Commercial products of bacteria for phytonematode control.
\n\n
\n\nThe project work was funded by the European Commission (EC) 7th Framework Programme (FP7), under the 9th Call for projects on Information and Communication Technologies. The publishing of this book was funded by the EC FP7 Post-Grant Open Access Pilot programme. ',isbn:"978-953-51-3374-2",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3373-5",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4712-1",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69115",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"rockin-benchmarking-through-robot-competitions",numberOfPages:116,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"22b30333fe27df104db631b852e8e99c",bookSignature:"",publishedDate:"August 9th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6279.jpg",numberOfDownloads:5048,numberOfWosCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:6,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 11th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 2nd 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 29th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 27th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 26th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:1,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Authored by",kuFlag:!1,editors:null,equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1278",title:"Industrial Robot",slug:"cognitive-robotics-industrial-robot"}],chapters:[{id:"56412",title:"Foreword: The Impact of RoCKIn on Robotics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70307",slug:"foreword-the-impact-of-rockin-on-robotics",totalDownloads:779,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Alessandro Saffiotti and Tijn van der Zant",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56412",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56412",authors:[{id:"152268",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandro",surname:"Saffiotti",slug:"alessandro-saffiotti",fullName:"Alessandro Saffiotti"}],corrections:null},{id:"56203",title:"The RoCKIn Project",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70011",slug:"the-rockin-project",totalDownloads:837,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Pedro U. Lima",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56203",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56203",authors:[{id:"78836",title:"Dr.",name:"Pedro U.",surname:"Lima",slug:"pedro-u.-lima",fullName:"Pedro U. Lima"}],corrections:null},{id:"56373",title:"RoCKIn@Home: Domestic Robots Challenge",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70015",slug:"rockin-home-domestic-robots-challenge",totalDownloads:950,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Luca Iocchi, G. Kraetzschmar, Daniele Nardi, Pedro U. Lima, Pedro\nMiraldo, Emanuele Bastianelli and Roberto Capobianco",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56373",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56373",authors:[{id:"78836",title:"Dr.",name:"Pedro U.",surname:"Lima",slug:"pedro-u.-lima",fullName:"Pedro U. Lima"},{id:"80197",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",surname:"Iocchi",slug:"luca-iocchi",fullName:"Luca Iocchi"}],corrections:null},{id:"56009",title:"RoCKIn@Work: Industrial Robot Challenge",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70014",slug:"rockin-work-industrial-robot-challenge",totalDownloads:919,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Rainer Bischoff, Tim Friedrich, Gerhard K. Kraetzschmar, Sven\nSchneider and Nico Hochgeschwender",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56009",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56009",authors:[{id:"213507",title:"Mr.",name:"Tim",surname:"Friedrich",slug:"tim-friedrich",fullName:"Tim Friedrich"}],corrections:null},{id:"56164",title:"RoCKIn Benchmarking and Scoring System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70013",slug:"rockin-benchmarking-and-scoring-system",totalDownloads:813,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Giulio Fontana, Matteo Matteucci, Francesco Amigoni, Viola\nSchiaffonati, Andrea Bonarini and Pedro U. Lima",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56164",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56164",authors:[{id:"213508",title:"Dr.",name:"Giulio",surname:"Fontana",slug:"giulio-fontana",fullName:"Giulio Fontana"}],corrections:null},{id:"56176",title:"RoCKIn: Impact on Future Markets for Robotics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70012",slug:"rockin-impact-on-future-markets-for-robotics",totalDownloads:750,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Rainer Bischoff and Tim Friedrich",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56176",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56176",authors:[{id:"213507",title:"Mr.",name:"Tim",surname:"Friedrich",slug:"tim-friedrich",fullName:"Tim Friedrich"},{id:"213511",title:"Dr.",name:"Rainer",surname:"Bischoff",slug:"rainer-bischoff",fullName:"Rainer Bischoff"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"3",title:"Monograph",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3649",title:"Robot Manipulators",subtitle:"New Achievements",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"robot-manipulators-new-achievements",bookSignature:"Aleksandar Lazinica and Hiroyuki Kawai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3649.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"57158",slug:"correction-to-chemical-composition-and-biological-activities-of-mentha-species",title:"Correction to: Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Mentha Species",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/57158.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57158",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57158",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/57158",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/57158",chapter:{id:"54028",slug:"chemical-composition-and-biological-activities-of-mentha-species",signatures:"Fatiha Brahmi, Madani Khodir, Chibane Mohamed and Duez Pierre",dateSubmitted:"June 7th 2016",dateReviewed:"December 19th 2016",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"March 15th 2017",book:{id:"5612",title:"Aromatic and Medicinal Plants",subtitle:"Back to Nature",fullTitle:"Aromatic and Medicinal Plants - Back to Nature",slug:"aromatic-and-medicinal-plants-back-to-nature",publishedDate:"March 15th 2017",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5612.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"193281",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatiha",middleName:null,surname:"Brahmi",fullName:"Fatiha Brahmi",slug:"fatiha-brahmi",email:"fatiha.brahmi@univ-bejaia.dz",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Béjaïa",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Algeria"}}},{id:"199693",title:"Prof.",name:"Khodir",middleName:null,surname:"Madani",fullName:"Khodir Madani",slug:"khodir-madani",email:"madani28dz@yahoo.fr",position:null,institution:null},{id:"199694",title:"Prof.",name:"Pierre",middleName:null,surname:"Duez",fullName:"Pierre Duez",slug:"pierre-duez",email:"pduez@umons.be",position:null,institution:null},{id:"203738",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Chibane",fullName:"Mohamed Chibane",slug:"mohamed-chibane",email:"chibanem@yahoo.fr",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"54028",slug:"chemical-composition-and-biological-activities-of-mentha-species",signatures:"Fatiha Brahmi, Madani Khodir, Chibane Mohamed and Duez Pierre",dateSubmitted:"June 7th 2016",dateReviewed:"December 19th 2016",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"March 15th 2017",book:{id:"5612",title:"Aromatic and Medicinal Plants",subtitle:"Back to Nature",fullTitle:"Aromatic and Medicinal Plants - Back to Nature",slug:"aromatic-and-medicinal-plants-back-to-nature",publishedDate:"March 15th 2017",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5612.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"193281",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatiha",middleName:null,surname:"Brahmi",fullName:"Fatiha Brahmi",slug:"fatiha-brahmi",email:"fatiha.brahmi@univ-bejaia.dz",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Béjaïa",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Algeria"}}},{id:"199693",title:"Prof.",name:"Khodir",middleName:null,surname:"Madani",fullName:"Khodir Madani",slug:"khodir-madani",email:"madani28dz@yahoo.fr",position:null,institution:null},{id:"199694",title:"Prof.",name:"Pierre",middleName:null,surname:"Duez",fullName:"Pierre Duez",slug:"pierre-duez",email:"pduez@umons.be",position:null,institution:null},{id:"203738",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Chibane",fullName:"Mohamed Chibane",slug:"mohamed-chibane",email:"chibanem@yahoo.fr",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"5612",title:"Aromatic and Medicinal Plants",subtitle:"Back to Nature",fullTitle:"Aromatic and Medicinal Plants - Back to Nature",slug:"aromatic-and-medicinal-plants-back-to-nature",publishedDate:"March 15th 2017",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5612.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"10582",leadTitle:null,title:"Chemical Vapor Deposition",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tChemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a coating process that uses thermally induced chemical reactions at the surface of a heated substrate, with reagents supplied in gaseous form. CVD technology has recently grown at a rapid rate, and the number and scope of its applications and their impact on the market have increased considerably. Among several challenges associated with the CVD technique, the main challenge is a limited mechanistic understanding of the CVD growth process, which makes the predictions of desirable growth conditions difficult. Numerous important aspects of the process include nucleation, the nature of reaction intermediates, and the role of long-range transport that is still under exploration. The second challenge arises from the convoluted relationship between the system-specific process variables that can be conveniently controlled and the intrinsic thermodynamic and kinetic properties that ultimately govern crystal growth. There are a number of process parameters that need to be tuned to adjust the growth environment, including the heating zone temperature, vapor pressure, the number of precursors, and the distances between the substrate and the sources.
\r\n\r\n\tThe book is an update with a considerably expanded and revised scope.
\r\n\t
Plant‐parasitic nematodes (PPNs) represent serious threat to the world economy and are responsible for great losses in production systems worldwide [1]. In monetary terms, world agricultural economy losses are approximately $215.8 billion annually, because of 12.6% crop loss inflicted on top 20 life‐sustaining crops by PPN based on 2010–2013 production figures and prices. These figures do not cover all crops throughout the world especially crops produced in the developing countries which will probably exceed these estimates if combined. Therefore, nematode management is a major constraint in food security efforts worldwide. However, PPNs are difficult to control compared to other pests because nematodes mostly inhabit the soil, and usually attack the underground parts of the plants [2]. Although chemical nematicides are effective, easy to apply, and show rapid effects, the growing dissatisfaction with chemical nematicides due to environmental and health issues has created redirections in the type and choice of applicable nematicides [3]. In view of these challenges posed by traditional nematicides, for the past 20 years the search for novel, environmentally friendly alternatives with which to manage PPN populations has therefore become increasingly important. The role of different beneficial microorganisms in the soil ranks high as environmentally friendly biological alternatives to synthetic nematicides [3].
Volatile compounds are emitted both by eukaryotes and by prokaryotes; these volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are lipophilic, with a molecular mass of about 300 Da or less, and a vapor pressure of 0.01 kPa. These chemicals evaporate easily and are produced through diffusion; however, other mechanisms (passive or active) for their emission and transmission exist [4]. Three chemical groups can be associated with the volatile compounds (terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, and fatty acid derivatives). Volatile compound penetration and movement in soils is greatly influenced by the mineral type, soil texture, and particle design [5]. The rhizosphere has within it various microorganisms because of its conducive environment; furthermore, about 20% of carbon can be released by roots [6]. Root exudates are made up of various chemical compounds, among these are amino acids and amides, organic acids, sugars, phenols, polysaccharides, secondary metabolites, and proteins [7]. Volatile metabolites effused in the soil could have an impact on the organism within the soil community. Mycorrhizal and non‐mycorrhizal plants also release distinct root exudates which contain organic acids and sugars [8].
Plant‐parasitic nematodes move toward their host and this phenomenon is important in agriculture [9]. Carbon dioxide is a root volatile with specific roles in luring plant‐parasitic nematodes, for example, to their hosts
Herbivore‐induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) are generated after a herbivore feeds on its host roots and their roles to attract nematodes and other predators are still been explored [19–21]. Lima bean (
The roles herbivores play in relation to nematode parasitism on plants have been investigated [25, 26]. Signals released from plant roots, which are also parasitized by insects, influence the actions of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) [27, 28]. Feeding mechanisms of herbivores stimulate the release of EPN‐attracting volatiles, especially in annual grasses [29]. A hybrid root stock “
Maize root volatiles can be associated with the ability of entomopathogenic nematodes in controlling the western corn rootworm. The roots of maize release the volatile (
The roots of cotton (
Plant root exudates and their impact on root‐knot nematode egg hatchability are an important development for nematode management. The chemicals within root exudates may either attract or repel nematodes to their host roots. There is experimental evidence to show the influence of root exudates on nematode egg hatch [34–36]. There are specific signals which are generated from exudates of roots; these enable nematodes to be attracted to their hosts. Known compounds that attract second‐stage juveniles to host roots include tannic acids, flavonoids, glycoside, fatty acids, and volatile organic molecules [37, 38]. Semiochemicals, for example, small lipophilic molecules produced from root exudates of tomato and rice, enable stylet movement into host cells [39].
Root exudates have within them organic acids and sugars which are generated from mycorrhizal and non‐mycorrhizal plants [8]. Flavonoids [40], phenolic compounds [41], amino acids [42], and the plant hormone strigolactone [43] are also constituents of root exudates. Root exudates released by mycorrhizal plants have the potential of attracting
In a recent study, the impact of tomato root exudates on
Nematodes in soil are subject to infections by bacteria and fungi. This creates the possibility of using soil bacteria to control PPN [55–57]. An effective natural enemy of nematodes is nematophagous bacteria which are ubiquitous with wide host ranges. These organisms have been isolated from soil, plant tissues, cysts, and eggs of nematodes. They directly suppress the activities of nematodes through the production of antibiotics, toxins, as well as enzymes; they also compete for nutrients and space through parasitizing, and therefore provide systemic resistance for plant growth. Their activities promote plant growth though facilitating rhizosphere colonization and enhanced microbial antagonism. Antagonism may be direct, which might result from physical contact, or indirect, which includes activities that do not involve sensing or targeting the PPN. Nematophagous bacteria may be grouped into parasitic and non‐parasitic bacteria, opportunistic parasitic bacteria, rhizobacteria, Cry protein‐forming bacteria, endophytic bacteria, and symbiotic bacteria based on their mode of parasitism [58].
