Frequently found bacterial organisms in early and late onset neonatal sepsis and pneumoniag +/- = gram-positive/negative* based on DNA-analysis
\r\n\tTo viable rural development has a vital role for rural communities. In the design of policies to be successful that affect them rural people have to decide and implement. According to this, it is a critical point to involve the poor and disadvantaged, along with related stakeholders, agricultural and rural development. Hence, for the sustainable development by international initiatives and all other institutions were searched and to be present the agricultural and related research results. To help support the effort, various governmental and non-governmental agencies established fundings for sustainable rural development research and fostered the development of human well-being goals in rural areas via national and international initiatives. In this context, most efforts resulted in successful cases. This book will intend to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the theory, approaches, strategies, and cases, and key elements and challenges of sustainable development, and Bioeconomy, Green and Circular economy for sustainability, and UN SDGs-Agenda 2030 and EU Green Deal.
\r\n\r\n\tI believe that this work will be fundamental in the field of SDG, and it will be a guiding, idea-generating key for researchers, practitioners, rural community, and policy decision-makers, and I hope that together we will establish sustainable rural life and development around the world.
\r\n\t
Neonatal pneumonia is a serious respiratory infectious disease caused by a variety of microorganisms, mainly bacteria, with the potential of high mortality and morbidity (1,2). Worldwide neonatal pneumonia is estimated to account for up to 10% of childhood mortality, with the highest case fatality rates reported in developing countries (3,4). It´s impact may be increased in the case of early onset, prematurity or an underlying pulmonary condition like RDS, meconium aspiration or CLD/bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), when the pulmonary capacity is already limited. Ureaplasma pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) have also been associated with the development of BPD and poor pulmonary outcome (5,6,7). In this chapter we will review different aspects of neonatal pneumonia and will present case reports from our level III neonatal unit in Graz.
Reported frequencies of neonatal pneumonia range from 1 to 35 %, the most commonly quoted figures being 1 percent for term infants and 10 percent for preterm infants (8). The incidence varies according to gestational age, intubation status, diagnostic criteria or case definition, the level and standard of neonatal care, race and socioeconomic status. In a retrospective analysis of a cohort of almost 6000 neonates admitted to our NICU pneumonia was diagnosed in all gestational age classes. The incidence of bacterial pneumonia including Ureaplasma urealyticum (Uu) pneumonia was 1,4 % with a median patient gestational age of 35 weeks (range 23-42 weeks) and a mortality of 2,5%. There was only one case of viral pneumonia, due to RSV-infection and no case of fungal pneumonia. The mortality rate associated with pneumonia is in general inversely related to gestational age and birthweight, being higher in cases of early onset compared to late onset, and especially high in low socioecomomic groups and developing countries (2,3,4). Group B Streptococcus accounts for most cases of early onset pneumonia, the commonest bacteria causing late-onset pneumonia are gram-negative bacilli such as E coli or Klebsiella spp.(8). Frequently bacterial pathogens found in early and late onset sepsis/pneumonia are listed in Table 1.
Pneumonia may be acquired by intrauterine (e.g. transplacental hematogenous, ascending from birth canal), intrapartum (e.g aspiration) or postnatal routes (e.g. hematogenous, environmental). The pathogens include mainly bacteria, followed by viruses and fungi which induce an inflammatory pulmonary condition (1,8). This may cause epithelial injury to the airways, leakage of proteinaceous fluid into the alveoli and interstitium, leading to surfactant deficiency or dysfunction. Data from a German study (9) suggest that respiratory insufficiency in pneumonia is most likely caused by inhibition of surface-tension-lowering properties of surfactant rather than by surfactant deficiency. Important predisposing factors in the evolution of pneumonia are immaturity, low birth weight, premature rupture of membranes, chorioamnionitis and factors associated with prolonged neonatal intensive care (2, 8).
Depending on the time of manifestation of infection neonatal pneumonia may be classified as early onset pneumonia (within the first 3 or 7 days of life, mostly within 48 hours), or late onset pneumonia (within 4 and 28 days of life). Congenital or intrauterine pneumonia can be considered a variant of early onset pneumonia (2). Other classifications refer to the underlying pathogen, like bacterial or viral pneumonia or the pattern of lung infiltrates (e.g. interstitial pneumonia) on chest radiographs. Clinical signs are unspecific and present as respiratory distress of various degree, suspicious appearing tracheal aspirates, cough, apnea, high or low temperature, poor feeding, abdominal distension, and lethargy. Tachypnea is a predominant clinical sign, present in 60-89 % of cases (2). Persistent fever is rather unusual, but has been reported in neonates with viral pneumonia (10). The radiographical appearance may also vary (11), showing reticulogranular-nodular infiltrates, and bilateral streaky or hazy lungs. As small bronchioli tend to collapse there may be compensatory hyperaeration in areas free of pneumonial infiltration. In addition there may be pleural effusions and/or pneumatocele formation in more complicated cases. Alveolar patterns with coarse, patchy parenchymal infiltrates, consolidation, and diffuse granularity are more typical for bacterial infections while parahilar streakiness, diffuse hazy lungs or reticulo-nodularity are more common in viral disease. The differential diagnoses to be considered on initial presentation are mainly surfactant deficiency syndrome and transient tachypnoe of the newborn, in addition meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS), pulmonary hemorrhage, pulmonary edema, primary pulmonary lymphangiectasis or pulmonary lymphangiomatosis, congestive heart failure (11,12) and Wilson-Mikity-syndrome (13). Additional investigations like echocardiography, high-resolution computed tomography, further laboratory studies, and in rare cases lung biopsy are helpful in the diagnostic work up.
