for his work in the field of integrated photonics for communication and sensing. 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His scientific interest has been devoted to: synthesis and optical characterization of dielectric materials for photonics studied by means of several spectroscopic techniques (absorption and luminescence, static and time resolved by ultra-fast techniques, Raman); synthesis and nonlinear optical characterization of materials functionalized by electrooptic molecular moieties for optoelectronics; polar ordering of nonlinear chromophores induced by corona and electrode poling; surface nanostructuring (mono and bi-dimensional gratings) in insulating materials by photolithographic techniques; bio-polymeric scaffolds by two-photon polymerization for tissue engineering; impedance spectroscopy of solid electrolyte materials showing ionic conduction.",institutionString:"University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata'",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"538",title:"Optical Communication",slug:"optical-communication"}],chapters:[{id:"66269",title:"Introductory Chapter: Fiber Optics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85495",slug:"introductory-chapter-fiber-optics",totalDownloads:999,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Patrick Steglich and Fabio De Matteis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66269",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66269",authors:[{id:"223128",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrick",surname:"Steglich",slug:"patrick-steglich",fullName:"Patrick Steglich"},{id:"266147",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabio",surname:"De Matteis",slug:"fabio-de-matteis",fullName:"Fabio De Matteis"}],corrections:null},{id:"63853",title:"Optical Fiber Probe-Based Manipulation of Cells",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81423",slug:"optical-fiber-probe-based-manipulation-of-cells",totalDownloads:963,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In a liquid environment, optical trapping and multifunctional manipulation of biological cells, in a noncontact, noninvasive, and high-precision way, have become one of the research focuses in the field of integrated optics, biophotonics, and clinical medicine. 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The role of a rock bolt support system is to secure and reinforce the rock zone in the near field of an underground opening and to fasten it to deeper rock strata [1, 2]. Mostly steel rock bolts are used for that purpose [3, 4]. The rock bolt consists of a steel bar grouted in an oversize hole. A portable installation machine is used to spin the bolt into the hole filled with fast setting epoxy resin cartridges. After hardening of the resin layer a plate and nut are driven up the bolt. Although robust resin cartridges are used, in mining practice the rock bolt may not be fully encapsulated as a consequence of various geotechnical conditions [5, 6, 7]: rock divergence, escape of grout into crevices, rock strata movement and improper grouting. The lack of proper grouting may be very hazardous and should be monitored [8]. Current publications in the field of rock bolt diagnosis, indicate that much effort is being taken to estimate the rock bolt integrity and grout quality in the most precise way. Different approaches have been proposed e.g. Granit, Boltometer, RBT and other inventions or methods [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14]. These methods rely on excitation of a tested rock bolt to vibration along its axis of symmetry and the analysis of output signals. Depending on the proposed method, both acoustic and ultrasonic waves are generated. Correspondingly, different analytical approaches are used as wavelet transform analysis, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and neural network algorithms [5, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]. Also smart sensors techniques are introduced for observation of behavior of grouted rock bolts [19], in particular load measurements at the head of them [20], but the problem is not yet fully resolved.
Accordingly, the method for non-destructive identification of grouting discontinuity of rock bolts is proposed to extend the diagnose scope in rock bolting. Thus the diagnosis of void spaces—regions of lack of bonding is seen as crucial here. In the method a transverse excitation is applied which is seen as more adequate for that purpose. At present a diagnose is completed after the analytical phase has been performed in laboratory conditions, so results are not accessible in situ. Its usage is restricted to steel rock bolts up to 2.5 m long, though not only in mining but also in building engineering. It is worth noticing that the same approach to test the integrity of installed rock bolts was described by Godfrey [21]. Though not known to the author at the experimental and analytical stage of the current work, it is very encouraging that similar methodology was presented over forty years ago.
The chapter starts with a theoretical description of the main rules and relationships between investigated modal parameters and measured data. Then the method and structure of a reference base of FE models are presented. Subsequently it is shown how the method was validated in an experimental coal mine. Finally the results of the research realized in working coal mines are discussed.
Unlike previously mentioned approaches, the proposed method uses modal analysis procedures and excitation forces are generated by an impact hammer. To perform such a quality assessment of grouting rock bolts several conditions must be fulfilled. One of the primary conditions of realization of the method is identification of a modal model of a tested structure. The modal model of a mechanical system basically consists of two matrices [22, 23, 24, 25]:
Fundamental matrix with natural frequencies and damping factors of the modes (eigenvectors),
Modal matrix which consists of eigenvectors [Φ].
The modal model may be constructed starting from identification of a single modal eigenvector, and a more sophisticated model (not necessarily complete) would be a set of modal eigenvectors coordinates together with their natural frequencies and damping factors. From an individual characteristic of frequency response function Hjk(ω), where
In order to calculate foregoing elements of the modal matrix [Φ], as coordinates of modal vectors ϕjr, it is necessary to conduct a series of measurements of frequency response functions in different points of a tested mechanical system. The measurement of a frequency response function at excitation point is very important. The coordinates of an r-mode may be calculated knowing a residue rAkk at this point using formula (2):
The rest of modal vector coordinates may be calculated using Eq. (3):
where:
So, for complete presentation of vibration motion of the tested structure with
The measurement setup is shown in Figure 1. For realization of the method a response transducer was localized at a visible part of the rock bolt, attached using steel ring and stud [26] and a force transducer was localized at an impact hammer head. The direction of excitation was perpendicular to the symmetry axis of the rock bolt as well as is the main axis of the response transducer. After excitation of the rock bolt to transverse vibration, the signals from both the force transducer and the accelerometer (response transducer) were recorded and frequency response function (FRF) was calculated. The excitation was repeated at several points positioned along the outer part of the bar when the accelerometer remained at the same place. The subsequent frequency response functions were stored in universal file format in the computer memory. In the next step data were exported to a workstation where modal parameter extraction methods were realized. Since the installed rock bolt acts as an oscillator, its modal parameters are changed by different lengths and positions of grouting discontinuity. By proper extraction of those parameters, the intended identification was possible.
Measurement setup: (1) rock bolt, typical length 1.5 m-2.5 m; (2) the accelerometer; (3) the impact hammer; (4) portable measurement system; (5) workstation for modal analysis; (6) the surface of the upper roof section; (7) the grout. L is a grouted length.
In this research the natural (resonant) frequency was the main modal parameter taken into account to differentiate foregoing cases of grouting discontinuity. To increase the accuracy of the method frequency response measurements were performed at 5-7 points positioned on the outer part of a rock bolt. It enabled calculating natural frequencies with the use of a larger number of equations and averaging obtained results in the least square sense. Additionally, it was possible to avoid a casual excitation at a nod point of a mode shape [27]. Mode shapes, which is self-understandable, could not be measured on the whole length of a rock bolt (the grouted part of a bar inaccessible). It is only possible in laboratory conditions. Figures 2 and 3 present the example results of research on known cases of grouting discontinuities in real working conditions where a rock bolt support system was used. The amplitude of FRF function depends on the location of measured points and may differ for each pair of response and reference points, shown on Figure 3.
An example of FRF functions (waterfall curve) for a known case of grouting discontinuities in real working conditions.
An example of stabilization diagram for a known case of grouting discontinuities in real working conditions, the FRF curves for all measured points are shown (the order number of the model was set as 40).
It was also necessary to have a reference point to compare our results with. With this aim the theoretical modal analysis was introduced [23, 24, 25, 26] and a base of Finite Element (FE) models were built, encompassing different types of discontinuities (different boundary conditions).
The lengths on which a rock bolt (a steel bar) is grouted into a roof section form defined border conditions. Different cases of grouting discontinuity can be modeled in theoretical models. To be used as a reference the theoretical model had to be reconciled to the experimental one taking into account a wide range of cases with controlled, known discontinuities of grouting.
In the presented research ANSYS program was used to build the finite element model of a grouted rock bolt, shown in Figure 4. The program enables modeling of finite elements with the help of advanced programming tools, so even very complicated geometry shapes can be developed. In the first phase geometry of the examined structure was involved. Then meshing process was realized and particular physical properties of materials were introduced including density, Young Modulus, Poisson Ratio etc., shown in Table 1. These parameters are crucial since mass and stiffness matrices are built in relation to them. Except steel these parameters were evaluated experimentally. Afterwards adequate physical parameters as well as loads and boundary conditions were attributed to groups of elements. The rock component was ascribed fixed support at the side and back faces and frictional support was attributed to connections between a nut, a plate and roof strata surface. Also, for modeling of torsion force applied to screw the nut and plate to a rock bolt, a bolt pretension feature was utilized (results for different torsion forces were calculated, but that value is controlled by an operator of a bolter and is given). After the process of reconciliation, which comprised all the above mentioned parameters, the validated FE model could be used as a reference base for unknown experimental cases. An example of an analyzed case study and a specific mode of natural frequency is presented in Figure 5. The influence of rock strata in which rock bolts are installed was also taken into account but the results obtained both in the experimental and working coal mines (sand stone and mud stone rock strata) showed that the type of rock strata has only a slight impact in comparison with grout discontinuity. As an example, for the particular case, lack of grout at the half length of a rock bolt, the difference ranged from 0.7% to 2.4% for 8 calculated natural frequencies.