Biocontrol agents, for example, A
Among microorganisms occurring in soil, only few have been identified as biocontrol agents for phytonematodes, and some species of fungi and bacteria are the most common parasites of nematodes [57]. Some bacteria are potent antagonists of phytonematodes, and currently some have been developed into commercial bionematicides which are being used to control on the field mainly in advanced countries [61] (Table 1). These nematophagous bacteria can be categorized into two groups based on their mechanisms of infection: (i) bacteria that are pathogenic to nematodes or nematode diseases producing bacteria and (ii) bacteria whose secretions or metabolic products are harmful to nematodes or the nematode toxin‐producing bacteria. The genus
Product name | Microbial origin | Company or institution | Country | Nematode target | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Econem | Bayer Crop Science | Multinational | Sting (or root knot) | [76] | |
Avid 0.15EC (orAbamectin | Syngenta Group company | Multinational | Root-knot and other nematodes | [190] | |
Bionem-WP, BioSafe-WP, and Chancellor-WP | Agro Green | Multinational | Root-knot and other nematodes including | [190] | |
Nortica VOTIVO PONCHO/VOTIVO | Bayer CropScience | Multinational | [76] | ||
Deny Blue circle | Stine Microbial Wisconsin Products | USA | [191] | ||
Biostart® | Bio-Cat | USA | Root knot nematodes | [192] | |
BiostartL™ | Rhcon-Vltova | ||||
Nemix | AgriLife/Chr. Hansen | Brazil | [192] | ||
Nemaless | Agriculltural Research Centre | Giza, Egypt | Root-knot and other phytonematode | [193] | |
SHEATHGUARD (or Sudozone) | Agri Life (Ind Limited or Agri Land Biotech) | Hyderabad,India | Nematode such as root-knot,cyst and Citrus nematode | http://www.agrilife.in/biopestl_microrigin_sheathguard_pf.htm | |
Xlan Mile | XlnYlZhong kai Agro-Chemical Industry Co., ltd | China | [194] | ||
Pathway Consortia® | Pathway Holdings | USA | Phytonematodes | [1] | |
Micronema | Agricultural Research Centre | Giza, Egypt | Root-knot and other phytonematodes | [195] |
Commercial products of bacteria for phytonematode control.
CAB International 2015.
Actinobacteria are a group of soil bacteria of importance as biocontrol agents with nematicidal properties [64–67]. The diversity and biocontrol ability of nematicidal actinobacteria have been investigated [67]. In their study, 200 soil samples were obtained from 20 provinces within China. Results revealed 4000 actinobacteria, and these isolates 533 (13.3%) and 488 (12.2%) have some nematicidal activities on the nematodes
Furthermore, two compounds [10‐(2,2‐dimethyl‐cyclohexyl)‐6,9‐dihydroxy‐4,9‐dimethyl‐dec‐2‐enoic acid methyl ester] purified from the streptomycete were evaluated for their efficacy against
The marine bacteria
Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) are in the phylum Glomeromycota [77]; these fungi form symbiotic associations with plant roots and provide phosphorus, nitrogen, and water to plants [78]. Another advantage derived from this association is tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses by host plants [79, 80]. Native strains of AMF are used as bio‐fertilizers for enhanced plant growth, including root and tuber crops and for nematode management [81, 82]. The AMF releases signal that are transmitted systemically and these are to target non‐infected parts of roots [83, 84].Within the soil microbes with beneficial properties, for example, AMF are recognized by plants as invaders leading to the triggering of an immune response (Figure 1A) [85], and this signaling is associated with microbe‐associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), which further induce MAMP‐triggered immunity (MTI) [86, 87]. Second, there symbiotic activities within cells can be activated through mycorrhizal Myc factors if perceived (Figure 1B). The SP7 effector within the AMF
Model for the modulation of host immunity in ectomycorrhizal (EMF) and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AMF) fungi. (A) Root exudates recruit symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi and prime them for the interaction. Host plants initially recognize ectomycorrhizal (EMF) and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AMF) fungi as potential invaders; pattern recognition receptors (PRR) in the host perceive microbe‐associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and a signaling cascade is initiated that results in MAMP‐triggered immunity (MTI). (B) The establishment of the symbiotic program in plant cells, which is activated upon perception of the mycorrhizal Myc factors, counteracts MTI with mechanisms yet to be defined. Molecules secreted in the apoplastic or peri‐arbuscular space (PAS) may act as either apoplastic or cytoplasmic effectors to suppress the MTI response or promote the symbiotic program. The AMF
Plant cells with roots undergo reprogramming activities for successful establishment of symbiosis with symbionts (e.g., arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and root‐nodule (RN) symbiosis) [89] (Figure 2B). However, this reprogramming phenomenon is absent in an asymbiotic root cell (Figure 1B). Within the soil, roots of plants continuously produce and release root exudates and strigolactines as observed in an asymbiotic root cell. Signals are transmitted to the nucleus through transcription factors, gene expression occurs, and there is cell‐to‐cell communication. There are also plant receptors within the root cells that detect mineral concentration in soils. In a root cell that either interacts with AM or RN fungi, there is release of both flavonoids and strigolactones, two factors (Nod and Myc) are released from the symbionts and these turn on the calcium spiking. Within the RN symbiosis, flavonoids from the plant root turn on the Nod transcription factor, and enables bacteria to produce lipochitooligosaccharide nod factors. These Nod factors stimulate root‐nodule development, which are needed by rhizobia. Strigolactones further stimulate AM fungi and hyphal branching occurs [90]. The root cortex is usually colonized by AM fungi and produces substantial hyphae (arbuscules). During the development of the arbuscle, it becomes enveloped within the peri‐arbuscular membrane (PAM), and essential proteins are moved to the plant cell within the PAM [91]. Jasmonic acid (JA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) can stimulate the expression of Nod genes [92] and release of Nod factors [93], in rhizobia after their application exogenously.
Signal exchange during symbiosis. (A) An asymbiotic cell constitutively releases root exudates, including strigolactones. The root cell monitors the concentration of minerals and microbial organisms in the soil and transduces the respective signals. Integration of the signals occurs at the cellular and organismic levels and includes cell‐to‐cell communication. (B) A root‐hair cell primed for interaction with rhizobia or AM fungi, respectively. Plant roots release flavonoids and strigolactones that prime the rhizobia and AM fungi. Nod and Myc factors act as signals from the symbionts to plant root cells that activate calcium spiking via the Sym pathway (boxed). The potential differential activation of CaMK/Cyclops leads to differential induction of nodulation‐specific transcription factors (NSP1, NSP2, and ERN) and unknown mycorrhizal‐specific transcription factors. Rhizobial and mycorrhizal infection require the common Sym pathway but also exhibit recognition and signaling independent of this pathway. The path for fungal infection and the IT is predicted by the PiT and the PPA, respectively, indicating directed signaling to neighboring cells. Nodule organogenesis is induced in inner cortical cells after nod‐factor perception by epidermal cells. This requires cytokinin signaling and is associated with changes in auxin levels [
Biological control, defined as the management of plant diseases and pests by means of other living organisms, mainly concerns the exploitation of microbial agents [94]. Under natural conditions, biocontrol agents that are associated with plant‐parasitic nematodes usually exist [95]. These organisms act through parasitism, predation, antagonism, or competition [96], but their successful activity depends on a number of parameters, including soil environmental factors [97]. Many beneficial organisms were found to attack plant‐parasitic nematodes but most research has been focused on bacteria and fungi [94, 98]. Although few biological agents had been until recently adopted for nematode control with successful use, the current progress in studies of biological control has gradually led to the development of commercial biocontrol products with proven efficacy against plant‐parasitic nematodes. Studies on fungal antagonists of nematodes have been started since 1874 with the first observations of
Species of several fungal genera have been reported to have biological activity against plant‐parasitic nematodes [58]. Hallmann et al. [98] classified these beneficial fungi into nematophagous fungi, saprophagous fungi, and endophytic fungi.
Nematophagous fungi are the largest and the most studied group of the fungi involved in the biological control against plant‐parasitic nematodes. Among nematophagous fungi, which have been tested for their efficacy in controlling nematodes, some are obligate parasites (e.g.,
Obligate parasites require a residual population of nematodes for their survival. Infection is initiated when fungal spores penetrate the host nematode either through the gastrointestinal tract after being ingested or directly after adhering to the cuticle [98]. Among the obligate fungal parasites,
The facultative parasites are able to switch between saprophytic state in soil and rhizosphere into parasites that infect nematodes, depending on environmental circumstances. Nematode infection occurs either by way of adhesives spores or by trapping structures, or through an appressorium [94]. Depending on their mode of action, nematophagous fungi can attack nematodes during all stages of their life cycle.
In addition to the fungi described above, some form a mycelium able to capture plant‐parasitic nematodes. They are called predacious fungi or nematode‐trapping fungi and act through different trapping structures including fungal hyphae covered with adhesive secretions (e.g.,
Among the saprophagous fungi present in the bulk soil, some have been reported to be antagonistic toward plant‐parasitic nematodes. This group was represented by the genus
Endophytic fungi have been considered as important fungi in the biological control of plant‐parasitic nematodes. The implication of endophytic fungi in root‐knot nematode reduction was first demonstrated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on vegetables [112].
AMFs are obligate fungi, which form symbiotic associations with numerous plant species, with the primary function of improving plant nutrient uptake [113]. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are obligate plant symbionts. According to Harley and Smith [114], AMFs establish with their host plant an interdependent mutualistic relationship (symbiosis) where the host plant receives mineral nutrients, while the fungus obtains photosynthesis‐derived carbon compounds from the plant [115]. Three major types of mycorrhizal associations—ectomycorrhiza, endomycorrhiza, and ectomycorrhizal—endomycorrhizal intermediate type—have been distinguished [116]. Their endophytic nature enables associated (infected) plants to overcome biotic [117] and abiotic stresses [118]. Potential modes of actions developed by AMF during the protective activity against plant pathogens reviewed by Whipps [119] include (1) the direct competition or inhibition, (2) enhanced or altered plant growth, morphology, and nutrition, (3) biochemical changes associated with plant defense mechanisms and induced resistance, and (4) development of an antagonistic microbiota. Other studies have recently reported the ability of AMF to induce systemic resistance against plant‐parasitic nematodes in the root system [120].
Another important endophytic fungus in nematode control but with saprophytic nature is the non‐pathogenic
A large number of fungi have been tested for their potential as biological control agents of plant‐parasitic nematodes. Until recently, few had been adopted for nematode control with successful use [98]. However, the current progress in studies of biological control has gradually led to the development of commercial biocontrol products with proven efficacy against plant‐parasitic nematodes. In this section, most fungal studies will be discussed.
Species of
Within the genus
The efficacy of
Formulations based on
Species of
Against nematodes,
Different mechanisms have been suggested as mechanisms developed by
A number of studies have demonstrated the contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in improving soil structure [146], plant mineral uptake, and plant growth [113, 147, 148] enhancing plant tolerance to pollution with toxic metals [149, 150], resistance to drought stress [151], and reducing the effect of plant diseases [117, 152–154]. AMFs have also been reported to protect host plants against plant‐parasitic nematodes [81, 98, 155]. The interaction between AMF‐colonized plants and plant‐parasitic nematodes has been reviewed by several authors [98, 156, 157]. AMFs have also been shown to suppress the effect of damage [112, 158], although some studies have shown no effects against these pests [159, 160]. However, the efficacy of AMF against nematodes may be influenced by a number of factors including prevailing environmental conditions [161], cultivar [159], nutrient status of the field [162], and the timing of application [163]. Existing knowledge suggests the application of the fungi in the nursery or to introduce suitable mycorrhizal crops into the rotation pattern for efficient pest control [98]. Pre‐inoculation of seedlings with AMF, for example, has resulted in high levels of root colonization, followed by a significant reduction of nematode infection [164]. However, recent studies showed that the level of reduction of RKN was not necessarily dependent on high‐root mycorrhization, while the interaction between crop cultivar‐AMF strains is also important [165]. Furthermore, direct inoculation of AMF inoculum into the transplanting hole prior to planting may provide plant protection against root‐knot nematodes, indicating possible use of AMF for seed‐growing crops [165]. Some studies on the combination of AMF with other antagonists have provided promising clues for their successful integration into nematode control strategies [166, 167]. Different formulations based on AMF strains (e.g.,
The interest in the non‐pathogenic
Beneficial microbial inocula can be applied for large‐scale field management of nematodes which will result in increased yields. However, further research into the various biocontrol measures used by organisms is necessary, and this can be achieved through genomic approaches; this will enhance understanding of the various complex mechanisms used by these organisms on nematodes. Strains of these organisms may be effective in their local occurrences, and therefore countrywide surveys of soils will enable location‐specific strains to be isolated and characterized. These local strains once characterized can be produced in large quantities and distributed to farmers for applications in their fields.
