\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-partners-with-ehs-for-digital-advertising-representation-20210416",title:"IntechOpen Partners with EHS for Digital Advertising Representation"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-new-contract-with-cepiec-china-for-distribution-of-open-access-books-20210319",title:"IntechOpen Signs New Contract with CEPIEC, China for Distribution of Open Access Books"},{slug:"150-million-downloads-and-counting-20210316",title:"150 Million Downloads and Counting"},{slug:"intechopen-secures-indefinite-content-preservation-with-clockss-20210309",title:"IntechOpen Secures Indefinite Content Preservation with CLOCKSS"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-to-all-global-amazon-channels-with-full-catalog-of-books-20210308",title:"IntechOpen Expands to All Global Amazon Channels with Full Catalog of Books"},{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"3703",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"New Developments in Biomedical Engineering",title:"New Developments in Biomedical Engineering",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Biomedical Engineering is a highly interdisciplinary and well established discipline spanning across engineering, medicine and biology. A single definition of Biomedical Engineering is hardly unanimously accepted but it is often easier to identify what activities are included in it. This volume collects works on recent advances in Biomedical Engineering and provides a bird-view on a very broad field, ranging from purely theoretical frameworks to clinical applications and from diagnosis to treatment.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-7619-57-2",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6413-5",doi:"10.5772/154",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"new-developments-in-biomedical-engineering",numberOfPages:724,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:null,bookSignature:"Domenico Campolo",publishedDate:"January 1st 2010",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3703.jpg",numberOfDownloads:122335,numberOfWosCitations:207,numberOfCrossrefCitations:109,numberOfDimensionsCitations:250,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:566,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:null,dateEndSecondStepPublish:null,dateEndThirdStepPublish:null,dateEndFourthStepPublish:null,dateEndFifthStepPublish:null,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:1,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"1909",title:"Dr.",name:"Domenico",middleName:null,surname:"Campolo",slug:"domenico-campolo",fullName:"Domenico Campolo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1909/images/system/1909.jpg",biography:"Domenico CAMPOLO is currently Assistant Professor at the School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University in Singapore. \nHe received his Laurea Degree from the University of Pisa in 1998 and the Diploma Degree in Engineering from Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna in 1999. In 2002, he earned his PhD in Micro-Engineering from Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, while working at MiTech Lab (currently, the CRIM Lab).\nDuring the Fall 1998 he was working at the EECS Dept. of ZheJiang University, HangZhou, P.R. China as a visiting graduate student. In the period 2000-2003, he was at UC-Berkeley (USA) as a Visiting Scholar and, after 2002, as a post-doc working on the MFI (Micromechanical Flying Insect) project.\nHe is co-author of more than 35 peer-reviewed papers on international journals and conference proceedings. He has served as reviewer of top international journals and conferences in the general fields of Robotics and Mechatronics. He is Member of the IEEE Robotics and Automation Society (RAS), the IEEE Engineering\nin Medicine and Biology Society (EMBS), of the Society for Neuroscience (SfN) and of the Italian National Group of Bioengineering (GNB).NULL",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Nanyang Technological University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Singapore"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"685",title:"Bioinformatics",slug:"engineering-biomedical-engineering-bioinformatics"}],chapters:[{id:"9073",title:"Nonparametric Modeling and Model-Based Control of the Insulin-Glucose System",doi:"10.5772/7629",slug:"nonparametric-modeling-and-model-based-control-of-the-insulin-glucose-system",totalDownloads:2161,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Mihalis G. 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A. A. Raof, M. Y. Mashor, R. B. Ahmad and S. S. M. Noor",authors:[{id:"12388",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Badlishah",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",fullName:"R. Badlishah Ahmad",slug:"r.-badlishah-ahmad"},{id:"22111",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohd. Yusoff",middleName:null,surname:"Mashor",fullName:"Mohd. Yusoff Mashor",slug:"mohd.