An example of a finite element model for an analyzed case study.
Property | Component material | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Steel (bar, nut) | Grout | Cement (optional) | Rock (mudstone) | Rock (sandstone) | |
Density, kgm−3 | 7850 | 1990 | 2300 | 2560 | 2160 |
Young’s Modulus, Pa | 2.00E+11 | 5.110E+09 | 3.00E+10 | 6.388E+09 | 3.722E+09 |
Poisson’s Ratio | 0.30 | 0.10 | 0.18 | 0.16 | 0.09 |
The properties of components for FE modeling of the investigated rock bolt.
An example of an analyzed case study and a specific mode of natural frequency 232,5 Hz (the amplitude of the mode is scaled for presentation purposes).
As a result of theoretical modal analysis frequency response functions and natural frequencies were calculated (for excitation at the outer part of a rock bolt). Then sets of natural frequencies characteristic of different types of grouting discontinuities were collected and a large data base was set up. Table 2 presents the sample of data sheets for the carried out calculations and obtained convergence charts of the analyzed cases.
Lack of grout, cm | f1 | f2 | f3 | f4 | f5 | f6 | f7 | f8 | f9 | F10 | F11 | F12 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 | 2325.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
10 | 917.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
15 | 470.3 | 2487.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
20 | 284.1 | 1686.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
25 | 192.6 | 1175.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
30 | 137.1 | 843.8 | 2280.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
35 | 102.7 | 635.2 | 1739.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
40 | 80.0 | 496.5 | 1368.4 | 2552.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
. . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . |
175 | 4.5 | 28.2 | 79.0 | 154.6 | 255.3 | 380.7 | 530.6 | 704.8 | 902.9 | 1124.5 | 1369.2 | 1636.5 |
180 | 4.3 | 26.7 | 74.7 | 146.2 | 241.4 | 360.0 | 501.8 | 666.6 | 854.1 | 1063.9 | 1295.7 | 1549.0 |
185 | 4.0 | 25.3 | 70.8 | 138.6 | 228.8 | 341.2 | 475.7 | 632.0 | 809.9 | 1009.0 | 1229.0 | 1470.6 |
190 | 3.8 | 24.0 | 67.1 | 131.4 | 217.0 | 323.7 | 451.4 | 599.8 | 768.6 | 957.7 | 1166.7 | 1396.2 |
195 | 3.6 | 22.8 | 63.8 | 124.8 | 206.1 | 307.5 | 428.8 | 569.8 | 730.3 | 910.1 | 1108.9 | 1327.3 |
The calculated natural frequencies of the finite element models of investigated rock bolts.
In order to enable fast and effective comparison of theoretical (FE) and experimental models regression methods were reviewed. Cluster analysis seemed to be adequate for that purpose. It is one of the statistical methods to adjust parameters (in the presented research: natural frequencies) measured experimentally with calculated data. The concept of cluster analysis, a term introduced in the work of Tryon [28] actually includes several different classification algorithms. For researchers of many disciplines it poses a major problem to organize the observed data in a sensible structure, or data grouping. In other words, cluster analysis is a tool for exploratory data analysis, whose aim is to arrange objects in a group, in such a way that the degree of binding properties of objects belonging to the same group is the largest, and with objects from other groups is as small as possible. Analysis of the cluster can be used to detect data structures without deriving interpretation/explanation. In short: cluster analysis only detects structure in the data without explaining why it occurs. The general types of methods of cluster analysis are: agglomeration, grouping of objects and characteristics, and k-means clustering. Analysis of the cluster is not a statistical test, but a collection of different algorithms that group objects with specific features. Unlike many other statistical procedures, methods of cluster analysis are used mostly when we do not have any a priori hypotheses, while we are still in the exploratory phase of our research. Therefore, testing the statistical significance in the traditional sense of the term actually is not applicable. Instead measurement discrepancies or the distances between objects are used. The most direct way to calculate the distance between objects in multidimensional space is Euclidean distance calculation. If we have a two-or three-dimensional space, this measure is the actual geometric distance between objects in space. From the point of view of a matching algorithm the actual distances or other derivatives of the distance may be used. The following are the types used.
The first is Euclidean distance. This is a geometric distance in multidimensional space. It should be calculated as follows: distance (x,y) = {Σi (xi - yi)2}½.
Euclidean distance (and squared Euclidean distance) are calculated based on the raw data, and not on the basis of the standardized data. This method has some advantages (for example, the distance between any two objects is not affected by adding new objects that can be dispersed). However, the differences of units of dimensions may have a big impact on the way distances are calculated. In general, it is appropriate to standardize them in order to have a comparable data scale.
For squared Euclidean distance the distance is raised to a square, to assign more weight to objects that are more remote. It should be calculated as follows: distance (x,y) = {Σi (xi - yi)2}½.
Another type of distance is City distance (Manhattan, City block). This distance is simply the sum of the differences measured along the dimensions. In most cases, this distance measure yields similar results to the ordinary Euclidean distance. In the case of this measure, the impact of single large differences (outliers) is suppressed (because they are not raised to the square). City distance is calculated as follows: distance (x,y) = Σi |xi - yi|.
We use the distance power when we want to increase or decrease the importance that is assigned to the dimensions for which the relevant properties are quite / completely different. This can be achieved using just the power. It is counted as follows: distance (x,y) = (Σi |xi - yi|p)1/r, where
In the realized research the application was developed to assign experimentally measured natural frequencies to the appropriate corresponding classes of cases of discontinuity calculated on the base of finite element models. The algorithm uses City distance (x,y) = Σi |xi - yi|. The match procedure was realized in STATISTICA environment. So, for unknown cases we seek for the lowest value of that distance which represents the best fit to the theoretical model (an estimated grout length and position). Figure 6 presents the characteristics of the transfer function for the analyzed case, Table 3 the identified natural frequencies and Figure 7 the scatter plot of the differences between FE model and data evaluated experimentally.
The characteristics of the transfer function for the analyzed case (a), and the estimated grout length (b), the length of the rock bolt is equal to 1.8 m, the chart axis are: the vertical axis—inertance, in (m/s2)/N, the horizontal axis the frequency, in Hz.
No | Frequency, Hz | Difference, % | |
---|---|---|---|
Experiment | FE model | ||
1 | 145.2 | 137.1 | −5.6 |
2* | 314.4 | 291.4 | −7.3 |
3* | 568.1 | 568.6 | 0.1 |
4 | 902.9 | 843.8 | −6.5 |
5* | 1290.6 | 1387.2 | 7.5 |
The identified natural frequencies of the investigated rock bolt.
The frequency characteristic for the hidden end part of a rock bolt.
Scatter plot of the differences between FE model and data evaluated experimentally. The values of the lengths of discontinuity are: (a) 30 cm and (b) 90 cm. These values are specified for the first minimum differences of models and are clearly outside the values of the random scatter.
The research work on the rock bolts grouted in a controlled way in real coal mine conditions yielded much information about the possibility of identification of grouting discontinuities and the influence of their changes on modal parameters. The measurements were performed in an experimental coal mine Barbara GIG. At the first stage the measurements were performed with previously developed working prototype assembled with National Instruments components, and at the second one, after large modification with the new measurement unit fulfilling ATEX requirements, shown in Figure 8 (ATEX directives consists of two EU directives describing the minimum safety requirements of the workplace and equipment used in explosive atmosphere. ATEX derives its name from Equipment intended for use in EXplosive ATmospheres).
The portable measurement system for quality control of installed rock bolts, working prototype (left) and final version fulfilling ATEX requirements (right).
The total amount of investigated rockbolts in the experimental coal mine was 30. Initially, as it was not known how a supporting plate and a nut may influence the proper identification of grouting discontinuity the diagnose was realized on cases where supporting plate and nut were unscrewed and removed. Later on the experiments were performed with a complete assembly (a plate and a nut fixed), as shown in Figure 9 and the results were compared (discussed in the second part of this paragraph). The characteristics of transfer functions for the analyzed cases were utilized for evaluation of natural frequencies, which were crucial parameters for proper matching with finite element modal models base and diagnosis of related discontinuity length. Basing on in situ measurements and the analysis, we concluded that damping did not convey satisfactory information on the subject and might vary to a certain degree from sample to sample overshadowing its proper usefulness. Since tests in real conditions were performed on a relatively short length of a rock bolt, a mode shape usage was also constrained.
Impact excitation of installed rock bolts, with the working prototype (left) and the unit fulfilling ATEX requirements (right).