The clinical diagnosis of pneumonia is challenging and may not always be correct (over- or underestimated). Early tracheal aspirate cultures obtained within the first 8 to 12 hours of age may help in diagnosing congenital pneumonia (14,15), especially in certain clinical conditions, including maternal fever, clinical chorioamnionitis and leukopenia. But even a positive blood culture or proven airway colonization do not necessarily correlate with the clinical picture of sepsis or pneumonia (16). In the clinical routine pneumonia is diagnosed based on a combination of perinatal risk factors, signs of neonatal respiratory distress, positive laboratory studies, radiological signs and a typical clinical course. Some clinical scenarios are more or less suspicious
As pneumonia is often associated with or non distinguishable from bacterial sepsis initial therapy at the NICU includes broad spectrum intravenous antibiotics according to local protocols. In our unit we start with a combination of ampicillin and a second generation cephalosporine. Although there is no evidence from randomized controlled trials that any antibiotic regime is superior for suspected early onset neonatal sepsis (23), the WHO recommends as first line treatment ampicillin plus gentamycin (24). In cases where we detect pathogens in blood, or in endotracheal aspirates we treat according to susceptibility from antibiogram results. A problem which is increasing worldwide in NICU´s is the occurrence of multidrug resistant pathogens, mainly gram-negative bacilli (25). As an alternative to systemic treatment aerosolized antibiotics like colistin have been used successfully in patients with VAP caused by multidrug resistant gram negative bacteria (26, 27). In patients where we suspect or diagnose an U infection we initiate treatment with intravenous clarithromycin (10mg/kg/day), a macrolid antibiotic. In a recently published randomized controlled placebo single-center study clarithromycin treatment resulted in eradication of Uu in 68,5 % of the patients and a significantly lower incidence of BPD (2.9% vs. 36.4%) in preterm infants weighing between 750 to 1250 g (28). Azithromycin, another macrolid antibiotic, which has good inhibitory activity against Ureaplasma in in-vitro studies, may also be beneficial for BPD prevention in Ureaplasma colonized/infected preterm infants, especially when used early and for longer duration (29). In general the clinical and microbiological effectiveness of macrolid antibiotics, the most commonly used in the literature being erythromycin, has not yet been shown in adequately powered randomized controlled clinical trials (30). Recommendations for the duration of antibiotic therapy in proven neonatal pneumonia range from 10 to 21 days (8). Surfactant therapy may be beneficial in selected patients by mechanisms improving lung function and decreasing bacterial growth, but may require repeated doses (22, 31,32). However, in a recently published meta- analysis in patients > 35 weeks gestation with proven or suspected pneumonia with onset during the first 28 days of life there was no evidence of a significant effect on the primary outcome death, time to resolution of pneumonia, BPD, pneumothorax and pulmonary hemorrhage (33). There are still open questions related to the surfactant preparation, dosage, optimal treatment frequency, number of doses and patient selection. Severe cases of pneumonia with respiratory insufficiency not responding to conventional therapy may occasionally be candidates for ECMO (34, 35). Preventative measures to be considered include maternal infection control in the prenatal period, prenatal screening and prophylaxis for streptococcal colonization (36), preference of non-or minimal invasive procedures in the neonatal period like respiratory support without intubation (37), immunoprophylaxis against RSV-infection, and general infection control measures in the neonatal unit to reduce the incidence and transmission of health-care-associated infections, the most important being hand hygiene (38,39,40). Preventive strategies that may have a great impact are maternal and infant vaccination programs, as has been already shown in developing countries e.g for pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines (41).
Group B Streptococcus (g +) | Escherichia coli (g-) |
Escherichea coli (g-) | Staphylococcus epidermidis (g+) |
Staphylococcus aureus (g+) | Klebsiella-Enterobacter-species (g-) |
Listeria monocytogenes (g+) | Pseudomonas aeruginosa (g-) |
Enterococcus (g +) | |
Ureaplasma urealyticum (g+)* |
Frequently found bacterial organisms in early and late onset neonatal sepsis and pneumoniag +/- = gram-positive/negative* based on DNA-analysis
A male neonate was born at 42 weeks gestational age to a multiparous healthy mother following spontaneous labor in an external hospital. The membranes ruptured 3 hours before delivery. There was no prenatal maternal screening for groub B streptococci disease. After good primary transition, the infant developed clinical signs of respiratory distress with oxygen dependency and respiratory acidosis (6 hours post partum). After initiation of our standard broad spectrum antibiotic therapy the infant was transferred to our NICU. A septic workup showed leukopenia of 2.70 G/L, a left shift in the white cell count (immature/total neutrophils (I/T) 0,33), markedly elevated procalcitonin (303 ng/mL) and interleukin-6 (IL-6 > 400 pg/L) levels, but normal CRP values, and a positive urinary group B streptococcus testing. Blood cultures and tracheal aspirates were negative. Radiographics showed bilateral reticulogranular patterns compatible with the diagnosis of RDS (Figure 1). The patient was first placed on nasal CPAP but had to be intubated and ventilated mechanically due to respiratory deterioration with an increasing oxygen demand up to an FiO2 of 1,0 and persistent respiratory acidosis. Surfactant therapy showed no sufficient response. Inotropic support was necessary in case of arterial hypotension. Following inhaled nitric oxide therapy a decrease in oxygen requirement from 100 to 50 % was achieved over the following 48 hours, indicative of secondary pulmonary hypertension. On day 5 of life the clinical course was complicated by formation of a large left sided pneumatocele (Figure 2) and a consecutive symptomatic tension pneumothorax (Figure 3), which was successfully treated by insertion of a chest drain. On day 11 of life the patient was extubated, but the chest drain had to be left in situ for 3 ½ weeks due to recurrent air leaks. Laboratory parameters normalized within a week by our standard antibiotic regime. On day 37 of life the neonate had recovered and was discharged home.
Bilateral reticulogranular lung pattern in Group B Streptococcus pneumonia mimicking RDS (Case 1)
Pneumatocele formation on the leftside and streaky-granular infiltrates in Group B Streptococcus pneumonia (Case 1)
Leftsided tension pneumothorax complicating Group B Streptococcus pneumonia (Case 1)
A female infant was delivered by vacuum extraction at 37+4 weeks gestational age to a multiparous mother after premature rupture of membranes, meconium stained amniotic fluid and pathological cardiotocogram. Maternal vaginal swabs were tested negative for Group B Streptococcus. Apgar scores and umbilical artery pH were within the normal range. About 12 hours after birth the neonate showed signs of respiratory distress with tachypnea, grunting and an oxygen demand of FiO2 >0,3. He was intubated and transferred to our NICU. A chest radiograph on admission showed bilateral streaky infiltrates (Figure 4). On day 2 an elevated CRP of 100mg/L, in combination with the findings on chest radiographs and the clinical signs were highly suspicious for the diagnosis of early onset neonatal pneumonia. In the yellowish tracheal aspirates Listeria monocytogenes were detected. The asymptomatic mother was tested negative for Listeria infection in stool and urine probes. On closer questioning the mother remembered having
Bilateral,streaky and nodular infiltrates in Listeria pneumonia (Case 2)
developed gastrointestinal symptoms with diarrhea 2 weeks prior to birth after having eaten some cheese made from unpasteurized milk from a local food store. This led us to assume that the pregnant mother had most likely infected the fetus following ingestion of the bacterium, which had then crossed intestinal cells into the bloodstream and passed the placenta (42,43). After initiation of our standard antibiotic therapy the infant recovered quickly and was extubated on day 4 of life. Antibiotics were given for a total of 14 days. The child had a full recovery.
A female infant was born to a primigravid mother at 28+1 weeks of gestational age. Delivery was by cesarean section due to a pathological cardiotocogram and presumed maternal infection (preterm premature rupture of the membranes 9 hours before delivery, preterm labour, increased neutrophile count and elevated CRP). The mother was treated with
Bilateral lung infiltrates with consolidation mainly in the middle and right lower lobe in Enterobacter pneumonia (Case 3)
antibiotics. The preterm infant showed clinical and radiological signs of RDS and was intubated 15 minutes after birth. Standard broad spectrum antibiotics were started prophylactically but terminated after 3 days when daily white cell counts and CRP levels revealed no signs of infection. The patient was extubated on day 4 of life and placed on nasal CPAP. On day 6 of life the baby appeared septic with new onset of apneas, skin pallor, poor peripheral perfusion, metabolic acidosis and neurological signs like increased muscle tone and extreme irritability. Due to recurrent apneas despite caffeine therapy the infant had to be reintubated. The septic work up confirmed the clinical diagnosis of sepsis. Enterobacter cloacae, ESBL positive, was found in the blood culture, liquor cerebrospinalis and tracheal aspirate. Peripheral blood count showed leukocytosis, I/T ratio of 0,54, thrombocytopenia of 38 G/l, and elevated CRP values of 68,4 rising to a maximum of > 200 mg/L. Chest radiographs revealed new parenchymal changes compatible with the diagnosis of late onset bacterial pneumonia (Figure 5). The antibiotic regime was changed to meropenem and teicoplanin. As a further complication of sepsis the patient developed transient renal failure and an intraventricular hemorrhage with consecutive hydrocephalus, which was finally treated by insertion of a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt. After a long complicated neonatal period the patient was finally discharged from the hospital at an age of about 3 months in good clinical condition.