Psychoanalysis and infant mental health research offer a large amount of knowledge about human development, pathology and interventions, which can partially be grounded in the findings of neuropsychoanalysis [1, 2]. These findings connect to what Stierlin conceptualized as relational individuation, or co-individuation (“Bezogene Individuation”: the principle that “the higher the level of individuation in a family member, family, or group is, the higher the level of personal relating becomes, and is required at the same time”) [3], a concept that originally aimed at psychic identities of members of a family system. The concept generally supports the principle of socialization modes in Lloyd deMause’s approach of psychogenetic personality development [4, 5]. The psychogenetic personality concept illuminates the modes of manifestation of transgenerational psychodynamics, and even takes into account physiologically based premature birth in humans [6]. The concept hints at the mutual interaction of individual and societal development [7], which will show in subjectivity and in socialization modes. Illuminating their organic substructure might be one of the challenges of future behavioral neuroscience, an interdisciplinary exchange of concepts and of mutual impregnation, the aim of future scientific cooperation. The question of how to bring together brain, mind, and the social will be one of the difficult tasks.
In the course of recent infant mental health research, fetal brain development has been examined from a bio-psychosocial perspective [8], as has been by Roth [9] from a neuroscientific one. In his depiction of prenatal and early postnatal processes of brain development, three levels in the limbic system correlate with temperament, with early experiencing, and with subsequent socialization, of which the latter may be responsive to compensatory intervention. Psyche, in the neuroscientific perspective, is strictly related to brain physiology, a controversial [10] still worthwhile approach, since it has been shown that early experiences will influence brain function and structure in humans [11]. What has mostly been accepted is that the concept of subject autonomy is generally challenged owing to Freud’s observation, “Der Reflexvorgang bleibt das Vorbild auch aller psychischen Leistung (The reflex act remains the type of every psychic activity as well),” [12] which he stated to put psychic mechanisms in connection with automatic reflex processing, in order to emphasize the predominance of unconscious psychic processes. Around 100 years later, the findings about intuitive responses being in middle position between innate reflex behavior and seemingly more “rational” behavior, have been brought up thanks to video microanalyses of dyadic interaction of infants and parents. In this context, parental competencies are referred to as intuitive competencies [13, 14, 15]. These are elicited within a time frame of 200–600 ms. Not only mothers, also fathers, children, and other relational objects have been observed to show these; they are universal and to be found in persons of any age, any gender, and in any culture [16].
Spitz, in the 1960s, observed that the physical presence of the mother, i.e., of one relational object, is the basic precondition for successful infant mental development [17, 18]. Severe social deprivation in hospitalized and institutionalized children, which grew up without responses to their needs showed compromised development in many aspects [19, 20]. By now, diagnostic approaches and options of treatment of infants and toddlers even encompass a psychodynamic concept [21], focusing on conflict, structure, and relation perspectives, thus paving the way for developing a rather focus-oriented treatment approach. This will probably be used more frequently in the future, just like operationalized psychodynamics in OPD-2 has increasingly been used in studies of the last years [22]. Although operationalized psychodynamics has widely improved the clinical view of human development, misconceptions have not been avoided: specific cultural and social influences on the infant’s development are still grossly neglected. Socioeconomic factors on mothers’ sensitivity and on family functioning have only begun to be examined [23].
The intrauterine development of the cerebral cortex occurs in exact stages. Each developmental step is a vulnerable period, which is sensitive to insults rendering the brain susceptible to structural malformations and functional impairments [8]. Neurogenesis shows billions of neurons being produced during the development of the central nervous system. It mainly occurs at the inner edge of the neural tube wall, later ventricles, and spinal cord. Cell division begins once the neural tube has closed at 4–5 weeks after conception, which is 6–7 weeks of gestation. Most neurons are formed at 12–18 weeks of gestation. Around 200 billion neurons are produced in the human brain, and 40 billion in the neocortex alone, of which the half are eliminated during the maturation process, resulting in a final number of 100 billion neurons at 40 weeks in full-term infants. Maternal stress during the first trimester has been linked to an increased risk of pathology, suggesting that the expression of genes in early fetal life is influenced by external factors, leading to behavioral and cognitive malfunction or to psychiatric disorder like schizophrenia [8]. Stress-induced reduction of neurons in late fetal life is probably associated with increased damage of neurons. Adding to it, the conspicuous findings on correlations of maternal mental disorders in pregnancy to the child’s subsequent psychic development can be examined from different perspectives, as can psychic development within a broader context.
From a psychoanalytic perspective, there is a perinatal constant of originary separation as inscription of lack within the ego. It is a separation of the ego from the developing subject through “objet petit a.” The object, the so-called other, is the object-cause of desire. It is the driving force, which makes the subject seek something, organically mirrored in the mesocortical and mesolimbic seeking systems of the frontal lobe. The subject in encountering the object experiences entering the Real beyond symbolization. If it was not for physiological prematurity in humans [24], one might argue that human seeking is merely for reasons of expansion, or exploring. Still, it is originary separation adding to physiological prematurity, which seems to induce primary “homelessness” in
While German pioneer of psychosomatics Thure von Uexkuell gave point to the tuning of inner and outer world in animal life, in humans the relation to nature is flawed, or altered (“altéré”). It is altered, Lacan noticed, “through a certain dehiscence (
The biological aspect refers to instinctual life in connection with separation. Anxiety is the most basic of experiences and can be reactualized at any time. Such a reactualization of anxiety figures in anxiety of the cut (“coupure”): it is in cutting, dissociation, separation [26], which is first and foremost in birth, and then in castration and punishment. Although the latter belong to the sphere of the Symbolic, they actualize the first, stemming from the sphere of the Imaginary. As Catherine Malabou points out, death is prefigured in castration. Castration anxiety does not primarily represent the loss of a specific object but rather the indeterminate threat of separation, of a cut. In connection with repetition compulsion and the “fort/da” game in “Beyond the Pleasure Principle” [27], the anticipation of separation from the self is a primal motive (“Ur-Angst”). Any trauma experienced is in terms of such psychodynamics, namely since probably “all events—even ‘real’ or traumatic events—ultimately occur at the heart of the psyche’s separation from itself (…)” [26].
The psychological aspect refers to symbolization through employing language in human development after the early mother-infant stage has been passed through. At that stage, it is about basic trust (“Ur-vertauen”) in order to overcome mechanistic thinking (“pensée opératoire”) and alexithymia in the infant, and the Imaginary has provided space for the infant to develop. Symbolization will increasingly enter the Imaginary, over-writing the experiences the infant has made before. Ludwig Janus has called attention to the concept of transcription, or transliteration (“Umschrift”), occurring from one developmental stage to another, which Freud in a letter to Wilhelm Fliess remarked in 1896 [28]. However, the failing of symbolical over-writing, i.e., of restructuring or rewriting of the Imaginary, can be a marker of psychosis [29], or, on the imaginary-organic pole, of asymbolic conversion [30]. In “The Interpretation of Dreams” [12], Freud describes dreams as expressions of the primary process, in which wish fulfillment is executed. Thus, dream, delusion, and confabulation and other psychosis-like disorders of thinking can be viewed as working temporarily in lieu of the demands of the frontal lobe control system.
From a psychoanalytic perspective, disorder is the result of quite a normal struggle for conflict solution in differing gradations of primary, i.e., preverbal, processual thinking, and secondary, i.e., verbal, processual thinking. Pathology can be read in gradations of normalcy. Outer stressors can trigger a reactualization of preverbal, i.e., pre- and postnatal affects [7]. These encompass many factors contributing to compromise conflict solution. Disorder will take the very gradation the subject is susceptible of, only to produce as little conflictive tension as possible. At preverbal stages, disorder will mainly be body disorder; conversion can take place before any symbolization is possible.
At this point, the seemingly societal decline of symbolic references might make any structural framing, i.e., inner positioning, difficult to achieve [29]. Inner positioning can be taken as being connected to outer positioning in its literal sense: as an example, the ancient Greek “polis” would be a place of enabling positioning for—a few select—people to grow into thinkers like Plato and Aristotle. For them, it would provide space and structure to developing thought and concept. A frame would be provided in which personal relations could grow into becoming the background of successful development [31]. In contrast, today’s ever-existing interpellation to people manifests in a very concrete societal trend of commodified relations calling for even less inner positioning, adding to, and retroacting on, the withdrawal of sustained societal structure, rendering more and more impossible people participate in major social achievements [32]. Such a trend might also compromise psychic functioning of parents and mothers-to-be severely. It might be the phenomenon of “new morbidity” in infants, which is in the trend toward early functional and psychic disorders and toward chronification, closely associated with this societal trend. At any rate, biological and psychological aspects of human development show humans to be prone to dysfunctional internal conflict processing, probably even more when obscure personality traits seem to be promoted [33], while virtual media foster the loss of sense of reality [34]. Such depravation can be seen in the phenomenon that present-day western societies increasingly call for behavioral and experiential conformity: changing its character, the issue of diversity becomes an interpellation of conformity. Depravation retroacting on poor psychic structure in people might prevail for generations [15], especially when a societal mode of too much freedom in some areas and too much restraint in others takes effect. It would be worthwhile examining how the organic substructure of psychological functioning and societal superstructure are intertwined, and how the “culture of commodification” [35] affects the mother-infant relationship. Looking at research on mirror neurons [36], it is not out of the question that such processes affect subject development on a macrolevel beyond the microlevel of mother-infant relations.
On a microlevel, especially postpartum depression in mothers has been the subject of extensive research investigations [37, 38, 39]. As is widely known by now, in interaction with their newborns depressive mothers show decreased responsiveness, increased passivity and/or intrusiveness, increased withdrawal, and decreased expression of positive emotions, and they tend to regulate the effects of their newborns in an insufficient way. Moreover, Papoušek and von Hofacker [40] have generally pointed out the connection between psychopathology traits in mothers and maladaptive patterns in their intuitive competencies. Correlations of maternal mental disorders in pregnancy to the child’s subsequent psychic development [41] are often conspicuous, yet by no means automatic. Such are certainly individual and can be influenced. Infant mental health observations could show slight but distinct negative influences of infant crying and sleeping problems on the child’s subsequent social development [42]; infants’ regulatory problems contribute substantially to external and internal psychic problems in early childhood [43]. Adding to recent behavioral oxytocin research [44] of the human “attachment system,” from a perspective of behavioral neuroscience, it would be worthwhile exploring the testosterone-perspective of the human “lust system,” and the dopamine-perspective of the human “love system.”
Familial strain of different kinds can lead to dysfunctional relational patterns; missing or inadequate internal educational models in parents can have a similar effect [45]. As to intuitive parental competencies, it has become evident that intrapsychic and interpersonal factors can compromise the expression of these. Likewise, it must be assumed that the level of expressing such competencies might be dependent on social factors. This issue has widely gone unrecognized [15, 46]. Social factors viewed from a microperspective give way to a questionably individualized concept in which societal motion, e.g., toward fragmentation and irrationality through anomic tendencies, is neglected. It should not be surprising to see irrationality increase with too many choices [47]; any compromising of the formation of psychic function will lead to people’s attempts at escaping mentalization. Given mentalization is the key to at least some of parental competencies issues, more are still pending; e.g., the capability of executing ego-functions may have developed in an individual, but may not be expressed. At any rate, in a perspective of mentalization as basic ego-function, such capability is a precondition of role-taking and changing of perspectives. Empathy corresponds with this function and is often missing, especially in somatoform disorder. In practice, somatoform disorders are often diagnosed as functional syndromes [48]; i.e., somatization shows in body disorder. Alexithymia often accompanies somatoform disorder; it should also be viewed in a context of societally induced personality issues.
Parents´ cause attributions often reveal such a connection. In general somatoform disorder, from both older children and parents, psychosocial cause attributions are more often the case than in, e.g., asthma bronchiale to which rather genetic, external, and somatic causes are attributed [49]. Also, there are only moderate matches of subjective disorder beliefs in older children and parents: preframed attribution questionnaires generate higher scores of matches than half-open qualitative explorations do [50]. Generally, high diversity in parents’ knowledge and cause attributions of their children’s symptoms [51] invites to improve communication on many levels. Although it is obvious that pathological personality traits are associated with the ability to understand emotional states of others [52], social cognition aspects, of which mentalization is mostly in focus, are on a microperspective of family interaction. Although subscribing to a psychodynamic perspective, hereby only a small aspect is examined. In case that identity issues play a significant role, identification presupposes an original to identify by [53]. It has to meet requirements of highly differing concern [54] and has to do with subjective experience of identity [55].