The example results of the undertaken investigations are presented below. The comparison is made for measurements realized with the working prototype and the unit fulfilling ATEX requirements. The analyzed example case corresponds to the discontinuity length shown in Figure 10, the lack of grout from the drilled hole end and in the outer part of a rock bolt (supporting plate and nut unscrewed and removed). The differences in upper and lower plots may be attributed to different accelerometer orientation and consequently different impact direction. The identified natural frequencies are shown in Table 4 and the scatter plots of the differences between FE model and data estimated experimentally for that case are presented in Figure 11.
The characteristics of the transfer functions for the analyzed case (measurements realized with the working prototype (a-upper chart) and the unit fulfilling ATEX requirements (a-lower chart)) and the estimated grout length (b), the length of the rock bolt is equal to 2.0 m. The chart axes are: the vertical axis—inertance, in (m/s2)/N, the horizontal axis the frequency, in Hz.
No | Frequency, Hz | Difference (a), % | Difference (b), % | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Experiment (a) | Experiment (b) | FE model | |||
1 | 305.7 | 308.9 | 311.3 | 1.8 | 0.8 |
2* | 610.9 | 616.5 | 568.6 | −6.9 | −7.8 |
3* | 915.8 | 924.6 | 934.9 | 2.1 | 1.1 |
4* | 1425.0 | 1441.0 | 1387.2 | −2.7 | −3.7 |
5* | 1524.7 | 1537.3 | 1387.2 | 9.0 | 9.8 |
6 | 1707.0 | 1739.2 | 1832.9 | 7.4 | 5.4 |
The identified natural frequencies of the investigated rock bolt, measurement with the working prototype (a), and the unit fulfilling the ATEX requirements (b).
The frequency characteristic for the hidden end part of a rock bolt.
Scatter plot of the differences between FE model and data evaluated experimentally. The values of the lengths of discontinuity are: (a) 19 cm and (b) 90 cm. These values are specified for the first minimum differences of models and are clearly outside the values of the random scatter. The upper plots are for measurements with the working prototype, the lower ones for measurements with the unit fulfilling the ATEX requirements.
In order to validate this method experiments were continued on the same cases of discontinuity deliberately prepared with the complete assembly of elements, so after screwing plate and nut to the rock bolt. Below the comparison of the measurements performed without the supporting plate and nut, and after screwing them to the rock bolt is discussed. A typical torsion force applied in the real working conditions is 250 Nm, so such a value was used in the finite element model (FE). Of course it is not a constraint and other torsion forces may be used according to real situations; a thorough discussion on that topic is accessible in technical literature [20, 29]. The example cases (at first without a nut and a plate) are shown in Figures 12 and 13. Utilizing the characteristics of the transfer function for the analyzed cases (a), the scatter plots of the differences between FE model and data evaluated experimentally were used and the designated sections of the length of discontinuity were obtained (c). For the rock bolt grouted from a rear, hidden end, shown in Figure 12, the discontinuity length is approximately equal to 1.15 m. That value is specified for the first minimum difference of models and is clearly outside the values of the random scatter.
The results of estimation of the grout length: (a) the characteristics of the transfer function for the analyzed case, the vertical axis of the chart—inertance, in (m/s2)/N, the horizontal axis—frequency, in Hz, (b) the scatter plot of the differences between FE model and data evaluated experimentally, (c) the estimated grout length, the length of the rock bolt is equal to 2.0 m.
The results of estimation of the grout length: (a) the characteristics of the transfer function for the analyzed case, the vertical axis of the chart—inertance, in (m/s2)/N, the horizontal axis—frequency, in Hz, (b) the estimated grout length, the length of the rock bolt is equal to 2.0 m, (c) the scatter plot of the differences between FE model and data evaluated experimentally.
The experimentally identified and numerically calculated (FE model) natural frequencies are presented in Table 5.
No | Frequency, Hz | Difference, % | |
---|---|---|---|
Experiment | FE model | ||
1 | 71.50 | 64.78 | −9.40 |
2 | 188.92 | 181.09 | −4.14 |
3 | 361.43 | 354.0 | −2.05 |
4 | 595.02 | 583.34 | −1.96 |
5 | 956.45 | 868.02 | −9.25 |
6 | 1258.33 | 1206.7 | −4.10 |
7 | 1606.09 | 1597.9 | −0.51 |
8 | 1980.71 | 2039.3 | 2.96 |
9 | 2261.37 | 2520.6 | 11.46 |
Comparison of identified natural frequencies for a rock bolt grouted from a rear, hidden end, the measurement using working prototype.
For the rock bolt grouted from a roof strata surface, shown in Figure 13, the discontinuity length is approximately equal to 1.15 m and the length of the outer part is approximately equal to 0.16 m. These values are specified for the first minimum differences of models and are clearly outside the values of the random scatter.
The identified experimentally and calculated numerically (FE model) natural frequencies are presented in Table 6.
No | Frequency, Hz | Difference, % | |
---|---|---|---|
Experiment | FE model | ||
1 | 408.873 | 420.71 | −2.81 |
2* | 819.581 | 868.02 | −5.58 |
3* | 1229.866 | 1206.7 | 1.92 |
4* | 1633.481 | 1597.9 | 2.23 |
5* | 2042.362 | 2039.3 | 0.15 |
The identified natural frequencies of the investigated rock bolt grouted from a roof strata surface, the measurement using unit using working prototype.
The frequency characteristic for the hidden end part of a rock bolt.
The results of measurements performed with the supporting plate and nut, after screwing them to the rock bolt are shown in Figures 14 and 15. For the rock bolt grouted from a rear, hidden end, shown in Figure 14, the discontinuity length is approximately equal to 0.95 m. Though there are two minimum values outside the random scatter, the first one may be chosen as valid, the second may be attributed to aliasing phenomena observed in frequency analysis as well.
The results of estimation of the grout length: (a) the characteristics of the transfer function for the analyzed case, the vertical axis of the chart—inertance, in (m/s2)/N, the horizontal axis—frequency, in Hz, (b) the scatter plot of the differences between FE model and data evaluated experimentally, (c) the estimated grout length, the length of the rock bolt is equal to 2.0 m.
The results of estimation of the grout length: (a) the characteristics of the transfer function for the analyzed case, the vertical axis of the chart—inertance, in (m/s2)/N, the horizontal axis—frequency, in Hz, (b) the scatter plot of the differences between FE model and data evaluated experimentally, (c) the estimated grout length, the length of the rock bolt is equal to 2.0 m.
The experimentally identified and numerically calculated (FE model) natural frequencies are presented in Table 7.
No | Frequency, Hz | Difference 1, % | Difference 2, % | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Experiment 1 | Experiment 2 | FE model | |||
1* | 123.2 | 123.4 | 101.43 | −17.7 | −17.8 |
2* | 238.7 | 238.9 | 251.25 | 5.3 | 5.2 |
3* | 390.6 | 391.0 | 346.06 | −11.4 | −11.5 |
4 | 518.7 | 521.4 | 528,86 | 2.0 | 1.4 |
5* | 783.2 | 782.9 | 814.46 | 4.0 | 4.0 |
6* | 932.4 | 935.1 | 814.46 | −12.7 | −12.9 |
7* | 1616.5 | 1609.0 | 1624.9 | 0.5 | 1.0 |
8* | 2017.4 | 2008.9 | 1874.9 | −7.1 | −6.7 |
Comparison of identified natural frequencies for a rock bolt grouted from a rear, hidden end for measurement units—the working prototype based on National Instrument’s components and the new one fulfilling the ATEX requirements.
The frequency characteristic for the hidden end part of a rock bolt.
The grout length assessment is quite consistent with that obtained at the first stage, when a plate and a nut were unscrewed.
For the rock bolt grouted from a roof strata surface, shown in Figure 15, the discontinuity length is approximately equal to 1.15 m.
The experimentally identified and numerically calculated (FE model) natural frequencies are presented in Table 8.
No | Frequency, Hz | Difference, % | |
---|---|---|---|
Experiment | FE model | ||
1 | 445.8 | 470.3 | −5.5 |
2* | 851.1 | 850.7 | 0.1 |
3* | 1296.9 | 1182.2 | 8.8 |
4* | 1484.4 | 1564.8 | −5.4 |
5* | 1589.5 | 1667.4 | −4.9 |
The identified natural frequencies of the investigated rock bolt, measurement unit—working prototype.
The frequency characteristic for the hidden end part of a rock bolt.
The grout length assessment is also quite consistent with that obtained at the first stage, when a plate and a nut were unscrewed.
Further experiments were realized in working coal and copper mines and around 50 rock bolts were tested. The aim of one of these experimental studies was connected with rock mass characterization [30] and examination of the strength of rock bolts mounted in the rock strata [3, 4] at different depths. The study took place in a chosen corridor of the working coalmine. The rock bolts were grouted in the roof of the roadway. There were 12 rock bolts mounted in 4 rows and the lengths of the rock bolts were: 2.4 m, 1.85 m, 1.25 m and 0.85 m. Localization of the research and distribution of investigated rock bolts are presented in Figure 16. All rock bolts were grouted using the resin material type Lokset. The grout length was 30 cm from the bottom of the hole.
