Careers for learners.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8052",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Atmospheric Air Pollution and Monitoring",title:"Atmospheric Air Pollution and Monitoring",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Indoor air quality (IAQ) is an important aspect in building design due to its effect on human health and wellbeing. Generally, people spend about 90% of their time indoors where they are exposed to chemicals, particulate matters, biological contaminants and possibly carcinogens. In particular, the air quality at hospitals carries with it risks for serious health consequences for medical staff as well as patients and visitors. This book is a study of atmospheric air pollution and presents ways we can reduce its impacts on human health. It discusses tools for measuring IAQ as well as analyzes IAQ in closed buildings. It is an important documentation of air quality and its impact on human health.",isbn:"978-1-78985-280-6",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-279-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78984-172-5",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77883",price:100,priceEur:109,priceUsd:129,slug:"atmospheric-air-pollution-and-monitoring",numberOfPages:98,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"2538dc9777b41324f25fe3c6e26df425",bookSignature:"Abderrahim Lakhouit",publishedDate:"April 15th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8052.jpg",numberOfDownloads:4842,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:5,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:8,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"January 17th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 6th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 5th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 24th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 22nd 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"250788",title:"Dr.",name:"Abderrahim",middleName:"A.L",surname:"Lakhouit",slug:"abderrahim-lakhouit",fullName:"Abderrahim Lakhouit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250788/images/system/250788.jpg",biography:"Dr. Abderrahim Lakhouit has a PhD in Civil and Environmental\nEngineering from the University of Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada. He has two master’s degrees in Environmental Engineering\nand Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency. He is an assistant\nprofessor at the University of Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.\nPreviously he worked as a teaching assistant at Canadian universities. Dr. Lakhouit is also a researcher and has published articles\nin international journals such as Chemosphere. He is an associate and guest editor\nas well as reviewer for many international journals, including Waste Management,\nEnvironments, and others. He is an active member in the Association of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors (AEESP).",institutionString:"University of Tabuk",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Tabuk",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"776",title:"Air Pollution",slug:"engineering-environmental-engineering-air-pollution"}],chapters:[{id:"69410",title:"Introductory Chapter: Indoor Air Quality in the Closed Building",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89619",slug:"introductory-chapter-indoor-air-quality-in-the-closed-building",totalDownloads:531,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Abderrahim Lakhouit",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69410",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69410",authors:[{id:"250788",title:"Dr.",name:"Abderrahim",surname:"Lakhouit",slug:"abderrahim-lakhouit",fullName:"Abderrahim Lakhouit"}],corrections:null},{id:"71554",title:"Numerical Analysis of Indoor Air Quality in Hospital Case Study: Bronchoscopy Unit",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91894",slug:"numerical-analysis-of-indoor-air-quality-in-hospital-case-study-bronchoscopy-unit",totalDownloads:659,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This paper presents three ventilation scenarios for a bronchoscopy unit using a numerical study. A Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) is employed for this purpose. The results obtained are visualized using Smokeview (SMV), which is a program for displaying FDS results. The numerical results are compared with experimental ones from Cheong and Phua’s research study. This study was chosen because it investigates ventilation strategies in hospital isolation rooms using a tracer gas technique. In the present work, six points of measurements are utilized to evaluate the concentrations of