A female infant was born at 24+3 weeks gestational age by vaginal delivery after the mother had been admitted to our hospital 1 hour prior to delivery with abdominal pain and onset of labors. The neonate developed RDS soon after birth which led to intubation, surfactant application and mechanical ventilation. Broad spectrum antibiotic therapy was started in case of suspected early onset sepsis. Initial laboratory revealed leukocytosis of 52.00 G/L, increased IL-6 (29,2 pg/ml) but normal CRP values. The chest radiograph on admission was typical for mild RDS but the lung pattern worsened during the first 2 weeks of life showing disseminated streaky-patchy infiltrates and partly cystic changes (Figure 6 and 7), accompanied by an increase in ventilatory requirements suggestive of early BPD changes. Therefore a strategy of moderate early BPD-prevention (48) with a one week course of intravenous steroids (hydrocortisone) was started. Results from routine tracheal aspirate screening for Ureaplasma infection taken during the second day on mechanical ventilation revealed a positive culture test (106) for Uu. In addition the placenta histology showed signs of chorioamnionitis. Under the assumption of early onset ureaplasma pneumonia/ pneumonitis we commenced oral macrolid therapy with clarithromycin (10mg/kg), beginning on day 6 of life for a total of 14 days. A repeat ureaplasma culture taken during treatment was negative. Mechanical ventilation continued for 18 days followed by a prolonged period of NCPAP lasting 7 weeks. Oxygen dependency for more than 8 weeks but not at a corrected gestational age of 36 weeks was compatible with the diagnosis of mild BPD (44,45). At an age of about 4 months of life she was discharged home.
Streaky-patchy lung changes with partly cystic appearance in Ureaplasma urealyticum pneumonia on day 6 of life (Case 4)
Early BPD changes in Ureaplasma urealyticum pneumonia on day 18 of life (Case 4)
Despite advances in neonatal medicine pneumonia remains a serious problem even in developed countries, mainly due to the increased survival of very preterm births and their susceptibility for early and late bacterial infections. The clinical spectrum of pneumonia is complex, symptoms are often non-specific and laboratory findings may be of limited value, making a rapid and correct diagnosis difficult. Treatment may also be challenging if no organism can be cultivated or in case of multidrug-resistant bacterial pneumonia. There is no clear evidence from randomized controlled trials favoring a specific antibiotic treatment strategy so that treatment decisions are based on local antimicrobial resistance patterns and clinical experience. Surfactant substitution might be beneficial in selected cases. Preventive strategies like health-care associated infection control and vaccination programs might have the greatest impact and should be further evaluated and applied at all levels of perinatal care.
Remarkable improvements in computer and telecommunication technology have fueled financial innovation worldwide in the last few decades and are key to most developments under way, that encompass institutional, product and process innovations: they deal with new types of financial firms (such as specialist credit card companies, electronic trading platforms and direct banks), new financial services (such as derivatives, asset-backed securities and foreign currency mortgages) and new ways of doing financial business (such as virtual, home and phone banking); in other words, all three pillars that the financial system is generally thought of being based on – namely: financial institutions, markets and products – have been positively affected, to the point that “many of the things that seemed so incredible 10 years ago are now foundational” [1]. Looking forward, the incredible pace of technology-driven change sounds promising for further progress, that may prove beneficial non only to financial institutions, but also to their counterparts across all economic sectors and geographical areas.
Within this framework, a major role needs to be assigned to artificial intelligence (AI), as a “multidisciplinary topic, where researches from multiple fields as neuroscience, computing science, cognitive sciences, exact sciences and different engineering areas converge” [2]. Related applications have gained momentum in the realms of banking and financial services, as well as in other industries, thus leading to state that getting involved in AI is a must, rather than just an option: reference points can be easily identified with “machines or systems that can perform complex tasks normally considered to require ‘intelligence’ and thus thought to be the preserve of humans” while the meaning of AI has been explained by evoking “a computer system that can sense, comprehend, act and learn”; as a result, it can be argued that “by enabling machines to interact more naturally – with their environment, with people and with data – the technology can extend the capabilities of both humans and machines far beyond what each can do on their own” [3], p. 3.
These thoughts pave the way for emphasizing the cross-cultural implications of AI, with its specific challenges and opportunities, and for discussing about it in terms of “systems endowed with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason, discover meaning, generalize, or learn from past experience” [4]. Along this line of analysis, it comes natural to sort out most recent trends in this field, which sounds like an invitation to shed special light on AI-powered virtual assistants: they tend to be perceived as innovative tools that can help financial institutions and especially banks – as well as other enterprises – to provide customer service support and carry out administrative tasks, though the pertaining scope seems much wider; therefore, it is worth investigating how these digital assistants can be usefully resorted to and fully exploiting their potential, in sight of contributing to advances in the financial industry and particularly in the banking sector, due to its relevance and even prominence in many operating areas.
To begin with, it must be accounted for the significant improvements in information technology that have been translated into new means of making banking and financial services available, including delivering them electronically: no surprise that e-finance has increasingly expanded, at a relatively fast pace, as financial institutions have quickly perceived the risk of becoming obsolete if this evolving trend would not be endorsed; a case in point has to do with the automated teller machine (ATM), that stands as a major form of an e-banking facility and that has enabled customers to get cash, make deposits, transfer funds from one account to another and perform other financial transactions all day long, without interacting with a human being. Not only the adoption of this facility has contributed to keep operating costs at relatively modest levels for banks, but more convenience has been provided to their customers.
Meanwhile, the drop in the cost of telecommunications has encouraged these financial intermediaries to develop other innovations, such as those that fall under the umbrella of home banking: it allows banks’ customers to conduct many of their bank transactions without even leaving the comfort of home; in turn, banks have reaped benefits that stem from bearing substantially lower transaction costs compared to those implied by having customers come to their premises. The success of ATMs has been acting as a catalyst for the introduction and spread of other innovative facilities, including the automated banking machine, which can be described as a combination in one location of an ATM, an Internet connection to the bank’s website and a telephone link to customer service [5], p. 500.
Further innovations in the financial industry – and notably in the home banking area – have been stimulated by the decline in the price of personal computers and the increase in their presence in households, thus laying the foundations for the virtual bank (also called digital-only and online-only bank) as a new type of banking institution: it delivers its services through the Internet or other forms of electronic channels – instead of conventional branches – and merely exists in cyberspace, which takes home banking one step further by enabling customers to have a full set of banking services available at home 24 hours a day; accordingly, the need for a physical location as the main vehicle to handle financial transactions has started to fade away – up to the point that many actual and potential bank customers do not even feel this need any more – and “clicks” have begun to replace “bricks” thanks to this evolutionary business model in the banking industry. However, pure Internet banks can hardly be conceived as the wave of the future, with a combination of “clicks” and “bricks” being expected to establish itself as the predominant format in the banking sector, whereby remote banking can usefully complement the banking services provided in line with traditional standards.
