\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"482",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Biomedical Engineering, Trends, Research and Technologies",title:"Biomedical Engineering",subtitle:"Trends, Research and Technologies",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book is addressed to scientists and professionals working in the wide area of biomedical engineering, from biochemistry and pharmacy to medicine and clinical engineering. The panorama of problems presented in this volume may be of special interest for young scientists, looking for innovative technologies and new trends in biomedical engineering.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-514-3",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4535-6",doi:"10.5772/993",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"biomedical-engineering-trends-research-and-technologies",numberOfPages:658,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:"8ec55bcda429a187bb7ddb2920d2ddc0",bookSignature:"Malgorzata Anna Komorowska and Sylwia Olsztynska-Janus",publishedDate:"January 8th 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/482.jpg",numberOfDownloads:84916,numberOfWosCitations:164,numberOfCrossrefCitations:44,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:10,numberOfDimensionsCitations:140,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:12,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:348,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 7th 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 5th 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 9th 2010",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 9th 2010",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 8th 2010",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"58190",title:"Dr.",name:"Sylwia",middleName:null,surname:"Olsztynska",slug:"sylwia-olsztynska",fullName:"Sylwia Olsztynska",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58190/images/3614_n.jpg",biography:"Sylwia Olsztyńska-Janus is currently an assistant professor in the Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Instrumentation at the Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland. Her main research interests are focused on the processes occurring in tissues under near infrared radiation and their monitoring using several spectroscopic methods. These processes, occurring at the molecular level, have great importance in medical diagnosis and therapy. She received a Ph.D. and Eng. in Physics from Wrocław University of Technology (2004; Małgorzata Komorowska, advisor). Her professional internships held mainly in Laboratoire de Spectrochiemie Infrarouge et Raman (LASIR), Institute of Chemistry, USTL, Lille, France (1999-2000), and in the Commissariat à l’énergie atomique (CEA), Grenoble, France (2006). Dr. Olsztyńska-Janus was a recipient of a grant at the Summer School in the International University Bremen, Germany (2006), a scholarship in the CEA, Grenoble, France (2006) and a DAAD scholarship, Germany (1997).",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"15311",title:"Prof.",name:"Małgorzata",middleName:null,surname:"Komorowska",slug:"malgorzata-komorowska",fullName:"Małgorzata Komorowska",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/15311/images/system/15311.jpg",biography:"Małgorzata Anna Komorowska was born in Kraków-Poland and educated at the Jagiellonian University. She received a Ph.D. in Chemistry in Academy of Mining and Metalurgy, Kraków. Since that time she has been working at Wrocław University of Technology, where she is currently professor of chemistry at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Instrumentation. Since 1973, her research interests have concentrated on application of different spectroscopic techniques to study of biological and model membranes. She has authored numerous papers on application of EPR spectroscopy, spin labeling of membranes , for monitoring their structure and effects of different factors on them. Currently she has worked on the method of blood protection during extracorporeal circulation and on molecular mechanism of action of the Near Infrared Radiation on biological materials: blood cells, proteins, amino acids and DNA. She was visiting scientist at the university of Kentucky, Free University of Berlin and Technical University of Lille. 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Since 2015, she has had the opportunity to work on a departmental research topic on the fundamentalization of natural education for sustainable development. She is currently working on scientific topics at Oleksandr Dovzhenko Hlukhiv National Pedagogical University, Ukraine, and teaches medical and biological disciplines and features of teaching methods of these disciplines. She has published more than seventy-nine scientific papers, including five textbooks and five monographs. 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The performance of agricultural activity in tropical regions, both in fertile and in low fertility soils, has been limited by the occurrence of a series of extremely aggressive and diverse plants, called weeds. The main consequence of crop infestation by these plants is increasing costs to maintain the crops and reduction of productivity and its consequent competitive capacity. These plants may also represent an additional problem for farmers either because they are often toxic to different animals or because they are permanent sources for the spread of diseases to crop plants [1]. In this context, weed management and control become crucial both from the point of view of crop productivity and the profitability of the farming system.