contaminants and air velocity. The results show that the concentrations estimated by FDS are inferior to the experimental results given by Cheong and Phua . For example, in the SP1 point of measurement, the concentrations estimated by FDS and by Cheong and Phua are 20 and 28.9 ppm, respectively, while in the SP5 point, the concentrations estimated by FDS and by Cheong and Phua are 28.6 and 32.9 ppm, respectively. The error percentages between FDS estimates and experimental measurements made by Cheong and Phua range between 1 and 32%.",signatures:"Hanaâ Hachimi, Chakib El Mokhi, Badr T. Alsulami and Abderrahim Lakhouit",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71554",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71554",authors:[{id:"250788",title:"Dr.",name:"Abderrahim",surname:"Lakhouit",slug:"abderrahim-lakhouit",fullName:"Abderrahim Lakhouit"},{id:"318121",title:"Dr.",name:"Hanaâ",surname:"Hachimi",slug:"hanaa-hachimi",fullName:"Hanaâ Hachimi"},{id:"318122",title:"Dr.",name:"Douha",surname:"Belaidi",slug:"douha-belaidi",fullName:"Douha Belaidi"},{id:"318123",title:"Dr.",name:"Aouatif",surname:"Amine",slug:"aouatif-amine",fullName:"Aouatif Amine"}],corrections:null},{id:"66951",title:"Prediction of Agricultural Contaminant Concentrations in Ambient Air",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86091",slug:"prediction-of-agricultural-contaminant-concentrations-in-ambient-air",totalDownloads:941,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Monitoring ambient air to assess environmental exposure and risk for volatile agricultural chemicals requires extensive resources and logistical effort. The cost and technical limitations of monitoring can be mitigated using a validated air dispersion model to simulate concentrations of volatile organic chemicals in ambient air. The SOil Fumigant Exposure Assessment (SOFEA) model was developed to explore volatile pesticide exposure and bystander risk. SOFEA assembles sources and source strengths, uses weather data from the region of interest, and executes an air dispersion model (AERMOD, ISCST3) to simulate pesticide concentrations at user defined receptors that can be used in exposure and risk assessment. This work highlights SOFEA development from inception and modifications over the last 1.5 decades, to the current delivery within the public domain. Various examples for the soil fumigant 1,3-dichloropropene are provided.",signatures:"Steven Cryer and Ian van Wesenbeeck",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66951",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66951",authors:[{id:"16116",title:"Dr.",name:"Steven",surname:"Cryer",slug:"steven-cryer",fullName:"Steven Cryer"},{id:"292345",title:"Dr.",name:"Ian",surname:"Van Wesenbeeck",slug:"ian-van-wesenbeeck",fullName:"Ian Van Wesenbeeck"}],corrections:null},{id:"67266",title:"Atmospheric Air Pollution in Nigeria: A Correlation between Vehicular Traffic and Criteria Pollutant Levels",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86554",slug:"atmospheric-air-pollution-in-nigeria-a-correlation-between-vehicular-traffic-and-criteria-pollutant-",totalDownloads:767,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In Nigeria, the rising levels of used/poorly maintained vehicles are contributing to most urban air pollution with possible repercussion on the general public health. This study evaluates the inferences of vehicular traffic surge on outdoor pollutant measurement using Zaria, northern Nigeria, as a case study. The study collected a 1-year time-series dataset for the vehicular count and the respective outdoor criteria pollutant measurements over 19 study sites. The vehicular traffic was categorized into motorcycles (2-W), tricycles (3-W), cars, buses, light-duty vehicles (LDV) and heavy-duty vehicles (HDV). The outdoor pollutants that were measured include carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and particulate matter (PM2.5/PM10). We utilized validated portable monitors (CW-HAT200 particulate counter and the MSA Altair 5x multigas sensor) for the outdoor measurements during December 2015–November 2016. The observed measurements for the validation procedure were normally distributed [kurtosis (0.301); skewness (−0.334)] and coefficient of determination (R2 ≥ 0.808). The time-series analysis of particulate matter (PM) measurements displayed alarming concentrations levels. Combined vehicular traffic density analysis revealed significant contribution (R ≥ 0.619) to the population exposed outdoor pollutant measurements. The 2-W (motorcycle) was found to be the vehicular category that attributed the most significant relationship with observed outdoor pollutant measurements.",signatures:"Yahaya Abbas Aliyu, Joel Ondego Botai, Aliyu