Phytoconstituents from
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
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He was a guest researcher at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) between 2017 and 2018. Dr. Wu has authored 70 peer-reviewed papers in international journals.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"178661",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"wei-wu",fullName:"Wei Wu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178661/images/system/178661.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Wei Wu is an associate professor and associate department\nchair in the Department of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, China, where he received his Ph.D. in Toxicology in 2012.\nHe was a guest researcher at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) between 2017 and 2018. Dr.\nWu is a member of different national and international societies\nin the fields of human reproduction and toxicology and has\nreceived awards from many national societies for the originality and quality of his\nprojects. Dr. Wu has authored seventy-three peer-reviewed papers in international\njournals. He has edited four books and collaborated on ten others as well as seventeen patents and in the organization of three international conferences. He is a\nreviewer for ninety-eight journals.",institutionString:"Nanjing Medical University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"Nanjing Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1161",title:"Andrology",slug:"andrology"}],chapters:[{id:"79167",title:"The Concept of Male Reproductive Anatomy",slug:"the-concept-of-male-reproductive-anatomy",totalDownloads:238,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"348295",title:"Dr.",name:"Oyovwi",surname:"Mega Obukohwo",slug:"oyovwi-mega-obukohwo",fullName:"Oyovwi Mega Obukohwo"},{id:"421235",title:"Prof.",name:"Nwangwa",surname:"Eze Kingsley",slug:"nwangwa-eze-kingsley",fullName:"Nwangwa Eze Kingsley"},{id:"428844",title:"Dr.",name:"Rotu",surname:"Arientare Rume",slug:"rotu-arientare-rume",fullName:"Rotu Arientare Rume"}]},{id:"79287",title:"Endocrine Functions of the Testes",slug:"endocrine-functions-of-the-testes",totalDownloads:163,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"349696",title:"Dr.",name:"Victor",surname:"EMOJEVWE",slug:"victor-emojevwe",fullName:"Victor EMOJEVWE"},{id:"420885",title:"Ms.",name:"Osarugue",surname:"Igiehon",slug:"osarugue-igiehon",fullName:"Osarugue Igiehon"}]},{id:"79014",title:"Seminiferous Tubules and Spermatogenesis",slug:"seminiferous-tubules-and-spermatogenesis",totalDownloads:207,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"92657",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamad Eid",surname:"Hammadeh",slug:"mohamad-eid-hammadeh",fullName:"Mohamad Eid Hammadeh"},{id:"337019",title:"Dr.",name:"Houda",surname:"Amor",slug:"houda-amor",fullName:"Houda Amor"},{id:"337221",title:"Dr.",name:"Nyaz",surname:"Shelko",slug:"nyaz-shelko",fullName:"Nyaz Shelko"},{id:"345468",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter Michael",surname:"Jankowski",slug:"peter-michael-jankowski",fullName:"Peter Michael Jankowski"},{id:"419473",title:"Dr.",name:"Bakry Mohamed Sobhy",surname:"Sobhy",slug:"bakry-mohamed-sobhy-sobhy",fullName:"Bakry Mohamed Sobhy Sobhy"},{id:"419475",title:"Dr.",name:"Almandouh Hussein",surname:"Bosilah",slug:"almandouh-hussein-bosilah",fullName:"Almandouh Hussein Bosilah"},{id:"419476",title:"Dr.",name:"Micu",surname:"Romeo",slug:"micu-romeo",fullName:"Micu Romeo"}]},{id:"77407",title:"Positional Relationships among Male Reproductive Organs in Insects",slug:"positional-relationships-among-male-reproductive-organs-in-insects",totalDownloads:194,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"348309",title:"Dr.",name:"Satoshi",surname:"Hiroyoshi",slug:"satoshi-hiroyoshi",fullName:"Satoshi Hiroyoshi"},{id:"348547",title:"Dr.",name:"Gadi",surname:"V.P. Reddy",slug:"gadi-v.p.