More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\n
Our breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n
“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\n
Additionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\n
We are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\n
Simba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\n
IntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\n
Since the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\n
Our breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n
“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\n
Additionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\n
We are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n
\n\n
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He has co-authored 37 papers in renowned peer-reviewed scientific publications with over 590 citations resulting in an H-index of 12.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"196465",title:"Dr.",name:"William Wilson",middleName:null,surname:"Anku",slug:"william-wilson-anku",fullName:"William Wilson Anku",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196465/images/system/196465.jpg",biography:'Curriculum Vitae\n of \nDr William Wilson Anku\n________________________________________\nCSIR- Water Research Institute,\nP. O. Box AH 38, \nAchimota-Accra, Ghana\n\nPrimary Email Address: williamanku85@gmail.com \nAlternate Email Address: williamanku@csir.org.gh \nMobile Numbers: +233547507987/+233577035326 \nGoogle Scholar: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=tK_Q8UQAAAAJ&hl=en\nORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5551-6130\nResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/William_Wilson_Anku/research\n\nPersonal Information:\nSurname: Anku\nFirst Names: William Wilson\nGender: Male\nCitizenship: Ghanaian\nDate of birth: 20/12/1976\n\nResearch Interests:\n1. Design of nanoparticles with unique structural and physical properties, and the assessment of their structure-property relationships. \n2. Development and evaluation of photocatalytic, ion exchange, adsorption/filtration properties of metal oxide semiconductors and agro-industrial wastes-based nanomaterials for their practical application in water/wastewater treatment \n3. Water/wastewater treatment\t\n\nEducation:\n2015 – 2018: PhD Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, South Africa.\n2005 – 2008: MSc Environmental Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science &\n Technology, Ghana.\n1999 – 2003: BSc Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Ghana\n1995 – 1997: Secondary School Certificate, Saint Augustine’s College, Cape Coast, Ghana. \n\nEmployment History:\n1.\tResearch Scientist (March 2019-present): CSIR-Water Research Institute, \nAccra-Ghana.\n2.\tPostdoctoral Research Fellow (February 2018 – January 2019): Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, South Africa \n3.\tTeaching Assistant/Tutor (June 2015 – November 2016): Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, South Africa \n4.\tChemistry Tutor (January 2007-September 2014): Effiduase Senior High School, Effiduase-Ashanti (Ghana Education Service).\n\nSupervision of junior researchers at the graduate and postgraduate level:\n1.\tPhD thesis supervision:\n(a) Student Name: Michael Kumi\nInstitution: Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg (UJ), South Africa.\nThesis title: Integrated bone and biochar bed for contaminant removal from groundwater. (In progress).\n\n(b) Student Name: George Atongo Atia\n Institution: Department of chemistry, KNUST, Kumasi\n Thesis title: Fabrication of CNTs-metal oxide/polymer chemical sensors for gas sensor\n application and computational studies. (In progress).\n\n2.\tMSc Thesis supervision:\n(a) Student Name: Esther Acheampong \nInstitution: Department of Chemical Engineering, KNUST, Kumasi\n Thesis title: Synthesis of polysulphide intercalated layered double hydroxides for\n adsorption processes. (Completed).\n\n(b)\tStudent Name: Sechaba Menyadi\nInstitution: Department of Applied Chemistry, UJ, South Africa.\nThesis title: Improving the thermoelectric performance of zinc oxide with Al3+, In3+ \nand 2D materials through the formation of superlattice structures. (Completed).\n\n(c)\tStudent Name: Nokuthula Ndaba\nInstitution: Department of Applied Chemistry, UJ, South Africa.\n Thesis title: Isolation and characterization of Drimia delagoensis phytochemicals and\n their application in diabetic foot ulcer treatment. (Completed).\n\nExternal examination of PhD/MSc theses and proposal reviews:\n1.\tExternal examination of a PhD thesis from the Chemical Engineering Department of Vaal University of Technology, South Africa, 2021.\n2.\tExternal examination of PhD thesis from the Physics and Chemistry Departments of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, KNUST-Ghana, 2020.\n3.\tReviewer for the 2021-2022 Graduate Women in Science (GWIS) National Fellowship Program of the USA.\n\nScientific Reviewing Activities:\nServing as a reviewer for the following journals:\nACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, ACS Applied Nanomaterials, ACS Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, Journal of Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, Electroanalysis, Journal of Molecular Catalysis A, Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, Recent Innovations in Chemical Engineering, Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Fibers and Polymers, Catalysis letters, Desalination and water treatment, Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry.\n\nProfessional Associations:\n•\tResearch Scientist Association of Ghana\n•\tSouth African Chemical Institute (SACI)\n\nLeadership and volunteering activities:\n•\tVice President of Water Research Institute Branch of Research Staff Association (RSA) of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Ghana (2021-2022).\n•\tEditorial board member of RSA-CSIR, Southern Zone (2021/2022).\n•\tEnvironmental Science Department Representative of Graduate Students Association of Ghana: Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) branch (2005-2006).\n•\tVice President of Volta Region Students Association: KNUST branch (2002-2003).\n•\tNational Public Relations Officer of Ghana Students Chemical Society: KNUST branch (2002-2003).\n•\tGeneral Secretary of Volta Region Students Association: KNUST branch (2001-2002).\n•\tVolunteer Teacher at Asukawkaw Senior High School in the Volta Region of Ghana (May-August 2002)\n\nPrizes, awards, fellowships:\n•\tPostdoctoral research fellowship: Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, 2018.\n•\tPhD studentship: Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, 2015-2018.\n•\tStudents travel fund award: National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa, 2016.\n•\tBest poster presenter at the 5th UJ Cross Faculty Symposium held at UJ-Bunting Road Campus, South Africa on 13th October 2015.\n•\tSecond best poster presenter at the 3rd conference on “Emerging Frontiers for Sustainable Water” held at the Protea Hotel Wanderers, in Johannesburg, South Africa from 3-5 August 2015. \n\nPublication Record:\nA.\tBook Chapters\n1.\tOtun, Kabir Opeyemi, Idris Olayiwola Azeez, Onoyivwe Monday Ama, William Wilson Anku, Uyiosa Osagie Aigbe, Kingsley Eghonghon Ukhurebor, and Robert Birundu Onyancha. "Sensing the Presence of Inorganic Ions in Water: The Use of Electrochemical Sensors." In Modified Nanomaterials for Environmental Applications, pp. 65-89. Springer, Cham, 2022.\n2.\tAnku, William Wilson, Onoyivwe Monday Ama, Ikenna Chibuzor Emeji, Uyiosa Osagie Aigbe, Adelaja Otolorin Osibote, Peter Ogbemudia Osifo, and Suprakas Sinha Ray. “Functionalized nanomagnetic materials for environmental applications”. In Functionalized Nanomaterials Based Devices for Environmental Applications, pp. 127-145. Elsevier, 2021.\n3.\tKhoele, Khotso, Onoyivwe Monday Ama, Ikenna Chibuzor Emeji, William Wilson Anku, Suprakas Sinha Ray, David Jacobus Delport, and Peter Ogbemudia Osifo. “Dynamic Degradation Efficiency of Major Organic Pollutants from Wastewater”. Springer, Cham, In book: Nanostructured Metal-Oxide Electrode Materials for Water Purification, pp. 1-18, 2020.\n4.\tAnku, William Wilson, Onoyivwe Monday Ama, Suprakas Sinha Ray, and Peter Ogbemudia Osifo. “Application of Modified Metal Oxide Electrodes in Photoelectrochemical Removal of Organic Pollutants from Wastewater”. Springer, Cham. In book: Nanostructured Metal-Oxide Electrode Materials for Water Purification, pp. 151-166, 2020.\n5.\tWilliam W Anku, Ephraim M Kiarii, Sudheesh K Shukla, and Penny P Govender. “Photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceuticals using graphene based materials”. Springer, Cham. In book: A New Generation Material Graphene: Applications in Water Technology. pp 187-208, 2018.\n6.\tWilliam W Anku, Samuel OB Oppong and Penny P Govender. “Bismuth-based nanoparticles as photocatalytic materials”. InTechOpen. In book: Bismuth: Advanced Applications and Defects Characterization. pp 25-44, 2018.\n7.\tWilliam W Anku, Messai A Mamo and Penny P Govender. “Phenolic compounds in water: sources, reactivity, toxicity and treatment methods”. InTechOpen. In book: Phenolic Compounds-Natural Sources, Importance and Applications. pp. 420-443, 2017. \n\nB.\tPeer-Reviewed Journal Publications \n\n1. Ahiahonu, Elvis K., William W. Anku, Ashira Roopnarain, Ezekiel Green, Penny P. Govender, and Mahloro H. Serepa‐Dlamini. Bioresource potential of Tetradesmus obliquus UJEA_AD: critical evaluation of biosequestration rate, biochemical and fatty acid composition in BG11 media. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology (2021).\n2. Ahiahonu, Elvis Kodzo, William Wilson Anku, Ashira Roopnarain, Ezekiel Green, Penny Poomani Govender, and Mahloro Hope Serepa-Dlamini. Bioprospecting wild South African microalgae as a potential third-generation biofuel feedstock, biological carbon-capture agent and for nutraceutical applications. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery (2021): 1-16.\n3. Obiri, Samuel, Gloria Addico, Saada Mohammed, Wilson William Anku, Humphry Darko, and Okrah Collins. Water quality assessment of the Tano Basin in Ghana: a multivariate statistical approach. Applied Water Science 11 (2021): 1-8.\n4. Oppong, Samuel Osei-Bonsu, Francis Opoku, William Wilson Anku, and Penny P. Govender. Insights into the complementary behaviour of Gd doping in GO/Gd/ZnO composites as an efficient candidate towards photocatalytic degradation of indigo carmine dye. Journal of Materials Science 56 (2021): 8511-8527.\n5. Ama Onoyivwe Monday, Khotso Khoele, William Wilson Anku, Suprakas Sinha Ray, Peter Ogbemudia Osifo, and David Jacobus Delport. Synthesis and Application of MnO2/Exfoliated Graphite Electrodes for Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Degradation of Methylene Blue and Congo Red Dyes in Water. Electrocatalysis.11 (2020): 413-421.\n6. Anku, William Wilson, Eric Selorm Agorku, Samuel Osei-Bonsu Oppong, and Anthony Yaw Karikari. "MWCNTs attached neodymium doped-ZnO photocatalysts for efficient removal of dyes from wastewater. SN Applied Sciences. 5 (2020): 1-13.\n7. Karikari Anthony Yaw, Asmah Ruby, Anku, William Wilson, Amisah Steve, Agbo Nelson Wheatson, Telfer C Trevor, Ross, Glenn Lindsay. Heavy Metal Concentrations and Sediment Quality of a Cage Farm on Lake Volta, Ghana. Aquaculture Research. 5 (2020): 2041-2051.\n8. Manyedi, Sechaba, William W. Anku, Ephraim M. Kiarii, and Penny P. Govender. Thermoelectric, Electronic, and Optical Response of Nanostructured Al‐doped ZnO@ 2D‐TiC Composite. ChemistrySelect 5 (2020): 13144-13154.\n9. Renu Kumari, Adeniyi Olugbenga Osikoya Adeniyi Olugbenga Osikoya, Francis Opoku, William Wilson Anku, Sudheesh Kumar Shukla, and Penny Poomani Govender. Composite 2D Nanointerfaces for Electrochemical Biosensing: An Experimental and Theoretical Study. ACS Applied Biomaterials. 12 (2020): 8676-8687.\n10. Onoyivwe Monday Ama, William Wilson Anku, Suprakas Sinha Ray. Photoelectrochemical degradation of methylene blue dye under visible light irradiation using EG/Ag-ZrO2 nanocomposite electrodes. International Journal of Electrochemical Science. 14 (2019) 9982-10001. \n11. Onoyivwe Monday Ama, Khotso Khoele, William Wilson Anku, Suprakas Sinha Ray. Photoelectrochemical Degradation of 4-Nitrophenol using CuOZnO/exfoliated graphite Nanocomposite Electrode. International Journal of Electrochemical Science. 14 (2019) 2893 – 2905.\n12. Ndaba, Nokuthula, Marthe Carine Fotsing, William Wilson Anku, and Penny Poomani Govender. In vitro and in silico studies of the antifungal properties of the bulb and leaves extracts of Drimia delagoensis Baker (Jessop). Advances in Traditional Medicine, (2019): 1-7.\n13. Samuel Osei-Bonsu Oppong, Francis Opoku, William Wilson Anku, Ephraim\nMuriithi Kiarii, Penny Poomani Govender. Experimental and Computational Design of Highly Active Ce–ZrO2–GO Photocatalyst for Eosin Yellow Dye Degradation: The Role of Interface and Ce3+ Ion. Catalysis Letters. (2019) 1-18.\n14. Renu Kumari, Adeniyi Olugbenga Osikoya, Francis Opoku, William Wilson Anku, Sudheesh Kumar Shukla, Penny Govender. Hierarchically assembled Two-dimensional Gold-Boron Nitride-Tungsten Disulphide nanohybrid interface system for electrobiocatalytic applications. Materials chemistry and physics, 226 (2019) 129-140.\n15. Madima Ntakadzeni, William Wilson Anku, Penny Poomani Govender, Leelakrishna Reddy. Mo3S4 nanorod: An effective photocatalyst for the degradation of organic dyes in aqueous solution. Recent innovations in chemical engineering, 12 (2019) 61-9.\n16. Madima Ntakadzeni, William Wilson Anku, Neeraj Kumar, Penny Poomani Govender, Leelakrishna Reddy. Pegylated MoS2 nanosheets: A dual functional photocatalyst for photodegradation of organic dyes and photoreduction of chromium from aqueous solution. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 14 (2019) 142-152.\n17. S. O.B. Oppong, W. W. Anku, F. Opoku, S. K. Shukla, E. S. Agorku and P. P. Govender. Photodegradation of Eosin Yellow Dye in Water under Simulated Solar Light Irradiation using La-Doped-ZnO Nanostructure Decorated on Graphene Oxide as an Advanced Photocatalyst. ChemistrySelect 3 (2018) 1180-1188.\n18. W. W. Anku, S. K. Shukla and P. P. Govender. Graft gum ghatti caped Cu2O nanocomposite for photocatalytic degradation of naphthol blue black dye. Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic polymers and Materials (2018) 1540-1551.\n19. C.N. Peter, W. W. Anku, R. Sharma, G. M. Joshi, S. K. Shukla, P. P. Govender. N-doped ZnO/graphene oxide: a photo-stable photocatalyst for improved mineralization and photodegradation of organics dye under visible light. IONICS (2018) 327-339.\n20. C.N. Peter, W. W. Anku, S. K. Shukla, P. P. Govender. Theoretical studies of the Interfacial charge transfer and the effect of vdW correction on the interaction energy of non-metal doped ZnO and graphene oxide interface. Theoretical Chemistry Accounts 137 (2018) 75-84.