In modern agriculture, where high yields are expected, in the face of increasing demands for food – due to the increasing world population – the control of these plants has been made, basically, by the use of chemical herbicides. However, such a procedure may not be sustainable over time, especially because it conflicts with the interests of modern society, which is increasingly concerned with the quality of food and with the preservation of natural resources. At the same time, the reduction in the efficiency of the current products available in the market has been observed as a consequence of the appearance of resistant plants [2, 3], leading to an increase in the use of herbicides or the contractions employed, which only increases the problem. All these factors point to the need of science to make available new and revolutionary methods of weed control.
A viable alternative to this challenge are the numerous chemically diverse compounds produced by plants that may offer new chemical structures capable of efficiently replace those already available in the market. In this line, crude extracts and isolated or associated chemical substances can be an excellent strategy to partially or totally replace the use of herbicides.
Over the last decades, different chemical compounds with bioherbicidal properties have been isolated and identified in different plants [4, 5, 6, 7]. Among the many chemical classes with potential use in weed management, the secondary metabolites present in essential oils can be highlighted, since the different chemical classes of volatile compounds are notable for the wide potential of use in different activities of interest for humanity and specifically in the management of weeds.
Allelopathy is the chemical interaction between plants and other living organisms [8]. There are two types of interactions between plants: a phytotoxic one, which inhibits the germination of seeds and the development of the radicle and hypocotyl [9], and a stimulatory effect, which favors the development of the plant [10]. The chemical substances responsible for the allelopathic effect are called allelochemicals [11].
The allelopathy is a relatively new science, having its basic concepts established over the last 8 decades. However, chemical interactions among plants are not exactly new, since reports on the subject are found in old references. [12, 13, 14, 15, 16]. In the 1800s, several phenomena were attributed to the chemical interaction among plants [17]. In the early 1900’s, [18] reported the presence of toxic compounds produced by plants that could be extracted from the soil. The first reports proving the interference promoted by chemical compounds were developed in the 1960’s [19], showing that the volatile compounds were affecting the dynamics among plants.
Currently, the chemical control method is the most used to inhibit the growth of invasive plants, which includes the use of synthetic herbicides, in large quantities, mainly by large producers, as reported by some authors [20, 21]. The use of synthetic and toxic chemical herbicides in management areas promotes the death of weeds in a selective way and, consequently, it ends the competition among the plants, helping to increase the production of green mass in the pasture [22]. The increasing use of agrochemicals may represent an unsustainable practice because these pesticides can pollute the environment and promote the contamination of various animal species. Also, new insecticide-resistant insects are appearing and invasive plants that are tolerant to modern herbicides are becoming more frequent [23].
Weed resistance to herbicides may be related to an evolutionary process; however, some developments of resistant weed biotypes are imposed by agriculture through selection pressure caused by the intensive use of herbicides. Weed resistance to herbicides may result from biochemical, physiological, morphological or phenological changes of certain invasive plant biotypes. Many cases of resistance to herbicides result from either the alteration of the site of action of the herbicide or the increase of its metabolism, or the departmentalization and compartmentalization of the herbicide in the plant [24, 25]. This way, allelopathy can be a natural alternative for the control of invasive plants.
Weeds promote two basic types of interference in agricultural crops: allelospoly and allelopathy. Allelospoly is the type of interference promoted by competition for essential factors to the species survival, such as water, nutrients and physical space. Allelopathy involves the production of allelochemicals and subsequent release into the environment [26]. Almost all allelochemicals exist in conjugated, non-toxic forms. The toxic fragment can be released after exposure to stress or after tissue death [27].
