Thicknesses and permittivities of the silver (Ag) and polyimide (Pi) films.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6073",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease - Molecular Bases, Prevention and Treatment",title:"Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease",subtitle:"Molecular Bases, Prevention and Treatment",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with a prevalence of 20-30% worldwide is characterized by the buildup of fat in the liver (liver steatosis) with no or little alcohol consumption. Its principal causes are modern diet and occidental lifestyle. It is characterized by metabolic disturbances such as insulin resistance, inflammation, and oxidative stress, considered as the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome. There is no effective drug therapy for this disease; therefore, lifestyle interventions remain as the first-line treatment. Nevertheless, the adherence rates to this type of treatment are very low, so great efforts are focused at finding novel therapeutic agents for the prevention of hepatic steatosis and its progression. This book presents a systematic and comprehensive revision about NAFLD, highlighting its epidemiological and molecular aspects, as well as its prevention and treatment.",isbn:"978-953-51-3924-9",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3923-2",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4029-0",doi:"10.5772/68045",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease-molecular-bases-prevention-and-treatment",numberOfPages:190,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"6141320881651ddc40a3f35893c209e7",bookSignature:"Rodrigo Valenzuela",publishedDate:"March 21st 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6073.jpg",numberOfDownloads:11256,numberOfWosCitations:7,numberOfCrossrefCitations:10,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:19,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:36,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 15th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 5th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 15th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 30th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 20th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"72355",title:"Prof.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"Valenzuela Baez",slug:"rodrigo-valenzuela-baez",fullName:"Rodrigo Valenzuela Baez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72355/images/system/72355.jpeg",biography:"Rodrigo Valenzuela Baez completed his pre-graduate studies (nutritionist) at the University of Chile (2003), his Masters in nutrition and food science at the University of Chile (2007), and Doctoral degree in nutrition and foods at the University of Chile (2012). Dr. Valenzuela was postdoctoral fellow in the Nutritional Science Department in the University of Toronto (2019-2021). Currently, he is an Associate Professor (full time) in Nutrition Department at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. He does research in nutrition and food sciences. Dr. Valenzuela\\'s teaching areas are food science and nutrition, and fats and oils in human nutrition. His current research areas are lipids and antioxidants in health and disease, metabolism and cytoprotection by long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids from marine origin, bioconversion of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids from vegetable and marine oils, and physiological effects of n-3 fatty acid as a functional food. Dr. Valenzuela has more than 90 research publications in the lipid and metabolism area.",institutionString:"University of Chile",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1021",title:"Hepatology",slug:"gastroenterology-hepatology"}],chapters:[{id:"57454",title:"Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: What We Learn from Omics Studies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71025",slug:"non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease-what-we-learn-from-omics-studies",totalDownloads:1334,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common causes of chronic liver diseases with 10–30% prevalence in western countries. The severity of NAFLD ranges from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the wide range of clinical staging of the disease prevents the clear understanding of its pathogenesis. Recently, high-throughput genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic studies focus on enlightening the complex mechanisms responsible for NAFLD and NASH development. All together these Omics studies, in different cohorts once again, proved that NAFLD and NASH are linked with many complex mechanisms such as accumulation and traffic of various lipids in the liver and activation of inflammation responses. Moreover, some of these studies may have identified potential biomarkers and candidate risky or protective alleles that can be a valuable tool for the assessment of susceptibility and histological severity of NAFLD. Nonetheless, confirmation of these potential biomarkers and candidate genes by multiple Omics tools is required for their clinical application in the diagnosis and treatment of NASH and NAFLD.",signatures:"Seyma Katrinli, Kamil Ozdil, Gizem Dinler-Doganay and Levent\nDoganay",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57454",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57454",authors:[{id:"189681",title:"Dr.",name:"Gizem",surname:"Dinler-Doganay",slug:"gizem-dinler-doganay",fullName:"Gizem Dinler-Doganay"},{id:"194697",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyma",surname:"Katrinli",slug:"seyma-katrinli",fullName:"Seyma Katrinli"},{id:"194699",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamil",surname:"Ozdil",slug:"kamil-ozdil",fullName:"Kamil Ozdil"},{id:"207560",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Levent",surname:"Doganay",slug:"levent-doganay",fullName:"Levent Doganay"}],corrections:null},{id:"58751",title:"Molecular Basis for Pathogenesis of Steatohepatitis: Contemporary Understanding and New Insights",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71405",slug:"molecular-basis-for-pathogenesis-of-steatohepatitis-contemporary-understanding-and-new-insights",totalDownloads:1415,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by a broad spectrum of clinical and histological presentations, ranging anywhere from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis. Of the patients with NAFLD, only a small fraction goes on to develop inflammation and fibrosis (i.e. NASH). Hence, understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms, which play part in progression of NAFLD and determine the disease severity, is extremely important. Almost two decades ago, Day and colleagues first described the “two-hit hypothesis” to explain progression of NAFLD. However, since then, the advances in field of molecular research have identified that NAFLD development and progression involves complex interplay of numerous determinants, including gut-derived signals, endoplasmic reticulum stress, adipose-derived adipokines, nutritional factors, hormonal imbalances and components of innate immunity which act in concert on genetically predisposed individuals to induce liver inflammation. This chapter reviews the different players of this “multiple-hit model”.",signatures:"Om Parkash and Subha Saeed",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58751",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58751",authors:[{id:"86570",title:"Dr.",name:null,surname:"Parkash",slug:"parkash",fullName:"Parkash"},{id:"211624",title:"Dr.",name:"Subha",surname:"Saeed",slug:"subha-saeed",fullName:"Subha Saeed"}],corrections:null},{id:"57987",title:"Role of Lipid Droplet Proteins in the Development of NAFLD and Hepatic Insulin Resistance",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71572",slug:"role-of-lipid-droplet-proteins-in-the-development-of-nafld-and-hepatic-insulin-resistance",totalDownloads:1991,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"NAFLD is diagnosed, when the liver fat exceeds more than 5% of liver weight. Inside of hepatocytes, these fats are stored in cytosolic lipid droplets. The lipid droplets can be formed from a bud, vesicles of the lipid bilayer, which lines at a vicinity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). On the surface of droplets, there are several structural/functional proteins such as lipid droplet proteins, lipogenic enzymes, and lipases. Interestingly, the lipid droplet proteins seem to have great impact on a development of NAFLD. Some proteins can interact with transcriptional factors such as SREBP1c and PPAR-alpha/gamma, and some proteins strongly impact a mitochondrial structure. As a result, the lipid droplet proteins highly influence lipid handling and fatty acid oxidation in hepatocytes. This chapter will elucidate our recent understanding of the role of each lipid droplet protein in fatty liver formation and in hepatic insulin resistance. Existing information on genetically modified animals as well as on human NAFLD was reviewed on Perilipin families, CIDE proteins, Seipin, and PNPLAs. Finally, the chapter will discuss how the lipid droplet proteins could potentially lead/protect from hepatic insulin resistance via abnormal accumulation of ceramides and diacylglycerols, autophagy, ER stress, and oxidative stress.",signatures:"Kaori Minehira and Philippe Gual",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57987",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57987",authors:[{id:"206208",title:"Dr.",name:"Kaori",surname:"Minehira",slug:"kaori-minehira",fullName:"Kaori Minehira"}],corrections:null},{id:"57315",title:"Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: The Future Frontier of Hepatology for South Asia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71159",slug:"nonalcoholic-fatty-liver-disease-the-future-frontier-of-hepatology-for-south-asia",totalDownloads:1312,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This review is to know the magnitude of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) among general population and risk group populations of the South Asian countries. A thorough search of evidence-based literature was conducted using the PubMed database with key words. Databases searched from inception to February 2017. Systematic search of the literature was conducted for studies pertaining. Prevalence of NAFLD in South Asia varies from 13 to 34%. The Highest rate is in Bangladesh (34.34%) and lowest in Pakistan (13.5%). Prevalence of NAFLD is 15–80% among obese people, 25–60% with dyslipidemia and 33–55% in pre diabetics and diabetics. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is present in about 50% of the NAFLD cases that can lead to fibrosis, cirrhosis or even hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NAFLD is not the disease for only obese people, but it is also common in nonobese in this region. About 11.11% hepatocellular carcinoma developed from NASH. Incidence rate of diabetes and coronary artery disease is high among NAFLD patients. NAFLD is becoming a future challenge for South Asia region. Prevalence and severity has been remarkably increasing for last few years. The health system should get ready to confront burden of NAFLD in future for South Asia.",signatures:"Shahinul Alam, Thupten Kelsang Lama, Golam Mustafa,\nMahabubul Alam and Nooruddin Ahmad",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57315",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57315",authors:[{id:"40179",title:"Prof.",name:"Shahinul",surname:"Alam",slug:"shahinul-alam",fullName:"Shahinul Alam"},{id:"218926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thupten",surname:"Lama.",slug:"thupten-lama.",fullName:"Thupten Lama."},{id:"218928",title:"Dr.",name:"Golam",surname:"Mustafa",slug:"golam-mustafa",fullName:"Golam Mustafa"},{id:"218929",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahabubul",surname:"Alam",slug:"mahabubul-alam",fullName:"Mahabubul Alam"},{id:"218930",title:"Prof.",name:"Nooruddin",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"nooruddin-ahmad",fullName:"Nooruddin Ahmad"}],corrections:null},{id:"58040",title:"Noninvasive Evaluation of Fibrosis and Steatosis in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Elastographic Methods",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71161",slug:"noninvasive-evaluation-of-fibrosis-and-steatosis-in-nonalcoholic-fatty-liver-disease-by-elastographi",totalDownloads:1513,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"An increasingly common cause of chronic liver disease in adults and children is nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The diagnosis of NAFLD was traditionally based on the histopathological changes of the liver, evaluated by needle liver biopsy, an invasive method, with potential adverse effects and great inter and intraobserver variability. The noninvasive methods for the assessment of both fibrosis and steatosis in patients with NAFLD have increasingly been studied lately. Of these noninvasive methods, in this chapter, we will focus on the methods assessing the stiffness of liver parenchyma, i.e. elastographic methods, of which, the most widely used are ultrasound elastography techniques. We will discuss the principal elastographic methods of some utility in NAFLD, i.e. shear wdave elastography (SWE) (quantitative elastography), and especially transient elastography, point SWE (acoustic radiation force impulse elastography, ARFI) and two-dimensional real-time SWE (Supersonic). For each method usable in NAFLD cases, we will review the method principle, examination technique and performance in NAFLD evaluation.",signatures:"Monica Lupsor-Platon",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58040",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58040",authors:[{id:"208594",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Monica",surname:"Lupsor-Platon",slug:"monica-lupsor-platon",fullName:"Monica Lupsor-Platon"}],corrections:null},{id:"58075",title:"Management of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72000",slug:"management-of-nonalcoholic-fatty-liver-disease-nafld-",totalDownloads:1341,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Although there is an epidemic of NAFLD throughout the world, the management of NAFLD is not very satisfactory at the present time. Lifestyle modification is the main mode of therapy. Other modalities like pharmacotherapy and bariatric endoscopy or surgery should be individualized. Various pharmacological agents are being investigated to optimize the treatment of NAFLD.",signatures:"Monjur Ahmed",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58075",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58075",authors:[{id:"206355",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Monjur",surname:"Ahmed",slug:"monjur-ahmed",fullName:"Monjur Ahmed"}],corrections:null},{id:"57894",title:"Nutrition and Lifestyle Modifications in the Prevention and Treatment of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71368",slug:"nutrition-and-lifestyle-modifications-in-the-prevention-and-treatment-of-non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-d",totalDownloads:1194,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a burgeoning health problem worldwide. NAFLD is an umbrella term for a range of liver conditions affecting people who drink little to no alcohol Different methods are employed in the diagnosis of NAFLD. Certain drugs, genetics, lifestyle factors have been implicated in the development of NAFLD. NAFLD symptoms are asymptomatic but indicated when there is unexplained persistent elevation of liver enzyme levels. Nutrition and lifestyle modifications are widely prescribed as helpful in the prevention and treatment of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver disease (NAFLD). Dietary and lifestyle modifications are apparent measures considering the disease association with obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease which many reviews have linked to the condition. Reduction in body weight, involvement in both aerobic and anaerobic exercises, conscious intake in the types of fat and carbohydrates are helpful in the management of NAFLD. This chapter highlights the various theories and principles underlying nutrition and lifestyle modifications in the prevention and treatment of NAFLDs.",signatures:"Kingsley Asare Kwadwo Pereko, Jacob Setorglo, Matilda Steiner-\nAsiedu and Joyce Bayebanona Maaweh Tiweh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57894",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57894",authors:[{id:"207682",title:"Dr.",name:"Kingsley",surname:"Pereko",slug:"kingsley-pereko",fullName:"Kingsley Pereko"},{id:"208377",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacob",surname:"Setorglo",slug:"jacob-setorglo",fullName:"Jacob Setorglo"},{id:"208384",title:"Dr.",name:"Joyce",surname:"Tiweh",slug:"joyce-tiweh",fullName:"Joyce Tiweh"},{id:"222912",title:"Prof.",name:"Matilda",surname:"Steiner-Asiedu",slug:"matilda-steiner-asiedu",fullName:"Matilda Steiner-Asiedu"}],corrections:null},{id:"56915",title:"Caffeine with Links to NAFLD and Accelerated Brain Aging",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70581",slug:"caffeine-with-links-to-nafld-and-accelerated-brain-aging",totalDownloads:1159,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Nutritional diets are essential to prevent nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in the global obesity and diabetes epidemic. The ingestion of palmitic acid-rich diets induces NAFLD in animal and human studies. The beneficial properties of olive oil (oleic acid) may be superseded by ingestion of palmitic acid-rich diets. Hepatic caffeine metabolism is regulated by palmitic and oleic acid with effects of these fats on amyloid beta metabolism. Healthy fats such as olive oil may facilitate rapid amyloid beta clearance in the periphery to maintain drug therapy in diabetes and various neurological diseases. Repression of the anti-aging gene sirtuin 1 (Sirt 1) prevents the beneficial properties of olive oil. Brain disorders induce NAFLD and supersede caffeine’s therapeutic effects in the prevention of NAFLD. Delayed hepatic caffeine metabolism in NAFLD and increased caffeine transport to the brain with aging-induced mitophagy in neurons with induction of type 3 diabetes and neurodegenerative disease.",signatures:"Ian James Martins",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56915",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56915",authors:[{id:"179745",title:"Dr.",name:"Ian James",surname:"Martins",slug:"ian-james-martins",fullName:"Ian James Martins"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2552",title:"Lipid Metabolism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"66b8e95379ce94691627be9279b5a616",slug:"lipid-metabolism",bookSignature:"Rodrigo Valenzuela Baez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2552.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"72355",title:"Prof.",name:"Rodrigo",surname:"Valenzuela 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\r\n\tCompetition for limited natural resources associated with climate changes effects, particularly on agri-food systems, increases the importance of research and knowledge of new approaches to Health, healthy animals, a healthy environment, and a sustainable and safe food supply for the growing global population.
\r\n\tAbout 25 percent of all foods produced globally are lost due to microbial growth. L. monocytogenes is a microorganism ubiquitously present in the environment and affects animals and humans. L. monocytogenes can enter a factory and is able to survive in biofilms in the food processing environment. The use of adequate sanitation procedures is a prerequisite in risk prevention. Moreover, effective control measures for L. monocytogenes are very important to food operators.
\r\n\tThe safety and shelf life maximizing of food products to meet the demand of retailers and consumers is a challenge and a concern of food operators.
\r\n\r\n\tTo obtain food systems more sustainable, several developments are ongoing to ensure safe food products with an extended shelf life and a reduction of food loss and waste. The problem of antimicrobial resistance is also a great issue that must be taken into consideration.
\r\n\r\n\tThe implementation of natural antimicrobials, using food cultures, ferments, or bacteriophages, is one approach to control L. monocytogenes in food products that meet the consumer preference for clean label solutions.
