\\n\\n
These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9902",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Service Robotics",title:"Service Robotics",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"We feel the impact of robots on our lives more and more every day. Service robots constitute the broadest and the most exciting applications in this field, such as; personal care and assistance, agriculture, logistics, mobility, medical, and defense-oriented robots. Since service robotics contains many different types of robots, the variety of problems to be solved is also large. Many popular robotic problems, ranging from mechanism design to simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM), from motion planning to system security, can be examined in this context. You will find various examples and solutions for this critical area of robotics in this book. We hope that researchers interested in the subject will benefit from this book.",isbn:"978-1-78984-429-0",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-428-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-030-4",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87712",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"service-robotics",numberOfPages:162,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"9b42f533ea14906bcd1e07df74b33ac2",bookSignature:"Volkan Sezer, Sinan Öncü and Pınar Boyraz Baykas",publishedDate:"November 26th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9902.jpg",numberOfDownloads:4804,numberOfWosCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitations:6,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:7,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:15,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 11th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 10th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 9th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 28th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 26th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"268170",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"volkan-sezer",fullName:"Volkan Sezer",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268170/images/system/268170.jpg",biography:"Volkan Sezer is currently an Associate Professor in the Control and Automation Engineering Department of Istanbul Technical University. He received his B.Sc. in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering from Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey in 2005, his M.Sc. in Mechatronics Engineering and his Ph.D. in Control and Automation Engineering from Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey in 2008 and 2012 respectively. After his PhD. he did research in Singapore as an MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) researcher in the Future Urban Mobility (FM) group. His research interests are based on the artificial intelligence for robotics and automotive technology. More specifically autonomous/semi-autonomous ground vehicles, active safety, robot autonomy and energy efficiency of hybrid electric vehicles are the main subjects of his research.",institutionString:"Istanbul Technical University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Istanbul Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"1364",title:"Mr.",name:"Sinan",middleName:null,surname:"Öncü",slug:"sinan-oncu",fullName:"Sinan Öncü",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1364/images/system/1364.jpg",biography:"Sinan Öncü received his B.Sc. degree in electronics and telecommunications engineering and his M.Sc. degree in mechatronics engineering from Istanbul Technical University (ITU), in 2005 and 2008, respectively, and his Ph.D. degree in mechanical engineering from the Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), in 2014. From 2013 to 2016, he was a research scientist at the Integrated Vehicle Safety Department, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) Technical Sciences. Since 2019, he has been an assistant professor in the Mechanical Engineering Department at Boğaziçi University where he is also the Director of Smart and Autonomous Mobility Research Lab. His research focuses on cooperative localization, sensing, control, and coordination of automated air and ground vehicles with a particular focus on automotive and mobile robotics applications.",institutionString:"Boğaziçi University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Boğaziçi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"314054",title:"Dr.",name:"Pınar Boyraz",middleName:null,surname:"Baykas",slug:"pinar-boyraz-baykas",fullName:"Pınar Boyraz Baykas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314054/images/system/314054.png",biography:"Pinar Boyraz received double-major B.Sc. degrees in mechanical and textile engineering from Istanbul Technical University (ITU), İstanbul, Turkey, in 2003 and 2004 and a Ph.D. degree in mechatronics from the Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, U.K., in 2008. From 2008 to 2010, she was a Post-doctoral RA in the Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Texas at Dallas, USA, focusing on driver behavior modeling and active safety system development. From 2010 to 2014, she was an Assistant Professor and from 2014 to 2018, an Associate Professor of the Mechanical Engineering Department, ITU, conducting research in applied robotics. Since March 2018, she has been an Associate Professor with the Mechanics and Maritime Sciences Department, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden. Her research interests broadly include applications of mathematical modeling, mechatronics, signal processing, and control theory. She was awarded by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation with Experienced Researcher Fellowship during her research in applied robotics at Leibniz Universität Hannover, Germany, in 2016 and 2017.",institutionString:"Chalmers University of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Chalmers University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1272",title:"Service Robot",slug:"service-robot"}],chapters:[{id:"72482",title:"Safe Human-Robot Interaction Using Variable Stiffness, Hyper-Redundancy, and Smart Robotic Skins",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92693",slug:"safe-human-robot-interaction-using-variable-stiffness-hyper-redundancy-and-smart-robotic-skins",totalDownloads:627,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In service robotics, safe human-robot interaction (HRI) is still an open research topic, requiring developments both in hardware and in software as well as their integration. In UMAY1 and MEDICARE-C2projects, we addressed both mechanism design and perception aspects of a framework for safe HRI. Our first focus was to design variable stiffness joints for the robotic neck and arm to enable inherent compliance to protect a human collaborator. We demonstrate the advantages of variable stiffness actuators (VSA) in compliancy, safety, and energy efficiency with applications in exoskeleton and rehabilitation robotics. The variable-stiffness robotic neck mechanism was later scaled down and adopted in the robotic endoscope featuring hyper-redundancy. The hyper-redundant structures are more controllable, having efficient actuation and better feedback. Lastly, a smart robotic skin is introduced to explain the safety support via enhancement of tactile perception. Although it is developed for a hyper-redundant endoscopic robotic platform, the artificial skin can also be integrated in service robotics to provide multimodal tactile feedback. This chapter gives an overview of systems and their integration to attain a safer HRI. We follow a holistic approach for inherent compliancy via mechanism design (i.e., variable stiffness), precise control (i.e., hyper-redundancy), and multimodal tactile perception (i.e., smart robotic-skins).",signatures:"Pinar Boyraz Baykas, Ertugrul Bayraktar and Cihat Bora Yigit",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72482",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72482",authors:[{id:"228382",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Pinar",surname:"Boyraz",slug:"pinar-boyraz",fullName:"Pinar Boyraz"},{id:"228388",title:"Dr.",name:"Ertugrul",surname:"Bayraktar",slug:"ertugrul-bayraktar",fullName:"Ertugrul Bayraktar"},{id:"316567",title:"Dr.",name:"Cihat Bora",surname:"Yigit",slug:"cihat-bora-yigit",fullName:"Cihat Bora Yigit"}],corrections:null},{id:"73486",title:"Application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Prosthetic and Orthotic Rehabilitation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93903",slug:"application-of-artificial-intelligence-ai-in-prosthetic-and-orthotic-rehabilitation",totalDownloads:1260,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Technological integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning in the Prosthetic and Orthotic industry and in the field of assistive technology has become boon for the Persons with Disabilities. The concept of neural network has been used by the leading manufacturers of rehabilitation aids for simulating various anatomical and biomechanical functions of the lost parts of the human body. The involvement of human interaction with various agents’ i.e. electronic circuitry, software, robotics, etc. has made a revolutionary impact in the rehabilitation field to develop devices like Bionic leg, mind or thought control prosthesis and exoskeletons. Application of Artificial Intelligence and robotics technology has a huge impact in achieving independent mobility and enhances the quality of life in Persons with Disabilities (PwDs).",signatures:"Smita Nayak and Rajesh Kumar Das",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73486",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73486",authors:[{id:"204704",title:"Mrs.",name:"Smita",surname:"Nayak",slug:"smita-nayak",fullName:"Smita Nayak"},{id:"321308",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh",surname:"Das",slug:"rajesh-das",fullName:"Rajesh Das"}],corrections:null},{id:"73718",title:"Development of a Versatile Modular Platform for Aerial Manipulators",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94027",slug:"development-of-a-versatile-modular-platform-for-aerial-manipulators",totalDownloads:456,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The scope of this chapter is the development of an aerial manipulator platform using an octarotor drone with an attached manipulator. An on-board spherical camera provides visual information for the drone’s surroundings, while a Pan-Tilt-Zoom camera system is used to track targets. A powerful computer with a GPU offers significant on-board computational power for the visual servoing of the aerial manipulator system. This vision system, along with the Inertial Management Unit based controller provides exemplary guidance in confined and outdoor spaces. Coupled with the manipulator’s force sensing capabilities the system can interact with the environment. This aerial manipulation system is modular as far as attaching various payloads depending on the application (i.e., environmental sensing, facade cleaning and others, aerial netting for evader-drone geofencing, and others). Experimental studies using a motion capture system are offered to validate the system’s efficiency.",signatures:"Nikolaos