Values of physical parameters of 3DOF helicopter system.
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More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
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Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
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Brown and Paul H. Krebsbach",authors:[{id:"19769",title:"Dr.",name:"Shelley",middleName:null,surname:"Brown",fullName:"Shelley Brown",slug:"shelley-brown"},{id:"19770",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Krebsbach",fullName:"Paul Krebsbach",slug:"paul-krebsbach"}]},{id:"15589",title:"Generation of Thyrocytes from Embryonic Stem Cells",slug:"generation-of-thyrocytes-from-embryonic-stem-cells",signatures:"Reigh-Yi Lin",authors:[{id:"19175",title:"Dr.",name:"Reigh-Yi",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",fullName:"Reigh-Yi Lin",slug:"reigh-yi-lin"},{id:"127360",title:"Dr.",name:"Reigh-Yi",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",fullName:"Reigh-Yi Lin",slug:"reigh-yi-lin"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"74293",title:"Design of Optimized PID Controller Based on ABC Algorithm for Buck Converters with Uncertainties",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94907",slug:"design-of-optimized-pid-controller-based-on-abc-algorithm-for-buck-converters-with-uncertainties",body:'\nPID is regarded as the standard control structure of classical control theory. PID controllers are used successfully for single-input single-output (SISO) and linear systems due to their good performance and can be easily implemented. The control of complex dynamic systems using classic PID controllers is considered as a big challenge, where the stabilization of these systems requires applying a more robust controller technique. Many studies have proposed to develop a new hybrid PID controller with ability to provide better and more robust system performance in terms of transient and steady-state responses over the standard PID controllers. Lotfollahzade et al. [1] proposed a new LQR-PID controller to obtain an optimal load sharing of an electrical grid. The presented hybrid controller is optimized by Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to compute the gain parameters of the PID controller. A new hybrid control algorithm was presented by Lindiya et al. for power converters [2]. They adopted a conventional multi-variable PID and LQR algorithm for reducing cross-regulation in DC-to-DC converters. Sen et al. introduced a hybrid LQR-PID controller to regulate and monitor the locomotion of a quadruped robot. The gain parameters of the hybrid controller is tuned using the Grey-Wolf Optimizer (GWO) [3]. In [4] a new PID and LQR control system was proposed to improve a nonlinear quarter car suspension system.
\nThe intent of this study is to design a new hybrid PID controller based on an optimal LQR state feedback controller for stabilization of 3DOF helicopter system. To this end an improvement in the system performance has been achieved in both the transient and steady-state responses. In the proposed system the classical PID and optimal LQR controller have been combined to formulate a hybrid controller system. Simulations were implemented utilizing Matlab programming environment to verify the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed hybrid control method.
\nIn this section, basics and theory of integer and fractional order PID controllers are presented. Theory of an intelligent LQR controller, which is used with PID controller to combine a hybrid control system, is also introduced.
\nA PID is the most popular controller technique that is widely used in industrial applications due to the simplicity of its structure and can be realized easily for various control problems as the gain parameters of the controller are relatively independent [5, 6]. Basically, the controller provides control command signals \n
where \n
FOPID is a special category of PID controller with fractional order derivatives and integrals. Its concept was introduced by Podlubany in 1997. During the last decade, this controller approach has attracted the attention of control engineers in both academic and industrial fields. Compared with the classical PID controller, it offers flexibility in dynamic systems design and more robustness.
\nFractional order calculus is an environment of calculus that generates the derivatives or integrals of problem functions to non-integer (fractional) order. This fractional order mathematical operation allows to establish a more accurate and concise model than the classical integer-order method. Moreover, the fractional order calculus can also produce an effective tool for describing dynamic behavior for control systems [7].
\nFractional order calculus is a generalization of differentiation and integration to non-integer order fundamental operator which is denoted by \n
Grunwald – Letnikov (GL) definition:
\nwhere \n
Riemann-Liouville definition:
\nwhere \n
Laplace transform of differ-integral operator \n
Where \n
Fractional order PID controller denoted by \n
The block diagram of a FOPID structure.
Based on the above equation, it can be expected that the FOPID controller can enhance the performance of the control system due to more tuning knobs introduced. Taking the Laplace transform of Eq. (9), the system transfer function of the FOPID controller is given by:
\nWhere \n
PID controllers with fraction orders. (a) Classical. (b) Fractional order.