\n21. Renu Kumari, Adeniyi Olugbenga Osikoya, William Wilson Anku, Sudheesh Kumar Shukla, Penny Poomani Govender. Hierarchically assembled two-dimensional hybrid nanointerfaces: A platform for bioelectronic applications. Electroanalysis. Electroanalysis 30 (2018) 2339-2348.\n22. W. W. Anku, S. O. B. Oppong, S. K. Shukla, E. S. Agorku, and P. P. Govender. Cobalt doped ZrO2 decorated multiwalled carbon nanotube: A promising nanocatalyst for photodegradation of indigo carmine and eosin Y dyes. Progress in Natural Science: Materials International 26 (2017) 354-361.\n23. S. O. Oppong, W. W. Anku, S. K. Shukla and P. P. Govender. Synthesis and characterisation of neodymium doped-zinc oxide–graphene oxide nanocomposite as a highly efficient photocatalyst for enhanced degradation of indigo carmine in water under simulated solar light. Research on Chemical Intermediates 43 (2017) 481-501.\n24. W W Anku, S. O. B. Oppong, S K Shukla and P P Govender.Comparative photocatalytic degradation of monoazo and diazo dyes under simulated visible light using Fe3+/C/S doped-TiO2 nanoparticles. Acta Chimica Slovenica 63 (2016) 380-391.\n25. W. W. Anku, S. O. B. Oppong, S. K. Shukla, E. S. Agorku, and P. P. Govender. Chitosan–sodium alginate encapsulated Co-doped ZrO2–MWCNTs nanocomposites for photocatalytic decolorization of organic dyes. Research on Chemical Intermediates 42 (2016) 7231–7245.\n26. W. W. Anku, S. O. B. Oppong, S. K. Shukla, E. S. Agorku, and P. P. Govender. Palladium-doped–ZrO2–multiwalled carbon nanotubes nanocomposite: an advanced photocatalyst for water treatment. Applied Physics A 122 (2016) 579-587.\n27. W W Anku, S. O. B Oppong, S K Shukla and P P Govender. Influence of ZnO concentration on the optical and photocatalytic properties of Ni-doped ZnS/ZnO nanocomposite. Bulletin of Materials Science 39 (2016) 1745-1752.\n28. S. O. B. Oppong, W. W. Anku, S. K. Shukla, E. S. Agorku and P. P. Govender. Photocatalytic degradation of indigo carmine using Nd-doped TiO2-decorated graphene oxide nanocomposites. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology 80 (2016) 38–49.\n29. M. Mzoughi, W. W. Anku, S. O. Oppong, S. K. Shukla, E. S. Agorku and P. P. Govender. Neodymium Doped ZrO2-graphene Oxide Nanocomposites: A Promising Photocatalyst for Photodegradation of Eosin Y Dye. Advanced Materials Letters 7 (2016) 946-950.\n30. S. O.B. Oppong, W. W. Anku, K. S. Shukla and P. P. Govender. Lanthanum doped-TiO2 decorated on graphene oxide nanocomposite: A photocatalyst for enhanced degradation of Acid Blue 40 under simulated solar light. Advance Materials Letters 8 (2016) 432-438.\n\nConference Presentations\n1.\tSession Co-chairs: William Wilson Anku and Saada Mohammed. Session Title: Innovative sample preparation and detection techniques for legacy and emerging pollutants in different environmental matrices. Virtual SETAC Africa 10th Biennial Conference held from 20-22 September 2021.\n\n2.\tW.W. Anku, S.O.B. Oppong, S. K. Shukla, E.S Agorku and P.P. Govender. Hetero-elements doped TiO2 for comparative photocatalytic degradation of monoazo and diazo dyes. SPEA9- 9th European Meeting on Solar Chemistry and Photocatalysis: Environmental Applications. Held in Strasbourg, France from 13th to 17th June 2016. \n\n3.\tW.W. Anku, S.O.B. Oppong, S. K. Shukla, E.S Agorku and P.P. Govender. Cobalt-doped ZrO2 decorated multiwalled carbon nanotube: A promising nanocatalyst for photodegradation of indigo carmine dye. 4th YWP-ZA Biennial Conference and 1st Africawide YWP Conference. Held at the CSIR-Pretoria, South Africa from 16th to 18th November 2015. (Won second best presenter award).\n\n4.\tW.W. Anku, S.O.B. Oppong, S. K. Shukla, E.S Agorku and P.P. Govender. Palladium doped-ZrO2-multiwalled carbon nanotubes nanocomposite as an advanced photocatalyst for water treatment. 5th UJ Cross Faculty Symposium. Held at UJ-Bunting Road Campus on 13th October 2015. (Won best presenter award).\n\n5.\tW.W. Anku, S.O.B. Oppong, S. K. Shukla, E.S Agorku and P.P. Govender. Cobalt-doped ZrO2 decorated multiwalled carbon nanotube: A promising nanocatalyst for photodegradation of indigo carmine dye. UJ Harvest festival. Held on 17 September 2015 in Perskor Building, DFC.\n\n6.\tW.W. Anku, S.O.B. Oppong, S. K. Shukla, E.S Agorku and P.P. Govender. Palladium doped-ZrO2-multiwalled carbon nanotubes nanocomposite as an advanced photocatalyst for water treatment. 3rd conference on Emerging Frontiers for Sustainable Water. Held at the Protea Hotel Wanderers, in Johannesburg, South Africa from 3-5 August 2015.\n\nReferences\n1. Prof Penny Govender\nDirector: Research Capacity Development (RCD)\nPostgraduate School: Research & Innovation, 101, Akanya Building\nAPK campus, University of Johannesburg, South Africa\nTel: 27845002689. Email: pennyg@uj.ac.za\n\n2. Dr. Anthony Yaw Karikari\nDeputy Director: \nCSIR-Water Research Institute, P.O. Box M38, Achimota-Accra, Ghana\nTel: 233208184215, E-mail: aykarikari@hotmail.com\n\n3. Dr Monday Onoyivwe Ama\nResearch Scientist: CSIR-National Centre for Nanostructured Materials,\nMeiring Naude Road Brummeria, Block 19B, Pretoria 0001, South Africa \nTel.: +27733300486, Email: onoyivwe4real@gmail.com',institutionString:"CSIR-Water Research Institute",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"14",title:"Materials Science",slug:"materials-science"}],chapters:[{id:"82929",title:"Prediction of Solubility and Miscibility Parameters of Bismuth-Arsenic Complex and Amorphous Mineral Compounds Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation",slug:"prediction-of-solubility-and-miscibility-parameters-of-bismuth-arsenic-complex-and-amorphous-mineral",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:null,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"440212",firstName:"Elena",lastName:"Vracaric",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/440212/images/20007_n.jpg",email:"elena@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. 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1. Introduction
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Sex differences once were a popular topic, with extensive monographs on cognitive and social styles in the two sexes [1, 2] as well as on the development of boys versus girls [3]. This chapter is not trying to give an overview that is better covered in these volumes. Instead, an argument is developed that we should see sex differences as a statistical variable that may better explain data rather than give information about substantial differences between the sexes.
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We have influential theories on the psychological differences between the sexes. I am introducing just three theories that in my view capture the most obvious sex differences. The ‘extreme male brain theory’ assumes that the difference is mainly cognitive-emotional insofar as males would be the better systematizers but suffer more from communication disorders such as autism (autistic spectrum disorder, ASD), while women would be the better empathizers [4, 5]. Baron-Cohen gives as a reason for the apparently increased systematizing capacity a prenatal surplus of testosterone with the consequence that boys with ASD can excel in visuospatial tasks such as the embedded figures test (EFT). However, this was not confirmed in another lab [6] and testosterone appeared to have more an effect on pre-school girls than boys [7]. Likewise, another recent study showed that men were just as caring as women and that caring was more dependent on marital status and ethnicity, educational achievement, income and the caring load [8]. Moreover, in a boy-only sample, boys with ASD were just as empathic as a control group of boys, and both were more empathic than boys with psychopathic tendencies [9]. It has even been suggested that the extreme male brain theory is based on a statistical artefact because strong systematizers such as engineers [10], but also violent men [11] tend to have more sons than daughters. Nevertheless, other follow-up research outside the lab of Baron-Cohen showed that this contrast between the sexes appears to hold as, for instance, males’ brains do not zoom into distress sounds as promptly as those of women [12].
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Another theory is that boys and girls segregate in order to keep separate cognitive and behavioural styles [13] in the same way as you would keep your distance to someone who does not behave to your liking. Importantly, Maccoby [13, p. 173] describes that during the pre-school years, children change from a more fundamental belief in sex differences to a more probabilistic view of how a boy or a girl should behave. Children who belong to both gender camps would be very rare. She states that girls potentially have access to the boys’ camp if they are physically strong and competitive (see also ref. 14), while boys would have a harder life if they tried to enter the girls’ camp where for instance turn-taking is important (see also ref. 15). In a rather ingenious conclusion, Maccoby suggests that just this self-chosen segregation would make the construction of a shared script between the sexes necessary where expectations and styles can be negotiated. This ‘being apart-coming together’ theory is important because it explains why in some studies using the same tasks, we obtain significant sex differences, while in other samples we do not.
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The third theory concerns female superiority in language processing, although it must be said that surprisingly no theory exists that would conceptualize it. Indeed, it is still not entirely explained why there seems to be a consistent female advantage in academic achievements but not in comparable ability tests [3, 16]. A recent study showed that only effort explains achievement in addition to ability, independently of gender [17]. Another explanation could be that ability tests may more often allow a spatially-based rather than language-based solution strategy [18], while language-formatted problems would be set more frequently during teaching in schools.
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While some authors found that girls have better verbal skills [19, 20], there are surprisingly few recent empirical studies on this topic (see ref. 21). According to Kimura’s review [2], adult females do not have larger vocabularies or higher verbal intelligence than males, but they do have better verbal memory. It seems that girls appear to talk about and name everything as the language representations cover both sides of the brain, i.e. also the right side that processes language intonation, spatial cognition, mathematics, etc. while in boys fewer language representations were found in the non-verbal right half of the brain [22]. Men appear to be more hesitant before they say something [23]. Boys appear to prefer a purely non-verbal code if this is appropriate: In a spatial wayfinding task, girls used a spatial and a verbal strategy, that is across-modality double-encoding, while boys were more successful using an exclusively non-verbal strategy [24].
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However, not all studies show so clear results in terms of sex differences in strategies. Very often there are two types of boys and this was often related to testosterone as the extreme male brain theory would predict. Maccoby and Jacklin [25] pointed out that intra-group variability within each sex may be larger than between-group variability amongst the two sexes; a view that was recently supported by Blakemore et al. [3]. Maccoby and Jacklin found that on average, boys with high testosterone had a lower IQ than boys with low testosterone. In a study on early language perception, male infants high in testosterone did not successfully discriminate between language sounds, while male infants low in testosterone showed sound discrimination that was left-lateralized, but all female infants showed successful sound discrimination with bilateral brain activation [26]. In this study, these results were revealed when a marginally significant interaction with sex of the infants was followed up with split-sample analyses not only for males and females separately, but also for the boys’ sub-groups with high and low testosterone. Thus, this is an excellent example how sex as a statistical variable can explain variance, sharpen statistical effects and reveal cognitive style or deficits. However, with increasing age, these sex differences in language development dissipate relatively quickly with the onset of school [27–29]. However, this is not the case in spatial cognition.
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2. Girls in detail, boys in shape
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When we look at school-age children, the split-sample procedure holds a clear advantage over controlling just main effects of performance differences. In a study of Lange-Küttner and Ebersbach [30], 6- to 9-year old children were required to copy two cubes that were placed in front them child so that the first cube would be partially overlapping the second one. We also measured how well children could trace a shape in a noisy context (EFT), how well they could draw a horizontal water level into a tilted container (WLT) and how long it took them to decide whether two rotated 3D Lego cube aggregates were the same or not (MRT).
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Children often gradually unfold all the sides of a cube in a schematic flat layout in their drawings before they integrate them into a projective depiction which accurately captures a three-dimensional view [31]. This achievement in school children is termed visual realism, while younger children would not draw what they see, but what they know (intellectual realism) [32]. For instance, at the very beginning of drawing, young children know that a cube is formed from square sides, so they just draw one square to denote the cube in their drawing, which has also been termed as a minimalist approach [33]. But if each cube side has a different colour, young children draw all colours into this one square to illustrate the fact of this multi-coloured cube [34]. Hence, the fold-out layout is a transition phase between intellectual and visual realism. In our cube drawing experiment, we found that girls were much more likely to draw a fold-out representation of the cubes than boys (see Figure 1), with parts of wthe cubes proliferating beyond the actual amount of sides that were visible and invisible—as if they wanted to draw what could not be seen, but were unsure how much they could not see. Boys were more likely to extend the one-square drawing to a drawing with just two sides.
Figure 1.
Frequency distribution of cube drawing levels by age (A) and gender (B) [30]. Copyright British Psychological Society.