\r\n\tThis book intends to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art about Listeria monocytogenes in terms of occurrence in humans, animals, and food-producing plants. Its control by more natural agents allows for more sustainable food systems and points future directions to transform challenges into opportunities.
Matrix formalism is a very systematic method to find the reflectance or transmittance in a stratified medium consisting of a pile of thin homogeneous films. Fitting experimental values of reflectance curve to expressions obtained from the matrix formalism method is an efficient method to estimate the refractive index (n) of a dielectric and/or the real and imaginary parts of a metal permittivity (ε). In the next section, the method of matrix formalism is briefly reviewed with some examples to show how it can be applied in curve fitting to determine refractive indices or the metal permittivity. Applications to more complex structures such as planar waveguides and periodic grating are presented in sections 2 and 3, respectively.
\n\t\t\tMaxwell equations will be applied at each interface between two homogeneous media to find the characteristic matrix defining a thin film. Let us consider figure 1 for a transverse electric (TE) wave with the E-field vector perpendicular to the plane of incidence for one thin homogeneous film.
\n\t\t\t\tElectric field (E) and magnetic field (H) in each medium of refractive index n1, n2 and n3.
In figure 1, the H-field is related to the E-field using:
\n\t\t\t\twhere εo and μo are referred to as the electric permittivity and the magnetic permeability, respectively. Letters i, r and t stand for incident, reflected and transmitted rays, respectively and the homogeneous medium is identified using numbers 1, 2 or 3.
\n\t\t\t\tAs both the E and H fields are continuous at boundary 1, one may write E1 and H1 as:
\n\t\t\t\twhere \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
The system of equations (2) and (3) can be written under the matrix form as:
\n\t\t\t\tAt interface 2, we merely write
\n\t\t\t\tBy making use of the E-field amplitude phase shift, it can be shown that Ei2 and E’r2 can be expressed as:
\n\t\t\t\trespectively, with
\n\t\t\t\twhere d2 is the thickness of the homogenous thin film and θi2 is the angle defined as shown in figure 1. k2 is the wave-vector in the thin homogeneous film (medium 2), which is given as
\n\t\t\t\twhere λ is the wavelength of the monochromatic incident light when propagating in a vacuum.
\n\t\t\t\tEquations (7) and (8) are used to express the tangential component of the H-field vector at interface 2 as:
\n\t\t\t\tUsing Equations (7) and (8), Equations (6) and (11) are expressed under the matrix form and by matrix inversion one can show that:
\n\t\t\t\tLastly, substituting Equation (12) into Equation (5) the E and H field components at interface 1 are related to those at interface 2 by:
\n\t\t\t\tThe 2x2 matrix in equation (13) is the characteristic matrix (M2) of the homogenous thin film. Note that M2 is unimodular as its determinant is equal to 1. Assuming another film lying just underneath the thin film shown in figure 1, from Equation (13) we imply that field components E and H at interface 2 will be related to those at interface 3 by the matrix equation:
\n\t\t\t\tSubstituting Equation (14) into Equation (13) one finds:
\n\t\t\t\tBy applying this method repeatedly for a stratified system of N thin homogeneous thin films we can write:
\n\t\t\t\twhere\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
where r is referred to as the reflection coefficient for the TE wave. Admittances Y1 and Ys for the incident medium and the substrate hosting the system of N-1 homogeneous thin films are given by:
\n\t\t\t\tFor the case where the H-field is perpendicular to the plane of incidence (TM wave), the impedances Y1,Yl and Ys must be replaced by Z1, Zl and Zs, which are given by
\n\t\t\t\tand
\n\t\t\t\tExpressions derived in the previous section can be applied to find the reflectance curve of thin dielectric or metal films. They can be applied to fit experimental reflectivity data points to determine refractive indices of a dielectric film or metal film relative permittivity and even their thickness. Before we illustrate how it is used, let us apply Equation (17) for the simple case of Fresnel reflection coefficient amplitude for an interface between two semi-infinite media.
\n\t\t\t\tThis situation can be mimicked by setting d2 = 0 into Equation (13). In other words, interfaces 1 and 2 in Figure 1 collapse into one single interface separating two semi-infinite media of refractive index n1 and n2.
\n\t\t\t\t\tCharacteristic matrix in Equation (13) can be used to find the matrix system for two semi-infinite media. Setting for d2 = 0, the matrix system for the two semi-infinite media becomes the identity matrix as h2 equals 0. This means that m11 = m22 = 1 and m12 = m21 = 0. Substituting the matrix entries into Equation (17) one obtains:
\n\t\t\t\t\tIn the previous equation we use ns = n2 and θN = θ2 for this single interface system. For the TM wave, it can be shown that:
\n\t\t\t\t\tWe then retrieve the results for the Fresnel reflection coefficients. Results for the transmission coefficient amplitude (t) can be obtained in the same manner.
\n\t\t\t\tA matrix approach is used to compute the reflectance of a thin film coupled to the hypotenuse of a right angle prism. The system shown in Figure 2 can be modeled by using three characteristic matrices for the matching fluid, the glass slide, the metal film and then accounting for the various Fresnel reflection losses at both the entrance and output face of the prism.
\n\t\t\t\t\tPath of a laser beam propagating through all interfaces bounded by two given media. For a one way trip the media are (1) air, (2) glass, (3) matching fluid (greatly exaggerated), (4) glass (slide), (5) metal film (Au of Ag) and (6) air.
(Lévesque, 2011) expressed the characteristic matrix M of the sub-system of three layers in Figure 2 as
\n\t\t\t\t\twhere M3, M4 and M5 are the characteristic matrices for the index matching fluid layer, the glass slide and the metal thin film, respectively. Each of these matrices is given by
\n\t\t\t\t\twhere i =3, 4 or 5. ßi and qi for p-polarized light are expressed as
\n\t\t\t\t\trespectively, where εI ( = ni2) is the relative permittivity of the material. Using Snell’s law, note that
\n\t\t\t\t\tWe are assuming all media to be non-magnetic and d3, d4 and d5 are the thicknesses of the matching fluid, glass slide and the metal film, respectively. ε3, ε4 and ε5 (= ε’5 +iε5’’) are the relative permittivity for the matching fluid, the glass slide and the metal film, respectively. ε5’ and ε5’’ are respectively, the real and imaginary parts of the metal film relative permittivity. By taking into account the Fresnel reflection losses F1 at the input and output faces of the glass prism, the reflectance for the p-polarized light RDet is given by:
\n\t\t\t\t\twhere mij are the entries of matrix M and F1 is given by
\n\t\t\t\t\tIn previous equation n2 is the refractive index of the prism. Investigations on optical reflectivity were done on glass slides which were sputtered with gold or silver. These glass slides were pressed against a right angle prism long face and a physical contact was then established with a refractive index matching fluid. The prism is positioned on a rotary stage and a detector is measuring the signal of the reflected beam after minute prism rotations of roughly 0.03º. The p-polarized light at λ = 632.8 nm is incident from one side of a glass prism and reflects upon thin metal films as shown in figure 3. As exp (-jωt) was assumed in previous sections, all complex permittivity ε must be expressed as ε = ε’ + jε’’.
\n\t\t\t\t\tExperimental set-up to obtain reflectivity data points.
If no film is coating the glass slide, a very sharp increase in reflectivity is expected when θ4 approaches the critical angle. This sudden increase would occur at θc = sin-1(1/n2) ~ 41.3º. The main feature of the sharp increase in the reflectivity curve is still obvious in the case of a metalized film. This is so as the penetration of the evanescent field is large enough to feel the presence of air bounding the thin metal film. As silver or gold relative permittivity (optical constant) is complex, cosθ5 becomes complex in general and as a result θ5 is not represented in Fig. 2. This means physically that the field penetrates into the metal film and decays exponentially through the film thickness. At an optimum thickness, the evanescent field excites charge oscillations collectively at the metal-film-air surface (c.f.fig.2), which is often used to probe the metal surface. This phenomenon known as Surface Plasmon Resonance (Raether, 1988; Robertson & Fullerton, 1989; Welford, 1991) is occurring at an angle of θ2 that is a few degrees greater than θc. For a He-Ne laser beam at λ = 632.8 nm, that is incident from the prism’s side (c.f.fig.2) and then reflecting on silver or gold metal films, surface plasmons (SP) are excited at θ2 near 43º and 44º, respectively. At these angles, the incident light wave vector matches that of the SP wave vector. At this matching condition, the incident energy delivered by the laser beam excites SP and as a result of energy conservation the reflected beam reaches a very low value. At an optimal thickness, the reflectance curve displays a very sharp reflectivity dip. Figure 4 shows the sudden increase at the critical angle followed by a sharp dip in the reflectance curve in the case of a gold film of various thicknesses, which is overlaying the glass slide.