Zailani Abubakar, Terwase Tosin Youngu, Jimoh Olanrewaju Sule, Mohammed Wachin Shebe and Mohammed Ahmed Bichi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67266",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67266",authors:[{id:"271021",title:"Dr.",name:"Yahaya",surname:"Aliyu",slug:"yahaya-aliyu",fullName:"Yahaya Aliyu"},{id:"302502",title:"Dr.",name:"Joel",surname:"Botai",slug:"joel-botai",fullName:"Joel Botai"},{id:"302503",title:"Mr.",name:"Aliyu",surname:"Abubakar",slug:"aliyu-abubakar",fullName:"Aliyu Abubakar"},{id:"302505",title:"Mr.",name:"Jimoh",surname:"Suleiman",slug:"jimoh-suleiman",fullName:"Jimoh Suleiman"},{id:"302506",title:"Mr.",name:"Mohammed",surname:"Shebe",slug:"mohammed-shebe",fullName:"Mohammed Shebe"},{id:"302507",title:"Mr.",name:"Muhammed",surname:"Bichi",slug:"muhammed-bichi",fullName:"Muhammed Bichi"},{id:"303106",title:"Dr.",name:"Terwase",surname:"Youngu",slug:"terwase-youngu",fullName:"Terwase Youngu"}],corrections:null},{id:"67898",title:"Long-Distance LIDAR Mapping Schematic for Fast Monitoring of Bioaerosol Pollution over Large City Areas",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87031",slug:"long-distance-lidar-mapping-schematic-for-fast-monitoring-of-bioaerosol-pollution-over-large-city-ar",totalDownloads:991,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Light detection and ranging (LIDAR) atmospheric sensing is a major tool for remote monitoring of aerosol pollution and its propagation in the atmosphere. Combining LIDAR sensing with ground-based aerosol monitoring can form the basis of integrated air-quality characterization. When present, biological atmospheric contamination is transported by aerosol particles of different size known as bioaerosol, whose monitoring is now among the basic areas of atmospheric research, especially in densely-populated large urban regions, where many bioaerosol-emitting sources exist. Thus, promptly identifying the bioaerosol sources, including their geographical coordinates, intensities, space-time distributions, etc., becomes a major task of a city monitoring system. This chapter argues in favor of integrating a LIDAR mapping schematic with in situ sampling and characterization of the bioaerosol in the urban area. The measurements, data processing, and decision-making aimed at preventing further atmospheric contamination should be performed in a near-real-time mode, which imposes certain demands on the typical LIDAR schematics, including long-range sensing as a critical parameter, especially over large areas (10 – 100 km2). In this chapter, we describe experiments using a LIDAR schematic allowing near-real-time long-distance measurements of urban bioaerosol combined with its ground-based sampling and physicochemical and biological studies.",signatures:"Dimitar Stoyanov, Ivan Nedkov, Veneta Groudeva, Zara Cherkezova-Zheleva, Ivan Grigorov, Georgy Kolarov, Mihail Iliev, Ralitsa Ilieva, Daniela Paneva and Chavdar Ghelev",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67898",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67898",authors:[{id:"297966",title:"Prof.",name:"Ivan",surname:"Nedkov",slug:"ivan-nedkov",fullName:"Ivan Nedkov"}],corrections:null},{id:"68415",title:"Smart Environment Monitoring System Using Wired and Wireless Network: A Comparative Study",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86316",slug:"smart-environment-monitoring-system-using-wired-and-wireless-network-a-comparative-study",totalDownloads:953,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter focuses on the implementation of a smart environment monitoring system using wired and wireless sensor networks (WSN). The goal was to develop a LabVIEW based system to monitor environmental parameters that provide inaccessible, real-time monitoring. The development of portable and efficient environment monitoring system based on LabVIEW GUI that monitors various environmental parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, Air quality and light intensity was developed. This chapter targets on both wired and wireless approach for environment monitoring. The limitations of wired network were explained by flourishing the portable system. For proceedings with the impediment and insufficiency of wired network, Arduino augmentation ascendancy, are mingled with XBee wireless sensor network. The data from the environment was sent to the sink node wirelessly through mote. Monitoring of the data was done in a personal computer (PC) through a graphical user interface made by LabVIEW. The pertinent sensor for each was connected to analog input of Arduino UNO and their values are displayed on front panel of LabVIEW. LabVIEW run time engine makes the system cost effective and facile. To reveal the effectiveness