-yusoff-mashor"},{id:"22112",title:"Mrs.",name:"Rafikha Aliana",middleName:null,surname:"A Raof",fullName:"Rafikha Aliana A Raof",slug:"rafikha-aliana-a-raof"},{id:"22632",title:"Prof.",name:"Siti Suraiya",middleName:null,surname:"Md. Noor",fullName:"Siti Suraiya Md. Noor",slug:"siti-suraiya-md.-noor"}]},{id:"15387",title:"Image Segmentation Based on a Two-Dimensional Histogram",slug:"image-segmentation-based-on-a-two-dimensional-histogram",signatures:"Masmoudi Lhoussaine, Zennouhi Rachid and Mohamed EL Ansari",authors:[{id:"20335",title:"Dr.",name:"Lhoussaine",middleName:null,surname:"Masmoudi",fullName:"Lhoussaine Masmoudi",slug:"lhoussaine-masmoudi"},{id:"22377",title:"Student",name:"Rachid",middleName:null,surname:"Zennouhi",fullName:"Rachid Zennouhi",slug:"rachid-zennouhi"},{id:"22378",title:"Dr;",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"El Ansari",fullName:"Mohamed El Ansari",slug:"mohamed-el-ansari"}]},{id:"15389",title:"Segmentation Methods for Biomedical Images",slug:"segmentation-methods-for-biomedical-images",signatures:"Roberto Rodríguez Morales",authors:[{id:"20624",title:"Prof.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez",fullName:"Roberto Rodriguez",slug:"roberto-rodriguez"}]},{id:"15390",title:"Algorithm Selection Based on a Region Similarity Metric for Intracellular Image Segmentation",slug:"algorithm-selection-based-on-a-region-similarity-metric-for-intracellular-image-segmentation",signatures:"Satoko Takemoto and Hideo Yokota",authors:[{id:"22107",title:"Dr.",name:"Hideo",middleName:null,surname:"Yokota",fullName:"Hideo Yokota",slug:"hideo-yokota"},{id:"22108",title:"Dr.",name:"Satoko",middleName:null,surname:"Takemoto",fullName:"Satoko Takemoto",slug:"satoko-takemoto"}]},{id:"15391",title:"Extraction of Estuarine/Coastal Environmental Bodies from Satellite Data through Image Segmentation Techniques",slug:"extraction-of-estuarine-coastal-environmental-bodies-from-satellite-data-through-image-segmentation-",signatures:"Ana Teodoro and Hernâni Gonçalves",authors:[{id:"18485",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Teodoro",fullName:"Ana Teodoro",slug:"ana-teodoro"},{id:"22242",title:"Dr.",name:"Hernâni",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Hernâni Gonçalves",slug:"hernani-goncalves"}]},{id:"15393",title:"Rock Fracture Image Segmentation Algorithms",slug:"rock-fracture-image-segmentation-algorithms",signatures:"Weixing Wang",authors:[{id:"18138",title:"Prof.",name:"Weixing",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Weixing Wang",slug:"weixing-wang"}]},{id:"15395",title:"Image Segmentation Integrating Generative and Discriminative Methods",slug:"image-segmentation-integrating-generative-and-discriminative-methods",signatures:"Yuee Wu and Houqin Bian",authors:[{id:"20095",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuee",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",fullName:"Yuee Wu",slug:"yuee-wu"},{id:"127235",title:"Prof.",name:"Houqin",middleName:null,surname:"Bian",fullName:"Houqin Bian",slug:"houqin-bian"}]},{id:"15396",title:"Pixon-Based Image Segmentation",slug:"pixon-based-image-segmentation",signatures:"Hamid Hassanpour, Hadi Yousefian and Amin Zehtabian",authors:[{id:"19830",title:"MSc",name:"Amin",middleName:null,surname:"Zehtabian",fullName:"Amin Zehtabian",slug:"amin-zehtabian"},{id:"21407",title:"MSc",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Yousefian",fullName:"Hadi Yousefian",slug:"hadi-yousefian"},{id:"22599",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamid",middleName:null,surname:"Hassanpour",fullName:"Hamid Hassanpour",slug:"hamid-hassanpour"}]},{id:"15370",title:"Hardware Implementation of a Real-Time Image Segmentation Circuit based on Fuzzy Logic for Edge Detection Application",slug:"hardware-implementation-of-a-real-time-image-segmentation-circuit-based-on-fuzzy-logic-for-edge-dete",signatures:"Angel Barriga",authors:[{id:"21122",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Barriga",fullName:"Angel Barriga",slug:"angel-barriga"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"67390",title:"Deploying Blockchain Technology in the Supply Chain",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86530",slug:"deploying-blockchain-technology-in-the-supply-chain",body:'The supply chain plays a crucial role in modern businesses by allowing them to achieve efficiency, responsiveness, and success. Over the past several decades, the scale of businesses has expanded, the number of geographic locales involved in the production process has grown, and product portfolios have diversified. As a result, the supply chain has grown from a traditional network of manufacturers and suppliers, to a vast ecosystem made of various products that move through multiple parties and require cooperation among stakeholders [1]. Additionally, due to the rapid evolution of e-commerce, the demand for improved product visibility and source-to-store traceability has never been higher. However, the inefficiency of data sharing in current supply chain networks has dramatically impacted the operations of retailers and manufacturers. For example, information gaps between data collected by factories and by retailers make it challenging to trace product history and offer customized products.