\n\t\t\t\t\tReflectance curves for gold films of various thicknesses d5 obtained from Eq.(30). We used d3 = 10000 nm and d4 = 1000000 nm (1mm), n2 =1.515, n3 =1.51, n4 =1.515 and ε5 = -11.3+3j.
Reflectance curves for gold films sputtered on glass slides show a sudden rise at the critical angle θc followed by a sharp drop reaching a minimum near 44º. For all film thicknesses, a sudden rise occurs at the critical angle. Note that the reflectance curve for a bare glass slide (d5 = 0 nm) is also shown in figure 4. At smaller thicknesses, the electromagnetic field is less confined within the metallic film and does penetrate much more into the air. The penetration depth of the electromagnetic field just before reaching the critical angle (θ < 41.3º) is indicated by a lower reflectance as d5 gets closer to zero, as shown in Fig.4. The reflectivity drop beyond θc is known as Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR). SPR is discussed extensively in the literature and is also used in many applications. Good fitting of both regions displaying large optical intensity change is also useful in chemical sensing devices. As a result fitting of both regions is attempted using the exact function curve without any approximations given by Eq. (30). Eq. (30) is only valid for incident plane wave. Therefore, the reflectivity data points were obtained for a very well-collimated incident laser beam. A beam that is slightly converging would cause more discrepancy between the curve produced from Eq. (30) and the reflectivity data points. Although the Fresnel loss at the transparent matching fluid-glass slide interface is very small, it was taken into account in Eq. (30), using d3=10 000nm (10 µm) in matrix M3. The theoretical reflectance curve is not affected much by the matching fluid thickness d3. It was found that d3 exceeding 50 µm produces larger oscillations in the reflectance curve predicted by Eq.(30). As the oscillations are not noticeable amongst the experimental data points, the value of d3 = 10 µm was deemed to be reasonable. A function curve from Eq. (30) is generated by changing three output parameters ε5’, ε5’’ and d5. The sum of the squared differences (SSQ) between RDet and the experimental data points Ri is calculated. The best fit is determined when the SSQ is reaching a minimum. The SSQ is defined as:
\n\t\t\t\t\twhere i is a subscript for each of the N data points from the data acquisition. Each sample was placed on a rotary stage as shown in Figure 3 and a moving Si-pin diode is rotating to track down the reflected beam to measure a DC signal as a function of θ2. The reflectivity data points and typical fits are shown in Figure 5.
\n\t\t\t\t\tIn the fit in Fig. 5a, we used n2 =n4 = 1.515, n3 = 1.47(glycerol) for red light, d3 = 10 000 nm, ε5 =-11.55+3.132j and d5 =43.34 nm.
\n\t\t\t\t\tIn the fit in Fig. 5b, we used n2 =n4 = 1.515, n3 = 1.47(glycerol) for red light, d3 = 10 000 nm, ε5 = -10.38+2.22j and d5 = 53.8 nm. The three output parameters ( ε5’, ε5” and d5) minimizing the SSQ determine the best fit. Plotting the SSQ in 3D as a function of ε5’ and d5 at ε5” = 3.132 shows there is indeed a minimum in the SSQ for the fit shown in Fig.5a. Figure 6 shows a 3D plot of the SSQ near the output parameters that produced (Lévesque, 2011) the best fit in Fig. 5a. 3D plots at values slightly different from ε5” = 3.132 yield larger values for the minimum.
\n\t\t\t\tIn this section, we apply the matrix formalism to a dielectric waveguide. We will describe how the reflectance curve changes for a system such as the one depicted in Fig. 2 if a dielectric film is overlaying the metal film. It will be shown that waveguide modes can be excited in a dielectric thin film overlaying a metal such as silver or gold and that waveguide modes supported by the dielectric film depend upon its thickness.
\n\t\t\tReflectivity data points (+) and a fit (solid line) produced from Eq.(30) for two different gold films.
plot of SSQ as a function of two output parameters at a given value of ε5’’(= 3.132). We assumed the glycerol layer (d3) to be 10 µm and the thickness of the glass slide is 1 mm (d4). The SSQ reaches a minimum of 0.01298 for ε5’ =-11.55, ε5” = 3.132 and d5 =43.34 nm.
Let us consider a dielectric film of thickness d6 overlaying the metal film in Figure 2. We will be assuming that the top surface of the overlaying dielectric is bounded by the semi-infinite air medium. The characteristic matrix M for the sub-system of four layers can be expressed as:
\n\t\t\t\twhere M3, M4, M5 and M6 are the characteristic matrices for the index matching fluid layer, the glass slide, the metal thin film and the thin dielectric film, respectively. Each matrix in Eq.(33) is given by Eq.(26) for i = 3,4,5 and 6 and the reflectance for the p-polarized wave is given by Eq.(30). For this four layer system, q6’ in Eq.(30) should be replaced by q7’ (air) and m11, m12, m21 and m22 are the entries of the system matrix given by Eq.(33). The expression for q6 is given by Eq.(28) and is used in the computation of M6 for the dielectric film characteristic matrix.
\n\t\t\t\tEq. (30) can be used with the minor modifications discussed in section 2.1 to find the reflectance of the system in Fig. 2 with an extra dielectric film processed on the metal film. The dielectric film can support waveguide modes if the laser beam is directed at very precise incident angle θ2. Let us consider a transparent polymer film with a real permittivity ε6 = 2.30 processed on a silver film. The computation is done for a silver film that is 50 nm thick. Silver permittivity is assumed to be ε5 = -18.0 +0.6i and the prism refractive index to be 2.15 (ZrO2) for He-Ne laser at λ = 632.8 nm. We also assume that the metal film is directly coated on the prism long face and as a result we set d3 =d4 = 0. In other words M3 and M4 are expressed by identity matrices. Figure 7 is showing the reflectance curve for a dielectric film of different thickness that is overlaying the silver film coated on the high refractive index ZrO2 prism.
\n\t\t\t\t\ta) Reflectance curve for a lossless dielectric film of 1.7 µm overlaying a thin silver film b) Reflectance curve for a lossless dielectric film of 2.5 µm overlaying a thin silver film
In figure 7a, a series of very sharp reflectivity drops occur in the reflectance curve for θ2 within the range 35º-45º. These sharp reflectivity drops with small full width at half maximum (FWHM) are waveguide modes supported by the dielectric film. The last reflectivity dip with a larger FWHM near θ2 ~ 50º is due to surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and is mostly depending upon the metal film properties and its thickness as discussed in section 1.2.2. A thicker dielectric film (c.f. fig. 7b) can support more waveguide modes and as a result the number of sharp reflectivity dip for θ2 within the range 35º to 45º is expected to be greater. Note that the FWHM of the SPR dip remains at the same position as the metal film thickness was not changed. These waveguide modes do not propagate a very large distance as light is slightly attenuated when reflecting at the metal-dielectric film interface. Therefore, at precise angle θ2 the incident light is probing the dielectric film locally before being reflected by the thin metal film. Nevertheless, the laser beam is simultaneously probing the metal and the dielectric films because it creates SPR on the thin metal film and waveguide modes are being supported by the dielectric film. In practice, dielectric films are not lossless (Podgorsek & Franke, 2002) and their permittivity should be expressed using a small imaginary part. Let us assume that each dielectric films in Fig. 7 have a permittivity of ε6 = 2.30 +0.005j.