The use of allelopathy for weed control may be an ecologically viable alternative [28]. Thus, the use of essential oils with phytotoxic potential is becoming widespread, since the allelochemicals present in these oils generally have low cytotoxicity. For example, [29] evaluated the effect of
Another example is the eucalypt essential oil that has a rich chemical composition in 1,8-cineole (58.3%), α-pinene (17.3%) and α-thujene (15.5%), which significantly inhibited seed germination of
Plant species such as
In the case of essential oils for the control of invasive plants, it is usually analyzed the effects of individual form, attributing the phytotoxic activity to only one component [37, 38]. However, the effects of volatile oils can also be related to the mixture of compounds, such as
Biosynthesis of plant volatiles. Overview of biosynthetic pathways leading to the emission of plant volatile organic compounds. The plant precursors originate from primary metabolism. Abbreviations: DTS: Diterpene synthase; FPP: farnesyldiphosphate; GGPP: geranylgeranyldiphosphate; GLVs: green-leaf volatiles; GPP: geranyldiphosphate; IPP: isopentenyl pyrophosphate; MTS: Monoterpene synthase; STS: Sesquiterpene synthase; DAHP: 3-deoxy-D-arabinoheptulosonate-7 phosphate; E4P: erythrose 4-phosphate; PEP: phosphoenolpyruvate; Phe: phenylalanine. This flowchart was adapted from [
Compounds such as eucalyptol, β-phellandrene, hexyl butanoate,
The monoterpenes have presented good phytotoxic activity, and reports of the use of these compounds to control plants refer to the 1960s [44]. This activity depends on the structural characteristics of the molecules; for example, oxygenated monoterpenes exhibit different effects on germination and seedling development, and also alter cellular respiration, which impairs energetic metabolism [33, 34]. However, these phytotoxic effects promoted by a chemical species depend on its concentration, for example,
In general, oxygenated monoterpenes have the highest phytotoxic effects over non-oxygenated [46]. However, there are non-oxygenated volatile molecules such as limonene which also have good phytotoxic activity [47]. Some monoterpenes had high inhibitory activity on germination and radicle elongation, and this may be related to the anatomical and physiological changes in the host plants, as well as to the reduction in some organelles such as mitochondria, and accumulation of lipid globules in the cytoplasm [48]. In Figure 2, the chemical structures of some monoterpenes with phytotoxic activity can be observed.
Chemical structures of oxygenated and non-oxygenated monoterpenes with bioherbicidal action.
Bioassays have demonstrated that the sesquiterpenic allelochemicals β-cariofilene, β-copaene, spathulenol, germacrene B, bicyclogermacrene, globulol, viridiflorol, a-guaiene, and g-elemene have presented phytotoxity against various invasive plants and, in some cases, promote inhibition of other plants development, when they are close to species that produce these secondary metabolites [49, 50, 51]. Authors compared the effects of essential oils rich in sesquiterpenes and others rich in monoterpenes and found that the effects presented by sesquiterpenes, in some cases, may be smaller in relation to the affections exhibited by monoterpenes [52]. Figure 3 shows the chemical structures of oxygenated and non-oxygenated sesquiterpenes with phytotoxic action.
Chemical structures of oxygenated and non-oxygenated sesquiterpenes with bioherbicidal action.
However, this depends largely on the presence of oxygenated and non-oxygenated, cyclic or acyclic molecules, because depending on the molecular conformation the allelopathic effect may be higher or lower [53, 54]. This justifies the results obtained by other authors [55], who analyzed the effects of fractions of essential oils of
Phenylpropanoids are a class of secondary metabolites that are also naturally present in plants, and have exhibited strong phytotoxic activity against invasive plants. In 2016, [9] demonstrated that eugenol is the main active ingredient of clove essential oil and is also the agent possibly promoting phytotoxic activity against the invasive plants
Chemical structures of phenylpropanoids with bioherbicidal action.
For essential oils to have good phytotoxic activity, some factors such as chemical composition, concentration and host plants may be taken into account. Among the monoterpene allelochemicals we can highlight the 1,8 cineole, among the sesquiterpenes or β-caryophyllene and among phenylpropanoids, eugenol. On the other hand, one of the difficulties that can appear for the use in large scale of essential oils is the volatility of their components.
Oliveira MS (Process Number: 1662230) and Costa WA (Process Number: 1427204) thank CAPES for the doctorate scholarship.