-reddy",fullName:"Gadi V.P. Reddy"}]},{id:"79679",title:"Reproductive Toxicology: An Update",slug:"reproductive-toxicology-an-update",totalDownloads:143,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"27304",title:"Dr.",name:"Murigendra B.",surname:"Hiremath",slug:"murigendra-b.-hiremath",fullName:"Murigendra B. Hiremath"},{id:"227286",title:"Dr.",name:"Shridhar C.",surname:"Ghagane",slug:"shridhar-c.-ghagane",fullName:"Shridhar C. Ghagane"},{id:"227446",title:"Prof.",name:"Rajendra B.",surname:"Nerli",slug:"rajendra-b.-nerli",fullName:"Rajendra B. Nerli"},{id:"422289",title:"Dr.",name:"Makhadumsab",surname:"Toragall",slug:"makhadumsab-toragall",fullName:"Makhadumsab Toragall"}]},{id:"78966",title:"Testicular Histopathology and Spermatogenesis in Mice with Scrotal Heat Stress",slug:"testicular-histopathology-and-spermatogenesis-in-mice-with-scrotal-heat-stress",totalDownloads:198,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"340643",title:"Dr.",name:"Thuan",surname:"Dang-Cong",slug:"thuan-dang-cong",fullName:"Thuan Dang-Cong"},{id:"348281",title:"Dr.",name:"Tung",surname:"Nguyen-Thanh",slug:"tung-nguyen-thanh",fullName:"Tung Nguyen-Thanh"}]},{id:"78480",title:"Methods of Sperm Selection for In-Vitro Fertilization",slug:"methods-of-sperm-selection-for-in-vitro-fertilization-1",totalDownloads:268,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"349382",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Abimibola",surname:"Nanna",slug:"abimibola-nanna",fullName:"Abimibola Nanna"}]},{id:"77348",title:"Management of Post-Circumcision Glans/Penile Necrosis",slug:"management-of-post-circumcision-glans-penile-necrosis",totalDownloads:198,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"341061",title:"Dr.",name:"Yusuf",surname:"Arikan",slug:"yusuf-arikan",fullName:"Yusuf Arikan"},{id:"355828",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",surname:"Ayten",slug:"ali-ayten",fullName:"Ali Ayten"}]},{id:"78100",title:"Epigenetics in Male Infertility",slug:"epigenetics-in-male-infertility",totalDownloads:225,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"349295",title:"Prof.",name:"Hayfa H.",surname:"Hassani",slug:"hayfa-h.-hassani",fullName:"Hayfa H. Hassani"},{id:"350281",title:"Prof.",name:"Fadhel M.",surname:"Lafta",slug:"fadhel-m.-lafta",fullName:"Fadhel M. Lafta"},{id:"352246",title:"Dr.",name:"Rakad",surname:"M. Kh AL-Jumaily",slug:"rakad-m.-kh-al-jumaily",fullName:"Rakad M. 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Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"72858",title:"Phytochemical and Nutritional Studies in the Genus Abelmoschus Medik",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93019",slug:"phytochemical-and-nutritional-studies-in-the-genus-em-abelmoschus-em-medik",body:'\nThe word
During regular metabolic activities of plant some chemical compounds are formed known as phytochemicals. These chemicals are produced by plants for their defense mechanism, but many research studies reveals the numerous phytochemicals can be used against many diseases of humans. Phytochemicals are often referred as “secondary metabolites” which includes alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, terpenoids, gums and polysaccharides [12]. Adetuyi et al. analyzed Vitamin C, total phenolic content, iron chelating activity and reducing power of six varieties of okra cultivated in Nigeria and proved that during storage period from 0 to 10 days, the loss of antioxidants percentage were lowest in “Benin” okra variety [13]. A variety of phytochemicals and antioxidants have been isolated from different
Name of species | \nPlant part | \nAnalytical techniques used | \nSolvent | \nPhytochemicals | \nRef. | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|
\n | \nFruit | \nSpectroscopy | \nAcetone, Methanol, Water | \nVitamin C, total phenolic content, iron chelating activity and reducing power | \n[13] | \n
\n | \nFruit | \nHPLC and NMR | \n70% ethanol, hexane, methanol | \nABTS, Quercetin 3-O-xylosyl (1 → 2) glucoside, quercetin 3-Oglucosyl (1 → 6) glucoside, quercetin 3-O-glucoside, quercetin3-O-(6-O-malonyl)-glucosideand epigallocatechin | \n[14] | \n