Focusing on astonishing developments that have been recorded in financial technology – shortly fintech, a combination of finance and technology – proves rewarding to draw an updated picture of the global financial system, to be acknowledged as the largest industry in the world: as widespread evidence implies, most recent advances in this context have allowed financial institutions to satisfy the needs of their target markets in novel ways, that have shaken up the historically change-resistant banking sector, beyond expectations, and to serve potential customers that would otherwise populate the market segments consisting of the unbanked and underbanked [6]; thanks to progress in fintech, the financial industry has been experimenting with virtual banking, as well as – in more general terms – with automation, predictive analytics, new delivery platforms, blockchain and distributed ledger technology, to mention just a few innovations in the field under scrutiny. Promising areas that still call for keen attention involve mobile payments, digital currencies, peer-to-peer lending and marketplace lending, and underlying issues need to be more carefully addressed, that deal with the “the use of new technologies to solve regulatory and compliance requirements more effectively and efficiently” [7], p. 2 (or regtech) and with the recourse to innovative technology by supervisory agencies to support their activity (or suptech) [8].
As far as key players, most fintech innovations have been generated – and further fintech innovative solutions can be expected to emerge – outside the conventional financial and banking system. New applications developed by bright minds have been largely driven by non-bank entities, including venture capital-backed fintech start-ups and non-traditional providers of financial services that often focus their operations narrowly on a subset of the financial sphere of the economy: success stories abound in the area of digital payments, as fintech start-up companies have provided quick and convenient payment options, that encompass the adoption of e-wallets; they have been increasingly used for paying online purchases and for making person-to-person payments, thanks to intrinsic simplicity, not to mention strategies that have been designed to attract users by providing reward points, cash back and other exciting offers.
Very smart solutions that have been recently developed include those based on biometric sensors: their installation entails another step in the ATM innovation, as they are set to replace the need for carrying plastic cards and for remembering the pin to get access to a bank account through the facility at issue; biometric ATMs use palm or fingerprint sensors, eye recognition and integrated mobile applications to identify the account holder, thus eliminating mistakes in recognizing authorized customers and granting them access even if their card has been lost. Challenges ahead encompass voice biometrics, that has already unveiled its multi-faceted advantages for financial institutions and their counterparts on a significant scale, and behavioral biometrics, that allows banks to look at how consumers behave (for instance, on a mobile app or website) rather than using physiological characteristics, like fingerprints.
With fintech being more and more widely adopted, a major impact in the financial sector has been generated by leveraging some of the latest innovations that involve AI: financial institutions have started to resort to it in order to transform the customer experience by enabling frictionless, 24/7 customer interactions while saving on costs; certain AI use cases have been increasingly disseminated within the financial industry, especially by banks, that are estimated to be offered the greater cost saving opportunities by front- and middle-office applications. A case in point has to do with the recourse to chatbots that have been used for a while, not only in the banking industry, and that allow to conduct an online chat conversation via text or text-to-speech, as a cost-effective alternative to direct contact with a live human agent.
Unquestionably, AI has the potential to upgrade bank management by making operations and processes faster and safer, with their efficiency set to increase as a result, which leads to consider the “intelligent” bank as a reliable candidate to become the rule – rather than remaining the exception – sooner than expected. Further progress can be foreseen in the financial industry, as AI applications are not just limited to retail banking: not only they are set to positively impact every office at banks, but these applications can support all financial services providers to completely redefine how they work, how they deliver innovative services and how they transform customer experiences; to stress this point, even though consideration tends to be focused on front-office operations, the back- and middle- offices of investment banks and other financial institutions can also benefit from AI, as shown by the full range of channels to get usefully involved in this innovative wave, encompassing front-office (conversational banking), middle-office (anti-fraud) and back-office (underwriting).
While the number of financial institutions that avail themselves of AI technology is on the rise, the ones that will achieve successful implementation are those that can develop comprehensive strategies: they can help to sense, comprehend, act and learn, therefore envisaging a system that can perceive the world around it, analyze and understand the information it receives, take actions based on that understanding and improve its own performance by learning from what happened; these strategies can help to drive growth in banking and financial services, in sight of a more sustainable and inclusive financial system, which our global village needs and deserves, now more than even, due to the troublesome and persisting effects of the Covid-19 health emergency. It is noticeable that several trends in digital engagement have accelerated during this pandemic and the gloomy picture to be confronted with should push financial institutions to take advantage of AI technology as “the foundation for new value propositions and distinctive customer experiences”, to compete successfully and thrive [9].
Virtual assistants can be considered the most conspicuous way in which AI has modernized so far – and can still upgrade – the financial system, adding to the human version of these assistants: as shown by the more and more intensive reliance on chatbots, they have attracted the attention of financial institutions, as well as of firms across a wide range of other economic sectors, and are being viewed as a key ingredient to create differentiation in today’s increasingly crowded landscape; the underlying technology includes application programming interfaces that allow to analyze data, as well as web- and mobile-based user interfaces, and to deliver the necessary insights to the end customer. No wonder that forward-looking financial institutions have taken a leap of faith by investing in digital assistants to make “contextual insights” available to the right persons at the right time and through the preferred channels [10].
AI makes a huge difference between chatbots and virtual assistants who are typically self-employed workers specialized in providing administrative services to clients while operating outside their offices: these independent contractors usually work from a home office; access is granted to them to the necessary documents remotely, which acts as a stimulus to explore the potential of these assistants in the post-pandemic scenario. Since working from home has become more accepted for both workers and employers, the demand for skilled virtual assistants can be assumed to grow and new opportunities are surfacing for virtual assistants who are skilled in social media, content management, graphic design, blog writing, bookkeeping and web marketing [11].
To make a long story short, one of the advantages of hiring a virtual assistant is the flexibility to contract for just the services that each employer needs. Actually, this type of worker has become prominent, as small businesses and start-ups have embraced the trend to rely on virtual offices to keep costs low and firms of all sizes keep increasing their use of the Internet for their daily operations: being virtual assistants classified as self-employed workers, a company willing to take advantage of their services would not have to grant the same benefits it would be requested to provide its employees with; furthermore, since virtual assistants work offsite, they are expected to arrange and pay for their own toolkit (for instance, computer equipment, high-speed Internet connection and commonly used software programs) and it should not even be accounted for workspace, including a desk, at the company’s office.
The trend towards increasing digitalization has allowed “intelligent” versions of virtual assistants – known as Intelligent Virtual Assistants, shortly IVAs – to proliferate: they can be defined as digital personal software-based agents that assist us in performing our daily activities and are conceived as being “similar to personal human assistants that, let’s say, take down notes during a meeting, remind us to tend to our ‘to-do-lists,’ or read messages and emails sent to us” [12]; for instance, these virtual assistants can help us to control and manage smart devices, that have become essential to operate in the areas of remote banking. Going into a few technical specifications, IVAs consist of “advanced conversational solutions – equipped with NLU (Natural Language Understanding), NLG (Natural Language Generation), and Deep Learning, that enables them to understand and retain context and have more productive conversations with users” [13].
Even though both chatbots and IVAs are ripened fruits of AI, a clear-cut distinction needs to be made between them, as a precondition for implementing them wisely and especially for taking full advantage of the added value that each of them can provide: chatbots may simulate a conversational experience to a certain extent but are ultimately constrained by having to work off a limited script, as they lack the ability to learn over time and to adapt to context; on the other hand, IVAs have the advanced capabilities to truly serve “assistants” to customers and can emulate human interaction while carrying out a wide variety of tasks to fulfill a user’s requirements. Therefore, these two AI applications cannot be confused as one, as it often happens.