The exploited seam with investigated rockbolts and hydraulic jack for pull out test (a), distribution of measured rock bolts no 1–12 (b) and the example geometry of the identified discontinuity case (c). The lengths of rock bolts: no 1, 2, 3—2.4 m, no 4, 5, 6—1.85 m, no 7, 8, 9—1.25 m, no 10, 11, 12—0.85 m.
Then a pull out test was conducted by technical staff, who made a thorough analysis of obtained characteristics of pulling (put forward) of the rock bolts taking into account not only pulling of the rock bolt from the grout but also extending of the rock bolt as a result of applied force.
The quality assessment of grouting of rock bolts was performed as complementary to these tests. Although localization and length of the grout were known, the research was undertaken assuming that the result of the grouting process does not necessarily coincide with the intended one. Following are the results of the identification studies of quality assessment of grouted rock bolts. The reference models (FE models), with a specific location of grout, corresponding to experimental cases were matched. The research was conducted for 7 cases and for 4 cases studies were performed before and after pull out tests. For the shortest rock bolts, length 85 cm, lack of sufficient grout strength was also observed (rocks were too weak at that lengths).
The examples of the analysis results in ANSYS environment are shown in Figures 17 and 18 (visible parts are: a rock bolt and a resin layer). Correct matching cases with calculated mismatch errors are shown in Tables 9–11. The diagnosed grout lengths were localized at the end, bottom part of the rock bolts and were very close to the intended grout length of 30 cm. In order to check the accuracy of the assessment the FE calculations were performed also for smaller and larger grout lengths. For example, for the rock bolt with a length of 1.25 m, the smallest difference was obtained for the grout length 31 cm, and by increasing the length of the modeled grout by 1 cm the error changed from positive to negative values, which meant that the correct value was somewhere between 31 cm and 32 cm.
The example of analysis results in ANSYS environment for a rock bolt length of 1.85 m.
The example of analysis results in ANSYS environment for a rock bolt length of 1.25 m.
No 1 before pull out test | No 1 after pull out test | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Frequency. Hz | Diff. % | No | Frequency. Hz | Diff. % | ||
Experiment | FE | Experiment | FE | ||||
1 | 204.4 | 198.0 | 3.2 | 1 | 208.4 | 198.0 | 5.2 |
2 | 303.9 | 295.4 | 2.9 | 2 | 308.3 | 295.4 | 4.4 |
3 | 424.1 | 411.8 | 3.0 | 3 | 430.3 | 411.8 | 4.5 |
4 | 565.3 | 547.1 | 3.3 | 4 | 565.8 | 547.1 | 3.4 |
5 | 717.8 | 701.1 | 2.4 | 5 | 741.1 | 701.1 | 5.7 |
6 | 892.3 | 873.5 | 2.2 | 6 | 910.2 | 873.5 | 4.2 |
7 | 1091.1 | 1064.0 | 2.5 | 7 | 1091.4 | 1064.0 | 2.6 |
8 | 1307.5 | 1272.4 | 2.8 | 8 | 1355.9 | 1272.4 | 6.6 |
9 | 1540.7 | 1498.2 | 2.8 | 9 | 1589.2 | 1498.2 | 6.1 |
Average difference. % | 2.8 | Average difference. % | 4.9 |
Rock bolt length 2.4 m, grout length 0.3 m from the bottom of the hole, case no 1.
No 5 before pull out test | No 5 after pull out test | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Frequency. Hz | Diff. % | No | Frequency. Hz | Diff. % | ||
Experiment | FE | Experiment | FE | ||||
1 | 104.5 | 111.1 | −5.9 | 1 | 88.7 | 111.1 | −20.1 |
2 | 207.6 | 217.3 | −4.4 | 2 | 211.7 | 217.3 | −2.6 |
3 | 349.1 | 358.3 | −2.6 | 3 | 347.4 | 358.3 | −3.0 |
4 | 513.4 | 533.7 | −3.8 | 4 | 516.6 | 533.7 | −3.2 |
5 | 714.5 | 743.0 | −3.8 | 5 | 733.2 | 743.0 | −1.3 |
6 | 948.1 | 985.4 | −3.8 | 6 | 960.4 | 985.4 | −2.5 |
7 | 1206.1 | 1260.2 | −4.3 | 7 | 1231.9 | 1260.2 | −2.2 |
8 | 1495.4 | 1566.5 | −4.5 | 8 | 1581.3 | 1566.5 | 0.9 |
9 | 1819.8 | 1902.8 | −4.4 | 9 | — | — | — |
Average difference. % | −4.3 | Average difference. % | −7.5 |
Rock bolt length 1.85 m, grout length 0.3 m from the bottom of the hole, case no 5.
No 8 after pull out test | No 8 after pull out test | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Frequency. Hz | Diff. % | No | Frequency. Hz | Diff. % | ||
Experiment | FE | Experiment | FE | ||||
1 | — | — | — | 1 | 103.9 | 102.8 | 1.1 |
2 | 292.4 | 286.7 | 2.0 | 2 | 295.2 | 286.7 | 3.0 |
3 | 568.0 | 559.0 | 1.6 | 3 | 571.0 | 559.0 | 2.1 |
4 | 932.8 | 918.0 | 1.6 | 4 | 927.8 | 918.0 | 1.1 |
5 | 1382.2 | 1360.3 | 1.6 | 5 | 1376.3 | 1360.3 | 1.2 |
6 | 1945.7 | 1880.8 | 3.4 | 6 | 1900.7 | 1880.8 | 1.1 |
Average difference. % | 2.2 | Average difference. % | 1.7 |
Rock bolt length 1.25 m, grout length 0.3 m from the bottom of the hole, case no 8.
An important observation made during the tests was a slight but distinct increase of identified natural frequencies after pull out tests, which proves the impact of the test on mechanical parameters of the test structure and shows a stress hysteresis. Because of the elongation, that is, a slight increase of the length of the rock bolt, this change should go in the opposite direction, namely a decrease of the natural frequencies. In analyzed cases it appears that the first factor is dominant—stress hysteresis. During a normal quality assessment of grouted rock bolts this effect will not take place. It should also be noted that in investigated cases not all natural frequencies were identified, however, their number was sufficient to match the experimental and theoretical (FE) models. The results were quite satisfactory and proved the usefulness of the method.
Based on obtained knowledge and experience research was continued for quality assessment of rock bolt support system realized as a project of above 2 km length corridor drilled for excavation purposes to enable access to large coal deposits. The research was performed in several sessions and it seems to be relevant to perform such a control on a periodic basis.
The diagnosed natural frequencies with calculated mismatch errors for the example case are presented in Table 12.
No | Frequency, Hz | Difference, % | |
---|---|---|---|
Experiment | FE model | ||
1 | 363.8 | 362.0 | −0.5 |
2 | 676.3 | 689.2 | 1.9 |
3 | 1023.0 | 1061.8 | 3.8 |
4 | 1296.9 | 1336.3 | 3.0 |
5 | 1468.3 | 1336.3 | −9.0 |
6 | 1778.7 | 1785.2 | 0.4 |
7 | 2135.0 | 2398.9 | 12.4 |
The identified natural frequencies of the investigated rock bolt.
The FRF functions (waterfall curve) for an investigated rock bolt, a placement of the response transducer, and the identified discontinuity length are presented in Figure 19. The discontinuity length is about 80 cm from the outer part. What was observed in that particular session that in the adjacent area several similar cases of discontinuity were diagnosed.
The results of rock bolt quality assessment, FRF functions (waterfall curve) for an investigated rock bolt (a), the identified discontinuity case (b), a placement of the response transducer (c), the length of the rock bolt is equal to 2.5 m.
While explaining possible reasons of improper grouting it is worth considering the technology of installation of rock bolts. There are mainly three phases of fixing the rock bolt into rock strata: a placement of grout cartridges into a drilled hole using a rockbolt (a rock bolt is inserted up to it half length), turning phase with continued insertion of a rock bolt up to the end of the hole (depending on the environmental conditions a time period is about 10 s), spinning phase (about 4-5 s) and hold phase (about 15 s). It is very crucial to control these phases especially the turning and spinning ones. Otherwise lack of grouting connection may occur. Too fast insertion of a rock bolt may lead to leakage of grout from the hole and lack of grout in the back part. Too long spinning phase may cause damage of contact between a rock bolt and grout in the inner part (close to the end of the hole). It is because the hardening time in that part is shorter than that in the outer part (specific preparation of grout cartridges). Too slow insertion may result in not full mixing of grout, especially at the end of a rock bolt (one of the consequences might be a rock bolt sticking out more than it is supposed to). If there are crevices in rock strata some amount of grout may leak into that area with the result of local discontinuity of grout layer. Another case might be a larger diameter of the hole then projected, mainly in the outer part of a hole (quite often when rock strata is hard). Then the amount of grout inserted is not enough for proper connection of a rock bolt to rock strata and it also may lead to lack of grout in the outer part of the hole. Inspection of camera records of holes in the investigated area revealed that it could be the reason for not proper grouting for the case shown in Figure 19.