\n\t\t\t\t\ta) Reflectance curve for a dielectric film (ε6 = 2.30 +0.005j, d6 =1.7 µm) overlaying the metal film. b) Reflectance curve for a dielectric film (ε6 = 2.30 +0.005j, d6 =2.5 µm) overlaying the metal film.
Note from figures 7 and 8 that the waveguide mode dips are greatly attenuated when a small imaginary part is assumed in the dielectric film permittivity. The dips at larger angles (near 45º) are getting smaller as the propagation distance into in the dielectric film is larger as θ2 increases. Note that the SPR dip is not much affected by the imaginary part of ε6. Essentially, the whole 4-layer system of prism material-silver film- dielectric film-air can be mounted on a rotary stage and the angle θ2 can be varied using a set-up similar to that shown in figure 3. As it is difficult to obtain a large dynamic range in the measurements of reflectivity data points, scans must be done successively to cover a long range of incident angle. Figure 9 shows reflectance curves for a transparent layer of polyimide processed directly on silver films. Ranges of incident angle θ2 where no noticeable change in reflectivity were observed are not shown. Only the dips in the reflectivity data points are fitted by Eq. (30).
\n\t\t\t\t\tReflectivity data points of the 4-layer system and fits (solid lines) from Eq. (30) for a) ZrO2 prism-Ag-polyimide film b) glass prism-Ag-polyimide film
Using a method based on the optimization of the sum of square (SSQ) as presented in section 1.2.2, thicknesses and the complex permittivities of both films can be estimated. Values obtained from the minimization of the SSQ are given in table 1. Uncertainties are estimated from a method described by (Lévesque et al., 1994).
\n\t\t\t\t\tPrism | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZrO2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGlass | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
ε5’ (Ag) ε5’’ (Ag) d5\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-17.41±0.10 0.2 ±0.1 615 ±15Å | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-18.1 ±0.1 1.36 ±0.08 146 ±5Å | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
ε6’ ( Pi) ε6’’ (Pi) d6\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2.495±0.001 0.011±0.003 1.488±0.004µm | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2.230±0.002 0.0017±0.0002 1.723±0.003µm | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Thicknesses and permittivities of the silver (Ag) and polyimide (Pi) films.
Abrupt changes in reflectivity or transmission were first observed in gratings as early as 1902 (Wood, 1902). These so-called anomalies in diffraction efficiency (DE) occurring over an angle range or a wavelength spectrum are very different from the normally smooth diffraction curves. These abrupt changes in DE led researchers to design and investigate resonant filters for applications in many devices including gratings.
\n\t\t\tRigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA) has been used extensively (Moharam et al., 1995; Lalanne & Morris, 1996; Lenaerts et al., 2005) to calculate diffraction efficiencies (DE) in waveguide structures. The application of RCWA to resonant-grating systems has been investigated mostly for both the TE and TM polarization. In this section, the basic binary dielectric rectangular-groove grating is treated with careful considerations on the computation of DE. The results obtained for binary dielectric rectangular-groove grating are also applied to metallic grating. Introduction to photonic bandgap systems are discussed and some examples are presented at the end of this section.
\n\t\t\tAs the numerical RCWA method is introduced extensively in the literature, only the basics equations will be presented in this section. Computation will be done for the TM wave on ridge binary grating bounded by two semi-infinite dielectric media of real permittivities ε1 and ε3. The type of structures presented in this section is depicted in figure 10.
\n\t\t\t\tBasic structure of the binary rectangular-groove grating bounded by two semi-infinite dielectrics.
The relative permittivity ε(x) of the modulated region shown in figure 10 is varying periodically along the x-direction and is defined as:
\n\t\t\t\twhere εs is the sth Fourier component of the relative permittivity in the grating region (0< z <h), which can be complex in the case of metallic gratings. The incident normalized magnetic field that is normal to the plane of incidence (cf. fig.10) is given by:
\n\t\t\t\twhere ko = 2π / λ. θi is the incident angle with respect to the z-axis as shown in figure 10.
\n\t\t\t\tThe normalized solutions in regions 1 (z < 0) and 3 (z > h) are expressed as:
\n\t\t\t\twhere kxi is defined by the Floquet condition, i.e.,
\n\t\t\t\tIn previous equations, Λ is the grating spacing, n1 (\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
with l = 1,3. n3 (\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Ri and Ti are the normalized electric-field amplitudes of the ith diffracted wave in media 1 and 3, respectively. In the grating region (0 < z < h) the tangential magnetic (y-component) and electric (x-component) fields of the TM wave may be expressed as a Fourier expansion:
\n\t\t\t\twhere Uyi (z) and Sxi (z) are the normalized amplitudes of the ith space-harmonic which satisfy Maxwell’s equations, i.e.,
\n\t\t\t\twhere a temporal dependence of exp ( jωt ) is assumed (j2 = -1) and ω is the angular optical frequency. εo and μo are respectively the permittivity and permeability of free space. As the exp (jωt) is used, all complex permittivity must be expressed under ε = ε’ – jε’’.
\n\t\t\t\tSubstituting the set of equations (40) into Maxwell’s equations and eliminating Ez, the coupled-wave equations can be expressed in the matrix form as:
\n\t\t\t\twhere z’ equals koz.
\n\t\t\t\tPrevious equations under the matrix form can be reduced to
\n\t\t\t\twhere B = KxE-1Kx - I. E is the matrix formed by the permittivity elements, Kx is a diagonal matrix, with their diagonal entries being equal to kxm / ko and I is the identity matrix. The solutions of Eq. (43) and the set of Eq. (42) for the space harmonics of the tangential magnetic and electric fields in the grating region are expressed as:
\n\t\t\t\twhere, w,i,,m and qm are the elements of the eigenvector matrix W and the positive square root of the eigenvalues of matrix G (=-EB), respectively. The quantities cm+ and cm – are unknown constants (vectors) to be determined from the boundary conditions. The amplitudes of the diffracted fields Ri and Ti are calculated by matching the tangential electric and magnetic field components at the two boundaries. Using Eqs. (35), (36), (44) and the previously defined matrices, the boundary conditions at the input boundary (z = 0) are:
\n\t\t\t\tand
\n\t\t\t\twhere X and Z1 are diagonal matrices with diagonal elements exp(-jkoqmh) and k1zi/(n12 ko), respectively. c+ and c- are vectors of the diffracted amplitude in the ith order. From (42) and (44), it can be shown that
\n\t\t\t\twhere vm,l are the elements of the product matrix with Q being a diagonal matrix with diagonal entries ql.
\n\t\t\t\tAt z = h, the boundary conditions are:
\n\t\t\t\twhere Z3 is the diagonal matrix with diagonal elements k3zi/ (n32 ko). Multiplying each member of Eq. (48) by –jZ3 and using Eq. (49) to eliminate Ti vectors c- and c+ are related by:
\n\t\t\t\tMultiplying each member of Eq. (45) by jZ1 and using Eq. (46) to eliminate Ri a numerical computation can be found for c+ by making use of Eq.(50), that is:
\n\t\t\t\twhere
\n\t\t\t\tNote in Eq. (51) that δi,0 is a column vector. In the case of a solution truncated to the first negative and positive orders,
\n\t\t\t\tassuming the incident wave to be a plane wave. In this particular case
\n\t\t\t\twhere Z1(2,2) is the element on line 2 and column 2 of matrix Z1. Finally, the vector on the right-hand side of Eq.(54) is applied to the inverse matrix of C to find the column vector for the diffracted amplitude c+ from Eq. (51). Then c- is found from Eq. (50) and the normalized electric field amplitudes for Ri and Ti can be found from Eqs. (48) and (49).
\n\t\t\t\tSubstituting Eq. (34) and Eq.(44) into Maxwell’s equations and eliminating Ez, it can be shown that
\n\t\t\t\tEq. (55) is one of the two coupled-wave equations involving the inverse permittivity for the case of TM polarization only. In the conventional formulation (Wang et al., 1990; Magnusson & Wang, 1992; Tibuleac & Magnusson, 1997) the term \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
where (1/ε)s is the sth Fourier component of the relative permittivity in the grating region.