The long-neglected disease called American trypanosomiasis or Chagas disease (CD) was first described in 1909 by the Brazilian doctor Carlos Chagas and it currently affects millions of people throughout the world. Its causative agent is the protozoan parasite
CD is endemic in 21 countries in Latin America, from Mexico to the south of Argentina and Chile. Nevertheless, due to migrations and climate change, the disease has spread alarmingly to other parts of the world [6]. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies this parasitic disease as a VBD (Vector-Borne Disease) that is among the unattended tropical diseases associated to extreme poverty in rural areas where the vectors are distributed, which favors their transmission route [7]. VBDs can be caused by bacteria, virus, and parasites, are usually transmitted by bloodsucker arthropods, represent 17% of all infectious diseases, and are prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions [8]. During the past three decades, the epidemiological overview of this disease has experienced important changes due to the implementation of vector control measures such as the use of pesticides and housing improvements [9]. In this respect, there has been a clear descent in the number of people infected by
Initially it was thought that
In humans, Chagas disease progresses through two phases, acute and chronic, with the development of a symptomatic or an asymptomatic form [34]. The initial acute phase evolves within 1–2 weeks after the inoculation, lasts for 4–8 weeks, and is characterized for high levels of blood parasitemia. Affected individuals show moderate and unspecific symptoms such as fever, general discomfort, and hepatosplenomegaly. Sometimes it is possible to observe a cutaneous node (inoculation chagoma) or a unilateral bipalpebral edema (Romaña sign) that indicates the parasite inoculation site [34, 35]. The majority of acute infections are never detected. Only in less than 1% of the cases, encephalitis or myocarditis occurs that can be fatal mainly in children and the elderly [36]. The initial increase in parasitemia is contained by proinflammatory cytokines (IL-12, TNF-α, IFN-γ) and microbicidal substances synthesized by macrophages (reactive oxygen and nitrogen species) and NK cells (perforins). This initial innate immune response is followed by the development of an acquired immune response characterized by a polyclonal lymphocyte activation against the parasite mediated by T CD4+, CD8+, and B lymphocytes, which together reduce the parasite load, but do not completely eliminate
The gastrointestinal form of Chagas disease affects the whole digestive tract, with the esophagus and colon being the most altered. They present anatomic and motor disturbances as a result of chronic inflammatory lesions, focal myositis, fibrosis, and damage to intramural neurons [44], which in the esophagus could lead to dysphagia, odynophagia, epigastric or retrosternal pain, cough, and regurgitation. In advanced stages, the denervated esophagus is unable to transport the bolus, retaining it at the level of the cardia, which can cause weight loss, malnutrition, and repetitive aspiration pneumonitis [46]. On the other hand, the megacolon is characterized by prolonged constipation that could lead to fecaloma, abdominal distension, and intestinal obstruction. Despite treatment with laxatives, patients worsen and may suffer from volvulus due to intestine torsion [45, 47].
The chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy is the most critical clinical manifestation of Chagas disease due to its high morbidity and mortality in endemic regions [48, 49]. It is characterized by a complex pathogenesis, and many aspects are still under investigation. The causes for the colossal cardiac damage experienced by CCC patients have not been thoroughly explained, and different theories have been exposed throughout the years. It was previously thought that the cardiac damage was only caused by the direct action of the parasite over cardiomyocytes; however, it is now known that there are other contributing factors such as inflammatory response, autoimmunity, microvascular abnormalities, and nervous damage [50]. The cardiac tissue damage is progressive and characterized by chronic inflammation, myocytolysis, and fibrosis [51]. A recent study revealed that during a
The most critical heart lesions are located in the myocardium and can lead to heart failure, arrhythmias, and thromboembolism. The heart excite-conducting system is also affected, blocking completely or incompletely some of the branches of the bundle of His (mainly the right) and sometimes a complete blockade of the atrioventricular node [50, 52].
The number of parasites in the cardiac tissue of CCC patients is scarce. This, together with the finding of immunoglobulins with affinity to muscarinic receptors and β-1 adrenergic expressed in the cardiomyocyte surface and the appearance of cytotoxic T lymphocytes with reactivity toward myocardial fibers, suggested that the etiology of CCC was autoimmune [53, 54, 55, 56, 57]. Investigations performed during the last 30 years in animal models infected with
At present, the factors that contribute to the progression of patients from the indeterminate phase to the determinate phase of Chagas disease have not been fully elucidated. As for other infectious diseases, the prognosis of CD depends on factors attributable to the host and the pathogen. Being an intracellular parasite,
The word apoptosis has its etymological origin in the Greek apó, which means “from” and ptosis, which means “falling off.” The term encompasses a genetically regulated process of cell death through which a cell destroys itself [66] with the key participation of cysteine-dependent proteases called caspases that are specific for aspartic acid [67]. Caspases are functionally divided in initiator (caspases 8, 9, and 10) and executioner (caspases 3, 6, and 7) [68]. In metazoans, apoptosis is an essential step in a great variety of physiological events such as embryogenesis, tissue remodeling, and the elimination of damaged or non-functional cells [69].