Fedor-Freybergh, from a prenatal viewpoint, has rehearsed the problematic nature of increasing discontinuities emerging from social destabilization reaching back to early prenatal traces of memory [56, 57]. The general message seems to be that through the processes of neuronal migration, organization, wiring, myelination, shaping and eliminating of excess neurons [8], even earliest information is sustained. Still, an approach of the earlier the better in several aspects of intervention has not yet been fully realized, as can be derived from the findings of epigenetics and fetal programming [58].
In prenatal stages of increased neuronal plasticity, milieu factors influence protein synthesis and program reference input in biological systems such as the HPA axis. While early postnatal epigenetic alterations are still partially influenceable [59, 60], the Barker hypothesis [61, 62, 63] postulates highly probable influences from the fetal period on cardio-metabolic functioning [62] and on brain functioning [64]. Some pregnancy-associated disorders have shown to connect to fetal experiencing [65], which also hints at the fetal period to be highly important for psychosomatic development. At least, it can be said to be responsible for the development of an archetypal mode of bonding and ambivalence (“Urbindung” and “Urambivalenz”). Taking into account that regulatory disorders in infants are obviously correlated with insufficient dealings within the family system, especially the family but also institutional surroundings of early childhood like kindergarten and preschool play a significant role in influencing personality. Research findings on regulatory disorders [66, 67, 68, 69, 70] provide dyadic insights but do not tend to regard triads [71], let alone setting, context, or background [72]; that is why many findings of attachment research [73] need to be augmented by a more panoramic view of relations. Also, an intergenerational perspective of trauma impact [74] carries weight since it provides vertical insight into modes of re-traumatization.
The pivotal role in human developmental pathology is certainly played by violence, as it shows in externalized action with huge destructive potential. Individuals with violent behavior inflict injuries on others, either physically, psychically, or both. Individual; i.e., subjective violent behavior, as social scientists like Hurrelmann [75] have shown, is mainly to be understood as generated by intrapsychic, interpersonal and social conflicts. Still, even an obvious inclination to aggression must not be assessed pathological in general; aggression encompasses a zestful constituent part [76]; it goes heavy on libido, i.e., on the dopaminergic system. That is why violence must not be confused with aggression in the shape of expansion and initiative, which belong to the individual developmental process. In contrast, violence as a mode of destructive aggression will have to undergo a transformation into pro-social modes before it is realized. As is often the case, etiopathology of psychic disorders can only partially be traced back [77]. Yet, concepts of phenomenology like, e.g., pathogenetic situation [10, 39], can reasonably be applied, and diverse traits of complex trauma can be observed out of which violence emerges [78]. Traumatized children have problems with changing perspectives since persisting stress from complex trauma has severely compromised their modes of experiencing, adding to lifelong trauma-associated conditions like dissociation [78, 79]. Presently, a phenotypical similarity in dissociation and severe psychopathology like schizophrenia is being discussed [80].
It is obvious that high levels of interdisciplinary exchange will be necessary to meet the challenges of brain, mind, and social factors (cp. Figure 1). In order to conceptualize further research on their intertwining, subjectivity formation and social objectivity have to be differentiated. The following concepts are thus not along the differentiation of subjective and objective aspect in dual-aspect monism as in the conception of Kessler et al. [81] but describe the subject in a grid of collective predisposition into which it has to develop.
Bio-psychosocial factors model of violent behavior, modified after Schick 2017.
The mirror stage in the infant’s development provides no coherent experience of the image in the mirror. Anamorphic as it is, it tends to convey rather fragmented than coherent aspects of the personality-to-be. That is why Lacan considered coherence an illusion, also owing to the fact that infantile dependence and helplessness are not conveyed in the mirror image. In referring to physiological prematurity, Lacan is close to Otto Rank’s concept in which the whole self (“Total-Ich”) precedes the partial self (“Partial-Ich”). Anything which is postnatal will only remain partial. Along birth, any wholeness will inevitably be lost: this is what humans will have to accept in life [82]. Here, we have a deceptive case of anthropology: there is not any totality possible. Infantile identification with the mirror image brings about alienation, or alteration, to the emerging subject, as well as dehiscence and discord—seemingly biological yet a specifically human feature [83]. Basic vulnerability stems from this stage; it can shake the infant when it is confronted with outer objects. Any identification, e.g., with parents, siblings, or teachers bears refractions.
When the mother reflects the infant, the infant creates an imaginary space through projecting his own reflected bodily self [30]. It is eventually connected to the fantasy, or anticipation, of separation by a cut. This phenomenon is linked to the illusion of coherence, which provides stability; on the other hand, there is a subversion-proneness due to an inherent amount of fictitiousness and externality within the developmental process. In the course, the outer world is perceived more coherent, more indisputable than it really is. More often than not, those objects out there are experienced as identifiable egos having unity, permanence and, first of all, substance. But those objects generally comprise a fair share of ourselves, which we tend to have abdicated ambivalence and fragmentation: after all, we wonder why those objects are that fragile. So, imaginary coherence provides people with anxiety too. The earliest developmental stages, pre- and postnatal, are gateways to imaginary formations of ideals via identification and reproduction of social roles. Taking on societal relations that begin at this point, the subject remaining is prone to ideological indoctrination. Social environment might fill the subjects’ fantasies at worst distracting the subject from recognizing reality, eventually leading to escapism [84]. The infant’s bewilderedness at that stage makes for irritation, and for readiness to fetch interpellation.
Violent behavior is to be called subjective violence, as it is clearly visible and shows in acts of crime. Yet, the location of subjective conflict is not necessarily identical with the location of expressed violence. Children often enact at-home-conflicts in school or kindergarten. Experiences of victimization and conflict may be brought back home, leading to aggressive behavior, e.g., in sibling or in parent interaction. At any rate, violent behavior may be used as a personal solution within a given structure, thus subjective acting manifests as violent acting. What is known is that in families with high psychic dysfunctionality parents are not capable of taking enough care of their children, either physically or psychically. Subjectively violent individuals often seem to have such a background [85], and they have often been victims of violence themselves [86]. Sometimes there has been a lack of attachment in mother-infant-relations existing from birth onwards, or there are disorders of early attachment that have developed in the infant’s first year of age, or different sorts of subjective psychopathology in parents affect the infant’s emotional development. Still, social status and the status of societal development may compromise psychic competencies, as can be concluded from very different research perspectives [33, 34, 87]. Dysfunctional and noncoherent educational practices in some families, which can puzzle and disturb children and direct their development toward dysfunctional modes of behavior may even be amplified by the loss of societal structure; at least it may disturb families in developing consistent educational modes [15, 46]. Some findings on subjective violence indicate an early lack of empathy in children, a lack of impulse control, and a lack of anger management in connection with early deprivation phenomena. Deviant behavior in the shape of criminal behavior can be viewed as developmental pathology, especially if lack of empathy or lack of emotional reactivity [88] can be diagnosed. Even when in offenders lack of reflective functioning [89] seems to be the key to their violent acting, and their experiences of abuse and violent behavior can be linked to their lack of individual mentalization [90], an important role in socialization must also be seen in educational institutions’ repressive force, which mostly will not support empathy but competition. Competition may not be bad, still empathy needs to be supported as levels of empathy indicate the levels of pro-social behavior [91]. Moreover, any subjective behavior can be viewed as a solution-type compromise that is workable on a personal level and is due to the dialectics of acquiescence and resistance in the process of subjectivity formation. Even when such behavior may only be one among several psychic solutions of the individual, it cannot be surprising when some children react violently according to their personal biographic experiencing (cp. Figure 2)—which would be a long-term and somewhat functional mode of behavior [92].
Subjective and objective factors model of violent behavior.
While zestful aggression makes for what can be called anthropology of the political [76] that does not deny subjective libidinous aggression aspects, violence must be viewed from a perspective of multifactorial subjective and objective connection. Objective violence is to be differentiated from the subjective kind [93, 94]. Contrary to subjective violence, which is committed by individuals and groups, objective violence emerges through objective reality itself; it is systemic, anonymous violence that is seemingly without reason but conceptual, more uncanny than direct precapitalist socioideological violence, which could be imputed to individuals’ intentions [94]. Objective violence stems from the generated frame in which people exist and act. It is the societal background in which ideology evolves in the subject. Individuals expressing subjective violence in this context have to be viewed being subjectively and objectively motivated. From an objective perspective, violent acts might be an attempt at realizing representation [32]; from a subjective perspective that would be the wish for reality—which turns out to be second reality [32, 34]. That would be a matter of substructure hitting upon superstructure, as is brain hitting upon societal commodification demands [95]. The contours of society are not only shaped by continuous interpellation through societal systems of economics and politics but the seemingly smooth functioning of society is at the same time obliged to generate outbursts of individual, i.e., subjective violence. What may be conceptualized as personal shortcomings in individuals can also be traced back to objective violent structure characterized by societal depravation. What may appear as solely internal conflicts the subject has to solve seems co-determined by the ideological structure that dominates their surroundings.
As there are cultural differences in societies, which are said to be quite similar—a mundane example is that Americans show higher scores of body image dissatisfaction than Italians [96]—it is that what may look like internal processes only should also be viewed as the result of internalized societal relations of which an individually processed relation of the subject to their surroundings is formed. This relation may either, more or less, remain on a fantasmatic level tending to repress reality, or develop toward a rather realistic level. More than enough, human readiness for projective processing [97], i.e., for fantasmatic modes of creating personal reality, is an anthropological constant, which seems due to physiological prematurity in humans in the course of evolution. Adding severely to it, subject-object-differentiation nowadays is increasingly blurred owing to the loss of representation in virtualized surroundings [32]. That is why it is not possible to retrieve authenticity, if ever there was one. As people tend to hang on to the concept of authenticity especially in highly virtualized surroundings, “one always wishes to see the other act naturally, but this eludes him and thus becomes an object of fetish and intrigue” [55].
Fundamental issues of identification and representation still go unresolved [53]. Societal motion may seem detached from individual action at first but is not. It has strong effects on everyday dealings. Objective societal structure, at least in Western Europe, is currently dominated by high degrees of personal freedom and its concurrent, restraint, at the same time. The shibboleth of absolving societal structure from its responsibility of taking effect on human living conditions [98] promotes such a motion. Instead, bio-psychosocial environment viewed as a result of early interaction combined with societal interpellation hitting upon organic substructure provides a reasonable framework to work with. Certainly, given the inevitable entanglement of the individual in the socialization process confronting multiple determinants [71], the question must be raised whether or not a subject can be a subject undamaged at all [99]. Peter Zima ascertains the subject to be inherently pending between rejection and indispensability, between subjugation and freedom [100]. Still, as Resch and Parzer point out, it is not subjective realities and interpretations that will prevail but phenomena like death, pain, and poverty. Such phenomena cannot be misread, cannot be reframed [101]. They belong to objectivity. Only some of deprivation phenomena are man-made, while others are not.
Early communication influences development and learning processes in children [102]. On a microlevel, Papoušek has described the significance of communicative acting for early emotional relatedness [103]. On a macrolevel, phylogenetic human development concepts have augmented ontogenetic aspects of prenatal and perinatal development, broadening the concepts of postnatal development. Examples of how prenatal psychosomatic factors in mothers-to-be can affect their experiencing and retroact on gestation and delivery have often shown congruence, all the more those with a focus on imminent preterm delivery [65, 104], which is an issue with high significance as preterm infants require special treatment [105]. The issue of neurodevelopmental outcome in preterm newborns is still highly problematic and connected with new morbidity [70, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110], therefore new approaches in neonatal intensive care units have been developed and implemented [14, 70]. Recent findings that, e.g., preterm delivery correlates with infant eating disorders [111] should not be surprising; other findings indicate prenatal and perinatal factors in new morbidity [58]. Today’s zeitgeist has only begun to be examined: it tends to favor noncommitment [101], pointing to the connection of new morbidity with societal motion [97].
Although for decades there have been efforts reaching out to prenatal aspects of mental health [112], structured programs are relatively new in Germany. As to overall parenting and early childhood, interdisciplinary and cross-cultural collaborations have emerged [113, 114]. On an individual level of childhood education, structured programs have successfully been established in many educational institutions in Germany [115, 116, 117]. The majority of early intervention programs available have mostly been adaptations from the USA. Comparisons between USA and German programs have proven to be difficult due to structural differences in health services [118]. In Germany, they mostly focus on the mother-infant-relationship [114], when a focus on postpartum depression and anxiety would be equally relevant. Recent meta-analyses show that programs starting during pregnancy were evaluated as the best when they had a high frequency of home visits [119, 120]. There are findings of advantages of close and personal relating to one another, which comes close to a therapeutic setting. Moreover, maternal symptom burden was relieved the most in a setting with psychotherapeutic elements established for mothers having to cope with preterm delivery [121]. Generally, maternal symptom burden relief has been the most observed effect in programs while there were only small effects in interventions on maternal competencies re-enforcement. Also, only small effects on child development have been observed, and these have been lower and more heterogeneous than the effects on mothers-to-be. Then again, having more than 20 sessions has proven helpful for the infant’s physical development [119].