\n\t\t\t\tSince the coupled-wave equations do not involve the inverse of the permittivity in the coupled-wave equations for the TE wave, matrix A is not needed in numerical computations and the eigenvalue problem is greatly simplified in this case. As a result, solutions for the TE wave are more stable in metallic lamellar gratings.
\n\t\t\t\tOnly the DE in reflection and transmission for zeroth order are computed in the examples that will be discussed throughout this section. The diffraction efficiencies in both reflection (DER) and transmission (DET) are defined as:
\n\t\t\t\tand
\n\t\t\t\tLet us consider a binary rectangular-groove grating with real permittivity εL and εH as shown in figure 10. In the case of notch filters the higher permittivity value εH (Λ / 2< x < Λ) is greater than εL (0< x < Λ / 2). Figure 11 shows the numerical computation for DE from the RCWA formulation for the TM wave when only three orders (m = -1, 0, 1) are retained in the computation.
\n\t\t\t\tDER and DET for a binary dielectric periodic grating for εL =4.00, εH = 4.41, Λ =314 nm, n1 =1.00 (air), n3 =1.52 (glass) and h = 134 nm.
From the principle of energy conservation, the sum of DER and DET must be equal to unity. This principle is useful to decide if the number of orders retained in the computation is sufficient. As no deviation from unity is seen in the sum of DER and DET in figure 11, three orders is deemed to be enough to describe the diffraction efficiencies within this narrow wavelength spectrum. At a wavelength of roughly 511.3 nm all the optical energy is reflected back in the opposite direction from that of the incident light. As a result, DET is reaching a zero value as destructive interferences occur within the grating at this precise wavelength value of 511.3 nm.
\n\t\t\t\tThe theory presented in section 3.1 can be applied to metallic periodic gratings. For the TM wave many terms need to be retained in the calculation to reach convergence (Li & Haggans, 1993). For the sake of saving time, a fairly accurate computation is reached after retaining ten orders when using the reformulated eigenvalue problem (Lalanne & Morris, 1996). Figure 12 shows DER for a metallic periodic grating using a 3D plot. Metallic periodic grating are used to excite surface plasmons (SP) to improve Surface-enhanced-Raman-Scattering (SERS) sensor performances (Sheng et al., 1982). At a given wavelength λ the reflectivity of the metallic grating should be symmetric with the incident angle θ. If a reflectivity drop occurs due to SP at θ, the metallic periodic grating should display a similar drop at -θ. Note that two minima occur on either side of normal incidence (θ = 0º) and one single minimum is displayed at normal incidence for λ ~ 630 nm. Basically each minimum in DER forms two valleys which crisscross at normal incidence and λ ~ 630 nm. This point will become important in the next section where photonic band gap is discussed.
\n\t\t\t\t\tplot of DER for a periodic metallic grating. In the calculation, we used n1 = 1,ε3 =ε2 = -17.75 -0.7j, Λ = 600nm, εL = -17.75 - 0.7j, εH =1, and h = 10.5 nm.
Resonant surface plasmon (SP) coupling involving metallic periodic gratings has been extensively studied over the past years and more recently in work looking at photonic devices (Park et al., 2003; Barnes et al. 2003; Ebbesen et al., 1998; Ye & Zhang, 2004) surface-enhanced Raman scattering (Sheng et al., 1982) and photonic bandgaps (Barnes et al., 1996). Corrugated surfaces are commonly produced by direct exposure of a photoresist film to a holographic interference pattern. There is some experimental evidence that owing to nonlinear response of the photoresist, this technique leads to the presence of higher harmonics in addition to the fundamental pattern that is inscribed (Gallatin, 1987; Pai & Awada, 1991). The higher harmonics can then influence the propagation of the SP on the metallic periodic grating and, in particular, can generate a bandgap in the plasmon dispersion curve.
\n\t\t\t\tLet us consider two metallic sinusoidal gratings with vectors K1 (= 2π/Λ1) and K2 (=2π/Λ2) inscribed at the same location on the film surface. One grating acts as a coupler that allows light to generate SPs while the second grating creates a bandgap in the dispersion curve for the SP propagation. Herein, we consider the case K2 = 2K1. More complicated cases such as K2 < 2K1 have also been investigated and may be found in the literature (Lévesque & Rochon, 2005).
\n\t\t\t\t\tThe SP dispersion curve for a uniform silver or gold film in the absence of a gap is shown in Figure 13a and is described by:
\n\t\t\t\t\twhere kSP is the wave vector of the SP modes coupled at the surface and εm and εd are the permittivities of the metal and dielectric material (air). The dispersion line for light incident at an angle θ and scattered by a vector K1 is given by:
\n\t\t\t\t\ta) SP dispersion curves for one periodic grating of Bragg vector K1 b) Normalized reflectance (Rp/Rs) curve for a single metallic grating with Λ ~ 755 nm.
Note from Figure 13a that at normal incidence (θ = 0º) SPs will be excited at a single wavelength from a loss or gain of light momentum by the grating Bragg vector K1 = 2π/Λ. Scattering of incident light from the metallic grating at a given incident angle can fulfill the phase-matching condition (kSP = klight) for SP excitation. As θ increases from zero SPs can be generated if light scatters by a Bragg vector ± K1, i.e., two valleys will form for θ > 0º and θ < 0º as shown in Figure 13b. Experimentally, a fairly sharp dip in the reflectivity curve (Rp) was observed for the p-polarized light but not for the s-polarized light (Rs). To emphasize the SP contribution, the Rp reflectance curves were normalized to Rs in the range 600-900 nm spectral range. Curves shown in Figure 13b were predicted by DER computations shown in Figure 12.
\n\t\t\t\t\tThe SP dispersion curves for the doubly corrugated surfaces and light lines are shown in Figure 14a.
\n\t\t\t\t\tIt can be seen from Figure 14a) that two SPs can be generated at normal incidence as a bandgap is being created by the grating of Bragg vector K2. As a result, SPs can be generated at ω = ω1 and ω = ω2. This means the band will open as shown in Figure 14b, where two minima are shown in the experimental data points for all incident angles (Lévesque & Rochon, 2005). Each of these minima corresponds to SP excitation at the air-metal grating surface when light is scattered by Bragg vector ±K1.
\n\t\t\t\ta) SP dispersion curves for two superimposed periodic grating of Bragg vector K1 and K2 b) Normalized reflectance curve for a doubly corrugated surface with Λ1 ~ 755 nm and Λ2 ~ 375 nm.
Surface corrugations with selected pitches (Bragg vectors) can be produced on azopolymer films by direct exposure of an interference pattern from two coherent light beams at λ = 532 nm, as shown in Figure 15a. The two desired spacing are obtained by adjusting the angle φ (c. f fig.15a) between the writing beams, and their depth is determined by their exposure time. The films under investigation have two superimposed sinusoidal gratings with vectors K1 and K2. These azopolymer films were prepared on glass slides and then coated with a 50
\n\t\t\t\t\ta) Experimental set-up to produce corrugated metallic grating. b) Atomic force microscope image of a double metallic grating. Pitches here are 700 and 375 nm with their respective depths of 19± 1 nm and 7.0±0.5 nm.
nm thick gold film by sputter. The surface profile s(x) shown in the atomic force microscope image in Figure 15b can be represented as
\n\t\t\t\t\twhere x is the spatial coordinate, h1 and h2 are the amplitudes of the two harmonic components, and ϕ2 is their relative phase.
\n\t\t\t\tThe matrix formalism was shown to be efficient to predict the reflectance curves of both uniform films and periodic corrugated surfaces. It was shown in this chapter that the reflectance derived from the matrix formalism allows precise determinations of refractive indices and thickness when it is fitted to experimental data points. The principle to determine a good fit from the minimization of the sum of squares was presented in some details. The application of the sum of squares in more complex structures involving transparent overlaying films were also introduced along with waveguide modes. It was also shown that the matrix formalism can be used in numerical techniques and can be applied to periodic gratings to predict diffraction efficiencies. Systems of metallic periodic gratings were discussed and it was shown that photonic bandgap can be produced by superposition of two inscribed corrugated surface on an azopolymer film. The modulated films were made by holographic technique to write surface relief structures. One grating is written to have a spacing vector K2 to generate a bandgap in the SP dispersion curve. A second grating with grating spacing vector K1 is superimposed and allows the coupling of the incident light to generate the SP itself.