Evangeliou, Athanasios Tsoukalas, Nikolaos Giakoumidis, Steffen Holter and Anthony Tzes",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73718",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73718",authors:[{id:"242670",title:"Dr.",name:"Anthony",surname:"Tzes",slug:"anthony-tzes",fullName:"Anthony Tzes"},{id:"320159",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolaos",surname:"Evangeliou",slug:"nikolaos-evangeliou",fullName:"Nikolaos Evangeliou"},{id:"320160",title:"Dr.",name:"Athanasios",surname:"Tsoukalas",slug:"athanasios-tsoukalas",fullName:"Athanasios Tsoukalas"},{id:"320161",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikolaos",surname:"Giakoumidis",slug:"nikolaos-giakoumidis",fullName:"Nikolaos Giakoumidis"},{id:"320162",title:"Mr.",name:"Steffen",surname:"Holter",slug:"steffen-holter",fullName:"Steffen Holter"}],corrections:null},{id:"71614",title:"Guidance-Based Motion Planning of Autonomous Systems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91830",slug:"guidance-based-motion-planning-of-autonomous-systems",totalDownloads:522,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Motion planning is a significant stage in the control of autonomous systems. As an alternative method, guidance approach is proposed for the motion planning of those systems. In guided munitions, guidance laws determine the success of the guidance systems designed to steer systems such as missiles and guided bombs towards predefined targets. The guidance laws designated according to determinative agents such as the firing position of the munition, target type, and operational requirements try to provide the munition with arriving at the target point even under the disturbing effects. In this study, the applicability of the guidance laws to autonomous systems is investigated in a manner similar to the approach for the guided munitions. For this purpose, the motion planning of the selected robotic arm, tracked land vehicle, and quadrotor is tried to be performed in order to move them to predefined target points. Having designed the control systems compatible to the selected guidance laws for the considered systems, the corresponding guidance scheme is constructed. Eventually, after conducting the relevant computer simulations, it is observed that the desired target chase can be made in a successive manner for all cases.",signatures:"Bülent Özkan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71614",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71614",authors:[{id:"315942",title:"Dr.",name:"Bülent",surname:"Özkan",slug:"bulent-ozkan",fullName:"Bülent Özkan"}],corrections:null},{id:"72660",title:"Conversion of a Conventional Wheelchair into an Autonomous Personal Transportation Testbed",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93117",slug:"conversion-of-a-conventional-wheelchair-into-an-autonomous-personal-transportation-testbed",totalDownloads:492,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Personal transportation is the act of transporting an individual by using a small, low-speed vehicle. It is a very hot research topic both in industry and academia. There are many different types of personal transportation vehicles, and wheelchairs are one of them. Autonomous driving is another very popular subject that is applicable to the personal transportation vehicles. Autonomous personal transportation vehicles are good examples of service robotics applications. In this study, conversion procedure of a conventional electric wheelchair into an autonomous personal transportation testbed and the application of some basic autonomous driving algorithms on the developed testbed are explained. In literature, there are several studies providing information on wheelchairs’ autonomy but not deep information about the conversion itself. In this paper, the conversion process is investigated in detail, under two main sections. The first part is by-wire conversion, which allows the wheelchair to be controlled via computer commands. The second part includes the studies on sensors, computational system, and human interface. After making such modifications on wheelchair, fundamental algorithms required for autonomy, such as mapping and localization, are implemented successfully. The results are promising for the usage of the developed system as a testbed for examining new autonomous algorithms and evaluating the performance of the perceptional/computational components.",signatures:"Volkan Sezer, Rahman Salim Zengin, Hosein Houshyari and Murat Cenk Yilmaz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72660",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72660",authors:[{id:"268170",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",surname:"Sezer",slug:"volkan-sezer",fullName:"Volkan Sezer"},{id:"323515",title:"Dr.",name:"Hosein",surname:"Houshyari",slug:"hosein-houshyari",fullName:"Hosein Houshyari"},{id:"323516",title:"Dr.",name:"Rahman",surname:"Salim Zengin",slug:"rahman-salim-zengin",fullName:"Rahman Salim Zengin"},{id:"323517",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",surname:"Cenk Yılmaz",slug:"murat-cenk-yilmaz",fullName:"Murat Cenk Yılmaz"}],corrections:null},{id:"69847",title:"Embedded Devices Security Based on ICMetric Technology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89240",slug:"embedded-devices-security-based-on-icmetric-technology",totalDownloads:381,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"An intelligent wheelchair application is required which is equipped with the MEMSs which are magnetometer, gyroscope, and accelerometer sensors. The generated process of ICMetrics number is heavily based on magnetometer, gyroscope, and accelerometer sensors. In addition, this number can be utilised to provide the identification of device. Our proposed system passed through three phases. The first phase is bias reading that was extracted from MEMSs (gyroscope, magnetometer, and accelerometers) sensors; whereas, in the second phase, ICMetric number is generated by using the sensor bias readings that was extracted in the first phase. Therefore, this number is non-stored and can be utilised to provide identification of device. In the third phase, the security system is tested/evaluated to measure its effectivity. In other words, it is tested with dataset that was extracted from the trace file of ns-2. In this phase, performance metrics are calculated, which are rate of error, confused metrics, and accuracy.",signatures:"Khattab M. Ali Alheeti, Duaa Al_Dosary and Salah Sleibi Al-Rawi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69847",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69847",authors:[{id:"259265",title:"Dr.",name:"Khattab M",surname:"Ali Aheeti",slug:"khattab-m-ali-aheeti",fullName:"Khattab M Ali Aheeti"},{id:"309892",title:"Dr.",name:"Salah",surname:"Sleibi Alrawi",slug:"salah-sleibi-alrawi",fullName:"Salah Sleibi Alrawi"},{id:"309949",title:"Ms.",name:"Duaa",surname:"Al_Dosary",slug:"duaa-al_dosary",fullName:"Duaa Al_Dosary"}],corrections:null},{id:"72250",title:"Manipulating Complex Robot Behavior for Autonomous and Continuous Operations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92254",slug:"manipulating-complex-robot-behavior-for-autonomous-and-continuous-operations",totalDownloads:604,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Service robot control faces challenges of dynamic environment and complex behavior, which mainly include eye-hand coordination and continuous operations. However, current programming scheme lacks the ability of managing such tasks. In this chapter, we propose a methodology of software development paradigm for the continuous operation of the dual-arm picking robot. First, a dual-arm robot is built for picking with the purpose of selectively harvesting in plant factory. Second, a hierarchical control software is framed by means of “Sense Plan Act” (SPA) paradigm. Third, based on the previous design, programming concept, and the ROS system, the sub-node programming of visual module, motion module, eye-hand coordination module, and task planning module are implemented with a state machine-based architecture. The experimental results show that if total number of targets within the visual field is not more than three, the average picking time is less than 35 s. The fluency of concurrent task management shows the feasibility of manipulating complex robot behavior for autonomous and continuous operations with the finite state machine model and task level architecture.",signatures:"Chengliang Liu, Liang Gong and Wei Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72250",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72250",authors:[{id:"135507",title:"Prof.",name:"Chengliang",surname:"Liu",slug:"chengliang-liu",fullName:"Chengliang Liu"},{id:"183226",title:"Dr.",name:"Liang",surname:"Gong",slug:"liang-gong",fullName:"Liang Gong"},{id:"318241",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",surname:"Zhang",slug:"wei-zhang",fullName:"Wei Zhang"}],corrections:null},{id:"73270",title:"Robotization and Welfare Trends in Future",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93346",slug:"robotization-and-welfare-trends-in-future",totalDownloads:464,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"There are concerns over the present and possible future impact of new advancements like robots and artificial intelligence on welfare. Experts from different fields including science and business have been concentrating on how new developments may affect the job market, and more broadly how new advancements will influence the society. It would be easy to get support for the use of robots for the tasks which are too difficult or too dangerous for humans. What is the capital owners’ focus at that point? What are the economic and social consequences of robotization? In this chapter, literature review including the recent thoughts on how developments in robotics may cause major changes in welfare distribution and revolutionary economic changes is presented.",signatures:"Belma Kencebay",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73270",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73270",authors:[{id:"316105",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Belma",surname:"Kencebay",slug:"belma-kencebay",fullName:"Belma Kencebay"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5809",title:"Service Robots",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"24727d51a5f26cb52694ad979bbbc1f8",slug:"service-robots",bookSignature:"Antonio J. R. 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\r\n\tRegardless of gender, social class, cultural orientation, environmental influences, or abilities, children have an innate need to play, irrespective of whether it is a formal or informal mode. Participation in fitness and sports activities bestow far-reaching benefits on children’s growth, development, health, skill acquisition, and physical performance. It is our responsibility to provide enjoyable conducive opportunities and environments that promote fitness as well as nurture, develop, and perfect skills for optimal sports performance. New trends, technology advancements, and witnessed lifestyle changes may trigger adjustments in traditional training methods or pose challenges for fitness and sports professionals when designing and implementing programs targeting children and adolescents.