To overcome these challenges and improve supply chain performance, industries have explored innovative technologies that support efficient collaboration and coordination within and among different organizations [2, 3]. Among these technologies, blockchain provides a promising future and allows the supply chain to provide better visibility, transparency, and acuity of transactions throughout the entire process [4]. The blockchain technology that powers cryptocurrency has caught the attention of businesses, especially those in supply chain management. A 2017 study indicated that nearly 62% of supply chain executives claimed to have engaged with blockchain technology [5]. Although blockchain-based applications in the supply chain are still in their early stages, we believe this technology will significantly remodel the supply chain system [6, 7, 8]. Analysts forecast that blockchain technology can help supply chain management gain one-third improvement in most of its common processes [9]. A blockchain network is as a distributed ledger—transactions are contained in blocks that are linked together in chronological order to form a tamper-proof chain, which is usually stored in all network nodes [10, 11]. As such, blockchain technology provides a means to create tamper-proof logs of business activities and transactions [12]. Transaction data are immutable because they cannot be tampered with once they are distributed, accepted, and validated by network consensus and stored in the blocks [13]. By eliminating intermediaries to achieve trust among all stakeholders, efficiency improves and cost is reduced for the entire supply chain.
Despite the general acceptance that blockchain technology facilitates faster, more easily auditable interactions and allows for the exchange of immutable data among supply chain partners [14], it will take time for this technology to be adopted and to revolutionize the supply chain. Currently, most applications of blockchain are conceptual expositions, and empirical evidence on the implementation of it is limited [15]. Furthermore, few studies have been conducted on the challenges of deploying blockchain in the supply chain, such as organizational readiness, technical expertise, scalability, and compatibility with existing systems. Therefore, this study will provide a systematic analysis of how blockchain technology fits in the supply chain network and discuss potential challenges with its implementation.
Supply chain encompasses the end-to-end flow, including the physical and correlated data flow of raw material, products, information, and money. It plays a unique and critical role in businesses and determines the performance of organizations. Supply chain manages or is involved in sourcing, procurement, manufacturing, distribution, and logistics, and, thus, affects speed-to-market, the cost of a product, service perception, and capital requirements in businesses [16]. Supply chain integrates a set of fragmented and often geographically discrete processes into a cohesive system to deliver value to the customer. The core functions and operations of a typical supply chain network are illustrated in Figure 1.
Supply chain and operations.
Evolving customer requirements, challenges from competition, geographically separated operations, and the adoption of new business models (such as e-commerce) make the current supply chain a highly complex system. Over the past decade, e-commerce and hand-held digital devices have substantially changed the daily lives of people, especially in the ways they shop. There is an ever-increasing demand for customized products, a simplified and efficient shopping experience, and transparency about the value and provenance of goods. These needs bring new opportunities to businesses but impose significant challenges to current supply chains. These outdated supply chains struggle to improve demand management, to provide data visibility for the entire flow, or to track goods from raw material to end consumer—all of which are tremendously complex. Furthermore, the old technology of today’s supply chain fails to provide adequate risk management, to reduce costs, or to meet rapidly changing market requirements. We summarize the main challenges in current supply chains here:
Blockchain is an innovational technology that enhances customer service, drives end-to-end value, and increases the efficiency of operations [25]. Additionally, it allows distrusting or unfamiliar stakeholders to create shared and secure data records [26]. In sum, when an exchange of valuable data and goods is necessary, blockchain technology expedites transactions, streamlines the process, enhances transparency, reduces waste, and, ultimately, reduces cost [27]. Consequently, new types of internet and associated business models have been built off of this robust technology [22]. Blockchain promises to be the primary driver of secure and efficient economic and social systems in the future.