of the system, some measurement results are also predicted in this chapter.",signatures:"Tabbsum Mujawar and Lalasaheb Deshmukh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68415",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68415",authors:[{id:"292284",title:"Dr.",name:"Tabbsum",surname:"Mujawar",slug:"tabbsum-mujawar",fullName:"Tabbsum Mujawar"},{id:"300961",title:"Prof.",name:"Lalasaheb",surname:"Deshmukh",slug:"lalasaheb-deshmukh",fullName:"Lalasaheb Deshmukh"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3677",title:"Air Pollution",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"air-pollution",bookSignature:"Vanda Villanyi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10230",title:"MSc",name:"Vanda",surname:"Villanyi",slug:"vanda-villanyi",fullName:"Vanda Villanyi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3669",title:"Air Quality",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"air-quality",bookSignature:"Ashok Kumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7718",title:"Professor",name:"Ashok",surname:"Kumar",slug:"ashok-kumar",fullName:"Ashok Kumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2122",title:"Air Pollution",subtitle:"Monitoring, Modelling, Health and Control",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e75d7b7454715fe00f9c79af28f1c84d",slug:"air-pollution-monitoring-modelling-health-and-control",bookSignature:"Mukesh Khare",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2122.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"100180",title:"Prof.",name:"Mukesh",surname:"Khare",slug:"mukesh-khare",fullName:"Mukesh Khare"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"487",title:"Monitoring, Control and Effects of Air Pollution",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d4a4d6c506fc0b5a180688aaaf295817",slug:"monitoring-control-and-effects-of-air-pollution",bookSignature:"Andrzej G. 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Thus α-thalassemia is characterized by deficient synthesis of α globin, and β-thalassemia is characterized by reduced or absent production of β globin. The resulting syndromes range from asymptomatic to severe microcytic anemias. Recognition of these disorders is important for the obstetrician to provide appropriate care for patients with thalassemia syndrome. Genetic counseling, prenatal diagnosis, and newborn screening are all issues of importance in these inherited disorders. This book intends to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of thalassemia syndromes regarding types, methods for diagnosis, and early detection and screening for different types of thalassemia syndromes for better management and satisfactory outcome. We hope that the reader will get more knowledge and experience about this very important topic of thalassemia syndromes.
\r\n\t
Increasing population in the developing countries has created more demand of health care. Demand of affordable and quality health care is increasing day by day. Rapid demand at the global level for healthcare management is increasing over the past few decades, increasing emphasis on healthcare quality [1]. People in poor countries have less access of health care and poor have even less access of healthcare services within the country [2]. Assessing the appropriate health care and improving the quality of care have been a serious issue in developing countries [3]. Many times, quality of public health care in developing countries has been neglected and attention is only given to technical aspects than the interpersonal components [4]. The cost of health care in developing countries has always been a crucial issue. Out of pocket expenditure on health care has increased many folds. Catastrophic health expenditure is posing a threat toward a household’s financial ability to maintain its basic needs [5].
\nThere are many barriers like geographical access, availability, affordability, and acceptability to access the health care in developing countries [6]. These barriers become more problematic to women, children, old, and physically handicapped population. Even though the health service provision and the geographical access have improved, local women may not use the services unless the provided services meet their demands in quality and cultural manners [7].
\nTo overcome the barriers, healthcare sector is now using telemedicine solutions to increase the reach of its services to population. The mindboggling developments in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), particularly, the web-based technologies have opened up new possibilities in providing better health care to population. Telemedicine is gradually coming up as a viable policy option for the governments in developing countries [8].