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Since farmers engage in both cash crop and subsistence farming, they can either use their agricultural produce locally or export it. Due to the high demand for agricultural produce, farmers have increased the acreage of land used to grow their crops [2]. However, the increase in acreage of the land used for production is indirectly proportional to the yields obtained from the fields [2]. These results imply that the technologies used by the farmers either are becoming obsolete or applied inefficiently. Another implication is that the farmers do not use their land efficiently [1]. With the continuous increase in the global population comes the increased demand for food to sustain the population. Therefore, farmers need to employ better and more efficient farming technologies on their farms and use their land resourcefully. Failure to remedy the situation might result in a food crisis worldwide, and especially in populous developing countries.
Pests and diseases reduce crop yields on farms for several crops like potato, millet, maize, rice, wheat, and soybean. Controlling plant pests and diseases is difficult due to various factors including the co-evolution of pests, pathogens, and plants over the years in addition to the high numbers and large diversity of the pests and pathogens. Categories of pests that attack crops include rodents, insects, and birds [3]. Insects damage crops either directly or indirectly. Direct damage involves insect activity that causes injury to crops such as burrowing holes in different plant tissues and feeding on them [3]. The resulting damage to plant tissues disrupts the physiological activities of plants, for example, photosynthesis and water uptake and this leads to the decreased yields. Insects, mainly aphids, can also cause indirect damage to crops by acting as vectors of plant-parasitic microorganisms, for example, nematodes. Birds and rodents cause direct damage to crops by feeding on different crop tissues. The indiscriminate feeding habits of rodents is a significant challenge to farmers since the pests can feed on any crop grown in the field. If farmers are to improve their yields, they must identify the pests in their farms and use effective technologies for control.
Diseases, on the other hand, arise from biotic and abiotic factors. Crop diseases affect the physiological activity of plants resulting in a significant reduction in crop yields in addition to unprecedented costs for farmers. Abiotic factors that cause plant diseases include unfavorable growth conditions such as inadequate nutrients and insufficient sunlight and mesobiotic factors [4]. Mesobiotic factors are entities that exhibit an intermediate state of living and non-living organisms. These entities include viroids and viruses. Biotic factors that cause plant diseases are animate and pathogenic. These organisms are both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Prokaryotic organisms are of bacterial origin and cause diseases such as soft rot in vegetables and wilting in potatoes. Eukaryotes that cause plant diseases include fungi (powdery mildew, rust and smut), protozoa (phloem necrosis in coffee and hart rot in palm and coconut trees), algae (red rust in mango and papaya trees), and nematodes (root-knot in vegetables, ear cockle of wheat, and molya disease in wheat and barley) [4]. Apart from reducing the crop yield, plant diseases can also result in a disruption of the natural ecosystem, causing an imbalance of living organisms in the environment.
Further, different types of
The use of biological control agents to mitigate the damage caused by root-knot nematode infestation has several advantages. These advantages are of significant value to food crop and cash crop farmers and the environment. First, biocontrol agents are specific to the target organism; therefore, they do not destroy other beneficial organisms in the process [3]. Biocontrol can also provide a long-term solution to crop pests, reducing the costs required for pest control on the farm. Additionally, the biocontrol agents do not cause environmental pollution; therefore, their application does not harm other organisms and humans in the environment [3]. Further, unlike chemicals, pests do not develop resistance to biological control agents. It is possible to control root-knot nematodes at different stages of their lifecycle; therefore, the farmer can apply the biocontrol agent depending on the nematode stage and the agent’s effectiveness at that stage [7]. One of these stages is the hatching stage. Given that the eggs produce the infective stages of the endoparasite
According to research, different microbes are viable options for the biocontrol of root-knot nematodes. These microorganisms use different mechanisms including the production of toxins and antibiotics, parasitism, and boosting a plant’s immunity for biocontrol [8, 9, 10]. Since
The dynamic relationship between nematodes and their plant hosts resulted in the evolution of plant-parasitic nematodes over time [11]. Due to these evolutions, the nematodes acquired favorable characteristics for their survival and development. These characteristics include the development of feeding structures like the stylet that differentiates plant-parasitic nematodes from other nematodes and secretions that are essential for infecting the plant host and absorbing nutrients [11]. Currently, there are more than 4,100 species of plant-parasitic nematodes [6, 8]. These microorganisms cause damage to crops and this has significant economic implications for farmers and consumers. On average, farmers around the world incur losses that range between 80 and 118 billion dollars each year because of the activity of plant-parasitic nematodes [6]. Fifteen percent of plant-parasitic nematodes that have a huge economic impact are those that infect the roots of the host plant and therefore hinder the uptake of water and nutrients by the plant [6].
The most successful plant-parasitic nematode species are sedentary endoparasitic nematodes. These nematodes establish a permanent feeding site within the roots of the host and obtain nutrients from this site while completing their lifecycle [6, 11]. The major genera of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with significant crop damage and losses are
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs), whose scientific name is
Various plants are susceptible to attack by root-knot nematodes because they are polyphagous microorganisms. The host plants for
RKNs produce aboveground and belowground symptoms in affected plants [7, 12]. The aboveground symptoms of nematode infestation include yellowing of leaves, patchy fields and stunted growth while belowground symptoms include galled, swollen, or distorted roots, reduced root volume, and stunted root growth. The diameter of the galls (root knots) ranges from smaller than a pinhead to 25 mm [12]. According to the plant parts affected, root-knot nematode infestation produces the following symptoms: wilting in leaves, galling, swelling, distortion, or reduced volume in roots, and dwarfing or wilting for the whole plant. Since these symptoms such as wilting and yellowing leaves might be similar to symptoms produced by other biotic or abiotic factors, it is important for farmers to contact specialists for accurate diagnosis of their crops, to avoid further damage by plant-parasitic nematodes, and to implement effective and long-term corrective measures [7, 8, 12].
While the most reliable measures for controlling RKNs are preventive, management measures exist. Farmers can use different strategies for the management of root-knot nematodes. These include crop rotation, planting resistant varieties, use of plant extracts that suppress the activity of RKNs, use of trap crops, sanitation, and use of chemical nematicides [7, 8, 18]. These methods enable farmers to reduce existing RKN populations and are suitable for seasonal crops and the establishment of woody plants [12]. Even though these methods are effective, they are short-term solutions to RKN infestations and mostly reduce their populations in the top layer of soil. Additionally, since
Mostly, farmers use pesticides to control the nematodes. While some of these pesticides are effective, they are non-specific and therefore harm non-pathogenic microorganisms in the environment [3]. Additionally, due to the chemical nature of the pesticides, they act as environmental pollutants with a high residue effect. Since biocontrol confers several benefits to the farmers, the crops, and the environment, it is the most suitable method to use for the inhibition of the parasitic activities of
Trichoderma hamatum growth on a PDA plate.