The early intervention approaches depicted below are not supposed to be therapy for mothers and infants. Instead, these are psychodynamics-oriented programs and concepts, which focus on potentially significant topics in pre- and postnatal stages of development. They have evolved from many of the findings above and have purposely been designed to support mental health of parents and children: from the unborn during pregnancy to the newborn and after, and to parenting in general. The programs take care of the microlevel of inner family issues. Here they are presented in order of diachronic developmental aspects reaching from prenatal to postnatal development.
Mother-infant bonding analysis [122, 123] is a procedure of accompanying women in pregnancy enabling them to get in contact with their unborn; an approach for which Phyllis Klaus’s work paved the way [124]. It is not a structured program in the narrow sense of the word but a fairly structured interventional sequence of individual sessions. By these, early before delivery first steps of building a relation between mothers-to-be and their unborn are encouraged. Through relaxation on a couch, women focus on their perception of signals from the unborn. These will show in the shape of emotions, images, thoughts, and fantasies on a so-called “inner screen,” which both unborn and mother are related to. This communicative channel can be seen as “umbilical cord” of psyche, enabling a dialog, which is supposed to promote the intrauterine development of the unborn. The bonding analyst will support mothers-to-be get in contact with the unborn by encouraging them, by interpreting, and by helping to overcome blockades if necessary. Twenty to thirty sessions during the second half of pregnancy are usually taken, that is from twentieth to fortieth gestational week. Exactly this time frame is known as the unborn’s highest brain sensitivity and vulnerability period [125]. The history of mother-infant bonding analysis goes back to the early 1990s when Budapest-based Jenö Raffai recognized in his work with patients the importance of the prenatal mother-unborn-relationship for the infant’s and the adult’s further development. Together with the Hungarian psychoanalyst György Hidas, he conceptualized a research and treatment method that developed into bonding analysis. Especially the focus on children’s personality development through the well-being of mothers in pregnancy and birth-giving might serve as the prenatal reference to autobiographical memory [126].
The structured program “SAFE”—Sichere Ausbildung für Eltern (Secure Education for Parents) [127] aims at what is best for mothers in pregnancy, during delivery, and in parenting issues. The main issue of the program is to avoid transferring of traumatic childhood experiences toward the infant. “SAFE” helps parents-to-be develop confidence in dealings with the infant. As early as in pregnancy they learn to recognize and react appropriately to the signals the infant shows. This is helpful in developing a secure mode of attachment in infants since securely attached infants show more capability of empathy, are more creative, and are more capable of cognitive processing, as well as they search easier for help when needed. The well-examined program also addresses real-life issues like; e.g. “do parents have to be always present?” or, “what to do when parents are having different needs from those the baby does,” and “when does pampering start, and which limits does an infant need, and when?” The program is for parents-to-be up to the seventh month of pregnancy, and it is continued after delivery until baby’s first birthday; parents may continue up to the second or third birthday. There is a training of sensitivity toward the infant within a group in 10 days of class. Groups are run by two mentors in whole day seminars, 4 days during pregnancy, six after delivery. Stabilization and imagination exercises in stressful situations are conducted, especially in adaptation phase after delivery. A parental sensitivity training video supports the reading of signals and needs of the baby. A scientific foundation via attachment interviews with parents, diagnostic questionnaires, and other evaluation tools has recently led to first results [128].
An early experience of the infant’s feedback is very important not only for intuitive parenting regulation but also for parental attachment behavior. The mother’s feeling of self-efficacy evoked by the infant’s feedback paves the way for relying on her intuitive competencies. One successful method to moderate early and unexpected separation of the infant from the mother’s body, which can make both child and parents tend to insecure modes of bonding [129], is “skin-to-skin care,” or “kangaroo care.” Kangaroo care originally stems from the 1970s when Colombian mothers were advised to take their babies home and carry them on their chests for days and weeks. Through this intervention, infants were supplied with warmth and fed with milk [130]. Adapted to newborn intensive care unit (NICU) application, and incorporated in the NICU setting, “kangaroo care” became one of the most important care standards in developed countries nowadays [14, 131]. In the meantime, there have been many findings on the advantages of continuous bodily contact and on interaction between infant and parents. Recent findings on oxytocin and bonding add to a perspective of incorporating bodily and psychic factors; a recent study found lower depression scores in parents after giving neonatal massage [132]. It seems that people’s ancient intuitive knowledge about bodily contact can be said to have been verified again and again; skin contact turned out to be highly important [58].
“NIDCAP®,” i.e., Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program has been developed by Heidelise Als and her team members at Boston Children’s Hospital. By distinguishing normal from abnormal neonatal behavior and in trying to obtain some prognostic conclusions about long-term development from newborn period behavior, Als became aware of the enormous influence that intensive care does have on the behavior of full-term and preterm newborn infants. Starting with these observations, the entire concept that should enable optimal development of each premature infant through individual care, and in spite of interfering intensive care treatment influences, was developed and patented [133, 134]. Neonatal care according to “NIDCAP®” principles has become more and more popular all over the world; it has been imported and implemented in Europe and is applied in the NICU at the Neonatology Unit at the University of Heidelberg, Germany. It has been designed for professionals that deal with preterm infants and their parents; its main issue is “reading the preterm infant” [135]. The individual intervention consists of daily (7 days a week) observation and evaluation of the infant’s behavior, of support for care-givers in understanding the infant’s stress and comfort signals, and of suggestions for parents and staff in terms of ways to support the infant’s development, i.e., adjust their care according to these signals. The concept treats infants as active participants in the care provided, which is certainly most reasonable [14].
“Das Baby verstehen” [136] is a structured program for expectant mothers and their partners. Couples are supported through a midwife who will focus on the overall life situation of the family-to-be. Everyday communication between parents and their babies is illustrated in the instructions. The “reading” of the infant is at the center of most of the course lessons. Live video tapes support the instructions. Playful exercises will focus on the personal well-being of parents-to-be as well as on how to remain a couple when there will be three of them. In 2003 and 2004 the program was developed at the University of Heidelberg, followed by a revision in 2005, with accompanying evaluation in a German county district. The strengths and shortcomings of the expert trainings as well as of the courses for parents were explored, aiming at an integrative package of counseling for parents with infants up to the age of three. In this way, potential development of dysfunctional interaction in families is avoided early in order to prevent bodily and mental disorders in infants. The underlying concept has been depicted in a textbook of basic findings [137].
Empathy as well as the competence to change one’s perspective are key issues in the prevention of violent acting. In Germany, Mollenhauer et al. [54] elaborated on such in what can still be called a basic reference textbook on how socialization in family and society works, i.e., from a psychosocially integrated perspective. The second International Conference on Social-Emotional Learning, which took place at the University of Heidelberg [138] reactivated that perspective exploring both differences and similarities in countries and cultures, so that a multinational background makes sure concepts are compatible with each other [139].
A program for kindergartens like “Faustlos” [140, 141, 142], which has been designed for four-to-six-year-olds, seems to be most effective in preschoolers, yet even younger children participating in it will benefit as well. It is an adaptation of Seattle-based program, “Second Step” [143], translated to German-speaking countries as “no fists.” The program has been developed and evaluated at the University of Heidelberg [144, 145]; a pre/post randomized control trial behavioral study proved the program to be effective especially as to a decrease of verbal aggression in children [15, 115, 116, 146, 147]. Competencies of self-regulation turned out to be of paramount importance, something, which is especially difficult in traumatized and insecurely attached children. Though not replacing therapy, “Faustlos” offers a wide variety of techniques and strategies for children to learn how to cope with inner impulses. Also, the program is conducted by constant relational persons in a closed group cycle of 1 year. This gives children a secure realm of learning and transfer in which no-one is excluded from the group. Instead, children learn from one another how to apply “Faustlos” competencies and dicta in everyday life. In order to increase favorable effects intergenerationally, the program makes use of involving parents reaching out to improve dealings with their children, regardless of age. Social-emotional learning aims at skills and competencies to be learned within an interactional framework. At the heart of “Faustlos” there are three issues to be transferred to children: getting to know empathy and the training to be empathic, learning to be capable of controlling one’s impulses, and dealing with emotions of anger and rage. These issues are playfully dealt with by way of 28 continuous lessons. Each lesson contains a story that is told by the educator and is illustrated by an accompanying picture. Each lesson is structured the same way: at first, the topic of the lesson is outlined by playfully fantasying what the lesson will bring. Moreover, hand puppets (a toy dog and a toy snail) open up getting in contact with each other, further illustrating the issue of the lesson to come. This is followed by the actual lesson in which the story is told, is shown in the picture, and is discussed with the group. Role-playing, or alternative exercises at the end of the lesson will make sure the transfer to everyday life of children is initiated. Additionally, the educator is advised to return to the contents of the lesson during the following week. Ideally, one lesson per week is conducted. Since children learn how to cope with inner impulses, the range of possible reactions in stressful and conflict situations is broadened. Moreover, the aspect of mastering transitional stages seems quite important to both boys and girls participating in the program, which in the face of missing rites has a point in its own right [148, 149]. While male and female processes of individuation as reflected in ancient robinsonades show the male one to be rather abrupt and sometimes revolutionary, the female rather processual and preserving—still it is transformation proper [7]—in programs like this, transition as a developmental process should be examined.
Along the diachronic developmental perspective of the approaches depicted above, aside from “NIDCAP®,” the “Faustlos” program for children has probably been evaluated the most, leading to augmentations in elementary and secondary education [141, 150, 151]. As to the kindergarten curriculum, identifying emotions turned out to be easier for children who took part in the program than for those who did not; the same for pro-social dealings with conflicts. The change of perspective through stories seen from different personal viewpoints is strongly supported in the program; something which has regularly been reported as revelatory [152, 153] as it calls attention to divergent experiencing. Generally, a specific anxiety-reducing effect supporting the transfer of competencies to everyday life has been shown in the program [154], which is highly important since effects on the level of intrapsychic emotion entail even more appropriate interpersonal pro-social behavior [91, 153]. Moreover, it has widely been well-accepted and therefore has been implemented at many kindergartens in Germany.
Practically, maternal symptom burden relief remains a highly important goal of intervention in the other approaches above. As has been shown, symptom relief has direct impact on the infant’s development [120]. Personal reactivation and repetition of one’s own experiences, such as preverbal, maybe even intrauterine [123] strain and other conflict formations leave their imprint on mothers-to-be: what can be said is that programs starting prenatally will approach mothers-to-be relatively early. This holds true for “SAFE” and “Das Baby verstehen,” which are well-structured and designed for parents, and tend to address important everyday dealings with the infant such as the reading of signals in a closed or half-open group setting, with different emphases, respectively [128, 137]. Somewhat different from these, “Mutter-Kind-Bindungsanalyse” has been conceptualized as an individually shaped setting in which the emotionality of mothers-to-be and their empathic dealing with the unborn are approached in mid-pregnancy. Regarding this concept, the main case study results are promising [123, 155]. Especially combining of any of the structured programs with mother-infant bonding analysis would be worth studied. As there is much diversity in parents’ perceptions of cause of children’s symptoms [51], especially an early introspective psychosomatic intervention like mother-infant bonding analysis is promising. It has been recommended in particular by neonatology experts that have intensely applied “skin-to-skin/kangaroo care” or “NIDCAP®” [8]. The most important benefit from “skin-to-skin/kangaroo care,” as studies have shown, is a change in the mother’s perception of her child, attributable to the skin-to-skin contact (“bonding effect”), which supports and promotes attachment between infant and mother. Mothers in “skin-to-skin/kangaroo care” feel more competent (“resilience effect”) in stressful situations in the NICU [14, 156, 157, 158], and mother-infant relations develop better; a tendency to less interaction disorders and less crying at the age of 6 months has been observed.
“NIDCAP®” has shown to have numerous positive effects on both the somatic and the neurological short-term development as well as on long-term developmental outcome of preterm infants such as motor and mental development, development of intelligence, behavioral development, and mother-infant interaction [159, 160, 161, 162]. It also showed the first in vivo evidence of positive effects of early postnatal experience on brain development, i.e., of enhanced brain function and structure [11, 14]. This study demonstrated that the quality of the unborn’s experiencing influences brain development significantly. Recently, further studies in the field have been conducted, such as on the effects of music and the mother’s voice [14, 131, 163].