The sequence of events that lead to apoptosis can be unchained by two main routes: the extrinsic and the intrinsic pathways [66]. The intrinsic pathway initiates with the binding of death ligands (TNF-α, Fas-L, among others), present in soluble form or in the surface of effector cells, to their respective death receptors localized in the membrane of target cells. This binding results in the recruitment of cytosolic factors into the cytoplasmic domains of the death receptor, forming the death-inducing signaling complex or DISC. Initiator caspases such as procaspase 8, 10, or both are recruited to the DISC where they are activated. Caspases 8 and 10 in turn activate the following caspases in the pathway [70].
On the other hand, the intrinsic pathway, also known as the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis, can be induced by various factors such as environmental stress or absence of growth factors. In this pathway, the formation of pores in the outer mitochondrial membrane allows the release of cytochrome-c into the cytosol, as well as other molecules such as endonuclease-G and Bcl-2 proteins. The interaction between cytochrome c, procaspase 9, and protease activating factor 1 or APAF 1 stimulates the formation of a heptameric complex known as apoptosome, which recruits procaspase 9 molecules, activating them. Caspase 9 molecules proceed to activate the following procaspases that execute the pathway, inducing apoptosis [66, 70].
Cells that die by apoptosis undergo characteristic morphological and biochemical changes that include a reduction in size, the collapse of the cytoskeleton, the disassembly of the nuclear envelope, and the fragmentation and condensation of chromatin. There are changes in the cell membrane composition and structure. Phosphatidylserine (PS) is translocated to the outer face of the membrane and protrusions are formed that finally break into membrane-enclosed fragments called apoptotic bodies. The mitochondrial membrane also changes with the formation of pores in the outer sheath that provokes the loss of the membrane potential of this organelle. These traits are used to quantitatively assess apoptosis [71, 72]. In metazoans, apoptotic cells and cell fragments are rapidly recognized and phagocytosed by cells of the immune system such as macrophages, which efficiently recognize PS expressed on the membrane of apoptotic cells. This early removal of cellular debris prevents the inflammatory response [73].
It may seem odd to think that single-celled organisms can undergo apoptosis themselves, but it is believed that this has benefits for the survival of the population and therefore of the species. Shortly after apoptosis was described in metazoans, Docampo et al., using transmission electron microscopy, observed cytoplasmic and nuclear features suggestive of apoptosis in epimastigotes of
Another molecule that could play an important role in the regulation of apoptotic cell death in
Being an obligate intracellular parasite,
In addition to the exposure of PS in the surface of
The induction of apoptosis in macrophages infected with
For decades, the immunological suppression that
Likewise, apoptosis triggers the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-β by phagocytes, allowing the parasite to survive and continue with the infection.
It has been observed that in patients with chagasic cardiomyopathy there is no proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells due to the activation of induced-apoptosis (AICD) by
It has been recently shown that
In addition to the modulation of apoptosis by
The coinfection of
Numerous studies have been performed with the aim to understand the molecular basis of the survival of
Dr. Fiordaliso Carolina Román Carraro is a recipient of a postdoctoral fellowship from Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico, UNAM. M. in Sci. Diego Maurizio Coria Paredes is a Ph.D. student of Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM. This work was supported by grant number IN214522 from Papiit, DGAPA, UNAM and funding from División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM TO LGK.