Scientific studies on the interactions between plants and
Apart from protection, some
Newer strains of
Effective induction of plants to cope with biotic and abiotic stressors has desirable environmental implications that include reduced water and air pollution due to the production and use of nitrogen fertilizers. Additionally, farmers in developed and developing countries experience improved yields, which gives them a good return on their investments. The improved yields being the cumulative effect of a plant’s improved photosynthetic efficiency and responses to biotic and abiotic stressors [11, 23]. Apart from improved yields, the reduced application of nitrogen fertilizers improves farmers’ savings. In developing countries, since farmers with small farms might not afford commercial fertilizers and pesticides, applying
Different species within the
A salient characteristic of members of
Recent research shows iterative results for another mechanism used by
Studies also propose that the biocontrol activity of
Even though these additional mechanisms are not primary biocontrol mechanisms, they promote disease tolerance or resistance in the host plants [8, 21]. The manifestation of these characteristics includes increased root and shoot growth in plants, changes in a plant’s nutritional status, and a plant’s increased resistance or tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. For example, treating plants in nitrogen-deficient soils with
Results from previous studies indicate that different
Overall, to receive optimal outcomes, farmers and researchers should apply
Agriculture is an important economic activity globally because it is a source of income for many families and contributes substantially to the global gross domestic product. Crop farmers engage in both subsistence and cash crop farming to sustain the ever-growing global population. Consistent with the population growth, farmers adopt other farming practices including using more land to increase their productivity. However, the pests and diseases that attack crops in the field challenge this anticipation. Pests including rodents, birds, and insects cause direct and indirect damage to crops through their activity. Insects like aphids, for example, cause direct damage by sucking nutrients from the phloem of plant tissues and indirectly by acting as vectors for pathogenic microbes, which can enter plant tissues as the insect feeds and multiply leading to plant diseases. Plant diseases arise from abiotic, mesobiotic, and biotic factors. While abiotic factors are non-living components of a plant’s ecosystem, mesobiotic factors exhibit an intermediary state between a living and non-living organism, for example, virus particles. Biotic factors that cause plant diseases are prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms in a plant’s environment. The prokaryotic organisms are bacterial cells and eukaryotic organisms include fungi and nematodes. Plant-parasitic nematodes, especially root-knot nematodes, are among the most significant biotic pathogens worldwide because they cause significant losses to farmers of different food types. Controlling root-knot nematodes is usually difficult because they are polyphagous and can form dauer stages, which enable them to survive in the soil for long periods until they detect a susceptible host plant. However, biocontrol agents such as
I would like to acknowledge my undergraduate supervisors, Ms. Beth Wangui Waweru and Dr. Njira Njira Pili, who spurred my interest in biological control agents for root-knot nematodes during my project, pointed me to quality resources for the subject matter and helped improve the quality of my work.
The author declares no conflict of interest.
My gratitude goes to Njagi for encouraging me to write this chapter; Judah Leo, who inspires me to try out new opportunities, achieve greater heights and give my best; my parents, Mr. and Mrs. Mulusa, for supporting my academic goals; and IntechOpen for this opportunity.
Abiotic factors – These are non-living components of an ecosystem that influence the ecosystem. Examples of abiotic factors are light, water, humidity, acidity, and temperature.
Biocontrol - Biological control of plant diseases involves using living organisms to suppress plant pathogen populations.
Biocontrol agents - Scientists and farmers apply microbial biological control agents (MBCAs) to crops for the biological control of plant pathogens. The MBCAs use various modes of action to control the pathogens effectively. Some of them induce plant resistance and control the pathogen without any direct MBCA-pathogen interactions; others compete for nutrients with pathogens or exhibit other mechanisms that modulate the pathogen growth conditions; and others use antagonism through hyperparasitism and antibiosis, which inhibit the pathogens directly. Metabolic events that combine various modes of action regulate these interactions.
It is crucial to understand an MBCA’s mode of action to optimize its pathogen-control abilities. Additionally, understanding the mode of action promotes the succinct knowledge and characterization of risk exposure for organisms higher up in the food chain and the environment as well as plant resistance development towards a given MBCA.
Biotic factors – Biotic factors are living components of an ecosystem that affect other living organisms within the ecosystem or the ecosystem as a whole. In a farm, the biotic factors can include insects, microorganisms, plants, and rodents.
Dwarfing – This is a process that occurs when there is a change in a plant so that its size is significantly smaller than that of other plants within the same species. The causes of dwarfing can be hormonal, genetic, or nutritional.
Fungus – A type of eukaryotic living organism with a filamentous, unicellular, or multicellular existence. The scientific name used to refer to the filament is hyphae (plural: hypha). The cells of fungi have chitinous or cellulose cell walls and while some fungi are parasitic, others are saprophytic. Further, fungi can produce either sexually or asexually.
Nematophagus fungi – These are fungi that trap, kill, and digest nematodes using specialized structures on their mycelia or spores for trapping vermiform nematodes or hyphal tips for attacking nematode eggs and cysts before penetrating the cuticles of nematodes.
Nematicides – These are chemical pesticides used for killing plant-parasitic nematodes. Often, they are broad-spectrum toxicants with high volatility, which facilitates their movement in soil following application. An example is fosthiazate.
Pesticides – These are substances or a mixture of substances used to prevent, terminate, repel, or diminish pests. Application methods for pesticides include spraying, dusting, padding, granular application, and seed pelleting.
Plant extracts – These are substances with desirable properties drawn from a plant tissue for a specific use. Often extraction involves the use of solvents such as ethanol.
Pollutants – These are contaminants that when introduced to the environment, affect it adversely. They include particulate matter, greenhouse gases, and chemicals.
Reactive oxygen species – These highly reactive chemical molecules result from oxygen’s electron receptivity. Examples are alpha-oxygen and peroxides.
Root galls – Unusual swellings or localized tumors in plant tissues. Often, their size varies, ranging between 1 and 10 mm in diameter. The size depends on the nematode species and the location of the gall on the root system. Severe galling causes root malformation, shortening, and thickening, which hinders development and branching in roots.
Striga weeds – Commonly known as witchweed, this parasitic crop occurs naturally in parts of Australia, Africa, and Asia. The weed parasitizes cereal crops mostly, which reduces their yield significantly.
Wilting – A phenomenon observed when non-woody plants lose rigidity due to a decrease in the turgor pressure of non-lignified plant cells. Wilting occurs due to reduced water supply to the cells.
Agriculture is an important economic activity globally because almost 65% of working adults in underprivileged populations earn their livelihood from agriculture and it contributes significantly to the global gross domestic product (GDP) [1]. Since farmers engage in both cash crop and subsistence farming, they can either use their agricultural produce locally or export it. Due to the high demand for agricultural produce, farmers have increased the acreage of land used to grow their crops [2]. However, the increase in acreage of the land used for production is indirectly proportional to the yields obtained from the fields [2]. These results imply that the technologies used by the farmers either are becoming obsolete or applied inefficiently. Another implication is that the farmers do not use their land efficiently [1]. With the continuous increase in the global population comes the increased demand for food to sustain the population. Therefore, farmers need to employ better and more efficient farming technologies on their farms and use their land resourcefully. Failure to remedy the situation might result in a food crisis worldwide, and especially in populous developing countries.
Pests and diseases reduce crop yields on farms for several crops like potato, millet, maize, rice, wheat, and soybean. Controlling plant pests and diseases is difficult due to various factors including the co-evolution of pests, pathogens, and plants over the years in addition to the high numbers and large diversity of the pests and pathogens. Categories of pests that attack crops include rodents, insects, and birds [3]. Insects damage crops either directly or indirectly. Direct damage involves insect activity that causes injury to crops such as burrowing holes in different plant tissues and feeding on them [3]. The resulting damage to plant tissues disrupts the physiological activities of plants, for example, photosynthesis and water uptake and this leads to the decreased yields. Insects, mainly aphids, can also cause indirect damage to crops by acting as vectors of plant-parasitic microorganisms, for example, nematodes. Birds and rodents cause direct damage to crops by feeding on different crop tissues. The indiscriminate feeding habits of rodents is a significant challenge to farmers since the pests can feed on any crop grown in the field. If farmers are to improve their yields, they must identify the pests in their farms and use effective technologies for control.