From perspectives of pre- and postnatal development, further research should be in what Panksepp termed affective neuroscience [164], an approach that does not deny drive and instinct and is most compatible with a psychoanalytic perspective. The findings of psychoanalysis and mental health research view affect as pivotal driving force in human development. That is why an ethological perspective will be helpful too, like in attachment research [165], or in the behavioral biology of Csikszentmihalyi showing that psychic satisfaction is in the process of pursuing, i.e., in anticipation itself [166]. Savoring the anticipation of something ahead is constitutive of the psychoanalytic process [167]; it is in itself psychotherapeutic, and it might be an effective factor in the programs depicted above. Still cognitive perspectives must be taken into account, on grounds of relational and phenomenological approaches [168] in connection with setting, context, and background [72].
There have been illuminating descriptions of the processes taking place in psychoanalysis [29, 81, 167]; many of these might analogously be examined in order to conceptualize objective processes of how subjectivity formation is affected by social objectivity [95]. It is not out of the question that the findings on mirror neurons can contribute to depicting such connection [36]. It should also be obvious that both biological factors and cultural upbringing have effect on the subject’s development. The well-known problems of recent subjectivity formation have been documented culturally and clinically. We are dealing with the paradox of an inherent incompatibility in the “subiectum,” in that it is underlying and at the same time subjugated; this means any absolutization will lead to aporia [100]. The question of scientific approaches, which at the time are dominated by relatively strict empiricist accesses and default interpretive accesses reveals limitations. A good balancing of quantitative and qualitative findings will be necessary to meet what can truly be called comprehensive psychology of human behavior, which lies in a combination of neuroscience and interpretation on grounds of reasonable concepts.
This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Author Service Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.
",metaTitle:"Publishing Process Steps and Descriptions",metaDescription:"This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with InTechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Publishing Process Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"page/publishing-process-steps",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"1. SEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\\n\\nPlease complete the publishing proposal form. The completed form should serve as an overview of your future Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book. Once submitted, your publishing proposal will be sent for evaluation, and a notice of acceptance or rejection will be sent within 10 to 30 working days from the date of submission.
\\n\\n2. SUBMIT YOUR MANUSCRIPT
\\n\\nAfter approval, you will proceed in submitting your full-length manuscript. 50-130 pages for compacts, 130-500 for Monographs & Edited Books.Your full-length manuscript must follow IntechOpen's Author Guidelines and comply with our publishing rules. Once the manuscript is submitted, but before it is forwarded for peer review, it will be screened for plagiarism.
\\n\\n3. PEER REVIEW RESULTS
\\n\\nExternal reviewers will evaluate your manuscript and provide you with their feedback. You may be asked to revise your draft, or parts of your draft, provide additional information and make any other necessary changes according to their comments and suggestions.
\\n\\n4. ACCEPTANCE AND PRICE QUOTE
\\n\\nIf the manuscript is formally accepted after peer review you will receive a formal Notice of Acceptance, and a price quote.
\\n\\nThe Open Access Publishing Fee of your IntechOpen Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book depends on the volume of the publication and includes: project management, editorial and peer review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design and book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\\n\\nWe will send you your price quote and after it has been accepted (by both the author and the publisher), both parties will sign a Statement of Work binding them to adhere to the agreed upon terms.
\\n\\nAt this step you will also be asked to accept the Copyright Agreement.
\\n\\n5. LANGUAGE COPYEDITING, TECHNICAL EDITING AND TYPESET PROOF
\\n\\nYour manuscript will be sent to SPi Global, a leader in content solution services, for language copyediting. You will then receive a typeset proof formatted in XML and available online in HTML and PDF to proofread and check for completeness. The first typeset proof of your manuscript is usually available 10 days after its original submission.
\\n\\nAfter we receive your proof corrections and a final typeset of the manuscript is approved, your manuscript is sent to our in house DTP department for technical formatting and online publication preparation.
\\n\\nAdditionally, you will be asked to provide a profile picture (face or chest-up portrait photograph) and a short summary of the book which is required for the book cover design.
\\n\\n6. INVOICE PAYMENT
\\n\\nThe invoice is generally paid by the author, the author’s institution or funder. The payment can be made by credit card from your Author Panel (one will be assigned to you at the beginning of the project), or via bank transfer as indicated on the invoice. We currently accept the following payment options:
\\n\\nIntechOpen will help you complete your payment safely and securely, keeping your personal, professional and financial information safe.
\\n\\n7. ONLINE PUBLICATION, PRINT AND DELIVERY OF THE BOOK
\\n\\nIntechOpen authors can choose whether to publish their book online only or opt for online and print editions. IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books will be published on www.intechopen.com. If ordered, print copies are delivered by DHL within 12 to 15 working days.
\\n\\nIf you feel that IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs or Edited Books are the right publishing format for your work, please fill out the publishing proposal form. For any specific queries related to the publishing process, or IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs & Edited Books in general, please contact us at book.department@intechopen.com
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'1. SEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\n\nPlease complete the publishing proposal form. The completed form should serve as an overview of your future Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book. Once submitted, your publishing proposal will be sent for evaluation, and a notice of acceptance or rejection will be sent within 10 to 30 working days from the date of submission.
\n\n2. SUBMIT YOUR MANUSCRIPT
\n\nAfter approval, you will proceed in submitting your full-length manuscript. 50-130 pages for compacts, 130-500 for Monographs & Edited Books.Your full-length manuscript must follow IntechOpen's Author Guidelines and comply with our publishing rules. Once the manuscript is submitted, but before it is forwarded for peer review, it will be screened for plagiarism.
\n\n3. PEER REVIEW RESULTS
\n\nExternal reviewers will evaluate your manuscript and provide you with their feedback. You may be asked to revise your draft, or parts of your draft, provide additional information and make any other necessary changes according to their comments and suggestions.
\n\n4. ACCEPTANCE AND PRICE QUOTE
\n\nIf the manuscript is formally accepted after peer review you will receive a formal Notice of Acceptance, and a price quote.
\n\nThe Open Access Publishing Fee of your IntechOpen Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book depends on the volume of the publication and includes: project management, editorial and peer review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design and book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\n\nWe will send you your price quote and after it has been accepted (by both the author and the publisher), both parties will sign a Statement of Work binding them to adhere to the agreed upon terms.
\n\nAt this step you will also be asked to accept the Copyright Agreement.
\n\n5. LANGUAGE COPYEDITING, TECHNICAL EDITING AND TYPESET PROOF
\n\nYour manuscript will be sent to SPi Global, a leader in content solution services, for language copyediting. You will then receive a typeset proof formatted in XML and available online in HTML and PDF to proofread and check for completeness. The first typeset proof of your manuscript is usually available 10 days after its original submission.
\n\nAfter we receive your proof corrections and a final typeset of the manuscript is approved, your manuscript is sent to our in house DTP department for technical formatting and online publication preparation.
\n\nAdditionally, you will be asked to provide a profile picture (face or chest-up portrait photograph) and a short summary of the book which is required for the book cover design.
\n\n6. INVOICE PAYMENT
\n\nThe invoice is generally paid by the author, the author’s institution or funder. The payment can be made by credit card from your Author Panel (one will be assigned to you at the beginning of the project), or via bank transfer as indicated on the invoice. We currently accept the following payment options:
\n\nIntechOpen will help you complete your payment safely and securely, keeping your personal, professional and financial information safe.
\n\n7. ONLINE PUBLICATION, PRINT AND DELIVERY OF THE BOOK
\n\nIntechOpen authors can choose whether to publish their book online only or opt for online and print editions. IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books will be published on www.intechopen.com. If ordered, print copies are delivered by DHL within 12 to 15 working days.
\n\nIf you feel that IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs or Edited Books are the right publishing format for your work, please fill out the publishing proposal form. For any specific queries related to the publishing process, or IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs & Edited Books in general, please contact us at book.department@intechopen.com
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5828},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5288},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1765},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10557},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:909},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15951}],offset:12,limit:12,total:119466},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"23"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10656",title:"Intellectual Property",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"135df9b403b125a6458eba971faab3f6",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Sakthivel Lakshmana Prabu and Dr. Suriyaprakash TNK",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10656.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"91590",title:"Dr.",name:"Sakthivel",surname:"Lakshmana Prabu",slug:"sakthivel-lakshmana-prabu",fullName:"Sakthivel Lakshmana Prabu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10658",title:"Multilingualism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a6bf171e05831c00f8687891ab1b10b5",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Xiaoming Jiang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10658.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"189844",title:"Prof.",name:"Xiaoming",surname:"Jiang",slug:"xiaoming-jiang",fullName:"Xiaoming Jiang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10660",title:"Heritage - New Paradigm",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d0b747909f95bd54d009ed0838c38f84",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Daniela Turcanu-Carutiu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10660.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"176482",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniela",surname:"Turcanu-Carutiu",slug:"daniela-turcanu-carutiu",fullName:"Daniela Turcanu-Carutiu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10662",title:"Pedagogy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c858e1c6fb878d3b895acbacec624576",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10662.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10913",title:"Indigenous Populations",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c5e8cd4e3ec004d0479494ca190db4cb",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10913.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10914",title:"Effective Elimination of Structural Racism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f6a2562646c0fd664aca8335bc3b3e69",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Erick Guerrero",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10914.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"294761",title:"Dr.",name:"Erick",surname:"Guerrero",slug:"erick-guerrero",fullName:"Erick Guerrero"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:29},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:29},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:53},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:6},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9893",title:"Automation and Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"09ba24f6ac88af7f0aaff3029714ae48",slug:"automation-and-control",bookSignature:"Constantin Voloşencu, Serdar Küçük, José Guerrero and Oscar Valero",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9893.jpg",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7016",title:"Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7937d2c640c7515de372282c72ee5635",slug:"cardiovascular-risk-factors-in-pathology",bookSignature:"Alaeddin Abukabda, Maria Suciu and Minodora Andor",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7016.jpg",editors:[{id:"307873",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaeddin",middleName:null,surname:"Abukabda",slug:"alaeddin-abukabda",fullName:"Alaeddin Abukabda"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9873",title:"Strategies of Sustainable Solid Waste Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"59b5ceeeedaf7449a30629923569388c",slug:"strategies-of-sustainable-solid-waste-management",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9873.