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We also controlled whether this proliferation of parts (see Figure 2) in the girls’ drawings would occur because they had attended more to the surface structure of the painted Rubik’s cubes, but this was not the case. Instead, only older children would attend less to surface details. Hence, we concluded that girls—like in human figure drawings [33, 35–37]—were drawing more detail. However, different to the human figure drawings where girls excel in detail, the details of the cubes had no names, still they would embark on laboriously drawing details in this cube drawing task. In contrast, boys appear to be more interested in drawing projective shapes, as they would focus more on the silhouette of an object whether animate or inanimate [33, 36, 38].
Figure 2.
Examples of differentiated shapes for the occluding cubes. (a) Girl drawing the surface structure of the two cubes with sides attached top and left, (b) girl drawing a diagrammatic cube with some indication of surface structure but more clearly reinforced edges, (c) boy’s drawing shows shape constancy when drawing the two cubes separately [30]. Copyright British Psychological Society.
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The silhouette, however, is what makes a figure-ground comparison easy, because there are no internal details and only the boundary or contour of the shape is relevant. Hence, it was not a surprise that the embedded figures test (EFT) was the only significant predictor in boys: the higher the boys scored in the EFT, the more likely they were to draw an advanced 3D drawing system. In contrast, the mental rotation test (MRT) was the only significant predictor in girls. Those girls who were at chance in judging the identity of rotated cube aggregates were also more likely to draw two non-occluded instead of overlapping one-face cubes. We do not yet know why boys are more focused on silhouettes unless one wanted to invoke Plato’s cave allegory [39] where the inhabitants of a cave are fascinated by the differences in forms that are projected from the outside world on a cave wall and reject the ‘real thing’, that is the real-world objects. In contrast, girls would care about every detail of the real cube model, even those details that are surplus (commissions) and distort the visual shape of the cubes.
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Importantly, in this study, if we had used an aggregate score summarizing the merits of their drawings and compared the overall achievement level, we may not have detected the sex differences in style and realism.
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3. Sex differences in spatial concepts: early achievement, action, delays and development
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An even more striking example of the statistical power of the split-sample analysis with regard to sex differences is shown in a study of the development of visual memory in children [40]. In drawing, until about age 7, children allocate one place to one object (object-place binding), but when they become older, they are more likely to allocate an area to matching objects (objects-area binding) in a common region test (CRT) [41], see Figure 3. There are also always some children who do both at the same time, that is, they are inconsistent in using a spatial concept.
Figure 3.
The common region test (CRT). The instruction was to circle those objects which children thought would belong together. Young children typically assign each object one place, older children more often assign a common region to matching dots, and some children assign spatial boundaries unsystematically [41]. Copyright British Psychological Society.
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The intriguing result in terms of visuospatial cognition is that these drawing strategies predict visual memory. Those children who bind one object into one place are better in remembering shapes (‘what’), while those who bind pairs of matching objects into an area are better in remembering places (‘where’) [42]. If the experimenter supplies those boundaries in the visual memory display on the computer, either a frame around a shape, or a spatial boundary around a number of objects, this explains the same variance as the drawing strategies [42]. A match between the allocation of space to objects in the CRT and the type of frame in the display enhances place learning [43].
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Now in just one of my visual memory studies [40, 42] using this research paradigm, already the 6-year-old boys allocated spatial areas to several objects, while the girls did not, see Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Girls (left) showed the predicted development from object-place binding to object-region binding, while boys (right) showed a U-shaped development for object-region-binding, with a later onset of object-place binding at age 8 [40, 42]. Copyright European Journal of Developmental Science.
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Boys from an economically disadvantaged background showed more often object-place binding, but object-region binding was equally likely to occur in all three male socio-economic groups. Differences due to male ethnic origin (Caucasian, African, Asian, mixed) did not reach significance.
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Thus, 6-year-old boys from self-sufficient socio-economic backgrounds showed more awareness of spatial boundaries which in drawings usually emerge only around age 9 [44]. Boys from self-sufficient socio-economic backgrounds are also less dependent on colour cues in mental rotation tasks [45]. In addition, in visual memory accuracy, boys profited significantly more from an advanced spatial binding strategy than girls, whether they remembered shapes, or the places where these shapes were located, see Figure 5.
Figure 5.
Spatial memory accuracy and spatial binding in the CRT. Boys showed a larger gain from object-region binding than girls [40, 42]. Copyright European Journal of Developmental Science.
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Like in the other studies using this visual memory paradigm [42, 43, 46], also in the 2010a study, younger children remembered object shapes better than their places, see Figure 6. However, while this was significant for girls only at age 6 who could on average not remember a single place correctly, the shape priority in visual memory was still present in boys at age 8. The 8-year-old girls made a developmental leap in visuospatial cognition and now understood how to remember both shapes and places to the same level, while the 8-year-old boys were still more focused on shapes. Only at age 10, memory for object location was as good as memory for object shapes for both sexes.
Figure 6.
Object and place memory accuracy in boys and girls at ages 6, 8 and 10. Girls showed a significant gap between object and place memory at 6 years, boys at 8 years [40, 42]. Copyright European Journal of Developmental Science.
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In order to predict which factors were accountable for this delay in the transition from shape priority to spatial layouts of locations in boys, a spatial memory development index (SMDI) was computed by deducting the place recognition score from the shape recognition score. If the SMDI was positive, there was a shape priority, but if the SMDI was negative, place memory was better than shape memory. In general, the closer the score to zero, the smaller the difference between object shape and place memory. Sex, ethnicity, socio-economic status (SES) and age in months were the predictors in a multiple regression with the SMDI as dependent variables. For the whole sample, SES and age were significant predictors (see also Ref. [47], but in the sex split-sample, SES was a significant predictor in boys only, explaining 63% of the variance between boys. Age was a significant predictor in girls only, explaining 57% of the variance between girls.
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Moreover, when the spatial strategies in the CRT were added, age explained now a whopping 88% of the variance in the SMDI in girls, but only 14% in boys. The significant effect of SES in boys was determined by the CRT, but the inclusion of the CRT did not reveal development with age. This shows that environmental factors such as SES have much larger effect on spatial strategies in boys than in girls. While the nature-nurture debate has made this issue a topic since a long time regardless of sex of the children, the result is nevertheless quite astonishing for developmental psychologists as children’s spatial concepts are thought to universally develop with age [44, 48]. This particular study showed that in boys, advanced spatial strategies can occur early, but can also be comparably delayed, so much so, that overall no development with age can be found—which sheds new light on the universal validity or applicability of developmental theories.
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While young children find it harder to remember the place of an object than its shape, to remember whether an object or figure is in a wrong place should require even more awareness of rules in spatial relations.
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This is for instance the case when a football player is in a forbidden place in an offside position that is behind the defence line of the opposing team in front of the goal taking in unfair advantage. The crucial challenge when identifying an offside position is to recognize that the defence players can be grouped along an invisible spatial axis. In a very recent study, Bosco and myself investigated whether it is true what some male football professionals and reporter think, that is females do not make good referees in football [49]. Children are only gradually developing an understanding of spatial axes [44, 50, 51]. Hence, we taught 7–9-year-old children to identify an offside position with a Subbuteo set-up [52]. They drew the spatial positions of the players and the goalie as often until they got it right, see Figure 7. We then counted how many drawings they needed until they could draw a player figure in this wrong place. There were no significant sex differences in this task showing equal understanding when introduced to the offside rule.
Figure 7.
Left: Subbuteo game, Right: drawing sheet. The Subbuteo game was used to explain the offside rule to 7- and 9-year-old children. Children were drawing the offside position with pin men as often as required until they could create a correct depiction of the offside position. Achieving a correct drawing of the offside position was the criterion to be admitted to the offside rule computer task [52].
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Once children had achieved this aim, they took part in a computerized visual search task where in 50% of the trials, a player was in an offside position, and in the other 50% of the trials, a player was not in an offside position, see Figure 8.
Figure 8.
Top: FIFA playing field drawing [53, p. 112]. In the FIFA playing field, the offside player (A) in a white shirt stands behind the goal keeper (GK) and the light blue players who are his opponents. The player A is in an offside position because he is played at (the orange arrow), but not if the ball would have gone straight into the goal, passing him by. In this case, the arrow would have pointed towards the goal, not towards the player. Bottom: offside reaction time computer task. We adopted the arrow that points towards a player who may or may not be in an offside position. Children should either touch an offside player on the screen (48 trials), or touch the centre circle if there was no offside position (48 trials) [52].
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Recognizing an offside position was easier than correctly rejecting a display where a player was not in an offside position, for both boys and girls, as it is for male adults [54]. However, boys reported that they were playing significantly more football games during the week than girls, with more than one-third of the girls playing football less than twice per month. When game experience was factored in as a covariate, it was revealed that in both age groups, boys were better and more consistent in identifying the offside position, see Figure 9. This result supports previous research on practice effects in spatial cognition with adults [55]. Nevertheless, it caused quite some furore in the press, some reporters focus on the result that boys’ football game experience made such as difference [56], while others capitalizing on the fact that theoretically both sexes showed the samve understanding and it was really just a matter of experience rather than sex of the participants [57]. Hence, the aim is now to run a study with a full factorial design, with one sample of children of both sexes from football clubs, and another sample of children of both sexes from communal libraries in the same community.
Figure 9.
Only when the amount of ballgame experience was considered it showed that boys were better in making correct decisions about offside positions of designated players than girls, independently of age. Note. * = p < 0.05; ** = p < 0.01 [52].
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4. Do only boys read with their eyes?
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Now let us have a look at reading which is an activity where auditory and visual modalities need to be mapped with each other by allocating a sound to a visual sign called grapheme-phoneme mapping [58]. However, reading requires and supposedly develops visual cognitive ability for small detail (59, 69), for instance, discrimination of the letters d, b and p which all have the same visual components but in a different arrangement. Research with illiterates showed that visual reading strategies develop from raw visual perception to a strategy that distinguishes between letters and geometrically equivalent shapes and thus prioritizes alphabetic characters [61].
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Huestegge et al. [59] used tests of short-term and long-term memory for small visual details and then compared boys and girls on these measures as well as on tests in reading proficiency and non-verbal IQ. In this sample, boys were the significantly better readers in the Neale Analysis of Reading Ability (NARA) test compared to girls, marginally so in terms of accuracy and significantly so in terms of understanding. Correlational analysis showed that they employed a visual cognition network, while girls did not, see Figure 10. In particular, Huestegge et al. found a significant reading advantage for boys who had scored high in the Benton drawing test, independently of IQ, which suggests that successful reading is supported by boys’ interest in pen and paper, whether drawing or writing [62].
Figure 10.
Pathway diagram of visual STM, visual LTM and non-verbal visual intelligence in relation to reading accuracy (gender-specific correlations) [59]. Copyright British Psychological Society.
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Hence, also this study showed that the split-sample analysis revealed important clues how the task was solved by the two sexes. We demonstrated that boys can successfully use a visual strategy in an area where they are usually thought to be not quite as good as girls, and where they would even succumb to a stereotype threat [63]. Moreover, it is often thought that visual strategies in reading are detrimental because they would be necessarily wholistic [64].
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5. Conclusions
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In this chapter I have set out to argue that sex differences should be demoted to a statistical variable and the search for substantive differences between the sexes abandoned. I have selectively reviewed in detail some of my studies where we found sex differences in performance and only briefly mentioned those where none were found even if the same or similar tasks were used.
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One conclusion from these studies is that sex differences in small samples are dependent on the interest of the particular participants in the samples. Girls with little interest in football are not as good as boys in identifying an offside position [52]. Boys who are interested in pen and paper are also good in reading [59]. If they are not interested in the content of what they read, boys show significantly poorer reading than girls who also thrived on low-interest material [65]. The important role of interest is recognized in the recent revision of a test that systematically assesses children’s interest [66].
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Content can also have the effect that training on a task such as the mental rotation task stays item-specific and does not generalize to other objects [67]. Moreover, more animate content (gymnasts) than the usual cube aggregates in the mental rotation task helps females to close the gap with males in the mental rotation task [68]. Women’s mental rotation improved for both male and female figures, while men’s mental rotation improved when stimuli were male figures, but not when they were female.
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In developmental psychology, only the Neo-Piagetian theory captures the experiential factor in a systematic fashion. In contrast to Jean Piaget who was suspicious of statistics that went beyond frequencies, Neo-Piagetian theory is a concession to multivariate statistics to analyse multiple and multi-trial tasks. Neo-Piagetian theory was developed by Pascual-Leone in the late seventies and assumes a number of operators that provide the cogwheels of the mind, such as the M-operator for mental attentional energy, or the F-factor for field perception [69]. The specification of operators allows the researcher to select tasks that test the functioning of a particular factor.
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Hence, training mental rotation is a task that specifically measures the functioning of the L-operator and allows us to decide that mental rotation is a task that measures the LC-operator (non-transferable item-specific experiential learning) and not the LM-operator (transferable logical-conceptual learning). However, also spatial memory which is supposed to depend on spatial concepts can be learned by repetition without the necessity of spatial strategies [46] as long as objects and places stay the same in repeated viewings. Moreover, the study on the understanding of the offside rule [52] showed that while the LC-operator was allowing boys to excel in the visual identification task of the wrong place, this did not prevent systematic judgement. In drawings, the LC-operator in combination with the F-operator would allow boys to avoid proliferation of detail so that the transition to viewpoint perspective and visual realism would involve just a small adjustment of contour [30, 33].
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Hence, a second important conclusion of this chapter is that it is not always task difficulty as such that would be a suspect as a moderator for sex differences. On the contrary, we must make the assumption that the same tasks can be successfully solved in different ways. It is important to realize that there are best and best strategies which do not always yield significant sex-specific performance differences, but are only revealed in split-sample analyses. For developmental psychologists, this is somewhat new because we usually do find significant effects of age and task difficulty as children identify strategies which work [70]. Very few living psychologists acknowledge that children can intuitively and apparently effortless solve problems without understanding [71–73]; most contemporary developmental psychologists believe that the best and smartest strategy is effortful and discovered last by children.
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In summary, this chapter shows that the combination of a minimalist approach and taking it easy while being selectively interested and active only in particular topics that are liked is a performance strategy that may produce more variance between children but can also lead to early achievements. Hence, it is important to see sex differences as a statistical variable rather than in a context which focuses on superiority.