Diseases, on the other hand, arise from biotic and abiotic factors. Crop diseases affect the physiological activity of plants resulting in a significant reduction in crop yields in addition to unprecedented costs for farmers. Abiotic factors that cause plant diseases include unfavorable growth conditions such as inadequate nutrients and insufficient sunlight and mesobiotic factors [4]. Mesobiotic factors are entities that exhibit an intermediate state of living and non-living organisms. These entities include viroids and viruses. Biotic factors that cause plant diseases are animate and pathogenic. These organisms are both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Prokaryotic organisms are of bacterial origin and cause diseases such as soft rot in vegetables and wilting in potatoes. Eukaryotes that cause plant diseases include fungi (powdery mildew, rust and smut), protozoa (phloem necrosis in coffee and hart rot in palm and coconut trees), algae (red rust in mango and papaya trees), and nematodes (root-knot in vegetables, ear cockle of wheat, and molya disease in wheat and barley) [4]. Apart from reducing the crop yield, plant diseases can also result in a disruption of the natural ecosystem, causing an imbalance of living organisms in the environment.
Further, different types of
The use of biological control agents to mitigate the damage caused by root-knot nematode infestation has several advantages. These advantages are of significant value to food crop and cash crop farmers and the environment. First, biocontrol agents are specific to the target organism; therefore, they do not destroy other beneficial organisms in the process [3]. Biocontrol can also provide a long-term solution to crop pests, reducing the costs required for pest control on the farm. Additionally, the biocontrol agents do not cause environmental pollution; therefore, their application does not harm other organisms and humans in the environment [3]. Further, unlike chemicals, pests do not develop resistance to biological control agents. It is possible to control root-knot nematodes at different stages of their lifecycle; therefore, the farmer can apply the biocontrol agent depending on the nematode stage and the agent’s effectiveness at that stage [7]. One of these stages is the hatching stage. Given that the eggs produce the infective stages of the endoparasite
According to research, different microbes are viable options for the biocontrol of root-knot nematodes. These microorganisms use different mechanisms including the production of toxins and antibiotics, parasitism, and boosting a plant’s immunity for biocontrol [8, 9, 10]. Since
The dynamic relationship between nematodes and their plant hosts resulted in the evolution of plant-parasitic nematodes over time [11]. Due to these evolutions, the nematodes acquired favorable characteristics for their survival and development. These characteristics include the development of feeding structures like the stylet that differentiates plant-parasitic nematodes from other nematodes and secretions that are essential for infecting the plant host and absorbing nutrients [11]. Currently, there are more than 4,100 species of plant-parasitic nematodes [6, 8]. These microorganisms cause damage to crops and this has significant economic implications for farmers and consumers. On average, farmers around the world incur losses that range between 80 and 118 billion dollars each year because of the activity of plant-parasitic nematodes [6]. Fifteen percent of plant-parasitic nematodes that have a huge economic impact are those that infect the roots of the host plant and therefore hinder the uptake of water and nutrients by the plant [6].
The most successful plant-parasitic nematode species are sedentary endoparasitic nematodes. These nematodes establish a permanent feeding site within the roots of the host and obtain nutrients from this site while completing their lifecycle [6, 11]. The major genera of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with significant crop damage and losses are
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs), whose scientific name is
Various plants are susceptible to attack by root-knot nematodes because they are polyphagous microorganisms. The host plants for
RKNs produce aboveground and belowground symptoms in affected plants [7, 12]. The aboveground symptoms of nematode infestation include yellowing of leaves, patchy fields and stunted growth while belowground symptoms include galled, swollen, or distorted roots, reduced root volume, and stunted root growth. The diameter of the galls (root knots) ranges from smaller than a pinhead to 25 mm [12]. According to the plant parts affected, root-knot nematode infestation produces the following symptoms: wilting in leaves, galling, swelling, distortion, or reduced volume in roots, and dwarfing or wilting for the whole plant. Since these symptoms such as wilting and yellowing leaves might be similar to symptoms produced by other biotic or abiotic factors, it is important for farmers to contact specialists for accurate diagnosis of their crops, to avoid further damage by plant-parasitic nematodes, and to implement effective and long-term corrective measures [7, 8, 12].
While the most reliable measures for controlling RKNs are preventive, management measures exist. Farmers can use different strategies for the management of root-knot nematodes. These include crop rotation, planting resistant varieties, use of plant extracts that suppress the activity of RKNs, use of trap crops, sanitation, and use of chemical nematicides [7, 8, 18]. These methods enable farmers to reduce existing RKN populations and are suitable for seasonal crops and the establishment of woody plants [12]. Even though these methods are effective, they are short-term solutions to RKN infestations and mostly reduce their populations in the top layer of soil. Additionally, since
Mostly, farmers use pesticides to control the nematodes. While some of these pesticides are effective, they are non-specific and therefore harm non-pathogenic microorganisms in the environment [3]. Additionally, due to the chemical nature of the pesticides, they act as environmental pollutants with a high residue effect. Since biocontrol confers several benefits to the farmers, the crops, and the environment, it is the most suitable method to use for the inhibition of the parasitic activities of
Trichoderma hamatum growth on a PDA plate.
Scientific studies on the interactions between plants and
Apart from protection, some
Newer strains of
Effective induction of plants to cope with biotic and abiotic stressors has desirable environmental implications that include reduced water and air pollution due to the production and use of nitrogen fertilizers. Additionally, farmers in developed and developing countries experience improved yields, which gives them a good return on their investments. The improved yields being the cumulative effect of a plant’s improved photosynthetic efficiency and responses to biotic and abiotic stressors [11, 23]. Apart from improved yields, the reduced application of nitrogen fertilizers improves farmers’ savings. In developing countries, since farmers with small farms might not afford commercial fertilizers and pesticides, applying
Different species within the
A salient characteristic of members of
Recent research shows iterative results for another mechanism used by
Studies also propose that the biocontrol activity of
Even though these additional mechanisms are not primary biocontrol mechanisms, they promote disease tolerance or resistance in the host plants [8, 21]. The manifestation of these characteristics includes increased root and shoot growth in plants, changes in a plant’s nutritional status, and a plant’s increased resistance or tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. For example, treating plants in nitrogen-deficient soils with
Results from previous studies indicate that different
Overall, to receive optimal outcomes, farmers and researchers should apply
Agriculture is an important economic activity globally because it is a source of income for many families and contributes substantially to the global gross domestic product. Crop farmers engage in both subsistence and cash crop farming to sustain the ever-growing global population. Consistent with the population growth, farmers adopt other farming practices including using more land to increase their productivity. However, the pests and diseases that attack crops in the field challenge this anticipation. Pests including rodents, birds, and insects cause direct and indirect damage to crops through their activity. Insects like aphids, for example, cause direct damage by sucking nutrients from the phloem of plant tissues and indirectly by acting as vectors for pathogenic microbes, which can enter plant tissues as the insect feeds and multiply leading to plant diseases. Plant diseases arise from abiotic, mesobiotic, and biotic factors. While abiotic factors are non-living components of a plant’s ecosystem, mesobiotic factors exhibit an intermediary state between a living and non-living organism, for example, virus particles. Biotic factors that cause plant diseases are prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms in a plant’s environment. The prokaryotic organisms are bacterial cells and eukaryotic organisms include fungi and nematodes. Plant-parasitic nematodes, especially root-knot nematodes, are among the most significant biotic pathogens worldwide because they cause significant losses to farmers of different food types. Controlling root-knot nematodes is usually difficult because they are polyphagous and can form dauer stages, which enable them to survive in the soil for long periods until they detect a susceptible host plant. However, biocontrol agents such as
I would like to acknowledge my undergraduate supervisors, Ms. Beth Wangui Waweru and Dr. Njira Njira Pili, who spurred my interest in biological control agents for root-knot nematodes during my project, pointed me to quality resources for the subject matter and helped improve the quality of my work.
The author declares no conflict of interest.