To all intents and purposes, chatbots are generally used as information acquisition interfaces, for instance to extract product details, whereas IVAs can assist in conducting business: if you ask chatbots for virtual assistance – for instance, to remind you of meetings, to manage your to-do lists and to take down notes – they get confused and tend to search for clarification by keeping asking the same questions; anyway, chatbots play a crucial role in customer service, as customers can usefully interact with them to satisfy specific needs, for example to gain product-related information or even book an appointment with the product manager. By contrast, IVAs utilize dynamic conversation flow techniques to “understand” human emotions, thus enriching communications with humans and hence covering a greater scope of action, which includes a wider range of tasks, such as those involving decision-making and e-commerce [14].
Despite the distinctive features outlined so far, both chatbots and IVAs are considered conversational interfaces, which organizations – including financial institutions – have recently started to actively and significantly deploy to automate their internal business processes. These applications provide incredible value, as they help to develop promising strategies that leverage AI, and are also impacting our personal lives to a remarkable extent: more and more frequently, customer service programs have been enriched by resorting to AI-powered software that makes “intelligent” customer – as well as employee – experiences available; to stress this point, it must be acknowledged that with conversational AI not only customers but also employees get the answers they need fast.
It’s more than simple “if-then” logic, since conversational AI incorporates natural language to make human-to-machine conversations more like human-to-human ones: the outcome can be described in terms of increased customer engagement, continued trust and reliability in doing business, across all industries, and the ability to make the best thinkers and doers in any organization more productive; as a matter of fact, tech-savvy companies are building AI applications to augment business productivity, as well as to innovate business operations, with the ultimate goal being to help boost revenues. Therefore, more and more organizations are extending their efforts to identify additional areas to leverage AI and derive maximum value from it, by resorting to either chatbots or IVAs, as a viable alternative to utilizing both after identifying the right areas of application for each of them.
In general terms, conversational AI refers to technologies which users can talk to: these applications use large volumes of data, machine learning and natural language processing to help imitate human interactions, recognizing speech and text inputs, and translating their meanings across various languages; as far as the outcomes, the applications at issue help to build task-specific, channel-agnostic experiences by integrating data from various systems and channels (like SMS, Voice, WhatsApp and Facebook Messenger), and to retool teams for operational efficiency by automating the known and handling off the unknown. However, experts tend to label conversational AI’s current applications as “weak AI”, whereas “strong AI” should focus on a human-like consciousness that can perform a wider field of tasks and solve a broader range of problems [15].
With conversational AI being still considered in its infancy, it is even too easy to foresee tremendous progress that can translate into more cost-efficient solutions for many businesses, including financial institutions: focusing on banks, they have been reportedly slow in adjusting to new technologies, since managers have traditionally proven reluctant to abandon tried and tested systems for untested advancements, and by the way investing in technological progress involves huge amounts of money, which would make the risk of failure extra high; however, the transition to “conversational banking” has begun on a global scale, thus persuading banks to increasingly view chatbots and IVAs as new age contact center executives. Actually, these institutions have been pushed to mark digital transformation as a top priority as they have faced competition from fintech start-ups that have engaged in providing faster and more convenient options to their traditional customers in the last few years [16].
Another relevant factor must be identified with the health emergency that has been caused by the global spread of the novel coronavirus since 2019 and that has made an increased need for online services to surface and accelerate right afterwards: according to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), “while the pandemic demonstrates the immediate benefits of digital finance, the disruptive potential of digitalization in transforming finance is immense” [17] and positive effects can be even expected as a contribution to sustainable development, especially to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals in the 2030 Agenda that was adopted by the United Nations (UN) in 2015 [18]; therefore, not only mobile payment technologies have transformed mobile phones into financial tools for billions and billions of people, but going digital has been positively impacting – and can further upgrade – both supply- and demand-side drivers that interact to ultimately deploy AI to advancing promising areas in the financial industry, such as those involving cryptocurrencies, peer-to-peer lending and crowdfunding, to mention just a few of them. In line with valuable research work by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), another innovative field to be closely scrutinized is populated by the so-called robo-advisors, that are computer programs designed to generate investment advice according to customer data and that tend to be utilized “as a cheap alternative to human wealth advisors” [19], p. 12.
Not to miss any opportunity, it is worth analyzing the financial system as a whole, beyond the boundaries of the banking sector, which leads to shed unprecedented light upon insurance companies. To support this view, even a quick look at most recent literature can be a source of useful insights to emphasize the potential of the wide range of AI use cases in the market segment that they make up: this almost 300-year old industry has been relatively slow to react to the disruption brought about by the digital age but the rapid pace of technological innovation and changing customer expectations in the last few years have contributed to substantial improvements, with insurtech start-ups playing a key role not only to put forth innovative AI applications in the industry under examination, but also to force traditional insurance players to follow suit; as a matter of fact, AI can be applied to the insurance value chain via a number of entry points, to encompass many areas (such as product development, marketing and sales, underwriting and risk-rating, claims management, robo-advisory, process improvements and recruitment, besides customer service) [20].
Accordingly, success stories have unfolded in the insurance industry to learn from, in order to contribute to advances in the financial sphere of the economy, with their valuable repercussions in the real one not to be underestimated. A case study that showcases useful implications deals with Allianz Taiwan Life Insurance Co. Ltd.: it wanted a mobile assistant solution that could work across platforms to better serve customers; using IBM Cloud and IBM Watson Assistant, the company created an AI-powered virtual assistant that is described as being “smart, secure and almost human” and that was forged to field 80 percent of its most frequent customer requests, to provide “real help in real time” [21].
Turning to the banking industry, it is interesting to look at UBank, a digital-only bank established in 2008 and headquartered in Sydney, Australia, that has been able “to shrink time to market” by building a loan app virtual assistant on IBM Cloud platform: after consulting with an IBM Watson and Cloud Adoption Leadership team, this bank launched several initiatives, including RoboChat, a virtual assistant that incorporates advanced technology to support the bank’s home loan application form online and particularly to help customers apply for home loans; to see the benefits of IBM Cloud technology at work, UBank and an IBM Garage team selected an initial use case, focusing on the bank’s efforts to attract interest in its home loan offerings. Rather than relying solely on an email campaign, this bank built an app that plugs into Facebook and lets customers refer Facebook friends to the home loan program to be promoted and essentially RoboChat has been set up as an additional staff member providing a specific set of skills within this bank’s current live chat capability [22].
Another revealing case study involves Banpro, that was founded in 1991 to support the social and economic development of Nicaragua and is part of the banking group Grupo Promerica, with nine operating banks throughout Central America. In an effort to scale exceptional always-on customer service, this bank launched Finn AI’s virtual assistant technology in February 2018 and full functionality is being supported in Spanish, the primary language required to serve Banpro’s Central American audience: within just one year, this virtual assistant has been able to complete 91% of chats without the need for a human customer service agent and to resolve 80% of customer queries, freeing up human customer service agents’ time to deal with more complex customer inquiries; the virtual assistant at issue is not just handling queries from existing customers, as a great impression is being created on new prospects that engage with it and ultimately become new customers, with most common questions from them being about eligibility, product features and the application process [23].