\nTelemedicine is the use of electronic communications and information technologies to provide clinical services when participants are at different locations [9]. Telehealth is used to encompass a broader application of technologies to distance education, health promotion, preventive services, consumer outreach, and other applications wherein electronic communications and information technologies are used to support healthcare services. According to WHO, “Telehealth involves the use of telecommunications and virtual technology to deliver health care outside of traditional healthcare facilities” [10].
\nIn a broader and detailed way, World Health Organization (WHO) defines telehealth as: “The delivery of healthcare services, where distance is a critical factor, by all healthcare professionals using information and communication technologies for the exchange of valid information for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease and injuries, research and evaluation, and for the continuing education of healthcare providers, all in the interests of advancing the health of individuals and their communities” [11].
\nTelemedicine is restricted to the use of IT for treatment and medical care whereas telehealth cover a broader area, where IT is used to enable the environment where people can enjoy their life at fullest. Although both these terms carry a different meaning altogether but in developing countries, both these terms are used interchangeably.
\nMobile Health (mHealth) helps in patient education, health promotion, disease self-management, decrease in healthcare costs, and remote monitoring of patients and can improve healthcare delivery for developing countries [12, 13].
\nLots of efforts are being made by governments (policy makers, researchers, and administrators) to develop the telemedicine network across their geographical boundaries but pace of development is slow and acceptance of technology to population is not picking up. Unfortunately, the technology that has been developed to remove or minimize the barriers to the healthcare seeking currently faces lots of barriers itself and its development has not been happening as it was expected by policy makers and researchers.
\nIt was expected that telemedicine will reduce the burden of hospitals, suffering of patients, out of pocket expenditure, need of transport, hospital fear, and save the time and money of general public. It was also expected that it will increase the quality of care and will develop the trust among patients toward telehealthcare system. We cannot deny the partial development of telemedicine and few success stories in many parts of the world but the leverage, which we have expected from telemedicine is still lacking. Then question arises where is the problem? Why telemedicine is not picking the pace and why it is not becoming popular among service providers as well among the patients.
\nMany telemedicine pilot programs have been launched in developing countries in last three decades. Many evaluation studies [14, 15] have been conducted to know the success and failure of telemedicine networks and programs across the globe. Whatever success we see mostly happened in the developed countries but in most of the developing countries, success of telemedicine program is limited. This chapter will explore the various hurdles in the development of telemedicine and its operations in developing countries. Despite many benefits offered by the telemedicine, it has not been utilized fully to serve humanity and is underused [6, 7, 16, 17, 18].
\nThere are many barriers in the adoption of telemedicine and adoption failure is serious issue, which needs to be discussed and explored. According to a study, about 75% of the telemedicine projects are abandoned or failed outright and called as failed projects and this percentage goes up to 90% in developing countries [19]. Until we are not able to find out, enlist, analyze, and understand the barriers in the deployment and development of telemedicine, we cannot ensure success of telemedicine program. Following crucial barriers are currently working in the field of telemedicine implantation and operation.
\nFor smooth functioning and development of any system, we need to have definite policies and procedures at State and National level. These defined rules, regulations, procedures, and protocols are necessary to help a telemedicine system to run smoothly and safely and ensure that population receive a quality healthcare services. In many developing countries, there are no uniform and standard telemedicine policy, which leads confusion for designing telemedicine-related services, program, and its smooth implementation.
\nMany practitioners have fear of malpractice-related legal issues and which prevents them to actively participate and develop telemedicine program. Malpractice liability is an important barrier in the practice of telemedicine services. Certification and credential barriers also de-motivate practitioners. There is no public policy related to telemedicine for the end users, which can ensure privacy, confidentiality, and security of patient’s health information during teleconsultation [8]. There are weak regulatory frameworks related to reimbursement in government as well as in private sectors against the teleconsultation services.
\nBecause health is a state matter, state government should frame policies, programs, guidelines, and regulations regarding telemedicine practices and also allocate sufficient financial resources for telemedicine development. In few developing countries, telemedicine policy exists but implantation framework is absent [8].