My gratitude goes to Njagi for encouraging me to write this chapter; Judah Leo, who inspires me to try out new opportunities, achieve greater heights and give my best; my parents, Mr. and Mrs. Mulusa, for supporting my academic goals; and IntechOpen for this opportunity.
Abiotic factors – These are non-living components of an ecosystem that influence the ecosystem. Examples of abiotic factors are light, water, humidity, acidity, and temperature.
Biocontrol - Biological control of plant diseases involves using living organisms to suppress plant pathogen populations.
Biocontrol agents - Scientists and farmers apply microbial biological control agents (MBCAs) to crops for the biological control of plant pathogens. The MBCAs use various modes of action to control the pathogens effectively. Some of them induce plant resistance and control the pathogen without any direct MBCA-pathogen interactions; others compete for nutrients with pathogens or exhibit other mechanisms that modulate the pathogen growth conditions; and others use antagonism through hyperparasitism and antibiosis, which inhibit the pathogens directly. Metabolic events that combine various modes of action regulate these interactions.
It is crucial to understand an MBCA’s mode of action to optimize its pathogen-control abilities. Additionally, understanding the mode of action promotes the succinct knowledge and characterization of risk exposure for organisms higher up in the food chain and the environment as well as plant resistance development towards a given MBCA.
Biotic factors – Biotic factors are living components of an ecosystem that affect other living organisms within the ecosystem or the ecosystem as a whole. In a farm, the biotic factors can include insects, microorganisms, plants, and rodents.
Dwarfing – This is a process that occurs when there is a change in a plant so that its size is significantly smaller than that of other plants within the same species. The causes of dwarfing can be hormonal, genetic, or nutritional.
Fungus – A type of eukaryotic living organism with a filamentous, unicellular, or multicellular existence. The scientific name used to refer to the filament is hyphae (plural: hypha). The cells of fungi have chitinous or cellulose cell walls and while some fungi are parasitic, others are saprophytic. Further, fungi can produce either sexually or asexually.
Nematophagus fungi – These are fungi that trap, kill, and digest nematodes using specialized structures on their mycelia or spores for trapping vermiform nematodes or hyphal tips for attacking nematode eggs and cysts before penetrating the cuticles of nematodes.
Nematicides – These are chemical pesticides used for killing plant-parasitic nematodes. Often, they are broad-spectrum toxicants with high volatility, which facilitates their movement in soil following application. An example is fosthiazate.
Pesticides – These are substances or a mixture of substances used to prevent, terminate, repel, or diminish pests. Application methods for pesticides include spraying, dusting, padding, granular application, and seed pelleting.
Plant extracts – These are substances with desirable properties drawn from a plant tissue for a specific use. Often extraction involves the use of solvents such as ethanol.
Pollutants – These are contaminants that when introduced to the environment, affect it adversely. They include particulate matter, greenhouse gases, and chemicals.
Reactive oxygen species – These highly reactive chemical molecules result from oxygen’s electron receptivity. Examples are alpha-oxygen and peroxides.
Root galls – Unusual swellings or localized tumors in plant tissues. Often, their size varies, ranging between 1 and 10 mm in diameter. The size depends on the nematode species and the location of the gall on the root system. Severe galling causes root malformation, shortening, and thickening, which hinders development and branching in roots.
Striga weeds – Commonly known as witchweed, this parasitic crop occurs naturally in parts of Australia, Africa, and Asia. The weed parasitizes cereal crops mostly, which reduces their yield significantly.
Wilting – A phenomenon observed when non-woody plants lose rigidity due to a decrease in the turgor pressure of non-lignified plant cells. Wilting occurs due to reduced water supply to the cells.
IntechOpen’s team of Scientific Advisors supports the publishing team by providing editorial and academic input and ensuring the highest quality output of free peer-reviewed articles. The Boards consist of independent external collaborators who assist us on a voluntary basis. Their input includes advising on new topics within their field, proposing potential expert collaborators and reviewing book publishing proposals if required. Board members are experts who cover major STEM and HSS fields. All are trusted IntechOpen collaborators and Academic Editors, ensuring that the needs of the scientific community are met.
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He has published 290 original articles in some of the most prestigious scientific journals and seven book chapters on the pathophysiology of the GI tract, gastroprotection, ulcer healing, drug therapy of peptic ulcers, hormonal regulation of the gut, and inflammatory bowel disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jagiellonian University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"10",title:"Animal Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/10.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. 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From\r\n1964 to 1974, he worked as Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. From 1974 to 1976, he was a Fellowof the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor oBiochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. He is Member ofthe National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and Argentine Society foBiochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for manyears in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Professor Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, publishedover 100 papers in peer reviewed journals, several chapters in books andtwelve edited books. Angel Catalá received awards at the 40th InternationaConference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999: Dijon (France). W inner of the Bimbo PanAmerican Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South AmericaHuman Nutrition, Professional Category. 2006 award in pharmacology, Bernardo\r\nHoussay, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Angel Catalá belongto the Editorial Board of Journal of lipids, International Review of Biophysical ChemistryFrontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, World Journal oExperimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International, W orld Journal oBiological Chemistry, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Diabetes and thePancreas, International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, International Journal oNutrition, Co-Editor of The Open Biology Journal.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). 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Dr. Chen\\'s research interests include bioactive compounds, chromatography techniques, in vitro culture, medicinal plants, phytochemicals, and plant biotechnology. He has published more than ninety scientific papers and serves as an editorial board member for Plant Methods, Biomolecules, and International Journal of Molecular Sciences.",institutionString:"National University of Kaohsiung",institution:{name:"National University of Kaohsiung",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:43,paginationItems:[{id:"81796",title:"Apoptosis-Related Diseases and Peroxisomes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105052",signatures:"Meimei Wang, Yakun Liu, Ni Chen, Juan Wang and Ye Zhao",slug:"apoptosis-related-diseases-and-peroxisomes",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81723",title:"Peroxisomal Modulation as Therapeutic Alternative for Tackling Multiple Cancers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104873",signatures:"Shazia Usmani, Shadma Wahab, Abdul Hafeez, Shabana Khatoon and Syed Misbahul Hasan",slug:"peroxisomal-modulation-as-therapeutic-alternative-for-tackling-multiple-cancers",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81638",title:"Aging and Neuropsychiatric Disease: A General Overview of Prevalence and Trends",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103102",signatures:"Jelena Milić",slug:"aging-and-neuropsychiatric-disease-a-general-overview-of-prevalence-and-trends",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81566",title:"New and Emerging Technologies for Integrative Ambulatory Autonomic Assessment and Intervention as a Catalyst in the Synergy of Remote Geocoded Biosensing, Algorithmic Networked Cloud Computing, Deep Learning, and Regenerative/Biomic Medicine: Further Real",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104092",signatures:"Robert L. 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He\nreceived a short-term scholarship to carry out his post-doctoral\nstudies abroad, from Japan International Cooperation Agency\n(JICA), in coordination with the Egyptian government. Dr.\nShalaby speaks fluent English and his native Arabic. He has 77\ninternationally published research papers, has attended 15 international conferences, and has contributed to 18 international books and chapters.\nDr. Shalaby works as a reviewer on over one hundred international journals and is\non the editorial board of more than twenty-five international journals. He is a member of seven international specialized scientific societies, besides his local one, and\nhe has won seven prizes.",institutionString:"Cairo University",institution:{name:"Cairo University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:18,paginationItems:[{id:"81778",title:"Influence of Mechanical Properties of Biomaterials on the Reconstruction of Biomedical Parts via Additive Manufacturing Techniques: An Overview",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104465",signatures:"Babatunde Olamide Omiyale, Akeem Abiodun Rasheed, Robinson Omoboyode Akinnusi and Temitope Olumide Olugbade",slug:"influence-of-mechanical-properties-of-biomaterials-on-the-reconstruction-of-biomedical-parts-via-add",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:null,authors:null,book:{title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11405.jpg",subseries:{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}}},{id:"81751",title:"NanoBioSensors: From Electrochemical Sensors Improvement to Theranostic Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102552",signatures:"Anielle C.A. 