\n | \nFruit | \n— | \nEthanol, Water | \nCarbohydrate, mucilage, protein, amino acids, fat and oil, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, saponins, phytosterols, alkaloid, glycoside, hypoglycemic activity | \n[11] | \n
\n | \nFruit | \nSpectroscopy | \nDistilled water | \nTotal phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant contents | \n[15] | \n
\n | \nFruit | \nSpectroscopy | \nMethanol | \nTotal phenolics, flavonoids | \n[16] | \n
\n | \nFlower | \nHPLC | \nEthanol, Methanol | \nHyperin, isoquercetin, hibifolin, myricetin, quercetin-3’-O-glucoside, and quercetin | \n[17] | \n
\n | \nLeaf | \nSpectroscopy and FTIR | \nEthanol | \nFlavonoid and DPPH | \n[18] | \n
\n | \nFruit | \n— | \n70% Ethanol | \nTotal phenolic, total flavonoids | \n[19] | \n
\n | \nFruit | \nSpectroscopy | \nEthanol, Methanol, Distilled water | \nTotal phenolic, total flavonoids, DPPH and FRAP | \n[20] | \n
Phytoconstituents from
\n
Mucilage is the water soluble polysaccharides found in various plant systems and in some microorganisms [29]. In present days, there is an immense interest have been seen in studying the mucilaginous compounds due to their viscosity and pharmaceutical applications like, excipient, tablet binder, thickeners in oral liquids, gelling agents, purifiers, protective colloids in suspension gum substitute and effluents in rheological engineering [30]. Most of the species from family Malvaceae are well-known for their mucilage content and it was studied by Ahmad et al. for their properties [31]. The whole plant of
Mucilage isolated from immature fruits and roots of okra showed significant anti-complementary activity and extensive hypoglycemic activities because root mucilage possesses side chains composed of D-galactopyranose residues and L-rhamnopyranosyl residues in the part of the backbone [34]. Okra mucilage was described as water soluble polysaccharide based material which can be further modified by grafting acrylamide for the synthesis of green polymeric material and it was issued as the biomaterial for waste water treatment as an environment cleaning approach [35]. Nair and Fasha analyzed mucilage of
\n
Production of nutritionally rich food is the major challenge in the fulfillment of healthy diet against tremendous explosion of population. Throughout the year, numerous vegetables have been basically examined for their nutritional parameters. Nutritionally, okra plays an important role in the human diet because it contains carbohydrates, protein, fibers, minerals and vitamins, including vitamin C which will fulfill dietary requirements of the body [27]. Some nutritional parameters with their quantity were depicted in Table 2.
\nSpecies name | \nPlant part used | \nNutritional parameter | \nQuantity | \nRef. | \n
---|---|---|---|---|
\n | \nFruit | \nProximate (Moisture, fat, ash, fiber, protein, carbohydrate) | \n2.52–48.47 g/100 g | \n[20] | \n
Mineral Composition (B, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, N, P, K, Na, S, Zn) | \n0.0005–3.51 g/100 g | \n|||
\n | \nFruit | \nMoisture | \n88.02–90.13% | \n[48] | \n
Protein | \n13.61–16.27% | \n|||
Fiber | \n10.15–11.63% | \n|||
Fat | \n9.03–10.57% | \n|||
Ash | \n7.19–9.63% | \n|||
Mineral (Zn, Fe, Mg, Cl and K) | \n0.87–62.17 mg/100 g | \n|||
\n | \nFruits | \nMacro elements (Ca, Cl, K, Mg and Na) | \n32.06–319 mg/kg | \n[49] | \n
Micro elements (Al, Cu and Mn) | \n17.8–42.45 mg/kg | \n|||
Trace elements (As and Br) | \n2.84–34.41 mg/kg | \n|||
\n | \nFruits | \nWater soluble vitamins (B3, B6, B12, C) | \n1.42–91.20 𝜇g/100 g | \n[50] | \n
Fat soluble vitamins (E, K3) | \n0.05–1.47 𝜇g/100 g | \n|||
\n | \nFruit | \nMoisture | \n9.69–13.33 g/100 g | \n[51] | \n
Crud protein | \n10.25–26.16 g/100 g | \n|||
Ash | \n5.62–11.30 g/100 g | \n|||
Crude fiber | \n11.97–29.93 g/100 g | \n|||
Crude fat | \n0.56–1.69 g/100 g | \n|||
Carbohydrate | \n36.66–50.97 g/100 g | \n|||
Mineral (Ca, Fe, K, Zn, P, Na) | \n3.33–318.20 mg/100 g | \n|||