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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New technologies open the door to future methods of noninvasive breathing analysis using wearable sensors associated with machine learning techniques for pattern detection.",book:{id:"7654",slug:"wearable-devices-the-big-wave-of-innovation",title:"Wearable Devices",fullTitle:"Wearable Devices - the Big Wave of Innovation"},signatures:"Taisa Daiana da Costa, Maria de Fatima Fernandes Vara, Camila Santos Cristino, Tyene Zoraski Zanella, Guilherme Nunes Nogueira Neto and Percy Nohama",authors:[{id:"192464",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Percy",middleName:null,surname:"Nohama",slug:"percy-nohama",fullName:"Percy Nohama"},{id:"285706",title:"MSc.",name:"Taísa Daiana",middleName:null,surname:"Da Costa",slug:"taisa-daiana-da-costa",fullName:"Taísa Daiana Da Costa"},{id:"285707",title:"MSc.",name:"Maria de Fatima Fernandes",middleName:null,surname:"Vara",slug:"maria-de-fatima-fernandes-vara",fullName:"Maria de Fatima Fernandes Vara"},{id:"285708",title:"BSc.",name:"Camila Santos",middleName:null,surname:"Cristino",slug:"camila-santos-cristino",fullName:"Camila Santos Cristino"},{id:"285709",title:"Prof.",name:"Guilherme Nunes",middleName:null,surname:"Nogueira Neto",slug:"guilherme-nunes-nogueira-neto",fullName:"Guilherme Nunes Nogueira Neto"},{id:"293109",title:"BSc.",name:"Tyene",middleName:null,surname:"Zoraski Zanella",slug:"tyene-zoraski-zanella",fullName:"Tyene Zoraski Zanella"}]},{id:"32889",doi:"10.5772/35574",title:"Fuzzy Logic in Financial Management",slug:"fuzzy-logic-in-financial-management",totalDownloads:5662,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:null,book:{id:"1914",slug:"fuzzy-logic-emerging-technologies-and-applications",title:"Fuzzy Logic",fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic - Emerging Technologies and Applications"},signatures:"Tomasz Korol",authors:[{id:"105028",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",middleName:null,surname:"Korol",slug:"tomasz-korol",fullName:"Tomasz Korol"}]},{id:"32878",doi:"10.5772/36420",title:"A Fuzzy Logic Approach for Remote Healthcare Monitoring by Learning and Recognizing Human Activities of Daily Living",slug:"a-fuzzy-logic-approach-for-remote-healthcare-monitoring-by-learning-and-recognizing-human-activities",totalDownloads:3759,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"1914",slug:"fuzzy-logic-emerging-technologies-and-applications",title:"Fuzzy Logic",fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic - Emerging Technologies and Applications"},signatures:"Hamid Medjahed, Dan Istrate, Jérôme Boudy, Jean Louis Baldinger, Lamine Bougueroua, Mohamed Achraf Dhouib and Bernadette Dorizzi",authors:[{id:"2066",title:"Dr.",name:"Dan",middleName:null,surname:"Istrate",slug:"dan-istrate",fullName:"Dan Istrate"},{id:"42720",title:"Prof.",name:"Bernadette",middleName:null,surname:"Dorizzi",slug:"bernadette-dorizzi",fullName:"Bernadette Dorizzi"},{id:"108276",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamid",middleName:null,surname:"Medjahed",slug:"hamid-medjahed",fullName:"Hamid Medjahed"},{id:"113011",title:"Dr.",name:"Lamine",middleName:null,surname:"Bougueroua",slug:"lamine-bougueroua",fullName:"Lamine Bougueroua"},{id:"114121",title:"Dr.",name:"Jerome",middleName:null,surname:"Boudy",slug:"jerome-boudy",fullName:"Jerome Boudy"},{id:"114123",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean-Louis",middleName:null,surname:"Baldinger",slug:"jean-louis-baldinger",fullName:"Jean-Louis Baldinger"},{id:"114127",title:"Mr.",name:"Mohamed Achraf",middleName:null,surname:"Dhouib",slug:"mohamed-achraf-dhouib",fullName:"Mohamed Achraf Dhouib"}]},{id:"32883",doi:"10.5772/37559",title:"Fuzzy-Logic Analysis of the FDR Data of a Transport Aircraft in Atmospheric Turbulence",slug:"fuzzy-logic-analysis-of-the-fdr-data-of-a-transport-aircraft-in-atmospheric-turbulence",totalDownloads:2292,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"1914",slug:"fuzzy-logic-emerging-technologies-and-applications",title:"Fuzzy Logic",fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic - Emerging Technologies and Applications"},signatures:"C. Edward Lan and Ray C. Chang",authors:[{id:"113251",title:"Prof.",name:"Ray",middleName:"C.",surname:"Chang",slug:"ray-chang",fullName:"Ray Chang"}]},{id:"32877",doi:"10.5772/35737",title:"A Clinical Application of Fuzzy Logic",slug:"a-clinical-application-of-fuzzy-logic",totalDownloads:3230,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"1914",slug:"fuzzy-logic-emerging-technologies-and-applications",title:"Fuzzy Logic",fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic - Emerging Technologies and Applications"},signatures:"Ahmad Esmaili Torshabi, Marco Riboldi, Andera Pella, Ali