Success stories encourage to proceed with investing – money, as well as time and efforts – in technological innovation, not only in the financial industry. Challenges and opportunities ahead include the recourse to sound branding (also known as sonic branding, audio branding and acoustic branding) as a strategic tool for financial services companies to communicate with customers: by tradition, money has been a visual and physical entity but financial institutions are now getting involved in technological progress that should help them become recognizable audio brand entities as well; the mass adoption of smart speakers with voice assistants that are designed to enable audio-search, command and transactional capabilities has widened the spectrum of channels through which consumers can interact with brands and is pivoting service technology firmly in the direction of audio [24].
A recognizable and reassuring sounding brand that people can hear and easily associate with the services provided by a bank is likely to help build trust and engagement, to be undoubtedly considered relevant in the financial industry more than in any other sector. As a reinforcement, it can be argued that brand engagement is reportedly far stronger when audio is treated as an equal and essential aspect of the brand: therefore, it makes sense that quite a number of financial institutions are already harnessing the power of a well-designed sonic strategy to boost their brand; looking far beyond the solitary sonic logo, these institutions are creating holistic systems of branded sound and music that are flexible and anticipate proof for the technological advances of the future [25].
Among the frontrunners, HSBC launched its “sound identity” in 2019, a year after refreshing its visual brand identity to focus on its hexagons in a bid to make its brand more consistent: a bespoke piece of music was chosen to help people instantly recognize this bank and was proposed as the “next natural phase”, with the marketing team cooperating with the digital team to get the audio in the bank’s apps [26]; one of the major motivations was to reduce the fragmentation of HSBC’s brand and the audio generated a brand score that could be used across multiple experiences, both online and offline, to create a universal brand identity through sound, at a time when consumers are increasingly busy and distracted [27]. By the way, recent developments have even enabled smart speakers to be adopted for voice-activated banking and as we march forward into a post-Covid era, that should be ever more screenless, the role of sound is set to become ever more important for the industry under scrutiny (and beyond).
To conclude, technological progress and changing consumer habits bring about unprecedented challenges that even lead to question how banking brands can retain trust while physical currencies tend to disappear and real, human interactions seem to increasingly belong to the past. At the same time, valuable opportunities keep emerging, that are worth taking: although there is less human contact, interactions can be more personable through tailoring the experience around the customer; as shown by the recourse to a brand’s “hymn”, the sound of this experience can play an important part both functionally and emotionally.
It’s no secret that technology keeps evolving. For instance, IVAs hold extensive capabilities to help revolutionize banking: the critical focus is to identify the right areas to deploy these AI applications to, as well as to leverage chatbots; compared to IVAs, they are said to lack “understanding” of human emotions but chatbots that can gauge human sentiments are now being developed with the help of AI emotional intelligence.
All in all, AI can be considered a game changer in the financial arena, as well as in the real sphere of the economy, and also has the potential to contribute to the 2030 Agenda that was set up by the UN to provide a shared blueprint for partnerships for peace and prosperity for people and the planet: accordingly, a broad approach should be assumed to give due credit to the digital transformation that is spreading on a global scale and that preludes to creating inclusive digital economies as non-negotiable; factors to be further investigated range from technological advances that keep stimulating progress in the financial industry (especially in the delivery of banking and financial services) to the efforts under way to deploy AI to build the post-pandemic “new normal” as a stepping stone to a “new future”. Anyway, a mental shift still stands as a precondition for meeting the challenges that raising the bar of intelligence over time implies and for taking the underlying opportunities.
The author declares no conflict of interest.
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Integrity - We are consistent and dependable, always striving for precision and accuracy in the true spirit of science.
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The toxic and allergic reactions of synthetic dyes are compelling the people to think about natural dyes. Natural dyes are renewable source of colouring materials. Besides textiles it has application in colouration of foods, medicine and in handicraft items. Though natural dyes are ecofriendly, protective to skin and pleasing colour to eyes, they are having very poor bonding with textile fibre materials, which necessitate mordanting with metallic mordants, some of which are not eco friendly, for fixation of natural dyes on textile fibres. So the supremacy of natural dyes is somewhat subdued. This necessitates newer research on application of natural dyes on different natural fibres for completely eco friendly textiles. The fundamentals of natural dyes chemistry and some of the important research work are therefore discussed in this review article.",book:{id:"9203",slug:"chemistry-and-technology-of-natural-and-synthetic-dyes-and-pigments",title:"Chemistry and Technology of Natural and Synthetic Dyes and Pigments",fullTitle:"Chemistry and Technology of Natural and Synthetic Dyes and Pigments"},signatures:"Virendra Kumar Gupta",authors:[{id:"305259",title:"Dr.",name:"Virendra",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Gupta",slug:"virendra-kumar-gupta",fullName:"Virendra Kumar Gupta"}]},{id:"49647",title:"Fiber Selection for the Production of Nonwovens",slug:"fiber-selection-for-the-production-of-nonwovens",totalDownloads:10512,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"The most significant feature of nonwoven fabric is made directly from fibers in a continuous production line. While manufacturing nonwovens, some conventional textile operations, such as carding, drawing, roving, spinning, weaving or knitting, are partially or completely eliminated. For this reason the choice of fiber is very important for nonwoven manufacturers. The commonly used fibers include natural fibers (cotton, jute, flax, wool), synthetic fibers (polyester (PES), polypropylene (PP), polyamide, rayon), special fibers (glass, carbon, nanofiber, bi-component, superabsorbent fibers). Raw materials have not only delivered significant product improvements but also benefited people using these products by providing hygiene and comfort.",book:{id:"5062",slug:"non-woven-fabrics",title:"Non-woven Fabrics",fullTitle:"Non-woven Fabrics"},signatures:"Nazan Avcioglu Kalebek and Osman Babaarslan",authors:[{id:"119775",title:"Prof.",name:"Osman",middleName:null,surname:"Babaarslan",slug:"osman-babaarslan",fullName:"Osman Babaarslan"},{id:"175829",title:"Dr.",name:"Nazan",middleName:null,surname:"Kalebek",slug:"nazan-kalebek",fullName:"Nazan Kalebek"}]},{id:"41409",title:"Surface Modification Methods for Improving the Dyeability of Textile Fabrics",slug:"surface-modification-methods-for-improving-the-dyeability-of-textile-fabrics",totalDownloads:7038,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:36,abstract:null,book:{id:"3137",slug:"eco-friendly-textile-dyeing-and-finishing",title:"Eco-Friendly Textile Dyeing and Finishing",fullTitle:"Eco-Friendly Textile Dyeing and Finishing"},signatures:"Sheila Shahidi, Jakub Wiener and Mahmood Ghoranneviss",authors:[{id:"58854",title:"Dr.",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Shahidi",slug:"shahidi",fullName:"Shahidi"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"296",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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He is on the editorial board of several international peer-reviewed journals and has published many papers. Additionally, he has participated in many international and national congresses, seminars, and workshops with oral and poster presentations. He is an active member of many local and international organizations.",institutionString:"İskenderun Technical University",institution:{name:"İskenderun Technical University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61139/images/system/61139.png",biography:"Dr. Sergey Tkachev is a senior research scientist at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Russia, and at the Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia. He received his Ph.D. in Molecular Biology with his thesis “Genetic variability of the tick-borne encephalitis virus in natural foci of Novosibirsk city and its suburbs.” His primary field is molecular virology with research emphasis on vector-borne viruses, especially tick-borne encephalitis virus, Kemerovo virus and Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus, rabies virus, molecular genetics, biology, and epidemiology of virus pathogens.",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310962/images/system/310962.jpg",biography:"Amlan K. Patra, FRSB, obtained a Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition from Indian Veterinary Research Institute, India, in 2002. He is currently an associate professor at West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences. He has more than twenty years of research and teaching experience. He held previous positions at the American Institute for Goat Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA, and Free University of Berlin, Germany. His research focuses on animal nutrition, particularly ruminants and poultry nutrition, gastrointestinal electrophysiology, meta-analysis and modeling in nutrition, and livestock–environment interaction. He has authored around 175 articles in journals, book chapters, and proceedings. Dr. Patra serves on the editorial boards of several reputed journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53998/images/system/53998.png",biography:"László Babinszky is Professor Emeritus, Department of Animal Nutrition Physiology, University of Debrecen, Hungary. He has also worked in the Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Wageningen, Netherlands; the Institute for Livestock Feeding and Nutrition (IVVO), Lelystad, Netherlands; the Agricultural University of Vienna (BOKU); the Institute for Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Austria; and the Oscar Kellner Research Institute for Animal Nutrition, Rostock, Germany. In 1992, Dr. Babinszky obtained a Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition from the University of Wageningen. His main research areas are swine and poultry nutrition. He has authored more than 300 publications (papers, book chapters) and edited four books and fourteen international conference proceedings.",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"201830",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:"Sanchez",surname:"Davila",slug:"fernando-davila",fullName:"Fernando Davila",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201830/images/5017_n.jpg",biography:"I am a professor at UANL since 1988. My research lines are the development of reproductive techniques in small ruminants. We also conducted research on sexual and social behavior in males.\nI am Mexican and study my professional career as an engineer in agriculture and animal science at UANL. Then take a masters degree in science in Germany (Animal breeding). Take a doctorate in animal science at the UANL.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"309250",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Quaresma",slug:"miguel-quaresma",fullName:"Miguel Quaresma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309250/images/9059_n.jpg",biography:"Miguel Nuno Pinheiro Quaresma was born on May 26, 1974 in Dili, Timor Island. He is married with two children: a boy and a girl, and he is a resident in Vila Real, Portugal. He graduated in Veterinary Medicine in August 1998 and obtained his Ph.D. degree in Veterinary Sciences -Clinical Area in February 2015, both from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. He is currently enrolled in the Alternative Residency of the European College of Animal Reproduction. He works as a Senior Clinician at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of UTAD (HVUTAD) with a role in clinical activity in the area of livestock and equine species as well as to support teaching and research in related areas. He teaches as an Invited Professor in Reproduction Medicine I and II of the Master\\'s in Veterinary Medicine degree at UTAD. Currently, he holds the position of Chairman of the Portuguese Buiatrics Association. He is a member of the Consultive Group on Production Animals of the OMV. He has 19 publications in indexed international journals (ISIS), as well as over 60 publications and oral presentations in both Portuguese and international journals and congresses.",institutionString:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"283019",title:"Dr.",name:"Oudessa",middleName:null,surname:"Kerro Dego",slug:"oudessa-kerro-dego",fullName:"Oudessa Kerro Dego",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/283019/images/system/283019.png",biography:"Dr. Kerro Dego is a veterinary microbiologist with training in veterinary medicine, microbiology, and anatomic pathology. Dr. Kerro Dego is an assistant professor of dairy health in the department of animal science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. He received his D.V.M. (1997), M.S. (2002), and Ph.D. (2008) degrees in Veterinary Medicine, Animal Pathology and Veterinary Microbiology from College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; College of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands and Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada respectively. He did his Postdoctoral training in microbial pathogenesis (2009 - 2015) in the Department of Animal Science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. Dr. Kerro Dego’s research focuses on the prevention and control of infectious diseases of farm animals, particularly mastitis, improving dairy food safety, and mitigation of antimicrobial resistance. Dr. Kerro Dego has extensive experience in studying the pathogenesis of bacterial infections, identification of virulence factors, and vaccine development and efficacy testing against major bacterial mastitis pathogens. Dr. Kerro Dego conducted numerous controlled experimental and field vaccine efficacy studies, vaccination, and evaluation of immunological responses in several species of animals, including rodents (mice) and large animals (bovine and ovine).",institutionString:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",institution:{name:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",biography:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi received University degree from the Faculty of Agrarian Science in Argentina, in 1983. Also he received Masters Degree and PhD from Córdoba University, Spain. He is currently a Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery. He teaches diverse courses in the field of Animal Reproduction and he is the Director of the Veterinary Farm. He also participates in academic postgraduate activities at the Veterinary Faculty of Murcia University, Spain. His research areas include animal physiology, physiology and biotechnology of reproduction either in males or females, the study of gametes under in vitro conditions and the use of ultrasound as a complement to physiological studies and development of applied biotechnologies. Routinely, he supervises students preparing their doctoral, master thesis or final degree projects.",institutionString:"Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain",institution:null},{id:"125292",title:"Dr.",name:"Katy",middleName:null,surname:"Satué Ambrojo",slug:"katy-satue-ambrojo",fullName:"Katy Satué Ambrojo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125292/images/system/125292.jpeg",biography:"Katy Satué Ambrojo received her Veterinary Medicine degree, Master degree in Equine Technology and doctorate in Veterinary Medicine from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in Valencia, Spain. She is a Full Professor at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery at the same University. She developed her research activity in the field of Endocrinology, Hematology, Biochemistry and Immunology of horses. She is a scientific reviewer of several international journals : American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comparative Clinical Pathology, Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, Reproduction in Domestic Animals, Research Veterinary Science, Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Livestock Production Science and Theriogenology. Since 2014, she has been the Head of the Clinical Analysis Laboratory of the Hospital Clínico Veterinario from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University.",institutionString:"CEU-Cardenal Herrera University",institution:{name:"CEU Cardinal Herrera University",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"309529",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Rizvanov",slug:"albert-rizvanov",fullName:"Albert Rizvanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309529/images/9189_n.jpg",biography:'Albert A. Rizvanov is a Professor and Director of the Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University (KFU), Russia. He is the Head of the Center of Excellence “Regenerative Medicine” and Vice-Director of Strategic Academic Unit \\"Translational 7P Medicine\\". Albert completed his Ph.D. at the University of Nevada, Reno, USA and Dr.Sci. at KFU. He is a corresponding member of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation. Albert is an author of more than 300 peer-reviewed journal articles and 22 patents. He has supervised 11 Ph.D. and 2 Dr.Sci. dissertations. Albert is the Head of the Dissertation Committee on Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Genetics at KFU.\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-5739\nWebsite https://kpfu.ru/Albert.Rizvanov?p_lang=2',institutionString:"Kazan Federal University",institution:{name:"Kazan Federal University",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"210551",title:"Dr.",name:"Arbab",middleName:null,surname:"Sikandar",slug:"arbab-sikandar",fullName:"Arbab Sikandar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210551/images/system/210551.jpg",biography:"Dr. Arbab Sikandar, PhD, M. Phil, DVM was born on April 05, 1981. He is currently working at the College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences as an Assistant Professor. He previously worked as a lecturer at the same University. \nHe is a Member/Secretory of Ethics committee (No. CVAS-9377 dated 18-04-18), Member of the QEC committee CVAS, Jhang (Regr/Gen/69/873, dated 26-10-2017), Member, Board of studies of Department of Basic Sciences (No. CVAS. 2851 Dated. 