The increasing interest in the use of rock bolt support systems has its economic background. This system of prevention is less time and material consuming as well as technically more feasible. In strong rocks the use of rock bolt systems is prevailing. In Polish coal mines where rock strata are weaker, the interest in the usage of rock bolt support system is much lower but recently marked changes may be observed in this area. At the same time there is no satisfactory non-destructive method for testing rock bolt installation [6]. It was the reason for undertaking the research on the method for identification of grouting discontinuity for rock bolts. The invented method uses modal analysis procedures and is based on an impact excitation and reconciliation of experimental and theoretical modal models.
In laboratory conditions a cause-effect relation was found between excitation of a rock bolt to transverse vibration and response characteristic of the examined structure. To enable in situ measurement a portable measurement system was invented and constructed. The LabVIEW environment was used as a programming tool. Simultaneously, import of recorded data and derivation of modal parameters were performed utilizing modal analysis software LMS TestLab.
Dynamic parameters of a tested structure (installed rock bolt) are determined by its border conditions, which are directly connected with a grouting discontinuity length. That fact enabled us to diagnose the discontinuity length.
It was necessary to build a theoretical modal model of an installed rock bolt where different cases of grouting discontinuity were encountered. The results of theoretical modal analysis performed on validated FE model constituted a reference base for unknown cases (correlation and comparison techniques were used to validate the model). The reference to the base of validated theoretical models was found reasonable (the discontinuities of verification tests were determined a priori). The reference base may be used for different types of rocks.
Based on the prototype construction the final version fulfilling ATEX requirements was constructed.
The transverse excitation was found as more adequate to identify the discontinuity length of the resin layer of the installed rock bolts.
A mass of a response transducer has influence on the results [26], hence it is desired to minimize it.
The measurement system was verified in real coal mine conditions.
On the basis of the carried out research and calculations of finite element models of the system under test, rock bolt - resin - rock mass, it can be concluded that the developed method and analytical application actually classifies the measured natural frequencies group and enables to identify cases of discontinuity (regions of lack of bonding, which is seen as crucial here).
At present a diagnosis is completed after analytical phase performed in laboratory conditions, so results are not accessible in situ. Its usage is restricted to steel rock bolts up to 2.5 m long (longer rock bolts were not investigated), though not only in mining but also in building engineering.
The realized research was financed by Polish Ministry of Science and High Education, project no 11060317.
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Biology",slug:"animal-biology"},numberOfBooks:3,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:77,numberOfWosCitations:44,numberOfCrossrefCitations:30,numberOfDimensionsCitations:70,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"317",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10738",title:"Update on Malacology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2a84e581549b3720e44e989c3c0be467",slug:"update-on-malacology",bookSignature:"Sajal Ray and Soumalya Mukherjee",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10738.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"173697",title:"Prof.",name:"Sajal",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",slug:"sajal-ray",fullName:"Sajal Ray"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited 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Ray"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:3,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"55399",doi:"10.5772/68133",title:"Gut Microbiome Analysis of Snails: A Biotechnological Approach",slug:"gut-microbiome-analysis-of-snails-a-biotechnological-approach",totalDownloads:2904,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:"Mollusks are a diverse group of animals not only at the species level but also with respect to their habitat and behavior. Gastropods comprise 80% of the mollusks with approximately 62,000 living species including snails. Over the period of time, snails have evolved into marine, freshwater and terrestrial forms with a transitional shift in their feeding habits. From prehistoric times, mollusks have established an intimate relationship with humans. These animals are used as food, medicine, offering to gods and are also responsible for economic losses in the form of agricultural pests. As most of these animals feed on plant biomass, their guts have evolved to digest such lignocellulosic biomass with extraordinary efficiency. The plant fiber digestion in their guts depends predominantly on the metabolic activities of the gastro‐intestinal microflora. Besides digestive functions, the seasonal dynamic and spatial distribution of bacterial gut community largely influences cold hardiness and many other metabolic properties in snails. Here, we assessed an overview of the various bacterial populations dwelling in digestive tracts of snails. This chapter provides insights into the gut microbiome of various snails that can be exploited for various industrial applications such as biomass degradation, production of biofuel, paper, wine and laundry detergents.",book:{id:"5899",slug:"organismal-and-molecular-malacology",title:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology",fullTitle:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology"},signatures:"Mudasir A. Dar, Kiran D. Pawar and Radhakrishna S. Pandit",authors:[{id:"201161",title:"Mr.",name:"Mudasir",middleName:null,surname:"Dar",slug:"mudasir-dar",fullName:"Mudasir Dar"},{id:"201162",title:"Prof.",name:"Radhakrishna S",middleName:null,surname:"Pandit",slug:"radhakrishna-s-pandit",fullName:"Radhakrishna S Pandit"},{id:"201163",title:"Dr.",name:"Kiran D",middleName:null,surname:"Pawar",slug:"kiran-d-pawar",fullName:"Kiran D Pawar"}]},{id:"54507",doi:"10.5772/67862",title:"Patellid Limpets: An Overview of the Biology and Conservation of Keystone Species of the Rocky Shores",slug:"patellid-limpets-an-overview-of-the-biology-and-conservation-of-keystone-species-of-the-rocky-shores",totalDownloads:1958,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"This work reviews a broad spectrum of subjects associated to Patellid limpets’ biology such as growth, reproduction, and recruitment, also the consequences of commercial exploitation on the stocks and the effects of marine protected areas (MPAs) in the biology and populational dynamics of these intertidal grazers. Knowledge of limpets’ biological traits plays an important role in providing proper background for their effective management. This chapter focuses on determining the effect of biotic and abiotic factors that influence these biological characteristics and associated geographical patterns. Human exploitation of limpets is one of the main causes of disturbance in the intertidal ecosystem and has occurred since prehistorical times resulting in direct and indirect alterations in the abundance and size structure of the target populations. The implementation of MPAs has been shown to result in greater biomass, abundance, and size of limpets and to counter other negative anthropogenic effects. However, inefficient planning and lack of surveillance hinder the accomplishment of the conservation purpose of MPAs. Inclusive conservation approaches involving all the stakeholders could guarantee future success of conservation strategies and sustainable exploitation. This review also aims to establish how beneficial MPAs are in enhancing recruitment and yield of adjacent exploited populations.",book:{id:"5899",slug:"organismal-and-molecular-malacology",title:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology",fullTitle:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology"},signatures:"Paulo Henriques, João Delgado and Ricardo Sousa",authors:[{id:"200407",title:"MSc.",name:"Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Henriques",slug:"paulo-henriques",fullName:"Paulo Henriques"},{id:"200915",title:"MSc.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Sousa",slug:"ricardo-sousa",fullName:"Ricardo Sousa"},{id:"200916",title:"MSc.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Delgado",slug:"joao-delgado",fullName:"João Delgado"}]},{id:"54666",doi:"10.5772/67995",title:"Mussel as a Tool to Define Continental Watershed Quality",slug:"mussel-as-a-tool-to-define-continental-watershed-quality",totalDownloads:1274,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Bivalves appear as relevant sentinel species in aquatic ecotoxicology and water quality assessment. This is particularly true in marine ecosystems. In fact, several biomonitoring frameworks in the world used mollusks since several decades on the base of contaminant accumulation (Mussel Watch, ROCCH) and/or biological responses called biomarker (OSPAR) measurements. In freshwater systems, zebra and quagga mussels could represent alternative sentinels, which could be seen as the counterparts of mussel marine species. This chapter presents original studies and projects underlying the interest of these freshwater mussels for water quality monitoring based on contaminant accumulation and biomarker development measurements. These sentinel species could be used as a tool for chemical/biological monitoring of biota under the European water framework directive and for the development of effect-based monitoring tools.",book:{id:"5899",slug:"organismal-and-molecular-malacology",title:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology",fullTitle:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology"},signatures:"Mélissa Palos Ladeiro, Iris Barjhoux, Aurélie Bigot-Clivot, Marc\nBonnard, Elise David, Odile Dedourge-Geffard, Elodie Geba, Emilie\nLance, Maxime Lepretre, Gabrielle Magniez, Damien Rioult,\nDominique Aubert, Isabelle Villena, Gaëlle Daniele, Arnaud\nSalvador, Emmanuelle Vulliet, Jean Armengaud and Alain Geffard",authors:[{id:"14169",title:"Dr.",name:"Aurelie",middleName:null,surname:"Bigot",slug:"aurelie-bigot",fullName:"Aurelie Bigot"},{id:"145053",title:"Dr.",name:"Dominique",middleName:null,surname:"Aubert",slug:"dominique-aubert",fullName:"Dominique Aubert"},{id:"145057",title:"Prof.",name:"Isabelle",middleName:null,surname:"Villena",slug:"isabelle-villena",fullName:"Isabelle Villena"},{id:"199642",title:"Dr.",name:"Melissa",middleName:null,surname:"Palos Ladeiro",slug:"melissa-palos-ladeiro",fullName:"Melissa Palos Ladeiro"},{id:"205006",title:"Dr.",name:"Iris",middleName:null,surname:"Barjhoux",slug:"iris-barjhoux",fullName:"Iris Barjhoux"},{id:"205007",title:"Dr.