\n | \nLeaves | \nMineral composition (Cl, Fe, Mg, Mn, K, Na, Zn and Cu) | \n0.8–635 mg/100 g | \n[52] | \n
Nutritional potential of
Sun dried okra fruits were examined for the nutritional parameters like moisture, ash, crude fat, fiber, carbohydrate, protein and microbial composition. Dried okra with light deep green and light purple colored had highest carbohydrate (76.8%) and crude protein (23.2%) [53]. Effect of different processes like cooking, sun drying of okra fruit caused effects on proximate composition and some other parameters like loss of vitamin C and nutritional factor [54]. Fruits of cultivated as well as wild taxa are the rich in, proximate and mineral composition. The highest fiber content i.e. 23.49 and 22.90% were isolated from the wild species
The accessibility of the genetic diversity and its collection, maintenance and conservation is essential for the crop improvement program [55].
Induction of the mutation in plant breeding has become a well-known and important tool to supplement current germplasm and improvement of cultivars for the expression of specific traits. Several improved crop varieties have been released to farmers shows great economic value of the technology of mutation breeding [67]. From the past 70 years, near about 2252 mutant varieties from 175 crop plants including cereals, pulses, oilseeds, fibers, fruits, vegetables and ornamentals have been released in different countries throughout the world [68]. Induced mutations using different chemical and physical mutagens were studied by many breeders in
Interspecific hybridization plays a vital role in the increasing genetic variation by interchanging genetic information in between different species, which is helpful to solve taxonomic relationship and also useful in preparation of genetic linkage map [78]. However artificial crossing methods are easy and simple in
\n
Giant cell arteritis (GCA), also known as temporal arteritis or Horton disease, is a systemic inflammatory large-vessel vasculitis that usually affects the aorta and its major branches [1].
The pathophysiology of GCA is complex and not fully understood. Histopathology studies reveal inflammation of the artery wall with predominance of CD4+ T lymphocytes and macrophages, which frequently undergo granulomatous organization with formation of giant cells. Immunopathology and molecular studies performed with temporal artery biopsies have led to the current pathogenic model [2],
GCA is primarily an immune-mediated disease due to a maladaptive response to endothelial injury, occurring in susceptible individuals and triggered by factors that have not been identified with certainty. Several microbe and viral sequences, including varicella-zoster virus, have been detected in temporal artery lesions, but no convincing causal relationship has been demonstrated [3].
The initial inflammatory response involves the activation of dendritic cells, present in the adventitia of normal arteries, through pathogen- or damage-sensing receptors, such as toll-like receptors, producing chemokines able to attract and retain dendritic cells as well as lymphocytes and macrophages. Once activated, dendritic cells are enabled to process and present antigens and strongly express major histocompatability complex (MHC) class II and costimulatory molecules (CD83 and CD86) required for T-cell recruitment [4].
Once activated, both T helper (Th)1 and Th17 differentiation pathways contribute to the development of vascular inflammation. Interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-18 produced by dendritic cells stimulate Th1 differentiation and production of interferon (IFN)-gamma which is noticeably expressed in GCA-involved arteries. IFN-gamma causes endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle to recruit more Th1 cells, CD8+ T cells, and monocytes which differentiate into macrophages and the characteristic giant cells that produce growth factors, interleukins and proteolytic enzymes playing a distinctive role granuloma formation that progressively narrow and obstruct the vessel wall [5].