Negarestani, Mohamad Rahnema and Guido Baroni",authors:[{id:"105671",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad",middleName:null,surname:"Esmaili Torshabi",slug:"ahmad-esmaili-torshabi",fullName:"Ahmad Esmaili Torshabi"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"66828",title:"Breathing Monitoring and Pattern Recognition with Wearable Sensors",slug:"breathing-monitoring-and-pattern-recognition-with-wearable-sensors",totalDownloads:3063,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"This chapter introduces the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system, and the reasons for measuring breathing events, particularly, using wearable sensors. Respiratory monitoring is vital including detection of sleep apnea and measurement of respiratory rate. The automatic detection of breathing patterns is equally important in other respiratory rehabilitation therapies, for example, magnetic resonance exams for respiratory triggered imaging, and synchronized functional electrical stimulation. In this context, the goal of many research groups is to create wearable devices able to monitor breathing activity continuously, under natural physiological conditions in different environments. Therefore, wearable sensors that have been used recently as well as the main signal processing methods for breathing analysis are discussed. The following sensor technologies are presented: acoustic, resistive, inductive, humidity, acceleration, pressure, electromyography, impedance, and infrared. New technologies open the door to future methods of noninvasive breathing analysis using wearable sensors associated with machine learning techniques for pattern detection.",book:{id:"7654",slug:"wearable-devices-the-big-wave-of-innovation",title:"Wearable Devices",fullTitle:"Wearable Devices - the Big Wave of Innovation"},signatures:"Taisa Daiana da Costa, Maria de Fatima Fernandes Vara, Camila Santos Cristino, Tyene Zoraski Zanella, Guilherme Nunes Nogueira Neto and Percy Nohama",authors:[{id:"192464",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Percy",middleName:null,surname:"Nohama",slug:"percy-nohama",fullName:"Percy Nohama"},{id:"285706",title:"MSc.",name:"Taísa Daiana",middleName:null,surname:"Da Costa",slug:"taisa-daiana-da-costa",fullName:"Taísa Daiana Da Costa"},{id:"285707",title:"MSc.",name:"Maria de Fatima Fernandes",middleName:null,surname:"Vara",slug:"maria-de-fatima-fernandes-vara",fullName:"Maria de Fatima Fernandes Vara"},{id:"285708",title:"BSc.",name:"Camila Santos",middleName:null,surname:"Cristino",slug:"camila-santos-cristino",fullName:"Camila Santos Cristino"},{id:"285709",title:"Prof.",name:"Guilherme Nunes",middleName:null,surname:"Nogueira Neto",slug:"guilherme-nunes-nogueira-neto",fullName:"Guilherme Nunes Nogueira Neto"},{id:"293109",title:"BSc.",name:"Tyene",middleName:null,surname:"Zoraski Zanella",slug:"tyene-zoraski-zanella",fullName:"Tyene Zoraski Zanella"}]},{id:"67018",title:"Noninvasive Acquisition of the Aortic Blood Pressure Waveform",slug:"noninvasive-acquisition-of-the-aortic-blood-pressure-waveform",totalDownloads:1139,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Blood pressure reflects the status of our cardiovascular system. For the measurement of blood pressure, we typically use brachial devices on the upper arm, and much less often, the radial devices with pressure sensors on the wrist. Medical doctors know that this is an unfortunate case. The brachial pressure and even more, the radial pressure, both are poor replacements for the central aortic pressure (CAP). Moreover, the devices on the market cannot provide continuous measurements 24 h. In addition, most of the ambulatory and wearable monitors do not enable acquisition of the blood pressure curves in time. These circumstances limit the accuracy of diagnosing. The aim of this chapter is to introduce our experiments, experiences and results in developing the wearable monitor for central aortic blood pressure curve by using electrical bioimpedance sensing and measurement. First, electronic circuitry with embedded data acquisition and signal processing approaches is given. Second, finding appropriate materials, configurations and placements of electrodes is of interest. Third, the results of modelling and simulations are discussed for obtaining the best sensitivity and stability of the measurement procedures. Finally, the discussion on the provided provisional experiments evaluates the obtained results. The