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His research interest focuses on computational chemistry and molecular modeling of diverse systems of pharmacological, food, and alternative energy interests by resorting to DFT and Conceptual DFT. He has authored a coauthored more than 255 peer-reviewed papers, 32 book chapters, and 2 edited books. He has delivered speeches at many international and domestic conferences. He serves as a reviewer for more than eighty international journals, books, and research proposals as well as an editor for special issues of renowned scientific journals.",institutionString:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",institution:{name:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",biography:"Dr. Mirza Hasanuzzaman is a Professor of Agronomy at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh. He received his Ph.D. in Plant Stress Physiology and Antioxidant Metabolism from Ehime University, Japan, with a scholarship from the Japanese Government (MEXT). Later, he completed his postdoctoral research at the Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of the Ryukyus, Japan, as a recipient of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) postdoctoral fellowship. He was also the recipient of the Australian Government Endeavour Research Fellowship for postdoctoral research as an adjunct senior researcher at the University of Tasmania, Australia. Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s current work is focused on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of environmental stress tolerance. Dr. Hasanuzzaman has published more than 150 articles in peer-reviewed journals. He has edited ten books and written more than forty book chapters on important aspects of plant physiology, plant stress tolerance, and crop production. According to Scopus, Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s publications have received more than 10,500 citations with an h-index of 53. He has been named a Highly Cited Researcher by Clarivate. He is an editor and reviewer for more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and was a recipient of the “Publons Peer Review Award” in 2017, 2018, and 2019. He has been honored by different authorities for his outstanding performance in various fields like research and education, and he has received the World Academy of Science Young Scientist Award (2014) and the University Grants Commission (UGC) Award 2018. He is a fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the Royal Society of Biology.",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",biography:"Kusal K. Das is a Distinguished Chair Professor of Physiology, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College and Director, Centre for Advanced Medical Research (CAMR), BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapur, Karnataka, India. Dr. Das did his M.S. and Ph.D. in Human Physiology from the University of Calcutta, Kolkata. His area of research is focused on understanding of molecular mechanisms of heavy metal activated low oxygen sensing pathways in vascular pathophysiology. He has invented a new method of estimation of serum vitamin E. His expertise in critical experimental protocols on vascular functions in experimental animals was well documented by his quality of publications. He was a Visiting Professor of Medicine at University of Leeds, United Kingdom (2014-2016) and Tulane University, New Orleans, USA (2017). For his immense contribution in medical research Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India conferred him 'G.P. Chatterjee Memorial Research Prize-2019” and he is also the recipient of 'Dr.Raja Ramanna State Scientist Award 2015” by Government of Karnataka. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB), London and Honorary Fellow of Karnataka Science and Technology Academy, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Karnataka.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"243660",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda",middleName:null,surname:"Biradar",slug:"mallanagouda-shivanagouda-biradar",fullName:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243660/images/system/243660.jpeg",biography:"M. S. Biradar is Vice Chancellor and Professor of Medicine of\nBLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India.\nHe obtained his MD with a gold medal in General Medicine and\nhas devoted himself to medical teaching, research, and administrations. He has also immensely contributed to medical research\non vascular medicine, which is reflected by his numerous publications including books and book chapters. Professor Biradar was\nalso Visiting Professor at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University)",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"289796",title:"Dr.",name:"Swastika",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"swastika-das",fullName:"Swastika Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289796/images/system/289796.jpeg",biography:"Swastika N. Das is Professor of Chemistry at the V. P. Dr. P. G.\nHalakatti College of Engineering and Technology, BLDE (Deemed\nto be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. She obtained an\nMSc, MPhil, and PhD in Chemistry from Sambalpur University,\nOdisha, India. Her areas of research interest are medicinal chemistry, chemical kinetics, and free radical chemistry. She is a member\nof the investigators who invented a new modified method of estimation of serum vitamin E. She has authored numerous publications including book\nchapters and is a mentor of doctoral curriculum at her university.",institutionString:"BLDEA’s V.P.Dr.P.G.Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248459/images/system/248459.png",biography:"Akikazu Takada was born in Japan, 1935. After graduation from\nKeio University School of Medicine and finishing his post-graduate studies, he worked at Roswell Park Memorial Institute NY,\nUSA. He then took a professorship at Hamamatsu University\nSchool of Medicine. In thrombosis studies, he found the SK\npotentiator that enhances plasminogen activation by streptokinase. He is very much interested in simultaneous measurements\nof fatty acids, amino acids, and tryptophan degradation products. By using fatty\nacid analyses, he indicated that plasma levels of trans-fatty acids of old men were\nfar higher in the US than Japanese men. . He also showed that eicosapentaenoic acid\n(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels are higher, and arachidonic acid\nlevels are lower in Japanese than US people. By using simultaneous LC/MS analyses\nof plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites, he recently found that plasma levels of\nserotonin, kynurenine, or 5-HIAA were higher in patients of mono- and bipolar\ndepression, which are significantly different from observations reported before. In\nview of recent reports that plasma tryptophan metabolites are mainly produced by\nmicrobiota. He is now working on the relationships between microbiota and depression or autism.",institutionString:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",institution:{name:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",biography:"Mohammed Khalid received his B.S. degree in chemistry in 2000 and Ph.D. degree in physical chemistry in 2007 from the University of Khartoum, Sudan. He moved to School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia in 2009 and joined Dr. Ron Clarke as a postdoctoral fellow where he worked on the interaction of ATP with the phosphoenzyme of the Na+/K+-ATPase and dual mechanisms of allosteric acceleration of the Na+/K+-ATPase by ATP; then he went back to Department of Chemistry, University of Khartoum as an assistant professor, and in 2014 he was promoted as an associate professor. In 2011, he joined the staff of Department of Chemistry at Taif University, Saudi Arabia, where he is currently an assistant professor. His research interests include the following: P-Type ATPase enzyme kinetics and mechanisms, kinetics and mechanisms of redox reactions, autocatalytic reactions, computational enzyme kinetics, allosteric acceleration of P-type ATPases by ATP, exploring of allosteric sites of ATPases, and interaction of ATP with ATPases located in cell membranes.",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"63810",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Montor",slug:"jorge-morales-montor",fullName:"Jorge Morales-Montor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63810/images/system/63810.png",biography:"Dr. Jorge Morales-Montor was recognized with the Lola and Igo Flisser PUIS Award for best graduate thesis at the national level in the field of parasitology. He received a fellowship from the Fogarty Foundation to perform postdoctoral research stay at the University of Georgia. He has 153 journal articles to his credit. He has also edited several books and published more than fifty-five book chapters. He is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Latin American Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine. He has received more than thirty-five awards and has supervised numerous bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. students. Dr. Morales-Montor is the past president of the Mexican Society of Parasitology.",institutionString:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"217215",title:"Dr.",name:"Palash",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"palash-mandal",fullName:"Palash Mandal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217215/images/system/217215.jpeg",biography:null,institutionString:"Charusat University",institution:null},{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",biography:"Leszek Szablewski is a professor of medical sciences. He received his M.S. in the Faculty of Biology from the University of Warsaw and his PhD degree from the Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences. He habilitated in the Medical University of Warsaw, and he obtained his degree of Professor from the President of Poland. Professor Szablewski is the Head of Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw. Professor Szablewski has published over 80 peer-reviewed papers in journals such as Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Reviews of Cancer, Biol. Chem., J. Biomed. Sci., and Diabetes/Metabol. Res. Rev, Endocrine. He is the author of two books and four book chapters. He has edited four books, written 15 scripts for students, is the ad hoc reviewer of over 30 peer-reviewed journals, and editorial member of peer-reviewed journals. Prof. Szablewski’s research focuses on cell physiology, genetics, and pathophysiology. He works on the damage caused by lack of glucose homeostasis and changes in the expression and/or function of glucose transporters due to various diseases. He has given lectures, seminars, and exercises for students at the Medical University.",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",middleName:null,surname:"Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173123/images/system/173123.