Linear quadratic regulator is a common optimal control technique, which has been widely utilized in various manipulating systems due to its high precision in movement applications [11]. This technique seeks basically a tradoff betwwen a stable performance and acceptable control input [12]. Using the LQR controller in the design control system requires all the plant states to be measurable as it bases on the full state feedback concept. Therefore, using the LQR controller to stabilize the 3DOF helicopter system based on the assumption that the system states are considered measurable. LQR approach includes applying the optimal control effort:
\nWhere \n
Where \n
Where \n
For \n
Based on the above expression, the control effort \n
so that the cost function Eq. (12) can be reformulated as in Eq. (16).
\nWhere \n
In this study, GA tuning approach has been invoked to tune the gain matrix of LQR controller used to approximate the gain parameters of PID controller for 3DOF helicopter system. GA is a global search optimization technique bases on the strategy of natural selection. This optimization method is utilized to obtain an optimum global solution for more control and manipulating problems. The procedure of GA approach includes three basic steps: selection, crossover and mutation, that constitute the main core of GA with powerful searching ability.
\nSelection: This step includes choosing individual genomes with high adaptive value from the current population to create mating pool. At present, there mainly are: sequencing choice, adaptive value proportional choice, tournament choice and so on. In order to avoid the best individuals of current population missing in the next generation due to destruction influence of crossover and mutation or selection error, De Jong put forward to the cream choice strategy [3xxx];
\nCrossover: This operation is the process of mimicking gene recombination of natural sexual reproduction, through combining the
Mutation: In this process one or more indivisual values in a chromosome are altered from its initial state. This can result in entirely new gene values being added to the gene pool. This stage is also important by the view of preventing the genes local optimal points.
\nApplying these main operations creates new individuals which could be better than their parents. Based on the requirements of desired response, the sequence of GA optimization technique is repeated for many iterations and finally stops at generating optimum solution elements for the application problems. The sequence of the GA tuning method is presented in Figure 3 [13, 14]. The steps of the GA loop are defined as follows:
Initial set of population.
Choose individuals for mating.
Mating the population to create progeny.
Mutate progeny.
Inserting new generated individuals into populations.
Are the system fitness function satisfied?
End search process for solution.
Process loop of GA optimization method.
In this study, the aim of using GA optimization method is to tune the elements of the state weighting matrix \n
PID controller is a simple manipulating technique that can be successfully implemented for one dimension control systems. For multi dimensions systems it can use a multi channel PID controller system to control the dynamic behavior of these systems. Currently, there is a considerable interest by many researchers in development new control approaches using PID controller. Xiong and Fan [15] proposed a new adaptive PID controller based on model reference adaptive control (MRAC) concept for control of the DC electromotor drive. They presented an autotuning algorithm that combines PID control scheme and MRAC based on MIT rule to tune the controller parameters. Modified PI and PID controllers are introduced to regulate output voltage of DC-DC converters using MRAC manipulating technique [16, 17]. The parameters of the controllers are adapted effectively using MIT rule. Based on the adapted controllers parameters an improvement in the regulation behavior of the converters has been investigated.
\nFurther improvement in the performance of the standard PID controller is also achieved by involving an integrator of order \n
In the last decades, a new hybrid controller scheme using PID technology is proposed in [18, 19, 20] for different applications. The structure of the presented hybrid controller system is constructed by combination between conventional PID controller and state feedback LQR optimal controller. The gain parameters of the PID controller used to achieve desired output response are determined based on optimal LQR theory.
\nIn this chapter, a hybrid PID controller based on LQR optimal technique is designed to stabilize 3DOF helicopter system. The proposed hybrid LQR-PID controller is optimized using GA optimization method, which is used to tune its gain parameters.
\nThe conceptual platform of 3DOF helicopter scheme is presented in Figure 4. It consists of an arm mounted on a base. The main body of the helicopter constructed of propellers driven by two motors mounted are the either ends of a short balance bar. The whole helicopter body is fixed on one end of the arm and a balance block installed at the other end.
\nPrototype model of 3DOF helicopter system.
The balance arm can rotate about the travel axis as well as slope on an elevation axis. The body of the helicopter is free to roll about the pitch axis. The system is provided by encoders mounted on these axes used to measure the travel motion of the arm and its elevation and pitch angle. The propellers with motors can generate an elevation mechanical force proportional to the voltage power supplied to the motors. This force can cause the helicopter body to lift off the ground. It is worth considering that the purpose of using a balance block is to reduce the voltage power supplied to the propellers motors. In this study, the nonlinear dynamics of 3DOF helicopter system is modelled mathematically based on developing the model of the system behavior for each of the axes.