\n',keywords:"theories on gender differences, split-sample analysis, sex differences in visual cognition",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/53190.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/53190.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53190",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53190",totalDownloads:1804,totalViews:617,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,totalAltmetricsMentions:2,introChapter:null,impactScore:4,impactScorePercentile:90,impactScoreQuartile:4,hasAltmetrics:1,dateSubmitted:"April 28th 2016",dateReviewed:"October 20th 2016",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"February 1st 2017",dateFinished:"November 26th 2016",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Gender differences are often seen as either biologically determined or culturally acquired or conditioned. However, in an age where gender equality is the main target, neither peer reviewers nor students show much interest in gender differences. Moreover, not only do people try to integrate their ‘ying’ and ‘yang’ in their personalities also transgender identities are publicly acknowledged, appreciated and respected. Thus, in this chapter, I argue that we need to downgrade gender differences to a statistical variable that explains variance, sharpens statistical effects and reveals strategies. I am giving examples from my developmental psychology research where the split-sample analysis by gender showed amazing and often unexpected effects.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/53190",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/53190",book:{id:"5472",slug:"gender-differences-in-different-contexts"},signatures:"Chris Lange-Küttner",authors:[{id:"190245",title:"Prof.",name:"Chris",middleName:null,surname:"Lange-Küttner",fullName:"Chris Lange-Küttner",slug:"chris-lange-kuttner",email:"c.langekuettner@londonmet.ac.uk",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"University of Bremen",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Germany"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Girls in detail, boys in shape",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Sex differences in spatial concepts: early achievement, action, delays and development",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Do only boys read with their eyes?",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Conclusions",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Halpern DF. Sex differences in cognitive abilities, 4th edition. Hove, UK: Psychology Press; 2013.'},{id:"B2",body:'Kimura D. Sex and cognition. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 2000.'},{id:"B3",body:'Blakemore JEO, Berenbaum SA, Liben LS. Gender development. Hove, UK: Psychology Press; 2008.'},{id:"B4",body:'Baron-Cohen S. The extreme male brain theory of autism. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2002;6(6):248–54.'},{id:"B5",body:'Van der Graaff J, Branje S, De Wied M, Hawk S, Van Lier P, Meeus W. Perspective taking and empathic concern in adolescence: Gender differences in developmental changes. Developmental Psychology. 2014;50(3):881–8.'},{id:"B6",body:'Falter CM, Plaisted KC, Davis G. Visuo-spatial processing in autism—testing the predictions of extreme male brain theory. 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Journal of Genetic Psychology. 1978;133:229–39.'},{id:"B32",body:'Luquet G-H. Le dessin enfantin [Children’s drawings]. Paris: Alcan; 1927.'},{id:"B33",body:'Lange-Küttner C, Kerzmann A, Heckhausen J. The emergence of visually realistic contour in the drawing of the human figure. British Journal of Developmental Psychology. 2002;20(3):439–63.'},{id:"B34",body:'Moore V. The use of a colouring task to elucidate children’s drawings of a solid cube. British Journal of Developmental Psychology. 1986;4:335–40.'},{id:"B35",body:'Cox MV. Children’s drawings of the human figure. Hove, East Sussex: Erlbaum; 1993.'},{id:"B36",body:'Lange-Küttner C. Sex differences in visual realism in drawings of animate and inanimate objects. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 2011;113:439–53.'},{id:"B37",body:'Lange-Küttner C, Küttner E, Chromekova M. Deterioration and recovery of DAP IQ scores in the repeated assessment of the Naglieri Draw-A-Person (DAP) test in 6-to 12-year-old children. Psychological Assessment. 2014;26(1):297–306.'},{id:"B38",body:'Lange-Küttner C. Size and contour as crucial parameters in children drawing images. In: Milbrath C, Trautner H-M, editors. Children’s understanding and production of pictures, drawing, and art. Göttingen: Hogrefe; 2008. pp. 89–106.'},{id:"B39",body:'Plato. The Republic. Cambridge, UK: Penguin Books; 1955.'},{id:"B40",body:'Lange-Küttner C. Gender-specific developmental pathways for boys and girls: The Wertheimer Common-Region-Test can predict spatial memory. International Journal of Developmental Science. 2010;4(1):46–66.'},{id:"B41",body:'Lange-Küttner C. Drawing boundaries: From individual to common region. The development of spatial region attribution in children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology. 2006;24:419–27.'},{id:"B42",body:'Lange-Küttner C. Ready-made and self-made facilitation effects of arrays: Priming and conceptualization in children’s visual memory. Swiss Journal of Psychology. 2010;69(4):189–200.'},{id:"B43",body:'Lange-Küttner C. Array effects, spatial concepts, or information processing speed: What is the crucial variable for place learning? Swiss Journal of Psychology. 2013;72(4):197–217.'},{id:"B44",body:'Lange-Küttner C. Habitual size and projective size: The logic of spatial systems in children’s drawings. Developmental Psychology. 2009;45(4):913–27.'},{id:"B45",body:'Lütke N, Lange-Küttner C. Keeping it in three dimensions: Measuring the development of mental rotation in children with the rotated colour cube test (RCCT). International Journal of Developmental Science. 2015;9(2):95–114.'},{id:"B46",body:'Lange-Küttner C, Küttner E. How to learn places without spatial concepts: Does the what-and-where reaction time system in children regulate learning during stimulus repetition? Brain and Cognition. 2015;97:59–73.'},{id:"B47",body:'Levine SC, Vasilyeva M, Lourenco SF, Newcombe NS, Huttenlocher J. 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London Metropolitan University, London, UK
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1. Introduction
The district Anuppur in Madhya Pradesh located between 23°15′ to 24°N Latitude and 81°0′ to 81°45′E Longitude, covering an area of 3701 sq. km. The district is surrounded by Korea district (Chhattisgarh) in the East, Dindori district in the West, Shahdol district in North and Northwest district in Umaria (Figure 1). This region is popularly known as the Plateau of Beghel-Khand for its rich and diverse flora. The Pushprajgarh block of Anuppur district mostly inhabited by Gond, Baiga, Panika, Kol, Agaria tribes in sporadic remote hill tracts. The total population of the study site is 194,574. The maximum temperature goes up to 45°C in the month of May and minimum recorded is 20°C in the month of January. The area has been categorised as Central India sub-tropical forest endowed with various forest as natural resources. The holy river ‘Narmada’ origin in Amarkantak in ‘Mai ki Bagiya’ passes through the district Anuppur, Madhya Pradesh. The Baigas are one of the oldest aboriginal tribes and classified as one of the primitive tribes of Madhya Pradesh based on pre-agricultural technology, low literacy and stagnant and diminishing population [1]. The area has been categorised as Central India sub-tropical forest endowed with various forest as natural resources. The Baiga tribes still practice on herbal medicines. Hence, the use of herbs to treatment of various health disorders is being done at a very low cost. A number of valuable research papers on ethno-medicinal plants of the Amarkantak region have been published by various researchers [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. However, the vast storage of ethno-medicinal information of these study areas has not been fully documented. In the present paper, an attempt has been made to present indigenous knowledge and uses of wild plants, which are used by Baiga tribes for treatment of various ailment diseases.
Figure 1.
Location map of study area in Amarkantak region (District Anuppur), Eastern Madhya Pradesh.
2. Methodology
Intensive ethnobotanical explorations were conducted in seven villages, namely Pushprajgarh, Jamunadadar, Bijora, Bhejari, Paladongari, Bendi and Karondapani of district Anuppur from January 2018 to January 2019. The method adopted for collection of data was interview with Baiga tribes, local medicine men (Vaidyas) and one to one discussion about therapeutic uses of local plants in the treatment of various diseases. A questionnaire was prepared to gather data for this purpose. The herbarium specimens were prepared by following the standard method [8]. Plants used by the tribal were identified with the help of Flora of Madhya Pradesh [9, 10, 11] and identification was confirmed by consulting the herbaria of Botanical Survey of India, Central Regional Circle, Allahabad (BSA). These voucher specimens are prepared and deposited in the herbarium of Department of Botany, Pt. S.N.S. Govt. Post Graduate College, Shahdol, Madhya Pradesh. The plants are arranged alphabetically according to their botanical name followed by family, local name and mode of administration for different diseases as given in the (Table 1).
S.No.
Botanical name
Family
Local name
Uses
1
Abrus precatorius L.
Fabaceae
Ghumchi
Two spoonful of seed paste (red variety) is given orally once daily before breakfast for 3 days to cure menstrual disorder.
2
Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet.
Malvaceae
Kanghi
Leaves are boiled in coconut oil and the oil is externally applied on head once daily for one week to cure cold and scabies on the head.
3
Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile
Mimosaceae
Bamoor
Fresh leaf paste (20 gm) is externally applied on anus daily in the morning after bath for 15 days to cure piles.
4
Achyranthes aspera L.
Amaranthaceae
Lathjira
Root paste is externally applied on affected area immediately after scorpion sting.
5
Alpinia calcarata Roscoe
Zingiberaceae
Kulanjan
Root in small pieces, chewed once in a day for 4 times to cure sore throat.
6
Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees
Acanthaceae
Chirayta
Decoction of the whole plant (15 ml) is given orally thrice in a day for 7 days to cure respiratory disorder.
7
Asparagus racemosus Willd.
Liliaceae
Satavar
Fresh tuber juice (15 ml) mixed with a cup of cow’s milk is given orally twice in a day for 10 days to cure haematuria.
8
Azadirachta indica A. Juss.
Meliaceae
Neem
Leaf juice (10 ml) mixed with a cup of water is given orally once in a day before breakfast for 7 days to prevent miscarriage.
9
Bauhinia variegata L.
Caesalpiniaceae
Kachnar
A spoonful of sun-dried flower bud powder mixed with a cup of water is given orally twice in a day for 21 days to cure piles.
10
Boerhavia diffusa L.
Nyctaginaceae
Punarnava
Root decoction (10 ml) mixed with a cup of water is given thrice in a day for 7 days to cure jaundice.
11
Bryonia laciniosa L.
Cucurbitaceae
Shivlingi
A teaspoonful crushed seed with a glass of water is given orally once in the morning before breakfast for 3 months to cure sterility in women.
12
Buchanania lanzan Spreng.
Anacardiaceae
Chironji
Leaf juice (15 ml) mixed a cup of water taken twice in a day for 2 days to prevent dysentery.
13
Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub.
Fabaceae
Chheula
Flowers are boiled in water and the water is used to take bath for 3 days to cure mild fever among children.
14
Cordia macleodii Hook. f. & Thomson
Boraginaceae
Dahiman
Seed paste (20 gm) is given orally with added sugar lump (Misri) 10 gm once in a day in the morning before breakfast for 40 days to get relief from insanity.
15
Curculigo orchioides Gaertn.
Hypoxidaceae
Kali musali
Decoction of fresh rhizome (10 ml) mixed with a cup of water is given orally twice in a day for 7 days to cure leucorrhoea.
16
Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.
Cuscutaceae
Amerbel
Stem paste (20 gm) with 2-3 seeds of black pepper powder (Piper nigrum L.) is mixed and the paste is given orally once in the morning on empty stomach for 3 days to cure jaundice.
17
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Poaceae
Doobi
Whole plant juice (30 ml) mixed with a glass of cow’s milk is given orally once at the bedtime for 3 days to cure bleeding during pregnancy.
18
Cyperus rotundus L.
Cyperaceae
Nagarmotha
Rhizome extract (5 ml) with one teaspoonful of honey is to take orally thrice daily for 3 days to cure diarrhoea.
19
Ferula assa-foetida L.
Apiaceae
Heeng
Oleo-gum-resin (5 gm) (It’s obtained from the rhizome and root of the plant) is mixed with a cup of lukewarm water and applied on the stomach of the child, twice in a day for 3 days to cure flatulence.
20
Ficus benghalensis L.
Moraceae
Bargad
A spongy sugar-cake (Batasa) filled with latex (4 drops) is eaten once in a day in the morning after breakfast for 20 days to cure spermatorrhea.
21
Ficus racemosa L.
Moraceae
Dumer
Flower buds (7 buds at a time) which is ground well and mixed with a glass of cow’s milk is consumed after dinner for 4 months to cure infertility in women.
22
Gloriosa superba L.
Liliaceae
Kalihari
Fresh root paste (20 gm) and 3 fruits of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) are mixed in a glass of lukewarm goat’s milk and it is given orally once at the bedtime for 3 days of pregnancy, which can be up to 3 months, for abortifacient.
23
Hedychium coronarium J. Koeing
Zingiberaceae
Gulbakavali
Two drops of flower arrack is dripped into human eyes thrice in a day for 15 days to prevent cataract (Motiabind).
24
Helicteres isora L.
Sterculiaceae
Marorphali
Seed powder (5 gm) mixed in a glass of water is given orally twice in a day for 3 days in case of gastroenteritis.
25
Ipomea pes-tigridis L.
Convolvulaceae
Panchpatiya
Leaf paste is externally applied on the affected area just after scorpion bite. Meanwhile, two spoonsful are given orally with a cup of water.
26
Jatropha curcas L.
Euphorbiaceae
Bhakrenda
Latex of stem is externally applied on wounds twice in a day for 5 days to cure wounds of animals.
27
Kigelia pinnata (Jacq.) DC.
Bignoniaceae
Balamkhira
Fruit juice (5 ml) is mixed in a cup of water and it is given orally twice in a day for 3 days to cure stomach disorder.
28
Madhuca longifolia (J. Koeing) Macbr. var. latifolia (Roxb.) Chevalier
Sapotaceae
Mahua
Decoction of bark (10 ml), mixed with a glass of water, is given orally twice in a day for 3 days to cure stomachache.
29
Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC.
Fabaceae
Kevanch
A teaspoonful of sun-dried powder, mixed with a glass of water, is given orally once daily for 7 days to remove intestinal worms.
30
Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L.
Oleaceae
Harsingar
Leaf juice (5 ml) mixed with a cup of water is given orally twice in a day for 20 days as a cure for excessive thirst and loss of weight caused by diabetes.