\n\t\tOver the last years, medical devices have been playing a pivotal role in the diagnosis and management of a variety of diseases [1]. With the advancement in the technology and increased public demand for high quality medical care, the global medical device industry has surpassed USD 350 billion in annual revenue, and in India a growth rate of 20% has been seen in healthcare industry. These devices have also created substantial risks to the patients with high profile recalls [2]. Nearly 5,000 individual classes of medical devices, tens of thousands of medical device suppliers, and millions of healthcare providers exist worldwide, which clearly depicts that device-related issues are likely to occur. The outcome of an adverse event related to medical devices can be serious and result in illness, injury or even death, which have led experts to call for the monitoring of the safe and effective use of medical devices after its regulatory approval [3].
Materiovigilance Programme of India (MvPI) was launched in 2015 and has implemented a robust system to ensure the safety of medical devices. The aim of this programme is to identify the adverse events associated with the use of medical devices and to eliminate the device-related risks through a systematic reporting system [4]. In India, the Medical Devices Rules (MDR) were notified on January 31st, 2017 and became effective from January 1st, 2018. As per the MDR, G.S.R. 78 (E), Chapter 4, Section 26 (ii) “the License Holder shall inform the State Licensing Authority (SLA) or Central Licensing Authority (CLA), as the case may be of the occurrence of any suspected unexpected serious adverse events and take necessary action thereon, including any recall within 15 days of such event coming to the notice of License Holder” [5] (Table 1). The MDR, in concurrence with MvPI, has significantly influenced the post marketing surveillance of medical devices among the healthcare professionals, by ensuring their quality and patient/user safety [5]. This chapter aims to describe the systems, procedures and modalities available for the reporting of Medical Device Adverse Events (MDAEs) in India, in order to intensify the nature of reporting and creating an environment that encourages the public to perform MDAE reporting.
Reporter | What to report? | To Whom? | When? |
---|---|---|---|
Marketing Authorisation Holders (MAH)/Manufacturers/Importers/Distributors | Any suspected unexpected serious adverse event incident, such as deaths, serious injuries, malfunction, etc., together with the action taken thereon, including any recall | National Regulatory body National Coordination Centre (NCC) – Indian Pharmacopeia Commission (IPC) | Within 15 calendar days after becoming aware of an event. |
Healthcare professionals | Death, serious injuries, malfunction, etc. | National Regulatory body National Coordination Centre (NCC) – Indian Pharmacopeia Commission (IPC) Marketing Authorisation Holders (MAHs) | For serious events, the reporting has to be done within 15 calendar days after becoming aware of an event. For non-serious events, the reporting has to be done within 30 calendar days after becoming aware of an event. |
Mandatory reporting requirements.
The following groups play a significant role in the smooth functioning of MvPI:
Healthcare facilities, including district/government/private hospitals, and autonomous bodies are recognized as MDMCs and AMCs by the NCC-MvPI, IPC and NCC-PvPI, IPC respectively. The function of the MDMC is to raise awareness about the programme and reporting of MDAEs. The MvPI collects reports from the MDMCs, AMCs. Under the MvPI, 50 MDMCs have been identified so far in India to collect the report of the events associated with the use of medical devices [6]. The AMCs established under the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI) are also participating in MDAE reporting. Around 311 centres have been identified in the country to report the adverse events resulting from the use of drugs/medical products [7].
Medical device industries, including manufacturers, importers, distributors, etc., are approached and encouraged to report the MDAE, particularly with their own medical devices. As there may be chances of re-occurrences of the adverse events, medical device industries play a key role in medical device safety surveillance [8].
Healthcare facilities include healthcare professionals, such as clinical specialists, biomedical engineers, nurses, pharmacists, hospital technology managers, and technicians, as well as patients. Healthcare professionals are in direct contact both with the patients and the medical devices used in the healthcare facilities, and are hence the key personnel in MDAE reporting [9].
Accreditation bodies essentially identify the capability of the hospitals to deliver quality care. Indian healthcare institutions get accreditation from bodies such as the National Accreditation Board for Hospitals and Healthcare providers (NABH). The IPC has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the NABH, under the Quality Council of India (QCI), to ensure for total cooperation of the hospitals on the reporting of adverse events associated with medical devices in the hospital [10].
The NCC for MvPI, IPC has developed the below-mentioned reporting tools to collect MDAEs. All the reporting tools are available on the IPC website. The healthcare professionals, MAHs and all the Personal Protective Equipments (PPEs) users are encouraged to report adverse events associated with medical devices [11].
The MDAE reporting form primarily aims to collect the adverse events associated with the use of medical devices,
Pictorial representation of medical device adverse event (MDAE) reporting form.
This section includes the date of report,
This section comprises the type of reporter, along with the details of the reporter, including name, address, contact number and e-mail address. A reporter may be a manufacturer, importer, distributor, healthcare professional, patient, or other. The information provided in this section is kept confidential and only utilised for further follow-up.
This section refers to the general information about the medical device used. The device category section in the MDAE reporting form consists of three subsections, namely medical device, medical equipment and IVDs. The medical equipment and IVDs subsections refer to specific categories of medical devices. Medical devices requiring calibration, maintenance, repair, user training and decommissioning – are usually managed by clinical engineers. Medical equipment is used for the specific purposes of diagnosis and treatment of disease or rehabilitation following disease or injury. It can be used either alone or in combination with any accessory, consumable or other piece of medical equipment. Medical equipment excludes implantable, disposable or single-use medical devices. The IVD medical devices includes a medical device, used either alone or in combination, intended by the manufacturer for the
This section describes the specific details of the suspected medical device: device name or the brand name used for marketing of the device, manufacturing or import firm name and address, the information of local distributer, the lot/batch number, serial number, year of manufacturing. Furthermore, in case of medical equipment, the additional information also includes installation date, last calibration date and preventive maintenance date, and software version is also asked. Many countries use different nomenclature systems for naming the medical device. The most prominent codes known are the Global Medical Device Nomenclature (GMDN) and Universal Medical Device Nomenclature System (UMDNS). In the reporting form, the reporter has an option to add the nomenclature code of the device while reporting the event.
This section includes the most important dates associated with the adverse event, such as the date in which the event or any near miss incident occurred, etc. Furthermore, this section also comprises the information about device operator, device location and the detailed description of the event. The reporter may mark an event as serious in case it fulfils the seriousness criteria described in MDR 2017 [5]. Otherwise, the event may be marked as non-serious.
This section contains the patient information, including its medical history and final patient outcome after the adverse event has occurred. Additionally, the patient hospital ID, age, gender is also comprised in this section.
This section includes the details of the hospital in which the event took place, as well as the details of a contact person at the hospital, for the further follow-up communication related to the adverse event.
This section aims to collect the information regarding the investigation process carried out by the clinical specialists from the healthcare facility, or by the concerned personnel from the manufacturing organization, to further drawing out the root cause of the problem and the immediate action taken to reverse the adverse effect, if possible. The root cause will ascertain the most likely reason for the occurrence of the adverse event.
This section provides the information related to the investigation methods performed by the manufacturer/authorized representative and device history, which includes a review of similar events occurred from the same batch/lot, the analysis report of the event related to the medical device, and the corrective/preventive action/recall taken to prevent the patient from being affected by the device, if any. The MDAE form is designed in such a manner that it collects the maximum information required, which may be helpful for the identification of the MDAE and for creating the database of the medical device-related errors, thus enabling to trace the trend of adverse events associated with medical devices. The MDAE form may also help the medical device stakeholders to provide appropriate information and enhance the quality of the information collected.
During the prevailing situation regarding the COVID-19 pandemic, the NCC-MvPI specially designed a one-page editable MDAE reporting form, which primarily aims to collect the adverse events associated with the use of PPEs used for medical purposes (Figure 2) [11]. The information required to be filled in the reporting form under the different categories is as follows [11]:
Pictorial representation of personal protective equipment (PPE) reporting form.