\nThe free body diagram of 3DOF helicopter system based on elevation axis is shown in Figure 5. The movement of the elevation axis is governed by the following differential equations:
\nSchematic diagram of elevation axis model for 3DOF helicopter system.
Where \n
Consider the pitch schematic diagram of the system in Figure 6. It can be seen from the figure that the main torque acting on the system pitch axis is produced from the thrust force generated by the propeller motors. When \n
Schematic diagram of the pitch axis model for 3DOF helicopter scheme.
Where \n
Based on the assumption that the pitch angle \n
The free body diagram of the helicopter system dynamics based on the travel axis is presented in Figure 7. In this model, when \n
Schematic diagram of the travel rate axis model for 3DOF helicopter scheme.
The thrust forces of the two propeller motors \n
Where \n
Based on the assumption that the coupling dynamics, gravitational torque (\n
In order to design a state feedback controller based on LQR technique for 3DOF helicopter system, the dynamics model of the system should be formulated in state space form. In this study, the proposed hybrid control algorithm is investigated for the purpose of control of pitch angle, elevation angle and travel rate of 3DOF helicopter scheme by regulating the voltage supplies to the front and back motors. Let \n
Based on Eqs. (31)-(33), choosing these state variables yields the following system state space model:
\nThe general state and output matrix equations describing the dynamic behavior of the linear-time-invariant helicopter system in state space form are as follows:
\nWhere \n
In this study, for the purpose of control system design, the model of the system is formulated in state space form using the physical parameters values listed in Table 1 [21]. Based on Eq. (37) and using the parameters values in Table 1, the state equation of the system is given by Eq. (39):
\nSymbol | \nPhysical unit | \nNumerical values | \n
---|---|---|
\n\n | \nkg m2\n | \n1.8145 | \n
\n\n | \nkg m2\n | \n1.8145 | \n
\n\n | \nkg m2\n | \n0.0319 | \n
\nW\n | \nN | \n4.2591 | \n
\n\n | \nm | \n0.88 | \n
\n\n | \nm | \n0.35 | \n
\n\n | \nm | \n0.17 | \n
\n\n | \nN/V | \n12 | \n
Values of physical parameters of 3DOF helicopter system.
Based on step input, a hybrid controller is designed for the following desired performance parameters: rise time (\n
Under the assumption that the desired system states are zero the block diagram of the proposed helicopter control system based on the LQR controller is shown in Figure 8. The control system is analysed mathematically and then simulated using Matlab software tool to validate the proposed hybrid controller. Based on the desired performance parameters, which include rise and settling time, overshoot and error steady state, the fitness function of the control problem is formulated as follows:
\nLQR controller based on GA for 3DOF helicopter system.
where, \n
In this subsection, the gain parameters \n
GA tuning method. For this application, analyzing Eq. (15) yields the following control effort [22]:
\nwhere \n
If \n
In this study, for elevation angle, the control equation is based on the following PID control equation:
\nWhile the pitch angle is controlled by the following PD control equation:
\nThe travel rate is gonverned by the following PI control equation:
\nWhere \n
Summing the rows of (41) results the following [21]:
\nThe above equation can be written as
\nIt is obvious that Eqs. (43) and (49) have the same structure, this means that the gain parameters of the pitch PID controller can be obtained from the gain elements of the LQR controller. Thus, comparing Eq. (43) with Eq. (49), yields the following gain relationships:
\nThe block diagram of closed-loop control system for 3DOF helicopter system based on hybrid LQR-PID controller is shown in Figure 9. Taking Laplace transform for elevation axis model Eq. (31) yields the following equation:
\nControl system block diagram for helicopter elevation, pitch and travel axis using PID controller.