31
Plumbago zeylanica L.
Plumbaginaceae
Chitrak
A teaspoonful of sun-dried root powder is diluted in a cup of boiled water to make a paste and the paste is externally applied twice in a day on affected area for 3 months to cure leukoderma.
32
Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre
Fabaceae
Karanj
Seed oil is applied twice in a day for one month on the affected area to cure rheumatism.
33
Pterocarpus marsupium Roxburgh
Fabaceae
Beeja
A cup of filtrate, which is filtered from the water used for soaking its bark for a night, is consumed on empty stomach once in a day for 3 months to cure diabetes.
34
Ricinus communis L.
Euphorbiaceae
Rendi
Leaves are boiled in water and the water is used for bathing once in a day for one month to cure scabies.
35
Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn.
Combretaceae
Arjun
Leaf juice (5 ml) mixed with a cup of water is given orally twice in a day for 15 days to cure wart.
36
Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb.
Combretaceae
Bahera
Fruit decoction (100 ml) is given orally once daily in the morning before breakfast for a week to cure piles.
37
Ziziphus nummularia (Burm. f.) Wight & Arn.
Rhamnaceae
Jharberi
A teaspoonful of root paste (10 ml), mixed with a cup of water, is given orally for easy delivery.
Table 1.
Ethnomedicinal uses of plants by Baiga tribe in Amarkantak region.
3. Results and discussion
The ethnobotanical research reports 37 plant species belonging to 35 genera and 28 families used for curing various diseases by the Baiga tribes in the Amarkantak region. The representing plants are mostly used to cure various diseases viz. menstrual disorder, piles, sore throat, respiratory disorder, haematuria, miscarriage, jaundice, fever, insanity, leucorrhoea, bleeding during pregnancy, spermatorrhea, infertility in women, abortifacient, Motiabind, scorpion bite, wounds of animals, stomach disorder, intestinal worms, diabetes, leukoderma, rheumatism, scabies, wart and easy delivery. The presence of such a large number of medicinal plants indicates that the area has a very rich diversity of medicinal plant species and is a site for different indigenous knowledge. The present ethno-medicinal information provided in this paper, is compared with well-known Indian medicinal literature [12, 13, 14]. The result of the present study continues to play a vital role in the healthcare system of the tribal people and paves the way for the development and discovery of new drugs.
Acknowledgments
The author is grateful to the Baiga tribal people, who have shared unreservedly valuable information in the field during to study area.
Conflict of interest
The author declares no conflict of interest.
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Traditional medicinal plants used by the Baiga tribes of 37 plant species belonging to 35 genera and 28 families used to menstrual disorder, piles, sore throat, respiratory disorder, haematuria, miscarriage, jaundice, fever, insanity, leucorrhoea, bleeding during pregnancy, spermatorrhea, infertility in women, motiabind, scorpion bite, wounds of animals, stomach disorder, intestinal worms, diabetes, leukoderma, rheumatism, scabies, wart and easy delivery etc. and other various unreported medicinal plants are reported here.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/77125",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/77125",signatures:"Ramesh Kumar Ahirwar",book:{id:"10356",type:"book",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Natural Medicinal Plants",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",bookSignature:"Hany A. 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Results and discussion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Tewari DN: Primitive Tribes of Madhya Pradesh, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India, New Delhi, 1984'},{id:"B2",body:'Parna IC, Ahirwar RK: Socio-Economic importance of some plant’s species used by the tribes of Chanda forest district Dindori Madhya Pradesh, India, International Journal Science and Research, 4 (3), 2015, 1733-1735'},{id:"B3",body:'Ahirwar RK, Kapale R: A survey of traditional health care practices of the tribals of Dindori district, Madhya Pradesh, Indian Journal Applied & Pure Biology, 29 (1), 2014, 77-80'},{id:"B4",body:'Parna IC, Ahirwar RK, Singh GK: Traditional medicinal knowledge about some herbaceous plants used by Baiga tribes of Bajag forest, Dindori district Madhya Pradesh, India, International Journal Science and Research, 3 (12), 2014, 2232-2236'},{id:"B5",body:'Soni V, Prakash A, Nema M: Study on ethno-medico-botany of some plants of Dindori district of Madhya Pradesh, India, International Journal Pharmacy & Life Science, 3 (8), 2012, 1926-1929'},{id:"B6",body:'Ahirwar RK, Singh GK: some antidiabetic plants from Dindori district of Madhya Pradesh (India), Indian Journal Applied & Pure Biology, 26 (2), 2011, 269-271'},{id:"B7",body:'Mudaiya RK, Lale SK, Shankar R, Dhiman KS: Medicinal wealth of Dindori forest division of Madhya Pradesh, India needs conservation and systematic collection, World Journal Pharmaceutical Research, 5 (2), 2016, 347-372'},{id:"B8",body:'Jain SK, Rao RR: A Handbook of Field Herbarium Methods, Today and Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers, New Delhi, 1976'},{id:"B9",body:'Verma DM, Balakrishnan NP, Dixit RD: Flora of Madhya Pradesh, Vol. I, Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, 1993'},{id:"B10",body:'Singh NP, Khanna KK, Mudgal V, Dixit RD: Flora of Madhya Pradesh, Vol. III, Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, 2001'},{id:"B11",body:'Mudgal V, Khanna KK, Hajra PK: Flora of Madhya Pradesh, Vol, II, Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, 1997'},{id:"B12",body:'Jain SK: Dictionary of Indian Folk Medicine and Ethnobotany, Deep Publications, New Delhi, 1991'},{id:"B13",body:'Kirtikar KR, Basu BD: Indian Medicinal Plants, Part I to IV, Reprint (Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun), 1998'},{id:"B14",body:'Chopra RN, Nayer SL, Chopra IC: Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants of India, CSIR, New Delhi, 1956'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Ramesh Kumar Ahirwar",address:"dr.rkahirwar@gmail.com",affiliation:'
Department of Botany, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India
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BKCI is a part of Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) and the world’s leading citation index with multidisciplinary content from the top tier international and regional journals, conference proceedings, and books. The Book Citation Index includes over 104,500 editorially selected books, with 10,000 new books added each year. Containing more than 53.2 million cited references, coverage dates back from 2005 to present. The Book Citation Index is multidisciplinary, covering disciplines across the sciences, social sciences, and arts & humanities.
Produced by the Web Of Science group, BIOSIS Previews research database provides researchers with the most current sources of life sciences information, including journals, conferences, patents, books, review articles, and more. Researchers can also access multidisciplinary coverage via specialized indexing such as MeSH disease terms, CAS registry numbers, Sequence Databank Numbers and Major Concepts.
Produced by the Web Of Science group, Zoological Record is the world’s oldest continuing database of animal biology. It is considered the world’s leading taxonomic reference, and with coverage back to 1864, has long acted as the world’s unofficial register of animal names. The broad scope of coverage ranges from biodiversity and the environment to taxonomy and veterinary sciences.
Provides a simple way to search broadly for scholarly literature. Includes peer-reviewed papers, theses, books, abstracts and articles, from academic publishers, professsional societies, preprint repositories, universities and other scholarly organizations. Google Scholar sorts articles by weighing the full text of each article, the author, the publication in which the article appears, and how often the article has been cited in other scholarly literature, so that the most relevant results are returned on the first page.
Microsoft Academic is a project exploring how to assist human conducting scientific research by leveraging machine’s cognitive power in memory, computation, sensing, attention, and endurance. Re-launched in 2016, the tool features an entirely new data structure and search engine using semantic search technologies. The Academic Knowledge API offers information retrieval from the underlying database using REST endpoints for advanced research purposes.
The national library of the United Kingdom includes 150 million manuscripts, maps, newspapers, magazines, prints and drawings, music scores, and patents. Online catalogues, information and exhibitions can be found on its website. The library operates the world's largest document delivery service, providing millions of items a year to national and international customers.
The digital NSK portal is the central gathering place for the digital collections of the National and University Library (NSK) in Croatia. It was established in 2016 to provide access to the Library’s digital and digitized material collections regardless of storage location. The digital NSK portal enables a unified search of digitized material from the NSK Special Collections - books, visual material, maps and music material. From the end of 2019, all thematic portals are available independently: Digital Books, Digitized Manuscripts, Digitized Visual Materials, Digital Music Materials and Digitized Cartographic Materials (established in 2017). Currently available only in Croatian.
The official DOI (digital object identifier) link registration agency for scholarly and professional publications. Crossref operates a cross-publisher citation linking system that allows a researcher to click on a reference citation on one publisher’s platform and link directly to the cited content on another publisher’s platform, subject to the target publisher’s access control practices. This citation-linking network covers millions of articles and other content items from several hundred scholarly and professional publishers.
Dimensions is a next-generation linked research information system that makes it easier to find and access the most relevant information, analyze the academic and broader outcomes of research, and gather insights to inform future strategy. Dimensions delivers an array of search and discovery, analytical, and research management tools, all in a single platform. Developed in collaboration with over 100 leading research organizations around the world, it brings together over 128 million publications, grants, policy, data and metrics for the first time, enabling users to explore over 4 billion connections between them.
The primary aim of DOAB (Directory of Open Access Books) is to increase discoverability of Open Access books. Metadata will be harvestable in order to maximize dissemination, visibility and impact. Aggregators can integrate the records in their commercial services and libraries can integrate the directory into their online catalogues, helping scholars and students to discover the books.
OAPEN is dedicated to open access, peer-reviewed books. OAPEN operates two platforms, the OAPEN Library (www.oapen.org), a central repository for hosting and disseminating OA books, and the Directory of Open Access Books (DOAB, www.doabooks.org), a discovery service for OA books.
OpenAIRE aims at promoting and implementing the directives of the European Commission (EC) and the European Research Council on the promotion and funding of science and research. OpenAIRE supports the Open Access Mandate and the Open Research Data Pilot developed as part of the Horizon 2020 projects.
An integrated information service combining reference databases, subscription management, online journals, books and linking services. Widely used by libraries, schools, government institutions, medical institutions, corporations and others.
SFX® link resolver gives patrons and librarians a wealth of features that optimize management of and access to resources. It provides patrons with a direct route to electronic full-text records through OpenURL linking, delivers alternative links for further resource discovery, access to journals, and more. Released in 2001 as the first OpenURL resolver, SFX is continuously enhanced to support the newest industry developments and meet the evolving needs of customers. The records include a mix of scholarly material – primarily articles and e-books – but also conference proceedings, newspaper articles, and more.
A non-profit, membership, computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the world's information and reducing information costs. More than 41,555 libraries in 112 countries and territories around the world use OCLC services to locate, acquire, catalogue, lend and preserve library materials.
The world’s largest collection of open access research papers. CORE's mission is to aggregate all open access research outputs from repositories and journals worldwide and make them available to the public. In this way CORE facilitates free unrestricted access to research for all.
Since 2002, Research4Life has provided researchers at more than 10,500 institutions in over 125 lower and middle-income countries with free or low-cost online access to up 151,000 leading journals and books in the fields of health, agriculture, environment, applied sciences and legal information. There are five programs through which users can access content: Research for Health (Hinari), Research in Agriculture (AGORA), Research in the Environment (OARE), Research for Development and Innovation (ARDI) and Research for Global Justice (GOALI).
Perlego is a digital online library focusing on the delivery of academic, professional and non-fiction eBooks. It is a subscription-based service that offers users unlimited access to these texts for the duration of their subscription, however IntechOpen content integrated on the platform will always be available for free. They have been billed as “the Spotify for Textbooks” by the Evening Standard. Perlego is based in London but is available to users worldwide.
MyScienceWork provides a suite of data-driven solutions for research institutions, scientific publishers and private-sector R&D companies. MyScienceWork's comprehensive database includes more than 90 million scientific publications and 12 million patents.
CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) is a key national information construction project under the lead of Tsinghua University, and supported by PRC Ministry of Education, PRC Ministry of Science, Propaganda Department of the Communist Party of China and PRC General Administration of Press and Publication. CNKI has built a comprehensive China Integrated Knowledge Resources System, including journals, doctoral dissertations, masters' theses, proceedings, newspapers, yearbooks, statistical yearbooks, ebooks, patents, standards and so on. CNKI keeps integrating new contents and developing new products in 2 aspects: full-text academic resources, software on digitization and knowledge management. Began with academic journals, CNKI has become the largest and mostly-used academic online library in China.
As one of the largest digital content platform in China,independently developed by CNPIEC, CNPeReading positions herself as “One Platform,Vast Content, Global Services”. Through their new cooperation model and service philosophy, CNPeReading provides integrated promotion and marketing solutionsfor upstream publishers, one-stop, triune, recommendation, online reading and management servicesfor downstream institutions & libraries.
ERIC (Education Resources Information Center), sponsored by the Institute of Education Sciences (IES) of the U.S. Department of Education, provides access to education literature to support the use of educational research and information to improve practice in learning, teaching, educational decision-making, and research. The ERIC website is available to the public for searching more than one million citations going back to 1966.
The ACM Digital Library is a research, discovery and networking platform containing: The Full-Text Collection of all ACM publications, including journals, conference proceedings, technical magazines, newsletters and books. A collection of curated and hosted full-text publications from select publishers.
BASE (Bielefeld Academic Search Engine) is one of the world's most voluminous search sengines especially for academic web resources, e.g. journal articles, preprints, digital collections, images / videos or research data. BASE facilitates effective and targeted searches and retrieves high quality, academically relevant results. Other than search engines like Google or Bing BASE searches the deep web as well. The sources which are included in BASE are intellectually selected (by people from the BASE team) and reviewed. That's why data garbage and spam do not occur.
Zentralblatt MATH (zbMATH) is the world’s most comprehensive and longest-running abstracting and reviewing service in pure and applied mathematics. It is edited by the European Mathematical Society (EMS), the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities and FIZ Karlsruhe. zbMATH provides easy access to bibliographic data, reviews and abstracts from all areas of pure mathematics as well as applications, in particular to natural sciences, computer science, economics and engineering. It also covers history and philosophy of mathematics and university education. All entries are classified according to the Mathematics Subject Classification Scheme (MSC 2020) and are equipped with keywords in order to characterize their particular content.