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bonnard",slug:"marc-bonnard",fullName:"Marc Bonnard"},{id:"205008",title:"Dr.",name:"Elise",middleName:null,surname:"David",slug:"elise-david",fullName:"Elise David"},{id:"205009",title:"Dr.",name:"Odile",middleName:null,surname:"Dedourge Geffard",slug:"odile-dedourge-geffard",fullName:"Odile Dedourge Geffard"},{id:"205010",title:"MSc.",name:"Elodie",middleName:null,surname:"Geba",slug:"elodie-geba",fullName:"Elodie Geba"},{id:"205011",title:"Prof.",name:"Alain",middleName:null,surname:"Geffard",slug:"alain-geffard",fullName:"Alain Geffard"},{id:"205012",title:"Dr.",name:"Emilie",middleName:null,surname:"Lance",slug:"emilie-lance",fullName:"Emilie Lance"},{id:"205013",title:"MSc.",name:"Maxime",middleName:null,surname:"Lepretre",slug:"maxime-lepretre",fullName:"Maxime Lepretre"},{id:"205014",title:"MSc.",name:"Gabrielle",middleName:null,surname:"Magniez",slug:"gabrielle-magniez",fullName:"Gabrielle Magniez"},{id:"205015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaëlle",middleName:null,surname:"Daniele",slug:"gaelle-daniele",fullName:"Gaëlle Daniele"},{id:"205016",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuelle",middleName:null,surname:"Vulliet",slug:"emmanuelle-vulliet",fullName:"Emmanuelle Vulliet"},{id:"205018",title:"Prof.",name:"Arnaud",middleName:null,surname:"Salvador",slug:"arnaud-salvador",fullName:"Arnaud Salvador"},{id:"205019",title:"Prof.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Armengaud",slug:"jean-armengaud",fullName:"Jean Armengaud"},{id:"205264",title:"Dr.",name:"Damien",middleName:null,surname:"Rioult",slug:"damien-rioult",fullName:"Damien Rioult"}]},{id:"54501",doi:"10.5772/67811",title:"Lipid Composition Modifications in the Blue Mussels (Mytilus edulis L.) from the White Sea",slug:"lipid-composition-modifications-in-the-blue-mussels-mytilus-edulis-l-from-the-white-sea",totalDownloads:1310,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Studying biochemical indicators in response to various environmental factors allows revealing the metabolic adaptive strategy of the organism’s tolerance and survival under a variety of environmental impacts. This review analyses both the authors’ own data and the available literature on the problem of biochemical adaptations of the lipid composition in marine bivalves, particularly blue mussels, Mytilus edulis L., to various environmental impacts. Modifications in the composition of lipids and their fatty acids in blue mussels caused by short-term (under laboratory conditions) and chronic (field monitoring) exposure to natural and human factors indicate that homeostasis is maintained in cell membranes and the organism’s energy requirements and facilitate the adaptation and tolerance of the mussels to environmental disturbances. The lipid and fatty acid composition indices in White Sea intertidal mussels which reflect their chronic exposure to a wide variety of environmental factors are discussed and compared to data on changes in the lipid composition of blue mussels exposed to some environmental factors (salinity, anoxia, metals) in aquarium experiments. The lipid profile plays an important role in the adaptation of blue mussels to new conditions in the habitat, and it can be used as a biochemical marker for indicating the organism’s physiological state.",book:{id:"5899",slug:"organismal-and-molecular-malacology",title:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology",fullTitle:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology"},signatures:"Natalia N. Fokina, Tatiana R. Ruokolainen and Nina N. Nemova",authors:[{id:"199037",title:"Mrs.",name:"Natalia",middleName:null,surname:"Fokina",slug:"natalia-fokina",fullName:"Natalia Fokina"},{id:"199478",title:"Mrs.",name:"Tatiana",middleName:null,surname:"Ruokolainen",slug:"tatiana-ruokolainen",fullName:"Tatiana Ruokolainen"},{id:"199479",title:"Dr.",name:"Nina",middleName:null,surname:"Nemova",slug:"nina-nemova",fullName:"Nina Nemova"}]},{id:"64501",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81778",title:"Immune Response of Molluscs",slug:"immune-response-of-molluscs",totalDownloads:1348,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"In common with other invertebrates, molluscs are known to have internal immune response against foreign particles and organisms. The innate immunity of molluscs reflects the inherent non-specific response that provides the first line of defense. Anatomic barriers, phagocytic cells, and physiological components are the main elements of the innate immune response in molluscs. It is composed of both cellular and humoral elements. The cellular components are the circulating hemocytes. Small invaders are eliminated by the phagocytic hemocytes, while large invaders are eliminated by encapsulation. The ingested foreign particles are then hemolyzed by the action of certain toxic enzymes that catalyze oxidative burst reactions capable of killing pathogens and foreign invaders. Humoral components of molluscan immunity involve nitric oxide, lysozyme activity, lectins, and the phenyloxidase system. The current chapter sheds light on the elements of the molluscan innate immune system and presents a case study of the immune response of Lymnaea stagnalis mollusc against Chaetogaster limnaei parasite. The effect of the parasite on some humoral immune response parameters such as nitric oxide, phenol oxidase, and lysozyme production was investigated. In conclusion, the snail Lymnaea stagnalis exerts humoral immune response against Chaetogaster limnaei parasite. However, this response is insufficient to eliminate the parasite.",book:{id:"8289",slug:"molluscs",title:"Molluscs",fullTitle:"Molluscs"},signatures:"Hanan Al-Khalaifah and Afaf Al-Nasser",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"54507",title:"Patellid Limpets: An Overview of the Biology and Conservation of Keystone Species of the Rocky Shores",slug:"patellid-limpets-an-overview-of-the-biology-and-conservation-of-keystone-species-of-the-rocky-shores",totalDownloads:1959,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"This work reviews a broad spectrum of subjects associated to Patellid limpets’ biology such as growth, reproduction, and recruitment, also the consequences of commercial exploitation on the stocks and the effects of marine protected areas (MPAs) in the biology and populational dynamics of these intertidal grazers. Knowledge of limpets’ biological traits plays an important role in providing proper background for their effective management. This chapter focuses on determining the effect of biotic and abiotic factors that influence these biological characteristics and associated geographical patterns. Human exploitation of limpets is one of the main causes of disturbance in the intertidal ecosystem and has occurred since prehistorical times resulting in direct and indirect alterations in the abundance and size structure of the target populations. The implementation of MPAs has been shown to result in greater biomass, abundance, and size of limpets and to counter other negative anthropogenic effects. However, inefficient planning and lack of surveillance hinder the accomplishment of the conservation purpose of MPAs. Inclusive conservation approaches involving all the stakeholders could guarantee future success of conservation strategies and sustainable exploitation. This review also aims to establish how beneficial MPAs are in enhancing recruitment and yield of adjacent exploited populations.",book:{id:"5899",slug:"organismal-and-molecular-malacology",title:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology",fullTitle:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology"},signatures:"Paulo Henriques, João Delgado and Ricardo Sousa",authors:[{id:"200407",title:"MSc.",name:"Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Henriques",slug:"paulo-henriques",fullName:"Paulo Henriques"},{id:"200915",title:"MSc.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Sousa",slug:"ricardo-sousa",fullName:"Ricardo Sousa"},{id:"200916",title:"MSc.