The transfer function of the elevation axis plant is given by:
\nThe transfer function of the PID controller is as follows:
\nwhere \n
Based on Eqs. (52) and (53), the open loop elevation transfer function becomes:
\nThe closed loop transfer function for elevation angle control is as follows:
\nSimilarly, the difference of the rows of Eq. (41) results in
\nSubstitution Eq. (47) in Eq. (45) results,
\nIt is clear that Eqs. (58) and (59) have exactly the same structure. Then, by comparing these equations, it can obtain the feedback gains for the PID controller from the LQR gains parameters as follows:
\nTaking Laplace transform for pitch axis model Eq. (32) yields:
\nThe transfer function for pitch axis model is given by:
\nThe transfer function of the PD controller is as follows:
\nwhere \n
The closed loop transfer function of pitch angle is given by:
\nTaking Laplace transform for travel axis model Eq. (33) results:
\nThe transfer function for travel axis model is given by:
\nThe transfer function of the PI controller is as follows:
\nwhere \n
The closed loop transfer function for travel angle is as follows:
\nIn order to validate the proposed helicopter stabilizing system, the LQR controller is analysed mathematically using Matlab tool. Based on objective function (J) and using the Matlab command “lqr” the elements of the LQR weighting matrices Q, R are tuned using GA optimization method. For this application, each chromosome in GA tuning approach is represented by nine cells which correspond to the weight matrices elements of the LQR controller as shown in Figure 10. By this representation it can adjust the LQR elements in order to achieve the required performance. The parameters of the GA optimization approach chosen for the tuning process of the helicopter control system are listed in Table 2. Converging elements of the LQR weight matrices \n
Definition of GA chromosome.
GA property | \nValue/Method | \n
---|---|
Population Size | \n20 | \n
Max No. of Gen. | \n100 | \n
Selection Method | \nNormalized Geo. Selection | \n
Crossover Method | \nScattering | \n
Mutation Method | \nUniform Mutation | \n
Parameters of GA tuning method.
PID parameters | \nRelationship | \nAbsolute Value | \n
---|---|---|
\n\n | \n\n\n | \n10.6463 | \n
\n\n | \n\n\n | \n2.3438 | \n
\n\n | \n\n\n | \n0.3302 | \n
\n\n | \n\n\n | \n5.3634 | \n
\n\n | \n\n\n | \n1.4799 | \n
\n\n | \n\n\n | \n0.7678 | \n
\n\n | \n\n\n | \n0.3230 | \n
Values of gain parameters for PID, PD and PI controllers.
Number of generation of GA-LQR parameters Q and R.
Based on the proposed fitness function stated in Eq. (40), the LQR weighting matrices \n
The feedback gain matrix of the LQR controller can be mathematically calculated using Eq. (13), where P matrix is the stabilizing solution of the Riccati equation stated in Eq. (14).
\nIn this application, by using the state matrix\n
Based on the feedback gain matrix and using Eq. (11), the LQR control effort vector for the 3DOF helicopter system is dertermined as follows:
\nBased on Eqs. (50), (60) and (71), the absolute values of PID, PD and PI gain parameters for elevation, pitch and travel axis model respectively for helicopter
\nsystem are listed in Table 3 [21]. Using the values in Table 1 and 3, the closed-loop transfer function of elevation, pitch and travel axis Eqs. (56), (65) and (70) become as in Eqs. (72), (73) and (74) respectively:
\nBased on bounded input signal, the elevation, pitch and travel axis model of 3DOF helicopter system are unstable as they give unbounded outputs. The output responses for elevation, pitch and travel angle are illustrated in the Figure 12. It can be say that the open loop helicopter system without control action is unable to provide a stable output response.
\nOpen loop response of Helicopter system.
In this study, in order to achieve a stable output, a hybrid control system using LQR based PID controller for 3DOF helicopter system is proposed to control the dynamic behaviour of the system. To validate the proposed helicopter stabilization system, the controller is simulated using Matlab programming tool. Three axis, elevation, pitch, travel rate, are considered in the simulation process of the control system. The performance of the helicopter balancing system is evaluated under unit step reference input using rise, settling time overshoot and steady state error parameters for the elevation, pitch and travel angles to simulate the desired command given by the pilot.
\nThis section deals with the simulation of LQR based PID controller used to control the position of helicopter elevation model. The parameters of the hybrid controller are tuned using GA optimization method. Figure 13 presents a tracking control curve of the demand input based on the PID controller using optimized gain parameters listed in Table 3 for helicopter elevation angle.
\nClosed-loop response of the elevation model system.
The simulation results show that the controller successed to guide the system output through the desired input trajectory effectively with negligible overshoot, short rise and settling time of 0.1 ms and 0.3 ms respectively.