IDEAS is the largest bibliographic database dedicated to Economics and available freely on the Internet. Based on RePEc, it indexes over 3,100,000 items of research, including over 2,900,000 that can be downloaded in full text. RePEc (Research Papers in Economics) is a large volunteer effort to enhance the free dissemination of research in Economics which includes bibliographic metadata from over 2,000 participating archives, including all the major publishers and research outlets. IDEAS is just one of several services that use RePEc data.
As the authoritative source for chemical names, structures and CAS Registry Numbers®, the CAS substance collection, CAS REGISTRY®, serves as a universal standard for chemists worldwide. Covering advances in chemistry and related sciences over the last 150 years, the CAS content collection empowers researchers, business leaders, and information professionals around the world with immediate access to the reliable information they need to fuel innovation.
BKCI is a part of Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) and the world’s leading citation index with multidisciplinary content from the top tier international and regional journals, conference proceedings, and books. The Book Citation Index includes over 104,500 editorially selected books, with 10,000 new books added each year. Containing more than 53.2 million cited references, coverage dates back from 2005 to present. The Book Citation Index is multidisciplinary, covering disciplines across the sciences, social sciences, and arts & humanities.
Produced by the Web Of Science group, BIOSIS Previews research database provides researchers with the most current sources of life sciences information, including journals, conferences, patents, books, review articles, and more. Researchers can also access multidisciplinary coverage via specialized indexing such as MeSH disease terms, CAS registry numbers, Sequence Databank Numbers and Major Concepts.
Produced by the Web Of Science group, Zoological Record is the world’s oldest continuing database of animal biology. It is considered the world’s leading taxonomic reference, and with coverage back to 1864, has long acted as the world’s unofficial register of animal names. The broad scope of coverage ranges from biodiversity and the environment to taxonomy and veterinary sciences.
Provides a simple way to search broadly for scholarly literature. Includes peer-reviewed papers, theses, books, abstracts and articles, from academic publishers, professsional societies, preprint repositories, universities and other scholarly organizations. Google Scholar sorts articles by weighing the full text of each article, the author, the publication in which the article appears, and how often the article has been cited in other scholarly literature, so that the most relevant results are returned on the first page.
Microsoft Academic is a project exploring how to assist human conducting scientific research by leveraging machine’s cognitive power in memory, computation, sensing, attention, and endurance. Re-launched in 2016, the tool features an entirely new data structure and search engine using semantic search technologies. The Academic Knowledge API offers information retrieval from the underlying database using REST endpoints for advanced research purposes.
The national library of the United Kingdom includes 150 million manuscripts, maps, newspapers, magazines, prints and drawings, music scores, and patents. Online catalogues, information and exhibitions can be found on its website. The library operates the world's largest document delivery service, providing millions of items a year to national and international customers.
The digital NSK portal is the central gathering place for the digital collections of the National and University Library (NSK) in Croatia. It was established in 2016 to provide access to the Library’s digital and digitized material collections regardless of storage location. The digital NSK portal enables a unified search of digitized material from the NSK Special Collections - books, visual material, maps and music material. From the end of 2019, all thematic portals are available independently: Digital Books, Digitized Manuscripts, Digitized Visual Materials, Digital Music Materials and Digitized Cartographic Materials (established in 2017). Currently available only in Croatian.
The official DOI (digital object identifier) link registration agency for scholarly and professional publications. Crossref operates a cross-publisher citation linking system that allows a researcher to click on a reference citation on one publisher’s platform and link directly to the cited content on another publisher’s platform, subject to the target publisher’s access control practices. This citation-linking network covers millions of articles and other content items from several hundred scholarly and professional publishers.
Dimensions is a next-generation linked research information system that makes it easier to find and access the most relevant information, analyze the academic and broader outcomes of research, and gather insights to inform future strategy. Dimensions delivers an array of search and discovery, analytical, and research management tools, all in a single platform. Developed in collaboration with over 100 leading research organizations around the world, it brings together over 128 million publications, grants, policy, data and metrics for the first time, enabling users to explore over 4 billion connections between them.
The primary aim of DOAB (Directory of Open Access Books) is to increase discoverability of Open Access books. Metadata will be harvestable in order to maximize dissemination, visibility and impact. Aggregators can integrate the records in their commercial services and libraries can integrate the directory into their online catalogues, helping scholars and students to discover the books.
OAPEN is dedicated to open access, peer-reviewed books. OAPEN operates two platforms, the OAPEN Library (www.oapen.org), a central repository for hosting and disseminating OA books, and the Directory of Open Access Books (DOAB, www.doabooks.org), a discovery service for OA books.
OpenAIRE aims at promoting and implementing the directives of the European Commission (EC) and the European Research Council on the promotion and funding of science and research. OpenAIRE supports the Open Access Mandate and the Open Research Data Pilot developed as part of the Horizon 2020 projects.
An integrated information service combining reference databases, subscription management, online journals, books and linking services. Widely used by libraries, schools, government institutions, medical institutions, corporations and others.
SFX® link resolver gives patrons and librarians a wealth of features that optimize management of and access to resources. It provides patrons with a direct route to electronic full-text records through OpenURL linking, delivers alternative links for further resource discovery, access to journals, and more. Released in 2001 as the first OpenURL resolver, SFX is continuously enhanced to support the newest industry developments and meet the evolving needs of customers. The records include a mix of scholarly material – primarily articles and e-books – but also conference proceedings, newspaper articles, and more.
A non-profit, membership, computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the world's information and reducing information costs. More than 41,555 libraries in 112 countries and territories around the world use OCLC services to locate, acquire, catalogue, lend and preserve library materials.
The world’s largest collection of open access research papers. CORE's mission is to aggregate all open access research outputs from repositories and journals worldwide and make them available to the public. In this way CORE facilitates free unrestricted access to research for all.
Since 2002, Research4Life has provided researchers at more than 10,500 institutions in over 125 lower and middle-income countries with free or low-cost online access to up 151,000 leading journals and books in the fields of health, agriculture, environment, applied sciences and legal information. There are five programs through which users can access content: Research for Health (Hinari), Research in Agriculture (AGORA), Research in the Environment (OARE), Research for Development and Innovation (ARDI) and Research for Global Justice (GOALI).
Perlego is a digital online library focusing on the delivery of academic, professional and non-fiction eBooks. It is a subscription-based service that offers users unlimited access to these texts for the duration of their subscription, however IntechOpen content integrated on the platform will always be available for free. They have been billed as “the Spotify for Textbooks” by the Evening Standard. Perlego is based in London but is available to users worldwide.
MyScienceWork provides a suite of data-driven solutions for research institutions, scientific publishers and private-sector R&D companies. MyScienceWork's comprehensive database includes more than 90 million scientific publications and 12 million patents.
CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) is a key national information construction project under the lead of Tsinghua University, and supported by PRC Ministry of Education, PRC Ministry of Science, Propaganda Department of the Communist Party of China and PRC General Administration of Press and Publication. CNKI has built a comprehensive China Integrated Knowledge Resources System, including journals, doctoral dissertations, masters' theses, proceedings, newspapers, yearbooks, statistical yearbooks, ebooks, patents, standards and so on. CNKI keeps integrating new contents and developing new products in 2 aspects: full-text academic resources, software on digitization and knowledge management. Began with academic journals, CNKI has become the largest and mostly-used academic online library in China.
As one of the largest digital content platform in China,independently developed by CNPIEC, CNPeReading positions herself as “One Platform,Vast Content, Global Services”. Through their new cooperation model and service philosophy, CNPeReading provides integrated promotion and marketing solutionsfor upstream publishers, one-stop, triune, recommendation, online reading and management servicesfor downstream institutions & libraries.
ERIC (Education Resources Information Center), sponsored by the Institute of Education Sciences (IES) of the U.S. Department of Education, provides access to education literature to support the use of educational research and information to improve practice in learning, teaching, educational decision-making, and research. The ERIC website is available to the public for searching more than one million citations going back to 1966.
The ACM Digital Library is a research, discovery and networking platform containing: The Full-Text Collection of all ACM publications, including journals, conference proceedings, technical magazines, newsletters and books. A collection of curated and hosted full-text publications from select publishers.
BASE (Bielefeld Academic Search Engine) is one of the world's most voluminous search sengines especially for academic web resources, e.g. journal articles, preprints, digital collections, images / videos or research data. BASE facilitates effective and targeted searches and retrieves high quality, academically relevant results. Other than search engines like Google or Bing BASE searches the deep web as well. The sources which are included in BASE are intellectually selected (by people from the BASE team) and reviewed. That's why data garbage and spam do not occur.
Zentralblatt MATH (zbMATH) is the world’s most comprehensive and longest-running abstracting and reviewing service in pure and applied mathematics. It is edited by the European Mathematical Society (EMS), the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities and FIZ Karlsruhe. zbMATH provides easy access to bibliographic data, reviews and abstracts from all areas of pure mathematics as well as applications, in particular to natural sciences, computer science, economics and engineering. It also covers history and philosophy of mathematics and university education. All entries are classified according to the Mathematics Subject Classification Scheme (MSC 2020) and are equipped with keywords in order to characterize their particular content.
IDEAS is the largest bibliographic database dedicated to Economics and available freely on the Internet. Based on RePEc, it indexes over 3,100,000 items of research, including over 2,900,000 that can be downloaded in full text. RePEc (Research Papers in Economics) is a large volunteer effort to enhance the free dissemination of research in Economics which includes bibliographic metadata from over 2,000 participating archives, including all the major publishers and research outlets. IDEAS is just one of several services that use RePEc data.
As the authoritative source for chemical names, structures and CAS Registry Numbers®, the CAS substance collection, CAS REGISTRY®, serves as a universal standard for chemists worldwide. Covering advances in chemistry and related sciences over the last 150 years, the CAS content collection empowers researchers, business leaders, and information professionals around the world with immediate access to the reliable information they need to fuel innovation.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. 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From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. 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After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of 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2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1161",title:"Andrology",slug:"andrology",parent:{id:"204",title:"Urology",slug:"urology"},numberOfBooks:6,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:179,numberOfWosCitations:40,numberOfCrossrefCitations:43,numberOfDimensionsCitations:109,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1161",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10724",title:"Male Reproductive Anatomy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a3fdda3194735da4287e9ea193beb07e",slug:"male-reproductive-anatomy",bookSignature:"Wei Wu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10724.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178661",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"wei-wu",fullName:"Wei Wu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7985",title:"Circumcision and the Community",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"023cc135aeeae6d2ea8cfc01ab3f4dc7",slug:"circumcision-and-the-community",bookSignature:"Ahmad Zaghal and Nishat Rahman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7985.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"240621",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad",middleName:null,surname:"Zaghal",slug:"ahmad-zaghal",fullName:"Ahmad Zaghal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7931",title:"Male Reproductive Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5754baea5de6a634c66bae12a33d52d9",slug:"male-reproductive-health",bookSignature:"Wei Wu, Francesco Ziglioli and Umberto Maestroni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7931.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178661",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"wei-wu",fullName:"Wei Wu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6079",title:"Spermatozoa",subtitle:"Facts and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d4488814a6ea68efcd3544209c9e4d2",slug:"spermatozoa-facts-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Rosaria Meccariello and Rosanna Chianese",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6079.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"143980",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosaria",middleName:null,surname:"Meccariello",slug:"rosaria-meccariello",fullName:"Rosaria Meccariello"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"972",title:"Male Infertility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"92b68c49e083613bc65d3db92f6aca22",slug:"male-infertility",bookSignature:"Anu Bashamboo and Kenneth David McElreavey",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/972.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"87226",title:"Dr.",name:"Anu",middleName:null,surname:"Bashamboo",slug:"anu-bashamboo",fullName:"Anu Bashamboo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"686",title:"Erectile Dysfunction",subtitle:"Disease-Associated Mechanisms and Novel Insights into Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c5caa41eb9d576f7765dfcb06a6df94c",slug:"erectile-dysfunction-disease-associated-mechanisms-and-novel-insights-into-therapy",bookSignature:"Kenia Pedrosa Nunes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"71405",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenia",middleName:"Pedrosa",surname:"Nunes",slug:"kenia-nunes",fullName:"Kenia Nunes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:6,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"30215",doi:"10.5772/39088",title:"\ufeffMechanisms in Erectile Function and Dysfunction: An Overview",slug:"mechanisms-in-erectile-function-and-dysfunction-an-overview",totalDownloads:7483,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:null,book:{id:"686",slug:"erectile-dysfunction-disease-associated-mechanisms-and-novel-insights-into-therapy",title:"Erectile Dysfunction",fullTitle:"Erectile Dysfunction - Disease-Associated Mechanisms and Novel Insights into Therapy"},signatures:"Kenia Pedrosa Nunes and R. Clinton Webb",authors:[{id:"71405",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenia",middleName:"Pedrosa",surname:"Nunes",slug:"kenia-nunes",fullName:"Kenia Nunes"},{id:"134106",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Clinton",middleName:null,surname:"Webb",slug:"r.