Moreover, IL-1-beta, IL-6, and IL-21 promote Th17 differentiation, which is maintained by IL-23 and results in IL-17A expression. IL-17A, profusely expressed in GCA lesions, is a proinflammatory cytokine having pleiotropic effects on a variety of cells, namely macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells [6].
Systemic manifestations are related the inflammatory process and cytokine amplification. Inflammation-induced vascular remodeling leads to concentric intimal hyperplasia occurring as a repair mechanism in response to injury of the blood vessel wall. End-organ involvement results from mural hyperplasia which can narrow the arterial lumen, resulting in distal ischemia and ischemic complications of the disease [7].
Clinical presentation of GCA tends to be subacute, but may occur over the course of a few days. Although symptoms of GCA are nonspecific, some key findings may strongly suggest this diagnosis. Systemic symptoms are common in GCA and vascular involvement can be widespread, causing stenosis and aneurysm of affected vessels. It is the targeting of the tiny muscular arteries from cranial branches of the aortic arch, however, that gives rise to many of the most characteristic symptoms of GCA. External carotid branch involvement accounts for the high frequency of cranial symptoms [8].
Systemic symptoms associated with GCA are frequent and include fever, fatigue, anorexia and weight loss. These symptoms may occur for a few days and may prolong to several weeks. Fever is usually low grade and occurs in up to one-half of patients. It has been stated as well that 1 out of 6 fevers of unknown origin in older adults was due to GCA [9]. About 10% of patients with GCA present with constitutional symptoms and laboratory evidence of inflammation as the only clues to the diagnosis [10]. Thus, in an older adult with fever or constitutional symptoms not explained by an initial evaluation for infection or malignancy, a diagnosis of GCA warrants consideration [11].
Headache is a common presentation of GCA, being the initial symptom in 33% of cases and present in about 80% of patients [12]. Importantly, the headache is either new, in a patient without previous history of headaches, or of a new type in a patient with chronic headache.
While the headache has no pathognomonic features, headaches due to GCA are typically throbbing and continuous, located over the temples, but can also be frontal, occipital, unilateral or generalized. Descriptions of the pain range from a dull or burning sensation to focal tenderness on direct palpation. Patients may note scalp tenderness with hair combing or when wearing a hat. The headache can progressively worsen, wax and wane, or sometimes recede before treatment is started [13].
Jaw claudication results from ischemia of the maxillary artery supplying the masseter muscles and is highly predictive of temporal arteritis. Nearly 50% of patients experience jaw claudication, a symptom consisting of mandibular pain, discomfort or fatigue triggered by mastication or prolonged speaking and relieved by stopping [14]. An analysis of the diagnostic value of temporal artery biopsies, which correlated positive biopsies with clinical symptoms, revealed jaw claudication as the symptom most highly associated with a positive biopsy [15].
In some cases, patients note a trismus-like symptom, with either perceived or actual limitation of temporomandibular joint excursion. Claudication symptoms occasionally affect the tongue, with repeated swallowing and tongue infarction being almost pathognomonic for GCA [16, 17].
The reported incidence of visual symptoms in GCA ranges widely [18]. These include permanent visual loss, transient monocular (and, rarely, binocular) vision impairment, consisting of unilateral visual blurring, vision loss or diplopia. Patients refer an abrupt partial field defect or temporary curtain effect in the field of vision of one eye [19]. It can be useful in the course of evaluating the possible significance of a reported visual disturbance to inquire if the patient tried to cover each eye since explicit monocular visual loss would heighten concern for GCA. Transient visual loss can be a harbinger of permanent visual loss, especially if treatment is not started promptly and thus mandates urgent attention in a patient with suspected GCA.