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:"M.",surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9154",title:"Spinal Deformities in Adolescents, Adults and Older Adults",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"313f1dffa803b60a14ff1e6966e93d91",slug:"spinal-deformities-in-adolescents-adults-and-older-adults",bookSignature:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov and Gokulakannan Kandasamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9154.jpg",editors:[{id:"94802",title:"Dr.",name:"Josette",middleName:null,surname:"Bettany-Saltikov",slug:"josette-bettany-saltikov",fullName:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10405",title:"River Basin Management",subtitle:"Sustainability Issues and Planning Strategies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e5ddd0f2eda107ce19c4c06a55a8351",slug:"river-basin-management-sustainability-issues-and-planning-strategies",bookSignature:"José Simão Antunes Do Carmo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10405.jpg",editors:[{id:"67904",title:"Prof.",name:"José Simão",middleName:null,surname:"Antunes Do Carmo",slug:"jose-simao-antunes-do-carmo",fullName:"José Simão Antunes Do Carmo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7030",title:"Satellite Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9db6d2645ef248ceb1b33ea75f38e88",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Tien Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7030.jpg",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10201",title:"Post-Transition Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc7f53ff5269916e3ce29f65a51a87ae",slug:"post-transition-metals",bookSignature:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, Abdullah Mohammed Asiri, Anish Khan, Inamuddin and Thamer Tabbakh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10201.jpg",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10413",title:"A Collection of Papers on Chaos Theory and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900b71b164948830fec3d6254b7881f7",slug:"a-collection-of-papers-on-chaos-theory-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken and Dimo I. Uzunov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10413.jpg",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9515",title:"Update in Geriatrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"913e16c0ae977474b283bbd4269564c8",slug:"update-in-geriatrics",bookSignature:"Somchai Amornyotin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9515.jpg",editors:[{id:"185484",title:"Prof.",name:"Somchai",middleName:null,surname:"Amornyotin",slug:"somchai-amornyotin",fullName:"Somchai Amornyotin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8148",title:"Investment Strategies in Emerging New Trends in Finance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3b714d96a68d2acdfbd7b50aba6504ca",slug:"investment-strategies-in-emerging-new-trends-in-finance",bookSignature:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar and Asma Salman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8148.jpg",editors:[{id:"91081",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Gharoie Ahangar",slug:"reza-gharoie-ahangar",fullName:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"206443",title:"Prof.",name:"Asma",middleName:null,surname:"Salman",slug:"asma-salman",fullName:"Asma Salman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/206443/images/system/206443.png",biography:"Professor Asma Salman is a blockchain developer and Professor of Finance at the American University in the Emirates, UAE. An Honorary Global Advisor at the Global Academy of Finance and Management, USA, she completed her MBA in Finance and Accounting and earned a Ph.D. in Finance from an AACSB member, AMBA accredited, School of Management at Harbin Institute of Technology, China. Her research credentials include a one-year residency at the Brunel Business School, Brunel University, UK. Prof. Salman also served as the Dubai Cohort supervisor for DBA students under the Nottingham Business School, UK, for seven years and is currently a Ph.D. supervisor at the University of Northampton, UK, where she is a visiting fellow. She also served on the Board of Etihad Airlines during 2019–2020. One of her recent articles on “Bitcoin and Blockchain” gained wide visibility and she is an active speaker on Fintech, blockchain, and crypto events around the GCC. She holds various professional certifications including Chartered Fintech Professional (USA), Certified Financial Manager (USA), Women in Leadership and Management in Higher Education, (UK), and Taxation GCC VAT Compliance, (UK). She recently won an award for “Blockchain Trainer of the Year” from Berkeley Middle East. Other recognitions include the Women Leadership Impact Award by H.E First Lady of Armenia, Research Excellence Award, and the Global Inspirational Women Leadership Award by H.H Sheikh Juma Bin Maktoum Juma Al Maktoum.",institutionString:"American University in the Emirates",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"American University in the Emirates",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5334},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9893",title:"Automation and Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"09ba24f6ac88af7f0aaff3029714ae48",slug:"automation-and-control",bookSignature:"Constantin Voloşencu, Serdar Küçük, José Guerrero and Oscar Valero",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9893.jpg",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7016",title:"Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7937d2c640c7515de372282c72ee5635",slug:"cardiovascular-risk-factors-in-pathology",bookSignature:"Alaeddin Abukabda, Maria Suciu and Minodora Andor",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7016.jpg",editors:[{id:"307873",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaeddin",middleName:null,surname:"Abukabda",slug:"alaeddin-abukabda",fullName:"Alaeddin Abukabda"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9873",title:"Strategies of Sustainable Solid Waste Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"59b5ceeeedaf7449a30629923569388c",slug:"strategies-of-sustainable-solid-waste-management",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9873.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:"M.",surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9154",title:"Spinal Deformities in Adolescents, Adults and Older Adults",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"313f1dffa803b60a14ff1e6966e93d91",slug:"spinal-deformities-in-adolescents-adults-and-older-adults",bookSignature:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov and Gokulakannan Kandasamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9154.jpg",editors:[{id:"94802",title:"Dr.",name:"Josette",middleName:null,surname:"Bettany-Saltikov",slug:"josette-bettany-saltikov",fullName:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10405",title:"River Basin Management",subtitle:"Sustainability Issues and Planning Strategies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e5ddd0f2eda107ce19c4c06a55a8351",slug:"river-basin-management-sustainability-issues-and-planning-strategies",bookSignature:"José Simão Antunes Do Carmo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10405.jpg",editors:[{id:"67904",title:"Prof.",name:"José Simão",middleName:null,surname:"Antunes Do Carmo",slug:"jose-simao-antunes-do-carmo",fullName:"José Simão Antunes Do Carmo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7030",title:"Satellite Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9db6d2645ef248ceb1b33ea75f38e88",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Tien Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7030.jpg",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10201",title:"Post-Transition Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc7f53ff5269916e3ce29f65a51a87ae",slug:"post-transition-metals",bookSignature:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, Abdullah Mohammed Asiri, Anish Khan, Inamuddin and Thamer Tabbakh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10201.jpg",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10413",title:"A Collection of Papers on Chaos Theory and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900b71b164948830fec3d6254b7881f7",slug:"a-collection-of-papers-on-chaos-theory-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken and Dimo I. Uzunov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10413.jpg",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9515",title:"Update in Geriatrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"913e16c0ae977474b283bbd4269564c8",slug:"update-in-geriatrics",bookSignature:"Somchai Amornyotin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9515.jpg",editors:[{id:"185484",title:"Prof.",name:"Somchai",middleName:null,surname:"Amornyotin",slug:"somchai-amornyotin",fullName:"Somchai Amornyotin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9559",title:"Teamwork in Healthcare",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0053c2ff8d9ec4cc4aab82acea46a41e",slug:"teamwork-in-healthcare",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg and Stanislaw P. Stawicki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9559.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",middleName:null,surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7016",title:"Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7937d2c640c7515de372282c72ee5635",slug:"cardiovascular-risk-factors-in-pathology",bookSignature:"Alaeddin Abukabda, Maria Suciu and Minodora Andor",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7016.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"307873",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaeddin",middleName:null,surname:"Abukabda",slug:"alaeddin-abukabda",fullName:"Alaeddin Abukabda"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9873",title:"Strategies of Sustainable Solid Waste Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"59b5ceeeedaf7449a30629923569388c",slug:"strategies-of-sustainable-solid-waste-management",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9873.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:"M.",surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9893",title:"Automation and Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"09ba24f6ac88af7f0aaff3029714ae48",slug:"automation-and-control",bookSignature:"Constantin Voloşencu, Serdar Küçük, José Guerrero and Oscar Valero",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9893.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10405",title:"River Basin Management",subtitle:"Sustainability Issues and Planning Strategies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e5ddd0f2eda107ce19c4c06a55a8351",slug:"river-basin-management-sustainability-issues-and-planning-strategies",bookSignature:"José Simão Antunes Do Carmo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10405.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67904",title:"Prof.",name:"José Simão",middleName:null,surname:"Antunes Do Carmo",slug:"jose-simao-antunes-do-carmo",fullName:"José Simão Antunes Do Carmo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9515",title:"Update in Geriatrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"913e16c0ae977474b283bbd4269564c8",slug:"update-in-geriatrics",bookSignature:"Somchai Amornyotin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9515.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185484",title:"Prof.",name:"Somchai",middleName:null,surname:"Amornyotin",slug:"somchai-amornyotin",fullName:"Somchai Amornyotin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9021",title:"Novel Perspectives of Stem Cell Manufacturing and Therapies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"522c6db871783d2a11c17b83f1fd4e18",slug:"novel-perspectives-of-stem-cell-manufacturing-and-therapies",bookSignature:"Diana Kitala and Ana Colette Maurício",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9021.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"203598",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Diana",middleName:null,surname:"Kitala",slug:"diana-kitala",fullName:"Diana Kitala"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7030",title:"Satellite Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9db6d2645ef248ceb1b33ea75f38e88",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Tien Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7030.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10413",title:"A Collection of Papers on Chaos Theory and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900b71b164948830fec3d6254b7881f7",slug:"a-collection-of-papers-on-chaos-theory-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken and Dimo I. Uzunov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10413.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9154",title:"Spinal Deformities in Adolescents, Adults and Older Adults",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"313f1dffa803b60a14ff1e6966e93d91",slug:"spinal-deformities-in-adolescents-adults-and-older-adults",bookSignature:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov and Gokulakannan Kandasamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9154.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"94802",title:"Dr.",name:"Josette",middleName:null,surname:"Bettany-Saltikov",slug:"josette-bettany-saltikov",fullName:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1083",title:"Medical Oncology",slug:"medical-oncology",parent:{title:"Oncology",slug:"medicine-oncology"},numberOfBooks:15,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:436,numberOfWosCitations:302,numberOfCrossrefCitations:140,numberOfDimensionsCitations:369,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"medical-oncology",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"8025",title:"Cancer Immunotherapy and Biological Cancer Treatments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e9953ff7bc3b22ae75810e286dd86b73",slug:"cancer-immunotherapy-and-biological-cancer-treatments",bookSignature:"Hilal Arnouk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8025.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"76431",title:"Dr.",name:"Hilal",middleName:null,surname:"Arnouk",slug:"hilal-arnouk",fullName:"Hilal Arnouk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6127",title:"Cancer Causing Substances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"174eb39b8b0e84934f4a958e6d4de827",slug:"cancer-causing-substances",bookSignature:"Faik Atroshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6127.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65639",title:"Dr.",name:"Faik",middleName:null,surname:"Atroshi",slug:"faik-atroshi",fullName:"Faik Atroshi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4756",title:"New Aspects in Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Human Carcinogenesis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3d0f53df3dd15a086df1fc78bd2aaed7",slug:"new-aspects-in-molecular-and-cellular-mechanisms-of-human-carcinogenesis",bookSignature:"Dmitry Bulgin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4756.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"93072",title:"Dr.",name:"Dmitry",middleName:null,surname:"Bulgin",slug:"dmitry-bulgin",fullName:"Dmitry Bulgin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4537",title:"Updates on Cancer Treatment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e4d069af27b0dd4f600d1ae75aee66cd",slug:"updates-on-cancer-treatment",bookSignature:"Leticia B. A. Rangel and Ian Victor Silva",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4537.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"60359",title:"Dr.",name:"Letícia",middleName:null,surname:"Rangel",slug:"leticia-rangel",fullName:"Letícia Rangel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3462",title:"Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy",subtitle:"Increasing Relevance in Cancer Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4f88a3fde61b5535375bde00b9c13d1e",slug:"neoadjuvant-chemotherapy-increasing-relevance-in-cancer-management",bookSignature:"Maurie M. Markman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3462.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"162295",title:"Dr.",name:"Maurie",middleName:null,surname:"Markman",slug:"maurie-markman",fullName:"Maurie Markman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3273",title:"Cancer Treatment",subtitle:"Conventional and Innovative Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cdd9872a05001212b3583bff95bae979",slug:"cancer-treatment-conventional-and-innovative-approaches",bookSignature:"Letícia Rangel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3273.