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Maitham A. Khajah received his degree in Pharmacy from Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, in 2003 and obtained his PhD degree in December 2009 from the University of Calgary, Canada (Gastrointestinal Science and Immunology). Since January 2010 he has been assistant professor in Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research interest are molecular targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the mechanisms responsible for immune cell chemotaxis. He cosupervised many students for the MSc Molecular Biology Program, College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University. Ever since joining Kuwait University in 2010, he got various grants as PI and Co-I. He was awarded the Best Young Researcher Award by Kuwait University, Research Sector, for the Year 2013–2014. He was a member in the organizing committee for three conferences organized by Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, as cochair and a member in the scientific committee (the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Kuwait International Pharmacy Conference).",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"195136",title:"Dr.",name:"Aya",middleName:null,surname:"Adel",slug:"aya-adel",fullName:"Aya Adel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195136/images/system/195136.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adel works as an Assistant Lecturer in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. Dr. Adel is especially interested in joint attention and its impairment in autism spectrum disorder",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94911/images/system/94911.png",biography:"Dr Boulenouar Mesraoua is the Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology at Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar and a Consultant Neurologist at Hamad Medical Corporation at the Neuroscience Department; He graduated as a Medical Doctor from the University of Oran, Algeria; he then moved to Belgium, the City of Liege, for a Residency in Internal Medicine and Neurology at Liege University; after getting the Belgian Board of Neurology (with high marks), he went to the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom for a fellowship in Clinical Neurophysiology, under Pr Willison ; Dr Mesraoua had also further training in Epilepsy and Continuous EEG Monitoring for two years (from 2001-2003) in the Neurophysiology department of Zurich University, Switzerland, under late Pr Hans Gregor Wieser ,an internationally known epileptologist expert. \n\nDr B. Mesraoua is the Director of the Neurology Fellowship Program at the Neurology Section and an active member of the newly created Comprehensive Epilepsy Program at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; he is also Assistant Director of the Residency Program at the Qatar Medical School. \nDr B. Mesraoua's main interests are Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Clinical Neurology; He is the Chairman and the Organizer of the well known Qatar Epilepsy Symposium, he is running yearly for the past 14 years and which is considered a landmark in the Gulf region; He has also started last year , together with other epileptologists from Qatar, the region and elsewhere, a yearly International Epilepsy School Course, which was attended by many neurologists from the Area.\n\nInternationally, Dr Mesraoua is an active and elected member of the Commission on Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR ) , a regional branch of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), where he represents the Middle East and North Africa(MENA ) and where he holds the position of chief of the Epilepsy Epidemiology Section; Dr Mesraoua is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, the Europeen Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society.\n\nDr Mesraoua's main objectives are to encourage frequent gathering of the epileptologists/neurologists from the MENA region and the rest of the world, promote Epilepsy Teaching in the MENA Region, and encourage multicenter studies involving neurologists and epileptologists in the MENA region, particularly epilepsy epidemiological studies. \n\nDr. Mesraoua is the recipient of two research Grants, as the Lead Principal Investigator (750.000 USD and 250.000 USD) from the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) and the Hamad Hospital Internal Research Grant (IRGC), on the following topics : “Continuous EEG Monitoring in the ICU “ and on “Alpha-lactoalbumin , proof of concept in the treatment of epilepsy” .Dr Mesraoua is a reviewer for the journal \"seizures\" (Europeen Epilepsy Journal ) as well as dove journals ; Dr Mesraoua is the author and co-author of many peer reviewed publications and four book chapters in the field of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurology",institutionString:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",institution:{name:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",country:{name:"Qatar"}}},{id:"282429",title:"Prof.",name:"Covanis",middleName:null,surname:"Athanasios",slug:"covanis-athanasios",fullName:"Covanis Athanasios",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282429/images/system/282429.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Neurology-Neurophysiology Department of the Children Hospital Agia Sophia",institution:null},{id:"190980",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud Saleh",slug:"marwa-mahmoud-saleh",fullName:"Marwa Mahmoud Saleh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190980/images/system/190980.jpg",biography:"Professor Marwa Mahmoud Saleh is a doctor of medicine and currently works in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. She got her doctoral degree in 1991 and her doctoral thesis was accomplished in the University of Iowa, United States. Her publications covered a multitude of topics as videokymography, cochlear implants, stuttering, and dysphagia. She has lectured Egyptian phonology for many years. Her recent research interest is joint attention in autism.",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259190/images/system/259190.png",biography:"Dr. Naqvi is a radioanalytical chemist and is working as an associate professor of analytical chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Advance separation techniques, nuclear analytical techniques and radiopharmaceutical analysis are the main courses that he is teaching to graduate and post-graduate students. In the research area, he is focusing on the development of organic- and biomolecule-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy of infectious and cancerous diseases. Under the supervision of Dr. Naqvi, three students have completed their Ph.D. degrees and 41 students have completed their MS degrees. He has completed three research projects and is currently working on 2 projects entitled “Radiolabeling of fluoroquinolone derivatives for the diagnosis of deep-seated bacterial infections” and “Radiolabeled minigastrin peptides for diagnosis and therapy of NETs”. He has published about 100 research articles in international reputed journals and 7 book chapters. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) Islamabad, Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicine (PINM), Faisalabad and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology (INOR) Abbottabad are the main collaborating institutes.",institutionString:"Government College University",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"277367",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Martin",surname:"Márquez López",slug:"daniel-marquez-lopez",fullName:"Daniel Márquez López",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/277367/images/7909_n.jpg",biography:"Msc Daniel Martin Márquez López has a bachelor degree in Industrial Chemical Engineering, a Master of science degree in the same área and he is a PhD candidate for the Instituto Politécnico Nacional. His Works are realted to the Green chemistry field, biolubricants, biodiesel, transesterification reactions for biodiesel production and the manipulation of oils for therapeutic purposes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",country:{name:"Argentina"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",biography:"Francisco Javier Martín-Romero (Javier) is a Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Extremadura, Spain. He is also a group leader at the Biomarkers Institute of Molecular Pathology. Javier received his Ph.D. in 1998 in Biochemistry and Biophysics. At the National Cancer Institute (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD) he worked as a research associate on the molecular biology of selenium and its role in health and disease. After postdoctoral collaborations with Carlos Gutierrez-Merino (University of Extremadura, Spain) and Dario Alessi (University of Dundee, UK), he established his own laboratory in 2008. The interest of Javier's lab is the study of cell signaling with a special focus on Ca2+ signaling, and how Ca2+ transport modulates the cytoskeleton, migration, differentiation, cell death, etc. He is especially interested in the study of Ca2+ channels, and the role of STIM1 in the initiation of pathological events.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"217323",title:"Prof.",name:"Guang-Jer",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"guang-jer-wu",fullName:"Guang-Jer Wu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217323/images/8027_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"148546",title:"Dr.",name:"Norma Francenia",middleName:null,surname:"Santos-Sánchez",slug:"norma-francenia-santos-sanchez",fullName:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148546/images/4640_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272889",title:"Dr.",name:"Narendra",middleName:null,surname:"Maddu",slug:"narendra-maddu",fullName:"Narendra Maddu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272889/images/10758_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"242491",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelica",middleName:null,surname:"Rueda",slug:"angelica-rueda",fullName:"Angelica Rueda",position:"Investigador Cinvestav 3B",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242491/images/6765_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"88631",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Petyaev",slug:"ivan-petyaev",fullName:"Ivan Petyaev",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lycotec (United Kingdom)",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"423869",title:"Ms.",name:"Smita",middleName:null,surname:"Rai",slug:"smita-rai",fullName:"Smita Rai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424024",title:"Prof.",name:"Swati",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"swati-sharma",fullName:"Swati Sharma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"439112",title:"MSc.",name:"Touseef",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"touseef-fatima",fullName:"Touseef Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424836",title:"Dr.",name:"Orsolya",middleName:null,surname:"Borsai",slug:"orsolya-borsai",fullName:"Orsolya Borsai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"422262",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Paola Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Palmeros-Suárez",slug:"paola-andrea-palmeros-suarez",fullName:"Paola Andrea Palmeros-Suárez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Guadalajara",country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"5",type:"subseries",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11401,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. 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