The most feared complication of GCA is permanent loss of vision, frequently sudden and painless, may be partial or complete, and may be unilateral or bilateral. Permanent loss of vision in GCA results from arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, central or branch retinal artery occlusion, posterior ischemic optic neuropathy, or, rarely, cerebral ischemia [20]. Even in the current era effective therapy, the incidence of permanent loss of vision ranged from 15 to 20% of patients [20]. Though permanent visual loss may be preceded by single or multiple episodes of transient visual loss, it can also occur with devastating swiftness. When untreated, contralateral eye involvement commonly occurs between the first two weeks after initial onset [21]. With adequate glucocorticoid treatment, if there is no further visual deterioration within the first week, existing vision in affected eye and the vision in the unaffected eye will remain intact, virtually stopping the subsequent risk of sight loss [22].
Extraocular motility disorders occur in approximately 5% of atients and include diplopia which has a high specificity when accompanied by other symptoms suggestive of GCA [23]. Diplopia, which is usually transient, can result from ischemia of any portion of the oculomotor system, including the brainstem, oculomotor nerves, and the extraocular muscles themselves [24].
Although rare, GCA can manifest with Charles Bonnet syndrome, a phenomenon of visual hallucinations in psychologically normal individuals who have visual loss due to lesions in either peripheral or central visual pathways [25].
GCA is closely linked to polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) and this well-known association has therapeutic and prognostic consequences. About 40 to 60% of GCA patients have manifestations of PMR, an inflammatory rheumatic condition clinically characterized by symmetrical proximal polyarthralgia and myalgia, with aching and stiffness on shoulders, hip girdle, neck, torso and an unfamiliar sense of fatigue [26].
Less commonly, distal findings can occur, involving synovitis of peripheral joints, especially at the wrists and metacarpophalangeal joints, with distal extremity swelling and pitting edema, known as remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting edema (RS3PE) syndrome, puffy edematous hand syndrome or distal extremity swelling with pitting edema [27]. In this syndrome symptoms can appear abruptly, with significant swelling, usually pitting, extending over the dorsal side of the wrists and metacarpophalangeal joints producing a “boxing glove” appearance, and with limited range of motion of the hands and wrists. The term seronegative refers to the absence of antibodies namely rheumatoid factor (RF) and cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) for differential diagnosis with rheumatoid arthritis. Imaging with ultrasonography and MRI reveal tenosynovitis of the extensor tendon of the forearms and hands, with less flexor tenosynovitis and synovitis of the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints [28]. A paraneoplastic association with solid tumors and hematologic disorders has been reported, but in clinical practice such an occurrence is rare [29].
Involvement of the extracranial branches of the carotid artery is the source of the classic cranial symptoms of GCA. However, besides the carotid arteries, GCA often involves the aorta and its major branches which is designated large vessel (LV) -GCA. The clinical consequences of LV-GCA include aneurysms and dissections of the aorta, particularly the thoracic aorta, as well as stenosis, occlusion, and ectasia of large arteries. This subset of patients with predominantly upper extremity arterial vasculitis, may have variable clinical presentations and diagnostic delay [30].
While symptomatic LV involvement is uncommon, a key point is that subclinical LV-GCA involvement is present in a significant number of patients and can underlie a systemic presentation of GCA without having necessarily cranial symptomatology. Different publications using imaging modalities such as fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET), computed tomographic (CT) angiography and color-coded duplex ultrasonography have consistently highlighted the involvement of subclavian, axillary, brachial arteries or the thoracic aorta in more than 30% of patients with confirmed GCA diagnosis [31, 32].
Although the disease pattern of LV-GCA differs from cranial GCA, clinical features overlap. Systematic screening of patients with the cranial phenotype can demonstrate large artery involvement. On the other hand, temporal artery biopsies are positive in only approximately one-half of patients with LV GCA, underlining the essential role of imaging for the diagnosis of this phenotype.
In contrast with the cranial phenotype, LV-GCA patients were younger at disease onset (66 vs. 72 years), had longer duration of symptoms prior to the diagnosis (median 3.5 months vs. 2.2 months), fewer cranial symptoms (41% vs. 83%) and were more likely to have arm claudication at presentation (51% vs. 0%) [33].