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Delgado",slug:"joao-delgado",fullName:"João Delgado"}]},{id:"54666",title:"Mussel as a Tool to Define Continental Watershed Quality",slug:"mussel-as-a-tool-to-define-continental-watershed-quality",totalDownloads:1275,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Bivalves appear as relevant sentinel species in aquatic ecotoxicology and water quality assessment. This is particularly true in marine ecosystems. In fact, several biomonitoring frameworks in the world used mollusks since several decades on the base of contaminant accumulation (Mussel Watch, ROCCH) and/or biological responses called biomarker (OSPAR) measurements. In freshwater systems, zebra and quagga mussels could represent alternative sentinels, which could be seen as the counterparts of mussel marine species. This chapter presents original studies and projects underlying the interest of these freshwater mussels for water quality monitoring based on contaminant accumulation and biomarker development measurements. These sentinel species could be used as a tool for chemical/biological monitoring of biota under the European water framework directive and for the development of effect-based monitoring tools.",book:{id:"5899",slug:"organismal-and-molecular-malacology",title:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology",fullTitle:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology"},signatures:"Mélissa Palos Ladeiro, Iris Barjhoux, Aurélie Bigot-Clivot, Marc\nBonnard, Elise David, Odile Dedourge-Geffard, Elodie Geba, Emilie\nLance, Maxime Lepretre, Gabrielle Magniez, Damien Rioult,\nDominique Aubert, Isabelle Villena, Gaëlle Daniele, Arnaud\nSalvador, Emmanuelle Vulliet, Jean Armengaud and Alain Geffard",authors:[{id:"14169",title:"Dr.",name:"Aurelie",middleName:null,surname:"Bigot",slug:"aurelie-bigot",fullName:"Aurelie Bigot"},{id:"145053",title:"Dr.",name:"Dominique",middleName:null,surname:"Aubert",slug:"dominique-aubert",fullName:"Dominique Aubert"},{id:"145057",title:"Prof.",name:"Isabelle",middleName:null,surname:"Villena",slug:"isabelle-villena",fullName:"Isabelle Villena"},{id:"199642",title:"Dr.",name:"Melissa",middleName:null,surname:"Palos Ladeiro",slug:"melissa-palos-ladeiro",fullName:"Melissa Palos Ladeiro"},{id:"205006",title:"Dr.",name:"Iris",middleName:null,surname:"Barjhoux",slug:"iris-barjhoux",fullName:"Iris Barjhoux"},{id:"205007",title:"Dr.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bonnard",slug:"marc-bonnard",fullName:"Marc Bonnard"},{id:"205008",title:"Dr.",name:"Elise",middleName:null,surname:"David",slug:"elise-david",fullName:"Elise David"},{id:"205009",title:"Dr.",name:"Odile",middleName:null,surname:"Dedourge Geffard",slug:"odile-dedourge-geffard",fullName:"Odile Dedourge Geffard"},{id:"205010",title:"MSc.",name:"Elodie",middleName:null,surname:"Geba",slug:"elodie-geba",fullName:"Elodie Geba"},{id:"205011",title:"Prof.",name:"Alain",middleName:null,surname:"Geffard",slug:"alain-geffard",fullName:"Alain Geffard"},{id:"205012",title:"Dr.",name:"Emilie",middleName:null,surname:"Lance",slug:"emilie-lance",fullName:"Emilie Lance"},{id:"205013",title:"MSc.",name:"Maxime",middleName:null,surname:"Lepretre",slug:"maxime-lepretre",fullName:"Maxime Lepretre"},{id:"205014",title:"MSc.",name:"Gabrielle",middleName:null,surname:"Magniez",slug:"gabrielle-magniez",fullName:"Gabrielle Magniez"},{id:"205015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaëlle",middleName:null,surname:"Daniele",slug:"gaelle-daniele",fullName:"Gaëlle Daniele"},{id:"205016",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuelle",middleName:null,surname:"Vulliet",slug:"emmanuelle-vulliet",fullName:"Emmanuelle Vulliet"},{id:"205018",title:"Prof.",name:"Arnaud",middleName:null,surname:"Salvador",slug:"arnaud-salvador",fullName:"Arnaud Salvador"},{id:"205019",title:"Prof.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Armengaud",slug:"jean-armengaud",fullName:"Jean Armengaud"},{id:"205264",title:"Dr.",name:"Damien",middleName:null,surname:"Rioult",slug:"damien-rioult",fullName:"Damien Rioult"}]},{id:"55399",title:"Gut Microbiome Analysis of Snails: A Biotechnological Approach",slug:"gut-microbiome-analysis-of-snails-a-biotechnological-approach",totalDownloads:2905,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:"Mollusks are a diverse group of animals not only at the species level but also with respect to their habitat and behavior. Gastropods comprise 80% of the mollusks with approximately 62,000 living species including snails. Over the period of time, snails have evolved into marine, freshwater and terrestrial forms with a transitional shift in their feeding habits. From prehistoric times, mollusks have established an intimate relationship with humans. These animals are used as food, medicine, offering to gods and are also responsible for economic losses in the form of agricultural pests. As most of these animals feed on plant biomass, their guts have evolved to digest such lignocellulosic biomass with extraordinary efficiency. The plant fiber digestion in their guts depends predominantly on the metabolic activities of the gastro‐intestinal microflora. Besides digestive functions, the seasonal dynamic and spatial distribution of bacterial gut community largely influences cold hardiness and many other metabolic properties in snails. Here, we assessed an overview of the various bacterial populations dwelling in digestive tracts of snails. This chapter provides insights into the gut microbiome of various snails that can be exploited for various industrial applications such as biomass degradation, production of biofuel, paper, wine and laundry detergents.",book:{id:"5899",slug:"organismal-and-molecular-malacology",title:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology",fullTitle:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology"},signatures:"Mudasir A. Dar, Kiran D. Pawar and Radhakrishna S. Pandit",authors:[{id:"201161",title:"Mr.",name:"Mudasir",middleName:null,surname:"Dar",slug:"mudasir-dar",fullName:"Mudasir Dar"},{id:"201162",title:"Prof.",name:"Radhakrishna S",middleName:null,surname:"Pandit",slug:"radhakrishna-s-pandit",fullName:"Radhakrishna S Pandit"},{id:"201163",title:"Dr.",name:"Kiran D",middleName:null,surname:"Pawar",slug:"kiran-d-pawar",fullName:"Kiran D Pawar"}]},{id:"78157",title:"Recent Trends in Freshwater Pearl Farming in India",slug:"recent-trends-in-freshwater-pearl-farming-in-india",totalDownloads:206,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Cultured pearls have an important place in international trade. The Vedas, the Bible, and the Koran all mentioned pearls, and they are regarded as one of the highest honours. Pearls are generated in nature when an irritant, such as a sand grain or a parasite, is swept into the pearl molluscs and lodged within it, where it is coated with micro-layers of nacre, a lustrous substance made up of 80–90 per cent aragonite crystals of CaCO3. The ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA), Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar, India, has created a base technology for cultivating pearls in freshwater habitats, recognising the scope and value of freshwater pearl production. Indian pond mussel, Lamellidens marginalis is the major species used in freshwater pearl aquaculture. In addition, ICAR-CIFA has pioneered a novel feature of freshwater pearl farming. The Institute has also taken the lead in disseminating freshwater pearl culture technology to the country’s fish farming communities, entrepreneurs, researchers, and students to build a sustainable model for the country’s socio-economic development. In this chapter, we will briefly cover pearls and their types, their historical significance, the spread of pearl mussels of freshwater origin in various countries, pearl biomineralisation, pearl farming techniques, and factors affecting pearl quality, among other things.",book:{id:"10738",slug:"update-on-malacology",title:"Update on Malacology",fullTitle:"Update on Malacology"},signatures:"Shailesh Saurabh, Sweta Pradhan and Sonal Suman",authors:[{id:"415795",title:"Dr.",name:"Shailesh",middleName:null,surname:"Saurabh",slug:"shailesh-saurabh",fullName:"Shailesh Saurabh"},{id:"415797",title:"Mrs.",name:"Sweta",middleName:null,surname:"Pradhan",slug:"sweta-pradhan",fullName:"Sweta Pradhan"},{id:"415799",title:"Ms.",name:"Sonal",middleName:null,surname:"Suman",slug:"sonal-suman",fullName:"Sonal Suman"}]},{id:"55299",title:"An Insightful Model to Study Innate Immunity and Stress Response in Deep‐Sea Vent Animals: Profiling the Mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus",slug:"an-insightful-model-to-study-innate-immunity-and-stress-response-in-deep-sea-vent-animals-profiling-",totalDownloads:1517,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Deep‐sea environments are, in some cases, largely unexplored ecosystems, where life thrives driven by the geochemical features of each location. Among these environments, chemosynthesis‐based ecosystems, in the Mid Atlantic Ridge, have an exclusive combination of high depth, high sulfur, and high methane concentrations. This is believed to modulate the biological composition of vent communities and influence the overall vent animal transcriptional activity of genes involved in adaptation processes to extreme environments. This opens, thus, the possibility of finding gene expression signatures specific to a given hydrothermal vent field. Regardless of the extreme physicochemical conditions that characterize deep‐sea hydrothermal vents, the animals dwelling around the vent sites exhibit high productivity and thus must cope with toxic nature of vent surrounding, seemingly deleterious to the animals, while developing surprisingly successful strategies to withstand adverse environmental conditions, including environmental microbes and mechanical stress whether ensuing from animal predation or venting activity. The deep‐sea vent mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus has adapted well to deep‐sea extreme environments and represents the dominating faunal community from hydrothermal vent sites in the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge, owing its successful adaptation and high biomasses to specialized exploitation of methane and sulfide sources from venting activity. Its extraordinary capabilities of adapting and thriving in chemosynthesis‐based environments, largely devoid of photosynthetic primary production and characterized by rapid geochemical regime changes are due to symbiotic associations with chemosynthetic bacteria within its large gills. In an attempt to understand physiological reactions in animals normally set to endure extreme deep‐sea environments, our laboratory has undertaken, for the last few years, a series of investigations, aimed at characterizing molecular indicators of adaptation processes of which components of the host defense system has received most attention. This study reviews recent advances on the characterization of molecules and genes participating in immune reactions, using in vivo and ex vivo models, to elucidate cellular and humoral defense mechanisms in vent mussels and the strategies they have adopted to survive under extreme environments.",book:{id:"5899",slug:"organismal-and-molecular-malacology",title:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology",fullTitle:"Organismal and Molecular Malacology"},signatures:"Raul Bettencourt, Inês Barros, Eva Martins, Inês Martins, Teresa\nCerqueira, Ana Colaço, Valentina Costa, Domitília Rosa, Hugo\nFroufe, Conceição Egas, Sergio Stefanni, Paul Dando and Ricardo S.