-clinton-webb",fullName:"R. Clinton Webb"}]},{id:"59074",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73231",title:"The Role of Human Semen as an Early and Reliable Tool of Environmental Impact Assessment on Human Health",slug:"the-role-of-human-semen-as-an-early-and-reliable-tool-of-environmental-impact-assessment-on-human-he",totalDownloads:1544,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Several studies have shown a dramatic reduction of semen quality in many industrialized countries and infertility is becoming a public health top priority, whose incidence is associated to late-onset adult diseases, especially cancer, shorter life expectancy and trans-generational effects. The male reproductive system is particularly sensitive to a broad variety of reproductive and developmental toxicants, including many environmental pollutants and recent studies suggest that human semen is an early and sensitive environmental and health marker. A set of semen biomarkers is described for reproductive health effects in relation to environmental exposure, where human semen seems to be an early and sensitive source of biomarkers than blood to monitor high environmental pressure on human health. Environmental health should consider reproductive health and development, from intrauterine life to childhood and puberty: these are both vulnerable targets and high-value protection goals, inasmuch as they represent the future of our societies. Hence, biomarkers of reproductive health should be exploited as early signals of environmental pressure and increased risk of adverse chronic health effects so that the use of “human seminal model” might be the main objective to be considered in the agenda of public prevention policies for early detection and innovative programs of health surveillance in environmental risk areas.",book:{id:"6079",slug:"spermatozoa-facts-and-perspectives",title:"Spermatozoa",fullTitle:"Spermatozoa - Facts and Perspectives"},signatures:"Luigi Montano, Paolo Bergamo, Maria Grazia Andreassi and\nStefano Lorenzetti",authors:[{id:"206180",title:"Dr.",name:"Luigi",middleName:null,surname:"Montano",slug:"luigi-montano",fullName:"Luigi Montano"},{id:"222782",title:"Dr.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Bergamo",slug:"paolo-bergamo",fullName:"Paolo Bergamo"},{id:"222783",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Grazia",middleName:null,surname:"Andreassi",slug:"maria-grazia-andreassi",fullName:"Maria Grazia Andreassi"},{id:"222784",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"Lorenzetti",slug:"stefano-lorenzetti",fullName:"Stefano Lorenzetti"}]},{id:"36145",doi:"10.5772/32617",title:"Apoptosis, ROS and Calcium Signaling in Human Spermatozoa: Relationship to Infertility",slug:"apoptosis-ros-and-calcium-signaling-in-human-spermatozoa-relationship-to-infertility",totalDownloads:3022,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:null,book:{id:"972",slug:"male-infertility",title:"Male Infertility",fullTitle:"Male Infertility"},signatures:"Ignacio Bejarano, Javier Espino, Sergio D. Paredes, Águeda Ortiz, Graciela Lozano, José Antonio Pariente, Ana B. Rodríguez",authors:[{id:"92130",title:"Dr.",name:"Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Bejarano",slug:"ignacio-bejarano",fullName:"Ignacio Bejarano"},{id:"98354",title:"MSc.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Espino",slug:"javier-espino",fullName:"Javier Espino"},{id:"98356",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio",middleName:null,surname:"Paredes",slug:"sergio-paredes",fullName:"Sergio Paredes"},{id:"98362",title:"MSc.",name:"Águeda",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz",slug:"agueda-ortiz",fullName:"Águeda Ortiz"},{id:"98374",title:"Dr.",name:"Graciela",middleName:null,surname:"Lozano",slug:"graciela-lozano",fullName:"Graciela Lozano"},{id:"98375",title:"Prof.",name:"José Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Pariente",slug:"jose-antonio-pariente",fullName:"José Antonio Pariente"},{id:"98376",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Beatriz",middleName:null,surname:"Rodríguez",slug:"ana-beatriz-rodriguez",fullName:"Ana Beatriz Rodríguez"}]},{id:"57417",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70793",title:"Physiological and Pathological Roles of Free Radicals in Male Reproduction",slug:"physiological-and-pathological-roles-of-free-radicals-in-male-reproduction",totalDownloads:1416,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Oxidative stress (OS) is a condition caused by an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) overgeneration and decreased antioxidant defense mechanisms in the cell. OS has become a prominent factor in male reproductive dysfunction as ROS cause damage to sperm DNA, lipids and proteins, alterations to critical sperm structures and signaling pathways, leading to a decreased sperm activity and fertilizing capacity. At the same time, small amounts of ROS play vital roles in events leading to sperm maturation and acquisition of functional activity, which is why a proper oxidative balance is of paramount importance for a proper male fertility. Understanding the physiological and pathological roles of ROS in male reproduction has become an essential pillar of modern andrology; however, numerous questions related to the controversial behavior of ROS in male reproductive cells and tissues still remain unanswered. This chapter aims to summarize current evidence available on the relationships between free radicals, antioxidants and male reproduction and to trigger more scientific interest, particularly with respect to the design of efficient strategies to diagnose or treat male sub- or infertility associated with OS.",book:{id:"6079",slug:"spermatozoa-facts-and-perspectives",title:"Spermatozoa",fullTitle:"Spermatozoa - Facts and Perspectives"},signatures:"Eva Tvrdá, Peter Massanyi and Norbert Lukáč",authors:[{id:"204993",title:"Dr.",name:"Eva",middleName:null,surname:"Tvrdá",slug:"eva-tvrda",fullName:"Eva Tvrdá"},{id:"206075",title:"Prof.",name:"Norbert",middleName:null,surname:"Lukáč",slug:"norbert-lukac",fullName:"Norbert Lukáč"},{id:"220755",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Massanyi",slug:"peter-massanyi",fullName:"Peter Massanyi"}]},{id:"67581",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86808",title:"Sertoli Cell Phagocytosis: An Essential Event for Spermatogenesis",slug:"sertoli-cell-phagocytosis-an-essential-event-for-spermatogenesis",totalDownloads:1059,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"During spermatogenesis, most male germ cells undergo apoptosis, and the cytoplasmic portions of the elongating spermatids are shed as residual bodies (RB). Both apoptotic germ cells (AGC) and RB must be phagocytosed by Sertoli cells, which are essential to maintain testicular homeostasis for normal spermatogenesis. The phagocytosis of AGC and RB by Sertoli cells confers various meanings, including elimination of apoptotic components, removal of autoantigens, and the recycle of degenerated substrates as an energy source. Sertoli cell phagocytosis can be regulated by various mechanisms. The impairment of Sertoli cell phagocytosis may disrupt tissue homeostasis in the testis, thereby impairing to testicular function and spermatogenesis. This chapter discusses the mechanisms underlying phagocytic removal of AGC and RB by Sertoli cells and the consequences of this biological event for spermatogenesis and male fertility.",book:{id:"7931",slug:"male-reproductive-health",title:"Male Reproductive Health",fullTitle:"Male Reproductive Health"},signatures:"Fei Wang and Daishu Han",authors:[{id:"295978",title:"Dr.",name:"Daishu",middleName:null,surname:"Han",slug:"daishu-han",fullName:"Daishu Han"},{id:"303373",title:"Dr.",name:"Fei",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"fei-wang",fullName:"Fei Wang"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"57404",title:"Assessment of Human Sperm Cells Morphological Parameters",slug:"assessment-of-human-sperm-cells-morphological-parameters",totalDownloads:1363,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The quality of spermatozoa has a direct influence on the fertilization and developmental competence of embryos. The aim of this work was to review the methods of spermatozoa morphology assessment, features of the normal spermatozoa and the reasons of their several abnormalities. Three methods can be used for the evaluation of spermatozoa morphology in the in vitro fertilization (IVF) laboratory: (1) light microscopy of stained spermatozoa, (2) motile sperm organelle morphology examination (MSOME) and (3) polarized light microscopy. The analysis of spermatozoa morphology includes the assessment of head, neck, midpiece and tail. Morphologically abnormal spermatozoa are categorized into subgroups according to the defects of the head, neck, midpiece and/or tail. Before IVF and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), the quality of spermatozoa must be estimated exactly, because this has the high influence on embryo development. Therefore the analysis of the morphological parameters of spermatozoa using the light microscopy, MSOME, in combination with precise head birefringence detection using the polarized microscopy, could give the best fertilization rate and embryo quality after IVF and ICSI.",book:{id:"6079",slug:"spermatozoa-facts-and-perspectives",title:"Spermatozoa",fullTitle:"Spermatozoa - Facts and Perspectives"},signatures:"Kristina Lasiene",authors:[{id:"206099",title:"Dr.",name:"Kristina",middleName:null,surname:"Lasiene",slug:"kristina-lasiene",fullName:"Kristina Lasiene"}]},{id:"79167",title:"The Concept of Male Reproductive Anatomy",slug:"the-concept-of-male-reproductive-anatomy",totalDownloads:232,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The human reproductive system is made up of the primary and secondary organs, which helps to enhances reproduction. The male reproductive system is designed to produce male gametes and convey them to the female reproductive tract through the use of supportive fluids and testosterone synthesis. The paired testis (site of testosterone and sperm generation), scrotum (compartment for testis localisation), epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, ejaculatory duct, urethra, and penis are the parts of the male reproductive system. The auxiliary organs aid in the maturation and transportation of sperm. Semen is made up of sperm and the secretions of the seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands (the ejaculate). Ejaculate is delivered to the female reproduc¬tive tract by the penis and urethra. The anatomy, embryology and functions of the male reproductive system are discussed in this chapter.",book:{id:"10724",slug:"male-reproductive-anatomy",title:"Male Reproductive Anatomy",fullTitle:"Male Reproductive Anatomy"},signatures:"Oyovwi Mega Obukohwo, Nwangwa Eze Kingsley, Rotu Arientare Rume and Emojevwe Victor",authors:[{id:"348295",title:"Dr.",name:"Oyovwi",middleName:null,surname:"Mega Obukohwo",slug:"oyovwi-mega-obukohwo",fullName:"Oyovwi Mega Obukohwo"},{id:"421235",title:"Prof.",name:"Nwangwa",middleName:null,surname:"Eze Kingsley",slug:"nwangwa-eze-kingsley",fullName:"Nwangwa Eze Kingsley"},{id:"428844",title:"Dr.",name:"Rotu",middleName:null,surname:"Arientare Rume",slug:"rotu-arientare-rume",fullName:"Rotu Arientare Rume"}]},{id:"78480",title:"Methods of Sperm Selection for In-Vitro Fertilization",slug:"methods-of-sperm-selection-for-in-vitro-fertilization-1",totalDownloads:262,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"50–60% of infertility cases are as a result of male infertility and infertile men semen sample is characterize with poor motility, abnormal morphology, low sperm concentration, azoospermic and increased levels of sperm DNA damage. As a result of this heterogeneity of the ejaculate, sperm selection has become a necessary step to carry out prior to in vitro fertilization. Furthermore, the choice of sperm cell selection techniques depend on sperm concentration and sperm biology and the recovery of highly functional sperm cell population depend on the combination of more than one technique in some cases. The regular sperm cell selection methods in ART laboratory are swim up, density gradient, simple wash and other advanced and emerging sperm selection techniques which include hyaluronic acid mediated sperm binding, Zeta potential, hypoosmotic swelling test, magnetic activated cell sorting and microfluidic separation of sperm cells. The various methods have its own advantages and disadvantages which may be applicable to the individual need of infertile men and its effect on ART outcome.",book:{id:"10724",slug:"male-reproductive-anatomy",title:"Male Reproductive Anatomy",fullTitle:"Male Reproductive Anatomy"},signatures:"Abimibola Nanna",authors:[{id:"349382",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Abimibola",middleName:null,surname:"Nanna",slug:"abimibola-nanna",fullName:"Abimibola Nanna"}]},{id:"78100",title:"Epigenetics in Male Infertility",slug:"epigenetics-in-male-infertility",totalDownloads:223,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Male infertility is a complex medical condition, in which epigenetic factors play an important role. Epigenetics has recently gained significant scientific attention since it has added a new dimension to genomic and proteomic research. As a mechanism for maintaining genomic integrity and controlling gene expression, epigenetic modifications hold a great promise in capturing the subtle, yet very important, regulatory elements that might drive normal and abnormal sperm functions. The sperm’s epigenome is known to be marked by constant changing over spermatogenesis, which is highly susceptible to be influenced by a wide spectrum of environmental stimuli. Recently, epigenetic aberrations have been recognized as one of the causes of idiopathic male infertility. Recent advances in technology have enabled humans to study epigenetics role in male infertility.",book:{id:"10724",slug:"male-reproductive-anatomy",title:"Male Reproductive Anatomy",fullTitle:"Male Reproductive Anatomy"},signatures:"Hayfa H. Hassani, Rakad M. Kh AL-Jumaily and Fadhel M. Lafta",authors:[{id:"349295",title:"Prof.",name:"Hayfa H.",middleName:null,surname:"Hassani",slug:"hayfa-h.-hassani",fullName:"Hayfa H. Hassani"},{id:"350281",title:"Prof.",name:"Fadhel M.",middleName:null,surname:"Lafta",slug:"fadhel-m.-lafta",fullName:"Fadhel M. Lafta"},{id:"352246",title:"Dr.",name:"Rakad",middleName:null,surname:"M. Kh AL-Jumaily",slug:"rakad-m.-kh-al-jumaily",fullName:"Rakad M. Kh AL-Jumaily"}]},{id:"77407",title:"Positional Relationships among Male Reproductive Organs in Insects",slug:"positional-relationships-among-male-reproductive-organs-in-insects",totalDownloads:192,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The location, morphology and function of male internal reproductive organs in insects have been extensively studied, but the relative positioning of those organs is less understood. Position and morphology of the testis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, accessory gland and ejaculatory duct determine the migration or ejaculation of sperm and other substances. In species where the testis is connected with the seminal vesicle directly or the seminal vesicle is lacking, males usually store complete sperm in the testis and thus can use them immediately for mating. In contrast, the testis of lepidopteran insects is separated from the duplex (sperm storage organ) via the vas deferens, and the sperm are not mature, requiring morphological development in the vas deferens. Here, we discuss the significance of various positional relationships of male reproductive organs and how this relates to their morphology and function with a focus on sperm.",book:{id:"10724",slug:"male-reproductive-anatomy",title:"Male Reproductive Anatomy",fullTitle:"Male Reproductive Anatomy"},signatures:"Satoshi Hiroyoshi and Gadi V.P. Reddy",authors:[{id:"348309",title:"Dr.",name:"Satoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Hiroyoshi",slug:"satoshi-hiroyoshi",fullName:"Satoshi Hiroyoshi"},{id:"348547",title:"Dr.",name:"Gadi",middleName:null,surname:"V.P. Reddy",slug:"gadi-v.p.-reddy",fullName:"Gadi V.P. Reddy"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1161",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",issn:"2754-6713",scope:"