Aortic aneurysms have been recognized in 10% of cases [34]. The thoracic aorta is more frequently affected than the abdominal aorta, and within the thoracic aorta the descending segment is the main site. It is important to note that in these cases, there is often little or no clinical or laboratory evidence of systemic activity of GCA. When compared with the general population, patients with GCA have a twofold increased risk of aortic aneurysm and this should be considered within the range of other risk factors such as male gender, age or smoking [35]. Histopathologic examination of specimens from surgery or autopsy show fibrosis and different degrees of active aortitis, including giant cells. These findings suggest two mechanisms of disease: chronic recrudescent aortitis causing elastin and collagen disruption, or mechanical stress on an aortic wall weakened in the early active phase of the disease. Aortic dissection or rupture is a rare major complication of aortitis and was identified in 5% of patients with LV-GCA with aortic aneurysm [36]. Involvement of the ascending aorta can lead to aortic rupture, and coronary arteritis may result in myocardial infarction.
GCA can also affect the subclavian arteries distal to the take-off of the vertebral arteries and extend through the axillary arteries to the proximal brachial arteries. On physical examination, arterial bruits, diminished or absent blood pressures and arm claudication can be identified. Cold intolerance of the involved extremity is common, but explicit digital ulcerations and gangrene are rare because of adequate collateral arterial supply. The vessel wall is circumferentially affected, in contrast to the eccentric appearance of atherosclerosis. The descending aorta and mesenteric, renal, iliac, and femoral arteries can less commonly be affected, with attendant complications of intestinal infarction, renal infarction, crural infarction and ischemic mononeuropathies [37]. Clinically evident lower-extremity arterial involvement can occur but is also uncommon [38].
Stroke is a rare but important complication of GCA and is typically due to stenosis of carotid and the vertebral or basilar arteries. Even with aggressive steroid and immunosuppressive therapy it is associated with high morbidity and mortality. In descriptive cohorts, the frequency of stroke within the first four weeks of the diagnosis of GCA, and thus construed as potentially disease-related, has ranged from 1.5 to 7.5% [39].
Though strokes due to GCA can occur in the distribution of both the internal carotid and vertebrobasilar arteries, they are noticeably more frequent in the latter location. More than one-half of strokes attributable to GCA occur in the vertebrobasilar system This figure contrasts with population-based studies of transient ischemic attacks and stroke overall, which occur five times more often in the territory of the internal carotid arteries compared with the vertebrobasilar arteries [40]. Arteritic involvement of the vertebral arteries can result in vertigo, ataxia, dysarthria, homonymous hemianopsia, or bilateral cortical blindness. Bilateral vertebral artery involvement, which causes rapidly progressive brainstem or cerebellar neurologic deficits with high mortality, is highly suggestive of GCA.
Peripheral neuropathy, myelopathy, higher cortical dysfunction or dementia, and pachymeningitis are uncommon complications of GCA.
Patients with GCA can present upper respiratory tract symptoms, in particular a non-productive cough. The cause of cough is unknown, but may result from vasculitis in the area of cough receptors, which are located throughout the respiratory tree, or vasculitis of the ascending pharyngeal artery, a branch of the external carotid artery. Vasculitis of the bronchial arteries has been observed in the post-mortem examination of a patient with disseminated GCA. Furthermore, involvement of the lungs in GCA has also been reported as cases of interstitial lung disease (ILD) as an uncommon clinical manifestation of GCA [41].
Patients with GCA are at increased risk for cardiovascular events, but cardiac involvement is rare. Myocardial infarction is an example of serious complication that may arise. Cases of GCA patients developing myocarditis and myopericarditis are uncommon but have been reported [42].
Branches of the external carotid artery may often be affected in GCA, namely the superficial temporal artery. Jaw claudication results from arteritic involvement of the muscles of mastication (masseter, temporalis, and medial and lateral pterygoid muscles), all of which are supplied by the branches of the external carotid artery. Involvement of other branches of the external carotid artery accounts for many of the other extracranial symptoms that can accompany the presentation of GCA, including: maxillary and dental pain, facial swelling, throat pain, tongue pain and macroglossia [43].
GCA of the female genital tract was first reported by Ritawa in 1951 [44]. Female genital tract involvement (ovary, fallopian tubes, or uterus) was identified by chance on histopathologic inspection of surgical specimens surgically removed for gynecological reasons unrelated to GCA.