12-04-13, and No. CVAS, 9024 dated 20/11/17), Member of Academic Committee, CVAS, Jhang (No. CVAS/2004, Dated, 25-08-12), Member of the technical committee (No. CVAS/ 4085, dated 20,03, 2010 till 2016).\n\nDr. Arbab Sikandar contributed in five days hands-on-training on Histopathology at the Department of Pathology, UVAS from 12-16 June 2017. He received a Certificate of appreciation for contributions for Popularization of Science and Technology in the Society on 17-11-15. He was the resource person in the lecture series- ‘scientific writing’ at the Department of Anatomy and Histology, UVAS, Lahore on 29th October 2015. He won a full fellowship as a principal candidate for the year 2015 in the field of Agriculture, EICA, Egypt with ref. to the Notification No. 12(11) ACS/Egypt/2014 from 10 July 2015 to 25th September 2015.; he received a grant of Rs. 55000/- as research incentives from Director, Advanced Studies and Research, UVAS, Lahore upon publications of research papers in IF Journals (DR/215, dated 19-5-2014.. He obtained his PhD by winning a HEC Pakistan indigenous Scholarship, ‘Ph.D. fellowship for 5000 scholars – Phase II’ (2av1-147), 17-6/HEC/HRD/IS-II/12, November 15, 2012. \n\nDr. Sikandar is a member of numerous societies: Registered Veterinary Medical Practitioner (life member) and Registered Veterinary Medical Faculty of Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council. The Registration code of PVMC is RVMP/4298 and RVMF/ 0102.; Life member of the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Alumni Association with S# 664, dated: 6-4-12. ; Member 'Vets Care Organization Pakistan” with Reference No. VCO-605-149, dated 05-04-06. :Member 'Vet Crescent” (Society of Animal Health and Production), UVAS, Lahore.",institutionString:"University of Veterinary & Animal Science",institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"311663",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanna",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",slug:"prasanna-pal",fullName:"Prasanna Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311663/images/13261_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Dairy Research Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"283315",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"El-Gendy",slug:"samir-el-gendy",fullName:"Samir El-Gendy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRduYQAS/Profile_Picture_1606215849748",biography:"Samir El-Gendy is a Professor of anatomy and embryology at the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt. Samir obtained his PhD in veterinary science in 2007 from the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University and has been a professor since 2017. Samir is an author on 24 articles at Scopus and 12 articles within local journals and 2 books/book chapters. His research focuses on applied anatomy, imaging techniques and computed tomography. Samir worked as a member of different local projects on E-learning and he is a board member of the African Association of Veterinary Anatomists and of anatomy societies and as an associated author at local and international journals. Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6180-389X",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"246149",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Kubale",slug:"valentina-kubale",fullName:"Valentina Kubale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246149/images/system/246149.jpg",biography:"Valentina Kubale is Associate Professor of Veterinary Medicine at the Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Since graduating from the Veterinary faculty she obtained her PhD in 2007, performed collaboration with the Department of Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. She continued as a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Copenhagen with a Lundbeck foundation fellowship. She is the editor of three books and author/coauthor of 23 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, 16 book chapters, and 68 communications at scientific congresses. Since 2008 she has been the Editor Assistant for the Slovenian Veterinary Research journal. She is a member of Slovenian Biochemical Society, The Endocrine Society, European Association of Veterinary Anatomists and Society for Laboratory Animals, where she is board member.",institutionString:"University of Ljubljana",institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",biography:"Dr. Fonseca-Alves earned his DVM from Federal University of Goias – UFG in 2008. He completed an internship in small animal internal medicine at UPIS university in 2011, earned his MSc in 2013 and PhD in 2015 both in Veterinary Medicine at Sao Paulo State University – UNESP. Dr. Fonseca-Alves currently serves as an Assistant Professor at Paulista University – UNIP teaching small animal internal medicine.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"245306",title:"Dr.",name:"María Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Pardo",slug:"maria-luz-garcia-pardo",fullName:"María Luz Garcia Pardo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245306/images/system/245306.png",biography:"María de la Luz García Pardo is an agricultural engineer from Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain. She has a Ph.D. in Animal Genetics. Currently, she is a lecturer at the Agrofood Technology Department of Miguel Hernández University, Spain. Her research is focused on genetics and reproduction in rabbits. The major goal of her research is the genetics of litter size through novel methods such as selection by the environmental sensibility of litter size, with forays into the field of animal welfare by analysing the impact on the susceptibility to diseases and stress of the does. Details of her publications can be found at https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9504-8290.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"350704",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Camila",middleName:"Silva Costa",surname:"Ferreira",slug:"camila-ferreira",fullName:"Camila Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/350704/images/17280_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Veterinary Medicine at the Fluminense Federal University, specialist in Equine Reproduction at the Brazilian Veterinary Institute (IBVET) and Master in Clinical Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction at the Fluminense Federal University. She has experience in analyzing zootechnical indices in dairy cattle and organizing events related to Veterinary Medicine through extension grants. I have experience in the field of diagnostic imaging and animal reproduction in veterinary medicine through monitoring and scientific initiation scholarships. I worked at the Equus Central Reproduction Equine located in Santo Antônio de Jesus – BA in the 2016/2017 breeding season. I am currently a doctoral student with a scholarship from CAPES of the Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (Pathology and Clinical Sciences) at the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ) with a research project with an emphasis on equine endometritis.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"41319",title:"Prof.",name:"Lung-Kwang",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"lung-kwang-pan",fullName:"Lung-Kwang Pan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41319/images/84_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"201721",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Funiciello",slug:"beatrice-funiciello",fullName:"Beatrice Funiciello",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201721/images/11089_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated from the University of Milan in 2011, my post-graduate education included CertAVP modules mainly on equines (dermatology and internal medicine) and a few on small animal (dermatology and anaesthesia) at the University of Liverpool. After a general CertAVP (2015) I gained the designated Certificate in Veterinary Dermatology (2017) after taking the synoptic examination and then applied for the RCVS ADvanced Practitioner status. After that, I completed the Postgraduate Diploma in Veterinary Professional Studies at the University of Liverpool (2018). My main area of work is cross-species veterinary dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"291226",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Cassel",slug:"monica-cassel",fullName:"Monica Cassel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/291226/images/8232_n.jpg",biography:'Degree in Biological Sciences at the Federal University of Mato Grosso with scholarship for Scientific Initiation by FAPEMAT (2008/1) and CNPq (2008/2-2009/2): Project \\"Histological evidence of reproductive activity in lizards of the Manso region, Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brazil\\". Master\\\'s degree in Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation at Federal University of Mato Grosso with a scholarship by CAPES/REUNI program: Project \\"Reproductive biology of Melanorivulus punctatus\\". PhD\\\'s degree in Science (Cell and Tissue Biology Area) \n at University of Sao Paulo with scholarship granted by FAPESP; Project \\"Development of morphofunctional changes in ovary of Astyanax altiparanae Garutti & Britski, 2000 (Teleostei, Characidae)\\". She has experience in Reproduction of vertebrates and Morphology, with emphasis in Cellular Biology and Histology. 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