This section includes the exact date in which the event was reported to the NCC-MvPI, IPC, and the type of report that specifies whether the event is Initial/Follow-up. The initial report is the first notification about an adverse event submitted to the NCC-MvPI, IPC, once the reporter became aware of it. The follow-up report comprises the additional information about the previous report.
This section comprises the details of the reporter, including name, address, contact number and e-mail address. The information provided in this section is kept confidential and only utilized for the follow-up.
This section encompasses the type of PPE involved in the adverse event/reaction- gloves, coverall, goggles, N-95 masks, shoe covers, face shields, body bags, triple layer medical mask, among others.
This section describes the specific details of the PPE involved in the adverse event. These details include the brand name, manufacturer/importer/distributer name, batch number, model number, license number, unique certification code, test standard followed, manufacturing date and expiry date.
This section refers to the location where the adverse event has occurred, and includes inpatient department, quarantine facilities, emergency department, etc.
This section comprises the seriousness of the event. If the event involves the following outcomes: death/life threatening/disability or permanent damage/hospitalization/congenital anomaly, then it should be marked as serious. Otherwise, the event may be marked as non-serious.
This section covers the details of the PPE user, including user initials, age, gender, etc.
This section includes the detailed description of an adverse event associated with PPEs.
This section provides the details related to the hospital/quarantine facilities, including name, address and contact person. The PPE form is designed in such a manner that it collects all the required information, which may be used for the identification of PPE-related adverse events and for creating the database of such adverse events.
The FSCA [11] refers to any action taken to reduce a risk of death or serious deterioration in the state of health associated with the use of a medical device, including the: (i) device returned to the manufacturer, (ii) device design changes, (iii) device software upgrade, (iv) labelling changes, (v) changes in instructions for use or directions for use or technical manual, (vi) device destruction and (vii) device exchange. For more information, see [13].
The submitted MDAE report does not have any legal implication concerning the reporters. The patients’ identity will be held under strict confidence and protected to its full extent. As the reporting programme is voluntary in nature, healthcare providers are encouraged to report adverse events for a better understanding of the risk associated with the use of medical devices, and to safeguard the health of the Indian population [14].
This section includes the following information: date of event, reporter contact information, device name, manufacturer/importer/distributor details, catalogue number., lot/batch number., serial number., model number., date of implantation/explantation (if applicable), seriousness of the event, event description, patient history, patient outcome, healthcare facility information, root cause and corrective/preventive action [13].
The improper functioning of the medical devices, manufacturing defects, design and labelling issues, user and procedural errors are some examples of the major contributing factors that can lead to the occurrence of a serious adverse event if underestimated [15].
The IPC has already launched a toll-free helpline facility, helpline Number- 1800 180 3024 (Monday to Friday- 9:00 am to 5:30 pm), for the reporting of adverse drug reactions by healthcare professionals and others [16]. Currently, this facility is also being extended to the report of any adverse event associated with the use of medical devices. Both the data management and the procedure adopted to receive the information from the healthcare professionals, patients and others are given in Figure 3.
Flow diagram representing the report of adverse events related to medical devices through helpline.
Healthcare facilities including district/government/private hospitals, and autonomous bodies are recognized as MDMCs and AMCs respectively by the NCC-MvPI, IPC and NCC-PvPI, IPC. The function of MDMC is to raise awareness about the programme and reporting of MDAEs. A ‘Letter of Intent’ is required to be submitted by the head of the Institution/hospital for participating in this nationwide programme to monitor MDAEs [17]. After the suitability examination by the competent authority, the proposed centre may be recognized as an MDMC under MvPI. These centres are expected to collate data on adverse events associated with medical devices and IVDs under the MvPI and report them to the NCC-MvPI, IPC. For the proper functioning of MvPI activities in their respective centres, a research associate will be appointed by the NCC-MvPI, IPC [18]. The research associate will be responsible for the collection of reports and conduction of training programs on materiovigilance, aiming to sensitize the healthcare professionals and the general public. The technical team at the MDMC performs the validation of the report by carrying out the causality assessment to identify any causal/temporal relationship between the event and the medical device. The workflow for determining the report responsible for the identification of adverse events significantly related to medical devices is shown at Figure 4.
Medical device-related adverse events identification flowchart used at medical device adverse event monitoring centres (MDMC).
Initially, the reports are collected and analysed at the NCC-MvPI, IPC, by applying the globally recognized scientific standards/parameters to ensure the quality of the reports. In the second level, these analysed cases are forwarded to the subject expert group panel for review, and technical interpretation is drawn considering both the clinical, as well as technical aspects. In the third level, these reports are placed before the core technical committee for the conclusions and recommendations, and are further forwarded to the national regulatory authority for implementation of the necessary actions (Figure 4) [19].
The NCC has collected the reported adverse events and provided a comparison of the serious adverse events reported in the index period from January to December during the years of 2018, 2019 and 2020. In total, NCC has received 3187 adverse events, consisting of 1986 serious and 1201 non-serious events. Out of the serious adverse events reported, 23% were reported in 2018, 37% in 2019 and 40% in 2020. When comparing the reported data, an increase of 75% in serious adverse event reporting could be observed. Out of the adverse events reported, 73% of the reports were received from MAHs, 23% from MDMCs and 4% from AMCs [19]. This confirms and highlights the importance of the modalities developed, as they have significantly helped to improve the reporting of adverse events related to medical devices.
The tools developed for reporting may stimulate the communication between medical device users and the regulatory authorities to closely monitor medical device safety. In order to generate proper regulatory decisions and to ensure the quality and efficacy of the medical devices that are being sold and distributed in the Indian market, MvPI has shown to provide a robust and sustainable system for collecting and reporting adverse events associated with medical devices. This will highly encourage all the healthcare professionals, MAH and the public to efficiently report adverse events associated with medical devices.
The authors are grateful to Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India for the financial support provided to run the MvPI efficiently.
The authors declare no potential conflict of interest.
AMC | Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring Centre |
CLA | Central Licensing Authority |
FSCA | Field Safety Corrective Action |
FSN | Field Safety Notice |
GMDN | Global Medical Device Nomenclature |
IPC | Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission |
IVDs | In-Vitro Diagnostics |
MAH | Marketing Authorisation Holders |
MDAE | Medical Device Adverse Event |
MDMC | Medical Device Adverse Event Monitoring Centre |
MDR | Medical Device Rules |
MoU | Memorandum of Understanding |
MvPI | Materiovigilance Programme of India |
NABH | National Accreditation Board for Hospitals and Healthcare providers |
NCC | National Coordination Centre |
PPE | Personal Protective Equipment |
PvPI | Pharmacovigilance Programme of India |
QCI | Quality Council of India |
SEARN | South East Asia Research Network |
SLA | State Licensing Authority |
UDI | Unique Device Identification |
UMDN | Universal Medical Device Nomenclature |
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He worked as a Executive Research & Development @ Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad. He received DBT-postdoc fellow @ Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore under the supervision of Prof. P. Balaram, later he moved to NIH-postdoc researcher at Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA, after his return from postdoc joined NITK-Surthakal as a Adhoc faculty at department of chemistry. Since from August 2013 working as a Associate Professor, and in 2016 promoted to Profeesor in the School of Basic Sciences: Department of Chemistry and having 20 years of teaching and research experiences.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rani Channamma University, Belagavi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. 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He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. 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He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. 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Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. 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She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. 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The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",annualVolume:11423,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"275140",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinh Hoa",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",fullName:"Dinh Hoa Nguyen",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRbnKQAS/Profile_Picture_1622204093453",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kyushu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"20259",title:"Dr.",name:"Hongbin",middleName:null,surname:"Ma",fullName:"Hongbin Ma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRhDJQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-05-02T08:25:21.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"28640",title:"Prof.",name:"Yasushi",middleName:null,surname:"Kambayashi",fullName:"Yasushi Kambayashi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYOQxQAO/Profile_Picture_1625660525470",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nippon Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/91801",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"91801"},fullPath:"/profiles/91801",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var t;(t=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(t)}()