Vasculitis of the breast does occur and should require exclusion of systemic involvement. When constitutional symptoms, especially arthralgia and myalgia, are present and acute phase reactants are elevated, a work-up for systemic disease is especially warranted. Histologic characteristics included vessel size and type of inflammatory infiltrates including foamy macrophages and giant cells [45]. These features did not correlate with disease extent, plus constitutional and musculoskeletal manifestations were usually absent. Patients generally did not require systemic therapy and may be cured by resection alone.
GCA should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of a new-onset headache in patients 50 years of age or older with an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Temporal artery biopsy remains the criterion standard for diagnosis of this granulomatous vasculitis but increasing evidence supports the use of imaging studies such as ultrasonography as a less invasive from of diagnosis.
The onset of symptoms in GCA tends to be subacute, but abrupt presentations occur in some patients. Although systemic manifestations are characteristic of GCA and although vascular involvement can be widespread, clinical manifestations of the disease most frequently result from involvement of the cranial branches of arteries originating from the aortic arch. When taking the patient’s history, the clinician must ask about the following types of symptoms: systemic symptoms, such as fever, fatigue, and weight loss; headache; jaw claudication, which is the symptom most highly predictive of a positive temporal artery for the diagnosis of GCA; visual symptoms, particularly transient monocular visual loss and diplopia. The most threatening complication of GCA, visual loss, is a potential result of the cranial phenotype arteritis.
A close relationship exists between GCA and PMR but the precise nature of this association is poorly understood. Several authors have suggested that these two entities are actually different stages of the same disease process. Symptoms of polymyalgia rheumatica occurring in a patient with GCA include characteristic proximal polyarthralgias and myalgias, sometimes accompanied by remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting edema (RS3PE).
Most GCA patients present with clinical manifestations that are the result of vascular involvement but a variable proportion of patients may present without obvious vascular manifestations. Imaging may be particularly helpful in the diagnosis of GCA of large arteries in patients with atypical or occult GCA disease. Subclinical involvement of the aorta and large arteries is frequent, a clinical consequence of which can be aortic aneurysm which rarely can be complicated with dissection or rupture. Measurement of the blood pressures in both arms and careful assessment of the arterial tree by palpation and auscultation should be performed in all patients with suspected GCA. When compared with cranial disease, LV-GCA patients have higher relapse rate, greater corticosteroid requirements and increased prevalence of aortic aneurysm. It should be noted that both the 1990 and the revised 2016 American College of Rheumatology criteria may fail to recognize the LV-GCA phenotype, since a portion of LV-GCA do not have cranial symptoms.
The major risk factor for developing giant cell arteritis is aging. The disease almost never occurs before age 50 years, and its incidence rises steadily thereafter. Giant cell arteritis is a more heterogeneous condition than previously thought. Clear knowledge of all the potential clinical manifestations is essential to avoid a delayed diagnosis and associated complications. Although most of these manifestations occur prior to steroid therapy, they may also develop during the early phase of therapy or relapse with tapering of the dose of steroids. Earlier diagnosis, close monitoring and improving the treatment protocols may prevent mortality and improve morbidity in these cases.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
No funding was received for the development of this paper.
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Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11411,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. 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He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. 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He obtained a Master’s degree in Public Health and PhD in Public Health and Epidemiology. He has a background in Clinical Medicine and has taken courses at higher diploma levels in public health from University of Transkei, Republic of South Africa, and African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF) in Nairobi, Kenya. Dr. Kasenga worked in different places in and outside Malawi, and has held various positions, such as Licensed Medical Officer, HIV/AIDS Programme Officer, HIV/AIDS resource person in the International Department of Diakonhjemet College, Oslo, Norway. He also managed an Integrated HIV/AIDS Prevention programme for over 5 years. He is currently working as a Director for the Health Ministries Department of Malawi Union of the Seventh Day Adventist Church. Dr. Kasenga has published over 5 articles on HIV/AIDS issues focusing on Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT), including a book chapter on HIV testing counseling (currently in press). 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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