\nIn this section, an optimized LQR-PD controller based on GA tuning approach is designed to control the dynamic model of helicopter pitch angle. Based on the optimized PD parameters stated in Table 3, the output response of the proposed helicopter tracking system is illustrated in Figure 14. It is obvious from the minifigure of the system response that the LQR-PD controller succeeded to force the pitch angle state of the helicopter system to follow the desired trajectory effectively without overshoot, shorter rise and settling time and zero steady state tracking error.
\nClosed-loop response of the pitch model system.
The control of the travel rate for the 3DOF helicopter system is governed by a GA-LQR based PI controller. The time response of the optimized PI tracking system using optimum gain parameters which are listed in Table 3. is shown in Figure 15. It can be noted from the miniplot of the system response that the optimised hybrid LQR-PI controller enabled the system output state to track the desired input trajectory without overshoot, and shorter rise and settling time with minimal steady state tracking error.
\nClosed-loop response of the travel model system.
The control inputs supplied to the propellers motors of the proposed 3DOF helicopter system are shown in Figure 16. Consequently, it can say that the control performance of optimised GA-LQR based PID, PD and PI controllers for helicopter elevation, pitch and travel axis model respectively was acceptable through tracking the system output states for the reference input efficiently. Based on the minifigures of Figures 13 and 14 and Figure 15, the performance parameters of PID, PD and PI controller for helicopter elevation, pitch and travel axis are listed in Table 4. From the response data of the controlled helicopter system in Table 4 it can be said that the hybrid controllers were able to provide robust and good tracking performance in both the transient and steady state responses.
\nConrol input of 3DOF helicopter control system.
Controller | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n
---|---|---|---|
Elevation PID | \n0.343 | \n0.535 | \n1.1 | \n
Pitch PD | \n0.582 | \n1.05 | \n0 | \n
Travel PI | \n1.17 | \n12.4 | \n5.29 | \n
Values of performance elements s of controllers.
In this study, a new hybrid control methodology has been developed for complex dynamical systems through combinig the LQR optimal technique with traditional PID controller. An efficient hybrid control system has been designed to stabilize 3DOF helicopter systems. The dynamics of elevation, pitch and travel axis for a helicopter system is modeled mathematically and then formulated in state space form to enable utilizing state feedback controller technique. In the proposed helicopter stabilizing scheme, a combination of a conventional PID control with LQR state feedback controller is adopted to stabilize the elevation, pitch and travel axis of the helicopter scheme. The gain parameters of the traditional PID controller are determined from the gain matrix of state feedback LQR controller. In this research, the LQR controller is optimized by using GA tuning technique. The GA optimization method has been adopted to find optimum values for LQR gain matrix elements which are utilized to find best PID gain parameters. The output response of the optimized helicopter control system has been evaluated based on rise time, setting time, overshoot and steady state error parameters. The simulation results have shown the effectiveness of the proposed GA-LQR based PID controller to stabilize the helicopter system at desired values of the elevation and pitch angle and travel parameters.
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",metaTitle:"Retraction and Correction Policy",metaDescription:"Retraction and Correction Policy",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/retraction-and-correction-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"IntechOpen’s Retraction and Correction Policy has been developed in accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) publication guidelines relating to scientific misconduct and research ethics:
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\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen’s Retraction and Correction Policy has been developed in accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) publication guidelines relating to scientific misconduct and research ethics:
\n\n1. RETRACTIONS
\n\nA Retraction of a Chapter will be issued by the Academic Editor, either following an Author’s request to do so or when there is a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct. Upon receipt of a report by a 3rd party, the Academic Editor will investigate any allegations of scientific misconduct, working in cooperation with the Author(s) and their institution(s).
\n\nA formal Retraction will be issued when there is clear and conclusive evidence of any of the following:
\n\nPublishing of a Retraction Notice will adhere to the following guidelines:
\n\n1.2. REMOVALS AND CANCELLATIONS
\n\n2. STATEMENTS OF CONCERN
\n\nA Statement of Concern detailing alleged misconduct will be issued by the Academic Editor or publisher following a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct when:
\n\nIntechOpen believes that the number of occasions on which a Statement of Concern is issued will be very few in number. In all cases when such a decision has been taken by the Academic Editor the decision will be reviewed by another editor to whom the author can make representations.
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\n\n3.1. ERRATUM
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\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. 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