The basic concepts of blockchain were introduced by Satoshi Nakamoto in Bitcoin [28], a digital cryptocurrency that can work without the need of a trusted intermediary. It offers a distributed ledger that tracks and sustains a tamper-proof record of transactions in a decentralized network. In essence, it is a unique database system that is created, replicated, synchronized, and maintained by all participants in the decentralized network. Blockchain operates in a decentralized peer-to-peer network [29] to validate and store all transactions in a consensus that is agreed upon by all nodes in the network, without any central authority to validate the transaction (as with an intermediary). All completed and validated transactions are logged in the distributed ledger in a verifiable, secure, transparent, and permanent manner along with a timestamp and other details [30]. In this way, the exchange of tangible and intangible data and assets among participants can be recorded digitally. Each stakeholder maintains a copy of the synchronized ledger, which prevents a single point of system failure or data loss [22]. When changes are made, such as adding a new block, all copies in the network are simultaneously updated, and records are permanently registered in all ledgers [31]. These changes are stored into blocks that create a chain [32], where a block is linked to the preceding one by storing its hash (a unique data that is mapped from the given block) [33]. Figure 2 shows the fundamental chained architecture of a blockchain network.
The architecture of a data chain in a blockchain network.
In Figure 2, notice that except for the first block (called the genesis block), each block has its hash as a unique ID that includes the hash of the previous block. In this way, a chronological chain is formed. Additionally, the hash mechanism provides enhanced data security. Usually, a block stores a set of time-stamped transactions that are validated by stakeholders in the network. Once it gains consensus, the block is accepted and stored by all parties in the blockchain and can no longer be modified. Therefore, trust in and transparency of transactions between organizations are significantly improved.
Since the introduction and success of Bitcoin, many blockchain-based platforms can be categorized as either a permissionless or permissioned blockchain. Virtually, anyone can join and participate anonymously in a permissionless blockchain network. Accordingly, it is also called a public blockchain, and these two notions will be used interchangeably in the remaining sections. Within this type of network, trust among users is limited or nonexistent. To overcome this lack, miners (detailed later) are introduced to validate transactions.
In contrast, permissioned blockchain is a network for a group of identified users operating under a governance model, called a consensus, to improve transactional trust. To join this type of network, new users need permission from the majority of the group or a delegated user; hence, it is also called a private blockchain, and we use both notions interchangeably in this paper. These networks facilitate trust among users and do not require costly miners. More efficient consensus protocols (such as the Byzantine fault tolerant protocol) validate data, improve network throughput, and reduce the latency of transactions.
Blockchain technology has many unique features that allow for the creation of a verifiable, secure, transparent, and immutable distributed ledger, the core characteristics of which are summarized as follows:
To cater to the vastly different needs of unique businesses and users, many blockchain networks are created, and each contains a slightly different set of features; however, a basic foundation remains the same for all. As an example, we use Bitcoin, the first and the most successful permissionless blockchain system, to illustrate the key components of typical data flow in a blockchain network:
In a typical open and permissionless blockchain network such as Bitcoin, when a user starts a transaction, the digital wallet verifies and signatures the transaction before broadcasting it to all nodes in the network. The verified transaction is added to a block that collects a set of new transactions. Miners validate the block, and once validated, the block is added to the existing blockchain by all nodes. This completes the transaction. The following is an illustration of typical data flow within the Bitcoin network:
A typical permissioned blockchain follows a similar data flow to that illustrated in Figure 3, where a signature is added to the transaction, which is then submitted or broadcasted to the network and added to a block. After the block is validated, the transaction is permanently stored in the chain. Permissioned blockchain differs from permissionless blockchain by how blocks and transactions are validated. To gain better performance and lower latency, most permissioned blockchain networks deploy efficient consensus protocols (e.g., the Byzantine fault tolerance consensus used by Hyperledger Fabric) that nodes use for validation.
Data flow of an open blockchain network [
The term “smart contract” was first proposed by Nick Szabo, and defined as “a set of promises, specified in the digital form, including protocols within which the parties perform on these promises” [36]. The smart contract concept was integrated into Ethereum’s blockchain network to facilitate, verify, and enforce contract negotiations and to improve the contract performance. Before transactions are conducted in a blockchain network, a smart contract that defines the conditions, obligations, rights, and concepts between stakeholders is created. This information is recorded as executable computer code to reduce ambiguity. Smart contracts are stored and shared in a distributed ledger that all participants have access to. These contracts automatically self-execute when all of the pre-set conditions are satisfied within a blockchain network. Thus, stakeholders who agreed upon a smart contract have more trust for each other and have a reduced risk of error and fraud [37]. The following details additional advantages of smart contracts:
There are many blockchain platforms with different consensus algorithms, development tools, and programming languages [38]. We introduce a few important blockchain platforms and applications herein.