\nSantos",authors:[{id:"201154",title:"Dr.",name:"Raul",middleName:null,surname:"Bettencourt",slug:"raul-bettencourt",fullName:"Raul Bettencourt"},{id:"205564",title:"Dr.",name:"Eva",middleName:null,surname:"Martins",slug:"eva-martins",fullName:"Eva Martins"},{id:"205565",title:"Dr.",name:"Inês",middleName:null,surname:"Martins",slug:"ines-martins",fullName:"Inês Martins"},{id:"205566",title:"Dr.",name:"Inês",middleName:null,surname:"Barros",slug:"ines-barros",fullName:"Inês Barros"},{id:"205567",title:"Ms.",name:"Teresa",middleName:null,surname:"Cerqueira",slug:"teresa-cerqueira",fullName:"Teresa Cerqueira"},{id:"205568",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Colaço",slug:"ana-colaco",fullName:"Ana Colaço"},{id:"205569",title:"Ms.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Costa",slug:"valentina-costa",fullName:"Valentina Costa"},{id:"205570",title:"Ms.",name:"Domitília",middleName:null,surname:"Rosa",slug:"domitilia-rosa",fullName:"Domitília Rosa"},{id:"205571",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio",middleName:null,surname:"Stefanni",slug:"sergio-stefanni",fullName:"Sergio Stefanni"},{id:"205572",title:"MSc.",name:"Hugo",middleName:null,surname:"Froufe",slug:"hugo-froufe",fullName:"Hugo Froufe"},{id:"205573",title:"Dr.",name:"Conceição",middleName:null,surname:"Egas",slug:"conceicao-egas",fullName:"Conceição Egas"},{id:"205574",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Dando",slug:"paul-dando",fullName:"Paul Dando"},{id:"205575",title:"Dr.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Serrão Santos",slug:"ricardo-serrao-santos",fullName:"Ricardo Serrão Santos"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"317",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial 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The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 25th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},openForSubmissionBooks:{},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:18,paginationItems:[{id:"81778",title:"Influence of Mechanical Properties of Biomaterials on the Reconstruction of Biomedical Parts via Additive Manufacturing Techniques: An Overview",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104465",signatures:"Babatunde Olamide Omiyale, Akeem Abiodun Rasheed, Robinson Omoboyode Akinnusi and Temitope Olumide Olugbade",slug:"influence-of-mechanical-properties-of-biomaterials-on-the-reconstruction-of-biomedical-parts-via-add",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11405.jpg",subseries:{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}}},{id:"81751",title:"NanoBioSensors: From Electrochemical Sensors Improvement to Theranostic Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102552",signatures:"Anielle C.A. Silva, Eliete A. Alvin, Lais S. de Jesus, Caio C.L. de França, Marílya P.G. da Silva, Samaysa L. Lins, Diógenes Meneses, Marcela R. Lemes, Rhanoica O. Guerra, Marcos V. da Silva, Carlo J.F. de Oliveira, Virmondes Rodrigues Junior, Renata M. Etchebehere, Fabiane C. de Abreu, Bruno G. Lucca, Sanívia A.L. Pereira, Rodrigo C. Rosa and Noelio O. Dantas",slug:"nanobiosensors-from-electrochemical-sensors-improvement-to-theranostic-applications",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81766",title:"Evolution of Organoids in Oncology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104251",signatures:"Allen Thayakumar Basanthakumar, Janitha Chandrasekhar Darlybai and Jyothsna Ganesh",slug:"evolution-of-organoids-in-oncology",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Organoids",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11430.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"81678",title:"Developmental Studies on Practical Enzymatic Phosphate Ion Biosensors and Microbial BOD Biosensors, and New Insights into the Future Perspectives of These Biosensor Fields",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104377",signatures:"Hideaki Nakamura",slug:"developmental-studies-on-practical-enzymatic-phosphate-ion-biosensors-and-microbial-bod-biosensors-a",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hideaki",surname:"Nakamura"}],book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81547",title:"Organoids and Commercialization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104706",signatures:"Anubhab Mukherjee, Aprajita Sinha, Maheshree Maibam, Bharti Bisht and Manash K. Paul",slug:"organoids-and-commercialization",totalDownloads:35,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Organoids",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11430.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"81412",title:"Mathematical Morphology and the Heart Signals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104113",signatures:"Taouli Sidi Ahmed",slug:"mathematical-morphology-and-the-heart-signals",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81360",title:"Deep Learning Algorithms for Efficient Analysis of ECG Signals to Detect Heart Disorders",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103075",signatures:"Sumagna Dey, Rohan Pal and Saptarshi Biswas",slug:"deep-learning-algorithms-for-efficient-analysis-of-ecg-signals-to-detect-heart-disorders",totalDownloads:32,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81294",title:"Applications of Neural Organoids in Neurodevelopment and Regenerative Medicine",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104044",signatures:"Jing Gong, Jiahui Kang, Minghui Li, Xiao Liu, Jun Yang and Haiwei Xu",slug:"applications-of-neural-organoids-in-neurodevelopment-and-regenerative-medicine",totalDownloads:26,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Organoids",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11430.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"81318",title:"Retinal Organoids over the Decade",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104258",signatures:"Jing Yuan and Zi-Bing Jin",slug:"retinal-organoids-over-the-decade",totalDownloads:42,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Organoids",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11430.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"81068",title:"Characteristic Profiles of Heart Rate Variability in Depression and Anxiety",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104205",signatures:"Toshikazu Shinba",slug:"characteristic-profiles-of-heart-rate-variability-in-depression-and-anxiety",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",value:9,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",value:7,count:13,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[],publicationYearFilters:[],authors:{paginationCount:25,paginationItems:[{id:"429683",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilal",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"bilal-khalid",fullName:"Bilal Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/429683/images/system/429683.png",biography:"Dr. Bilal Khalid received a Ph.D. in Industrial Business Administration from KMITL Business School, Bangkok, in 2021, and a master’s in International Business Management from Stamford International University, Bangkok, in 2017. Dr. Khalid\\'s research interests include leadership and negotiations, digital transformations, gamification, eLearning, blockchain, Big Data, and management of information technology. Dr. Bilal Khalid also serves as an academic editor at Education Research International and a reviewer for international journals.",institutionString:"KMITL Business School",institution:{name:"King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. He is also co-managing editor of Transnational Corporations Review and a guest editor for Electronic Commerce Research and Journal of Internet Technology.",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"189147",title:"Dr.",name:"Hailan",middleName:null,surname:"Salamun",slug:"hailan-salamun",fullName:"Hailan Salamun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/189147/images/19274_n.jpeg",biography:"Hailan Salamun, (Dr.) was born in Selangor, Malaysia and graduated from Tunku Ampuan Jamaah Religious High School at Shah Alam. Obtained a degree from the International Islamic University (UIA), Gombak in the field of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Heritage. Next, I furthered my studies to the professional level to obtain a Diploma in Education at UIA. After serving for several years in school, I furthered my studies to the Master of Dakwah and Leadership at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi. I graduated with a Doctor of Philosophy in Principalship Leadership from the University of Malaya (UM) in 2010. I am currently a senior lecturer in the Department of Nationalism and Civilization, Center for Basic and Continuing Education, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Prior to that, I had served in several educational institutions such as schools, the Institute of Teacher Education (IPG), and also the University of Malaya. I am also actively involved in paper presentation, writing and publishing. My research interests are focused on leadership, education, society and Islamic civilization. This area of research requires a detailed understanding of Islamic studies and research studies in leadership. 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