\r\n\tScientists have long researched to understand the environment and man’s place in it. The search for this knowledge grows in importance as rapid increases in population and economic development intensify humans’ stresses on ecosystems. Fortunately, rapid increases in multiple scientific areas are advancing our understanding of environmental sciences. Breakthroughs in computing, molecular biology, ecology, and sustainability science are enhancing our ability to utilize environmental sciences to address real-world problems. \r\n\tThe four topics of this book series - Pollution; Environmental Resilience and Management; Ecosystems and Biodiversity; and Water Science - will address important areas of advancement in the environmental sciences. They will represent an excellent initial grouping of published works on these critical topics.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/25.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 8th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"197485",title:"Dr.",name:"J. Kevin",middleName:null,surname:"Summers",slug:"j.-kevin-summers",fullName:"J. Kevin Summers",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197485/images/system/197485.jpg",biography:"J. Kevin Summers is a Senior Research Ecologist at the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Gulf Ecosystem Measurement and Modeling Division. He is currently working with colleagues in the Sustainable and Healthy Communities Program to develop an index of community resilience to natural hazards, an index of human well-being that can be linked to changes in the ecosystem, social and economic services, and a community sustainability tool for communities with populations under 40,000. He leads research efforts for indicator and indices development. Dr. Summers is a systems ecologist and began his career at the EPA in 1989 and has worked in various programs and capacities. This includes leading the National Coastal Assessment in collaboration with the Office of Water which culminated in the award-winning National Coastal Condition Report series (four volumes between 2001 and 2012), and which integrates water quality, sediment quality, habitat, and biological data to assess the ecosystem condition of the United States estuaries. He was acting National Program Director for Ecology for the EPA between 2004 and 2006. He has authored approximately 150 peer-reviewed journal articles, book chapters, and reports and has received many awards for technical accomplishments from the EPA and from outside of the agency. Dr. Summers holds a BA in Zoology and Psychology, an MA in Ecology, and Ph.D. in Systems Ecology/Biology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Environmental Protection Agency",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"38",title:"Pollution",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/38.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11966,editor:{id:"110740",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismail M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"ismail-m.m.-rahman",fullName:"Ismail M.M. Rahman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110740/images/2319_n.jpg",biography:"Ismail Md. Mofizur Rahman (Ismail M. M. Rahman) assumed his current responsibilities as an Associate Professor at the Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Japan, in Oct 2015. He also has an honorary appointment to serve as a Collaborative Professor at Kanazawa University, Japan, from Mar 2015 to the present. \nFormerly, Dr. Rahman was a faculty member of the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh, affiliated with the Department of Chemistry (Oct 2002 to Mar 2012) and the Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (Mar 2012 to Sep 2015). Dr. Rahman was also adjunctly attached with Kanazawa University, Japan (Visiting Research Professor, Dec 2014 to Mar 2015; JSPS Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Apr 2012 to Mar 2014), and Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (TokyoTech-UNESCO Research Fellow, Oct 2004–Sep 2005). \nHe received his Ph.D. degree in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University, Japan (2011). He also achieved a Diploma in Environment from the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (2005). Besides, he has an M.Sc. degree in Applied Chemistry and a B.Sc. degree in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. \nDr. Rahman’s research interest includes the study of the fate and behavior of environmental pollutants in the biosphere; design of low energy and low burden environmental improvement (remediation) technology; implementation of sustainable waste management practices for treatment, handling, reuse, and ultimate residual disposition of solid wastes; nature and type of interactions in organic liquid mixtures for process engineering design applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201020",title:"Dr.",name:"Zinnat Ara",middleName:null,surname:"Begum",slug:"zinnat-ara-begum",fullName:"Zinnat Ara Begum",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201020/images/system/201020.jpeg",biography:"Zinnat A. Begum received her Ph.D. in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University in 2012. She achieved her Master of Science (M.Sc.) degree with a major in Applied Chemistry and a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. Her work affiliations include Fukushima University, Japan (Visiting Research Fellow, Institute of Environmental Radioactivity: Mar 2016 to present), Southern University Bangladesh (Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering: Jan 2015 to present), and Kanazawa University, Japan (Postdoctoral Fellow, Institute of Science and Engineering: Oct 2012 to Mar 2014; Research fellow, Venture Business Laboratory, Advanced Science and Social Co-Creation Promotion Organization: Apr 2018 to Mar 2021). The research focus of Dr. Zinnat includes the effect of the relative stability of metal-chelator complexes in the environmental remediation process designs and the development of eco-friendly soil washing techniques using biodegradable chelators.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"39",title:"Environmental Resilience and Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/39.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11967,editor:{id:"137040",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Navarro-Pedreño",slug:"jose-navarro-pedreno",fullName:"Jose Navarro-Pedreño",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRAXrQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-03-09T15:50:19.jpg",biography:"Full professor at University Miguel Hernández of Elche, Spain, previously working at the University of Alicante, Autonomous University of Madrid and Polytechnic University of Valencia. Graduate in Sciences (Chemist), graduate in Geography and History (Geography), master in Water Management, Treatment, master in Fertilizers and Environment and master in Environmental Management; Ph.D. in Environmental Sciences. His research is focused on soil-water and waste-environment relations, mainly on soil-water and soil-waste interactions under different management and waste reuse. His work is reflected in more than 230 communications presented in national and international conferences and congresses, 29 invited lectures from universities, associations and government agencies. Prof. Navarro-Pedreño is also a director of the Ph.D. Program Environment and Sustainability (2012-present) and a member of several societies among which are the Spanish Society of Soil Science, International Union of Soil Sciences, European Society for Soil Conservation, DessertNet and the Spanish Royal Society of Chemistry.",institutionString:"Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Spain",institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/40.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11968,editor:{id:"209149",title:"Prof.",name:"Salustiano",middleName:null,surname:"Mato",slug:"salustiano-mato",fullName:"Salustiano Mato",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLREQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:23:50.png",biography:"Salustiano Mato de la Iglesia (Santiago de Compostela, 1960) is a doctor in biology from the University of Santiago and a Professor of zoology at the Department of Ecology and Animal Biology at the University of Vigo. He has developed his research activity in the fields of fauna and soil ecology, and in the treatment of organic waste, having been the founder and principal investigator of the Environmental Biotechnology Group of the University of Vigo.\r\nHis research activity in the field of Environmental Biotechnology has been focused on the development of novel organic waste treatment systems through composting. The result of this line of work are three invention patents and various scientific and technical publications in prestigious international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:{id:"60498",title:"Prof.",name:"Josefina",middleName:null,surname:"Garrido",slug:"josefina-garrido",fullName:"Josefina Garrido",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRj1VQAS/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:06:51.jpg",biography:"Josefina Garrido González (Paradela de Abeleda, Ourense 1959), is a doctor in biology from the University of León and a Professor of Zoology at the Department of Ecology and Animal Biology at the University of Vigo. She has focused her research activity on the taxonomy, fauna and ecology of aquatic beetles, in addition to other lines of research such as the conservation of biodiversity in freshwater ecosystems; conservation of protected areas (Red Natura 2000) and assessment of the effectiveness of wetlands as priority areas for the conservation of aquatic invertebrates; studies of water quality in freshwater ecosystems through biological indicators and physicochemical parameters; surveillance and research of vector arthropods and invasive alien species.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorThree:{id:"464288",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Ramil",slug:"francisco-ramil",fullName:"Francisco Ramil",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003RI7lHQAT/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:15:35.png",biography:"Fran Ramil Blanco (Porto de Espasante, A Coruña, 1960), is a doctor in biology from the University of Santiago de Compostela and a Professor of Zoology at the Department of Ecology and Animal Biology at the University of Vigo. His research activity is linked to the taxonomy, fauna and ecology of marine benthic invertebrates and especially the Cnidarian group. Since 2004, he has been part of the EcoAfrik project, aimed at the study, protection and conservation of biodiversity and benthic habitats in West Africa. He also participated in the study of vulnerable marine ecosystems associated with seamounts in the South Atlantic and is involved in training young African researchers in the field of marine research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"41",title:"Water Science",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/41.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11969,editor:{id:"349630",title:"Dr.",name:"Yizi",middleName:null,surname:"Shang",slug:"yizi-shang",fullName:"Yizi Shang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/349630/images/system/349630.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yizi Shang is a pioneering researcher in hydrology and water resources who has devoted his research career to promoting the conservation and protection of water resources for sustainable development. He is presently associate editor of Water International (official journal of the International Water Resources Association). He was also invited to serve as an associate editor for special issues of the Journal of the American Water Resources Association. He has served as an editorial member for international journals such as Hydrology, Journal of Ecology & Natural Resources, and Hydro Science & Marine Engineering, among others. He has chaired or acted as a technical committee member for twenty-five international forums (conferences). Dr. Shang graduated from Tsinghua University, China, in 2010 with a Ph.D. in Engineering. Prior to that, he worked as a research fellow at Harvard University from 2008 to 2009. Dr. Shang serves as a senior research engineer at the China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research (IWHR) and was awarded as a distinguished researcher at National Taiwan University in 2017.",institutionString:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",institution:{name:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:26,paginationItems:[{id:"82800",title:"Repurposing Drugs as Potential Therapeutics for the SARS-Cov-2 Viral Infection: Automatizing a Blind Molecular Docking High-throughput Pipeline",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105792",signatures:"Aldo Herrera-Rodulfo, Mariana Andrade-Medina and Mauricio Carrillo-Tripp",slug:"repurposing-drugs-as-potential-therapeutics-for-the-sars-cov-2-viral-infection-automatizing-a-blind-",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82582",title:"Protecting Bioelectric Signals from Electromagnetic Interference in a Wireless World",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105951",signatures:"David Marcarian",slug:"protecting-bioelectric-signals-from-electromagnetic-interference-in-a-wireless-world",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82586",title:"Fundamentals of Molecular Docking and Comparative Analysis of Protein–Small-Molecule Docking Approaches",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105815",signatures:"Maden Sefika Feyza, Sezer Selin and Acuner Saliha Ece",slug:"fundamentals-of-molecular-docking-and-comparative-analysis-of-protein-small-molecule-docking-approac",totalDownloads:25,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82392",title:"Nanomaterials as Novel Biomarkers for Cancer Nanotheranostics: State of the Art",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105700",signatures:"Hao Yu, Zhihai Han, Cunrong Chen and Leisheng Zhang",slug:"nanomaterials-as-novel-biomarkers-for-cancer-nanotheranostics-state-of-the-art",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11405.jpg",subseries:{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:12,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6692",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6692.jpg",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",publishedDate:"July 4th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Robert Koprowski",hash:"e75f234a0fc1988d9816a94e4c724deb",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",editors:[{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"OCT - Applications in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",biography:"Michele Lanza is Associate Professor of Ophthalmology at Università della Campania, Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Italy. His fields of interest are anterior segment disease, keratoconus, glaucoma, corneal dystrophies, and cataracts. His research topics include\nintraocular lens power calculation, eye modification induced by refractive surgery, glaucoma progression, and validation of new diagnostic devices in ophthalmology. \nHe has published more than 100 papers in international and Italian scientific journals, more than 60 in journals with impact factors, and chapters in international and Italian books. He has also edited two international books and authored more than 150 communications or posters for the most important international and Italian ophthalmology conferences.",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6843",title:"Biomechanics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6843.jpg",slug:"biomechanics",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hadi Mohammadi",hash:"85132976010be1d7f3dbd88662b785e5",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Biomechanics",editors:[{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. 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I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"322007",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Elizbeth",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez-Sánchez",slug:"maria-elizbeth-alvarez-sanchez",fullName:"Maria Elizbeth Alvarez-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"337443",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",slug:"juan-a.-gonzalez-sanchez",fullName:"Juan A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"3",type:"subseries",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Antibiotics, Biofilm, Antibiotic Resistance, Host-microbiota Relationship, Treatment, Diagnostic Tools",scope:"
\r\n\tThe era of antibiotics led us to the illusion that the problem of bacterial infection is over. However, bacterial flexibility and adaptation mechanisms allow them to survive and grow in extreme conditions. The best example is the formation of a sophisticated society of bacteria defined as a biofilm. Understanding the mechanism of bacterial biofilm formation has changed our perception of the development of bacterial infection but successfully eradicating biofilm remains a challenge. Considering the above, it is not surprising that bacteria remain a major public health threat despite the development of many groups of antibiotics. Additionally, increasing prevalence of acquired antibiotic resistance forces us to realize that we are far from controlling the development of bacterial infections. On the other hand, many infections are endogenous and result from an unbalanced relationship between the host and the microorganism. The increasing use of immunosuppressants, such as chemotherapy or organ transplantation, increases the incidence of patients highly susceptible to bacterial infections in the population.
\r\n
\r\n\tThis topic will focus on the current challenges and advantages in the diagnosis and treatment of bacterial infections. We will discuss the host-microbiota relationship, the treatment of chronic infections due to biofilm formation, and the development of new diagnostic tools to rapidly distinguish between colonization and probable infection.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11399,editor:{id:"205604",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomas",middleName:null,surname:"Jarzembowski",slug:"tomas-jarzembowski",fullName:"Tomas Jarzembowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKriQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-06-16T11:01:31.jpg",biography:"Tomasz Jarzembowski was born in 1968 in Gdansk, Poland. He obtained his Ph.D. degree in 2000 from the Medical University of Gdańsk (UG). After specialization in clinical microbiology in 2003, he started studying biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance at the single-cell level. In 2015, he obtained his D.Sc. degree. His later study in cooperation with experts in nephrology and immunology resulted in the designation of the new diagnostic method of UTI, patented in 2017. He is currently working at the Department of Microbiology, Medical University of Gdańsk (GUMed), Poland. Since many years, he is a member of steering committee of Gdańsk branch of Polish Society of Microbiologists, a member of ESCMID. He is also a reviewer and a member of editorial boards of a number of international journals.",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"484980",title:"Dr.",name:"Katarzyna",middleName:null,surname:"Garbacz",slug:"katarzyna-garbacz",fullName:"Katarzyna Garbacz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003St8TAQAZ/Profile_Picture_2022-07-07T09:45:16.jpg",biography:"Katarzyna Maria Garbacz, MD, is an Associate Professor at the Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland and she is head of the Department of Oral Microbiology of the Medical University of Gdańsk. She has published more than 50 scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals. She has been a project leader funded by the National Science Centre of Poland. 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