In recent years, Blockchain technology has been recognized as a critical technology with inherent capabilities to dramatically improve supply chain efficiency [49, 50, 51]. A study from Eye for transport stated that more than 16% of the 300 companies surveyed agree that data interchange, tracking, and visibility are the foremost reasons to deploy blockchain technology in the supply chain [52]. However, we discuss the benefits, challenges, and risks of integrating blockchain technology in the supply chain and introduce several pilot initiatives below.
The adaptation of blockchain technology can significantly alleviate or even eliminate the aforementioned problems in today’s supply chain. Blockchain technology empowers the supply chain with improved efficacy, efficiency, and transparency and reduced transactional time and cost. There are many ways blockchain technology benefits the supply chain:
Although blockchain technology is widely recognized as a promising solution for issues with today’s supply chain, the application of it requires significant changes in both technological and cultural contexts. Additionally, more comprehensive evaluations of it are needed to unveil and address its challenges before the full potential of this new technology can be realized [22, 57].
Since late 2016, retail giants Walmart and IBM worked together for a pilot project to develop a blockchain-based system for tracking produce in the U.S. and pork in China. The project traced each product and collected its associated data, including origin farm/factory, storage temperature, and serial number. With this technology, tracking reports for each product were produced within minutes and the speed and accuracy of identifying and recalling contaminated food products were significantly improved [59]. On May 31, 2017, Walmart released the results of this pilot project and reported that blockchain technology helped them trace the origin of Chinese pork and U.S. mangoes in 2.2 seconds, which would normally take as long as several weeks in a traditional supply chain platform [60].
Intel conducted a public demo to explore the implementation of blockchain technology for tracking seafood in the supply chain. They aimed to create a network that assists multiple parties with food storage condition (i.e., temperature) control and with tracking food from sea to table. Several public records of this project are available on the Traceability Blockchain website [61]. These records detail how to use blockchain technology to collect seafood product data (i.e., locations, timestamps, owners, temperatures, etc.) from fishermen, transports, and restaurants within the entire supply chain network. This seafood blockchain can foster more trust between customers and sellers, improve and expedite the food safety network, and enhance consumer experiences.
In 2018, el Maouchi introduced TRADE, a fully transparent and decentralized traceability system for the supply chain that leverages blockchain technology [17]. It is a single system in which multiple participants can transfer and track products flowing through the supply chain. Additionally, it enables customers and other parties in the system to view and verify product data. Experiments show that each actor on the TRADE system can create about 351 and validate 437 transactions per second.
Since August 2018, IBM and Maersk (the world’s largest shipping company) have teamed up to create TradeLens, a blockchain-based system for the global supply chain. TradeLens aims to create a platform for multiple trading parties to securely share databases containing massive amounts of transactional information, and to build a more collaborative environment for global trading. This system is a powerful tool for establishing a single and consistent shared status of each transaction in near real-time while maintaining stakeholder confidentiality. Reports show that TradeLens significantly reduced delays caused by documentation errors and reduced the transit time associated with shipping packaging materials to manufactures in the U.S. up to 40% [62].
Introduced in 2009 as the foundation for Bitcoin, blockchain technology shows the significant capacity to benefit today’s supply chain. It provides a decentralized platform that shares any type of transaction and that records information with an immutable and permanent historical trail. We believe it has a significant future in the supply chain, as it promises to deliver an efficient, transparent, and collaborative network for organizations to quickly and securely share data across the variety of supply chain sectors and processes. This technology allows businesses to build a more flexible and responsible supply chain, and to robustly address new external and internal challenges.
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\n\nMetadata for all publications is also automatically deposited in IntechOpen's OAI repository, making them available through the Open Access Infrastructure for Research in Europe's (OpenAIRE) search interface further establishing our compliance.
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\n\nRead more about Open Access in Horizon 2020 here.
\n\nWhich scientific publication to choose?
\n\nWhen choosing a publication, Horizon 2020 grant recipients are encouraged to provide open access to various types of scientific publications including monographs, edited books and conference proceedings.
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