conclusions are drawn together with the need for further development.",book:{id:"7654",slug:"wearable-devices-the-big-wave-of-innovation",title:"Wearable Devices",fullTitle:"Wearable Devices - the Big Wave of Innovation"},signatures:"Mart Min, Hip Kõiv, Eiko Priidel, Ksenija Pesti and Paul Annus",authors:[{id:"62780",title:"Prof.",name:"Mart",middleName:null,surname:"Min",slug:"mart-min",fullName:"Mart Min"},{id:"299121",title:"MSc.",name:"Hip",middleName:null,surname:"Kõiv",slug:"hip-koiv",fullName:"Hip Kõiv"},{id:"299122",title:"MSc.",name:"Ksenija",middleName:null,surname:"Pesti",slug:"ksenija-pesti",fullName:"Ksenija Pesti"},{id:"299123",title:"MSc.",name:"Eiko",middleName:null,surname:"Priidel",slug:"eiko-priidel",fullName:"Eiko Priidel"},{id:"299124",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Annus",slug:"paul-annus",fullName:"Paul Annus"}]},{id:"67016",title:"Wearable Skin-Worn Enzyme-Based Electrochemical Devices: Biosensing, Energy Harvesting, and Self-Powered Sensing",slug:"wearable-skin-worn-enzyme-based-electrochemical-devices-biosensing-energy-harvesting-and-self-powere",totalDownloads:1818,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Integrating enzymes with wearable electrochemical systems delivers extraordinary functional devices, including biosensors and biofuel cells (BFCs). Strategies employing enzyme-based bioelectronics represent a unique foundation of wearables because of specific enzyme recognition and catalytic activities. Therefore, such electrochemical biodevices on various platforms, e.g., tattoos, textiles, and wearable accessories, are interesting. However, these devices need effective power sources, requiring combining effective energy sources, such as BFCs, onto compact and conformal platforms. Advantageously, bioenergy-harvesting BFCs can also act as self-powered sensors, simplifying wearable systems. Challenges pertaining to energy requirements and the integration of biocatalysts with electrodes should be considered. In this chapter, we detail updated advancement in skin-worn devices, including biosensors, BFCs, and self-powered sensors, along with engineering designs and on-skin iontophoretic strategies to extract biofluids. Crucial parameters including mechanical/material aspects (e.g., stretchability), electrochemistry, enzyme-related views (e.g., electron shuttles, immobilization, and behaviors), and oxygen dependency will be discussed, along with outlooks. Understanding such challenges and opportunities is important to revolutionize wearable devices for diverse applications.",book:{id:"7654",slug:"wearable-devices-the-big-wave-of-innovation",title:"Wearable Devices",fullTitle:"Wearable Devices - the Big Wave of Innovation"},signatures:"Itthipon Jeerapan",authors:[{id:"285204",title:"Dr.",name:"Itthipon",middleName:null,surname:"Jeerapan",slug:"itthipon-jeerapan",fullName:"Itthipon Jeerapan"}]},{id:"69186",title:"Introductory Chapter: Wearable Technologies for Healthcare Monitoring",slug:"introductory-chapter-wearable-technologies-for-healthcare-monitoring",totalDownloads:807,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"7654",slug:"wearable-devices-the-big-wave-of-innovation",title:"Wearable Devices",fullTitle:"Wearable Devices - the Big Wave of Innovation"},signatures:"Noushin Nasiri",authors:[{id:"234150",title:"Dr.",name:"Noushin",middleName:null,surname:"Nasiri",slug:"noushin-nasiri",fullName:"Noushin Nasiri"}]},{id:"32878",title:"A Fuzzy Logic Approach for Remote Healthcare Monitoring by Learning and Recognizing Human Activities of Daily Living",slug:"a-fuzzy-logic-approach-for-remote-healthcare-monitoring-by-learning-and-recognizing-human-activities",totalDownloads:3759,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"1914",slug:"fuzzy-logic-emerging-technologies-and-applications",title:"Fuzzy Logic",fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic - 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Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. 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Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. 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He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. 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Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. 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He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. 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