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"60359",title:"Dr.",name:"Letícia",middleName:null,surname:"Rangel",slug:"leticia-rangel",fullName:"Letícia Rangel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3002",title:"Oncogenomics and Cancer Proteomics",subtitle:"Novel Approaches in Biomarkers Discovery and Therapeutic Targets in Cancer",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8990331803d9e6084b367163dcf218",slug:"oncogenomics-and-cancer-proteomics-novel-approaches-in-biomarkers-discovery-and-therapeutic-targets-in-cancer",bookSignature:"César López-Camarillo and Elena Aréchaga-Ocampo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3002.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",slug:"cesar-lopez-camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3291",title:"T-Cell Leukemia",subtitle:"Characteristics, Treatment and Prevention",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb2dc976b5929dc5fa310da0c658e55e",slug:"t-cell-leukemia-characteristics-treatment-and-prevention",bookSignature:"Mariko Tomita",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3291.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"49567",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariko",middleName:null,surname:"Tomita",slug:"mariko-tomita",fullName:"Mariko Tomita"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2610",title:"Carcinogenesis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"61e4a760de592236762035553ff855e9",slug:"carcinogenesis",bookSignature:"Kathryn Tonissen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2610.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145170",title:"Dr.",name:"Kathryn",middleName:null,surname:"Tonissen",slug:"kathryn-tonissen",fullName:"Kathryn Tonissen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1756",title:"Carcinogen",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4ec4fd67f39ca00211fc40e7b563d684",slug:"carcinogen",bookSignature:"Margarita Pesheva, Martin Dimitrov and Teodora Stefkova Stoycheva",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1756.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"115544",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarita",middleName:null,surname:"Pesheva",slug:"margarita-pesheva",fullName:"Margarita Pesheva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1898",title:"Cancer Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"877784b1af60471e118fade16d5c50d1",slug:"cancer-management",bookSignature:"Doaa Hashad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1898.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110869",title:"Dr.",name:"Doaa",middleName:null,surname:"Hashad",slug:"doaa-hashad",fullName:"Doaa Hashad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1001",title:"Tumor Microenvironment and Myelomonocytic Cells",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a2392066cd104cd48f3b296bf72b97a6",slug:"tumor-microenvironment-and-myelomonocytic-cells",bookSignature:"Subhra K. Biswas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1001.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"69842",title:"Dr.",name:"Subhra",middleName:"K.",surname:"Biswas",slug:"subhra-biswas",fullName:"Subhra Biswas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:15,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"44364",doi:"10.5772/55795",title:"Hyperthermia: Cancer Treatment and Beyond",slug:"hyperthermia-cancer-treatment-and-beyond",totalDownloads:3317,totalCrossrefCites:20,totalDimensionsCites:38,book:{slug:"cancer-treatment-conventional-and-innovative-approaches",title:"Cancer Treatment",fullTitle:"Cancer Treatment - Conventional and Innovative Approaches"},signatures:"Ahmed Bettaieb, Paulina K. Wrzal and Diana A. Averill-Bates",authors:[{id:"61148",title:"Prof.",name:"Diana",middleName:null,surname:"Averill-Bates",slug:"diana-averill-bates",fullName:"Diana Averill-Bates"},{id:"62367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Bettaieb",slug:"ahmed-bettaieb",fullName:"Ahmed Bettaieb"},{id:"62368",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulina",middleName:null,surname:"K. Wrzal",slug:"paulina-k.-wrzal",fullName:"Paulina K. Wrzal"}]},{id:"43632",doi:"10.5772/53110",title:"The Importance of Cancer Cell Lines as in vitro Models in Cancer Methylome Analysis and Anticancer Drugs Testing",slug:"the-importance-of-cancer-cell-lines-as-in-vitro-models-in-cancer-methylome-analysis-and-anticancer-d",totalDownloads:4321,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:32,book:{slug:"oncogenomics-and-cancer-proteomics-novel-approaches-in-biomarkers-discovery-and-therapeutic-targets-in-cancer",title:"Oncogenomics and Cancer Proteomics",fullTitle:"Oncogenomics and Cancer Proteomics - Novel Approaches in Biomarkers Discovery and Therapeutic Targets in Cancer"},signatures:"Daniela Ferreira, Filomena Adega and Raquel Chaves",authors:[{id:"155129",title:"Prof.",name:"Raquel",middleName:null,surname:"Chaves",slug:"raquel-chaves",fullName:"Raquel Chaves"},{id:"157394",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Daniela",middleName:"Perneta",surname:"Ferreira",slug:"daniela-ferreira",fullName:"Daniela Ferreira"},{id:"157395",title:"Dr.",name:"Filomena",middleName:null,surname:"Adega",slug:"filomena-adega",fullName:"Filomena Adega"}]},{id:"24601",doi:"10.5772/22656",title:"Combination Chemotherapy in Cancer: Principles, Evaluation and Drug Delivery Strategies",slug:"combination-chemotherapy-in-cancer-principles-evaluation-and-drug-delivery-strategies",totalDownloads:4483,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:31,book:{slug:"current-cancer-treatment-novel-beyond-conventional-approaches",title:"Current Cancer Treatment",fullTitle:"Current Cancer Treatment - Novel Beyond Conventional Approaches"},signatures:"Ana Catarina Pinto, João Nuno Moreira and Sérgio Simões",authors:[{id:"48598",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergio",middleName:null,surname:"Simoes",slug:"sergio-simoes",fullName:"Sergio Simoes"},{id:"54753",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Pinto",slug:"ana-pinto",fullName:"Ana Pinto"},{id:"54754",title:"Prof.",name:"Joăo",middleName:null,surname:"Moreira",slug:"joao-moreira",fullName:"Joăo Moreira"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"44365",title:"Immunotherapy of Urinary Bladder Carcinoma: BCG and Beyond",slug:"immunotherapy-of-urinary-bladder-carcinoma-bcg-and-beyond",totalDownloads:2173,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:13,book:{slug:"cancer-treatment-conventional-and-innovative-approaches",title:"Cancer Treatment",fullTitle:"Cancer Treatment - Conventional and Innovative Approaches"},signatures:"Yi Luo, Eric J. Askeland, Mark R. Newton, Jonathan R. Henning and\nMichael A. O’Donnell",authors:[{id:"46467",title:"Prof.",name:"Yi",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"yi-luo",fullName:"Yi Luo"},{id:"95257",title:"Dr.",name:"Jonathan",middleName:null,surname:"Henning",slug:"jonathan-henning",fullName:"Jonathan Henning"},{id:"95258",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"O'Donnell",slug:"michael-o'donnell",fullName:"Michael O'Donnell"},{id:"155748",title:"Dr.",name:"Eric",middleName:null,surname:"Askeland",slug:"eric-askeland",fullName:"Eric Askeland"},{id:"155749",title:"Dr.",name:"Mark",middleName:null,surname:"Newton",slug:"mark-newton",fullName:"Mark Newton"}]},{id:"56652",title:"Heavy Metals and Cancer",slug:"heavy-metals-and-cancer",totalDownloads:1367,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"cancer-causing-substances",title:"Cancer Causing Substances",fullTitle:"Cancer Causing Substances"},signatures:"Austin Carver and Vincent S. Gallicchio",authors:[{id:"169299",title:"Dr.",name:"Vincent S.",middleName:null,surname:"Gallicchio",slug:"vincent-s.-gallicchio",fullName:"Vincent S. Gallicchio"},{id:"215100",title:"Mr.",name:"Austin",middleName:null,surname:"Carver",slug:"austin-carver",fullName:"Austin Carver"}]},{id:"44730",title:"Monitoring the Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer",slug:"monitoring-the-response-to-neoadjuvant-chemotherapy-in-breast-cancer",totalDownloads:2288,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"neoadjuvant-chemotherapy-increasing-relevance-in-cancer-management",title:"Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy",fullTitle:"Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy - Increasing Relevance in Cancer Management"},signatures:"Katia Hiromoto Koga, Sonia Marta Moriguchi, Gilberto Uemura,\nJosé Ricardo Rodrigues, Eduardo Carvalho Pessoa, Angelo Gustavo\nZucca Matthes and Dilma Mariko Morita",authors:[{id:"113798",title:"Dr.",name:"Dilma",middleName:null,surname:"Morita",slug:"dilma-morita",fullName:"Dilma Morita"},{id:"157450",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sonia",middleName:"Marta",surname:"Moriguchi",slug:"sonia-moriguchi",fullName:"Sonia Moriguchi"},{id:"159584",title:"Prof.",name:"Katia",middleName:"Hiromoto",surname:"Koga",slug:"katia-koga",fullName:"Katia Koga"},{id:"161593",title:"Prof.",name:"Gilberto",middleName:null,surname:"Uemura",slug:"gilberto-uemura",fullName:"Gilberto Uemura"},{id:"161594",title:"Prof.",name:"José Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigues",slug:"jose-ricardo-rodrigues",fullName:"José Ricardo Rodrigues"},{id:"162432",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:"Carvalho",surname:"Pessoa",slug:"eduardo-pessoa",fullName:"Eduardo Pessoa"},{id:"166400",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Zucca Matthes",slug:"gustavo-zucca-matthes",fullName:"Gustavo Zucca Matthes"}]},{id:"24574",title:"Breast and Ovarian Cancer Treatment: Facing Forward Women's Health Care",slug:"breast-and-ovarian-cancer-treatment-facing-forward-women-s-health-care",totalDownloads:1807,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"current-cancer-treatment-novel-beyond-conventional-approaches",title:"Current Cancer Treatment",fullTitle:"Current Cancer Treatment - Novel Beyond Conventional Approaches"},signatures:"Alice Laschuk Herlinger, Klesia Pirola Madeira, Renata Dalmaschio Daltoé, Ian Victor Silva, Marco César Cunegundes Guimarães and Leticia Batista Azevedo Rangel",authors:[{id:"47457",title:"Prof.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Guimarães",slug:"marco-guimaraes",fullName:"Marco Guimarães"},{id:"60339",title:"Prof.",name:"Renata",middleName:null,surname:"Dalto�",slug:"renata-dalto",fullName:"Renata Dalto�"},{id:"60340",title:"Prof.",name:"Ian",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",slug:"ian-silva",fullName:"Ian Silva"},{id:"60359",title:"Dr.",name:"Letícia",middleName:null,surname:"Rangel",slug:"leticia-rangel",fullName:"Letícia Rangel"},{id:"96614",title:"Dr.",name:"Klesia",middleName:"Pirola",surname:"Madeira",slug:"klesia-madeira",fullName:"Klesia Madeira"},{id:"96615",title:"MSc.",name:"Alice",middleName:null,surname:"Herlinger",slug:"alice-herlinger",fullName:"Alice Herlinger"}]},{id:"48327",title:"Current Concepts in Pancreatic Cancer",slug:"current-concepts-in-pancreatic-cancer",totalDownloads:1445,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"updates-on-cancer-treatment",title:"Updates on Cancer Treatment",fullTitle:"Updates on Cancer Treatment"},signatures:"Zeeshan Ramzan, Phat Le, Payal Kapur and Sergio Huerta",authors:[{id:"172283",title:"Dr.",name:"Zeeshan",middleName:null,surname:"Ramzan",slug:"zeeshan-ramzan",fullName:"Zeeshan Ramzan"}]},{id:"43632",title:"The Importance of Cancer Cell Lines as in vitro Models in Cancer Methylome Analysis and Anticancer Drugs Testing",slug:"the-importance-of-cancer-cell-lines-as-in-vitro-models-in-cancer-methylome-analysis-and-anticancer-d",totalDownloads:4321,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:32,book:{slug:"oncogenomics-and-cancer-proteomics-novel-approaches-in-biomarkers-discovery-and-therapeutic-targets-in-cancer",title:"Oncogenomics and Cancer Proteomics",fullTitle:"Oncogenomics and Cancer Proteomics - Novel Approaches in Biomarkers Discovery and Therapeutic Targets in Cancer"},signatures:"Daniela Ferreira, Filomena Adega and Raquel Chaves",authors:[{id:"155129",title:"Prof.",name:"Raquel",middleName:null,surname:"Chaves",slug:"raquel-chaves",fullName:"Raquel Chaves"},{id:"157394",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Daniela",middleName:"Perneta",surname:"Ferreira",slug:"daniela-ferreira",fullName:"Daniela Ferreira"},{id:"157395",title:"Dr.",name:"Filomena",middleName:null,surname:"Adega",slug:"filomena-adega",fullName:"Filomena Adega"}]},{id:"44364",title:"Hyperthermia: Cancer Treatment and Beyond",slug:"hyperthermia-cancer-treatment-and-beyond",totalDownloads:3317,totalCrossrefCites:20,totalDimensionsCites:38,book:{slug:"cancer-treatment-conventional-and-innovative-approaches",title:"Cancer Treatment",fullTitle:"Cancer Treatment - Conventional and Innovative Approaches"},signatures:"Ahmed Bettaieb, Paulina K. Wrzal and Diana A. Averill-Bates",authors:[{id:"61148",title:"Prof.",name:"Diana",middleName:null,surname:"Averill-Bates",slug:"diana-averill-bates",fullName:"Diana Averill-Bates"},{id:"62367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Bettaieb",slug:"ahmed-bettaieb",fullName:"Ahmed Bettaieb"},{id:"62368",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulina",middleName:null,surname:"K. Wrzal",slug:"paulina-k.-wrzal",fullName:"Paulina K. Wrzal"}]},{id:"24597",title:"Epigenetic Therapies for Cancer",slug:"epigenetic-therapies-for-cancer",totalDownloads:1680,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"current-cancer-treatment-novel-beyond-conventional-approaches",title:"Current Cancer Treatment",fullTitle:"Current Cancer Treatment - Novel Beyond Conventional Approaches"},signatures:"Pasano Bojang, Jr. and Kenneth S. Ramos",authors:[{id:"59734",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenneth S.",middleName:null,surname:"Ramos",slug:"kenneth-s.-ramos",fullName:"Kenneth S. Ramos"},{id:"59736",title:"Dr.",name:"Pasano",middleName:null,surname:"Bojang",slug:"pasano-bojang",fullName:"Pasano Bojang"}]},{id:"37492",title:"Genotoxic Effects of Exposure to Formaldehyde in Two Different Occupational Settings",slug:"genotoxic-effects-of-occupational-exposure-to-formaldehyde",totalDownloads:1740,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"carcinogen",title:"Carcinogen",fullTitle:"Carcinogen"},signatures:"Susana Viegas, Carina Ladeira, Mário Gomes, Carla Nunes, Miguel Brito and João Prista",authors:[{id:"109595",title:"Prof.",name:"Susana",middleName:null,surname:"Viegas",slug:"susana-viegas",fullName:"Susana Viegas"},{id:"110391",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Carina",middleName:null,surname:"Ladeira",slug:"carina-ladeira",fullName:"Carina Ladeira"},{id:"110392",title:"Prof.",name:"Mário",middleName:null,surname:"Gomes",slug:"mario-gomes",fullName:"Mário Gomes"},{id:"110393",title:"Prof.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Brito",slug:"miguel-brito",fullName:"Miguel Brito"}]},{id:"41857",title:"The Role of Surgery in the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma",slug:"the-role-of-surgery-in-the-treatment-of-hepatocellular-carcinoma",totalDownloads:1393,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"cancer-treatment-conventional-and-innovative-approaches",title:"Cancer Treatment",fullTitle:"Cancer Treatment - Conventional and Innovative Approaches"},signatures:"Georgios Tsoulfas and Polyxeni Agorastou",authors:[{id:"57412",title:"Prof.",name:"Georgios",middleName:null,surname:"Tsoulfas",slug:"georgios-tsoulfas",fullName:"Georgios Tsoulfas"},{id:"61086",title:"Dr.",name:"Polyxeni",middleName:null,surname:"Agorastou",slug:"polyxeni-agorastou",fullName:"Polyxeni Agorastou"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"medical-oncology",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"search",path:"/search",hash:"",query:{q:"sustainability"},params:{},fullPath:"/search?q=sustainability",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()