\nThere is lack of established international framework on telemedicine and also there is little consensus or understanding on uniform international standards for telemedicine practices. Telemedicine provides services across the state, country, and international borders, so there should be, at least, common international understanding on this issue.
\nStandardization of both hardware and software, as well as guidelines for practice, would help program managers to overcome interoperability, portability, and security issues [11].
\nLack of formal organizational structure to deliver telemedicine services is the biggest barrier for the development of telemedicine services in any country. Because being a hybrid discipline, it needs collaboration with all possible stakeholders at each level of the healthcare delivery system. Lack of collaboration between the stakeholders in the absence of specific policy becomes bottleneck in the development of telemedicine.
\nDepartment of Health and Family Welfare and Department of Information Technology should have a national level formal collaboration to develop a national telemedicine network. There are examples of such collaboration and presence of telemedicine department in few developing countries like India but it is patchy, broken, and not well established [8].
\nThe absence of structured organization is another barrier in transforming telemedicine-related vision and political will into policies at central level. If there is no such policy, then framing of program related to accomplish those political wills become impossible. Lack of specific time bound and result-oriented programs become difficult to implement and evaluate. Systematic planning of implementation of such telemedicine programs, its concurrent monitoring, and final evaluation demands lots of trained human resources.
\nThere is no specificity and standardization in the practice of telemedicine, which poses accreditation issue. Lack of accreditation of telemedicine facilities creates fear among the users as well as providers. Absence of accreditation councils and regulatory bodies leaves telemedicine in isolation. Medical Councils and other health councils should take responsibility to regulate the practice and procedures of telemedicine.
\nThere is lack of uniformity in telemedicine regulations across the world. In the absence of definite regulatory policy and guidelines, physician has apprehension and fear to practice telemedicine. Medical and health councils of different countries still find that proposed definition of telemedicine has deficiencies. These councils do not consider telemedicine as a new discipline or a new branch of medicine. Regulators consider that telemedicine presents challenges and assume that it is new and unproven. There is no clarity what to be regulated. An enabling regulatory environment is required to ensure appropriate, adequate, and quality delivery of healthcare services [20].
\nOnce telemedicine system is deployed and is placed, then there is a need of project champions, who will implement the telemedicine program. The three major champions are clinical champion, IT champion, and telemedicine champion [21]. Success of any telemedicine program depends on these champions but these champions are very few in developing countries, so most of the deployed telemedicine program die very soon after their piloting. There are also deficiencies in the training and job orientation of these champions. In most of the cases, they are not well oriented about their roles and responsibilities.
\nThere is a paucity of dedicated, focused, and visionary telemedicine leaders in developing countries. These leaders are brand ambassadors of telemedicine and are carrying the flag of telemedicine high even in the adverse situations. Whatever telemedicine work, we see in these developing countries, are only due to individual efforts of these telemedicine champions.
\nTraining is an import part of skill development and the organizations should develop a training schedule to train health professionals for smooth delivery of telemedicine services [21]. It is very important to provide training to all government officers regularly. Without proper knowledge of IT of government officers, e-governance project will never see the real face of the project [22].
\nMost of doctors are not aware about the latest information technology and find difficulty to used modern IT gadgets. There is lack of telemedicine experts in healthcare sectors. There is a need to include few chapters related to telemedicine in Medical education curriculum to sensitize and orient budding doctors to learn the technical part of this discipline. There should be separate telemedicine education secretariat and directorate in Ministry Medical Education like in Ministry of Health care, which will promote the development of telemedicine [8].
\nTelemedicine health services are also assisted or provided by nursing staff but their contribution in telemedicine is not recognized and acknowledged. Role of nursing staff in expansion of telemedicine could be very vital if proper training and guidance is provided to them. Most of the developing countries do not have trained telenursing officers or staff who can contribute in the development of telemedicine network.
\nThere is also lack of proper institutional training program in the course curriculum like traditional nursing courses. Until nursing students are sensitized toward this new technology, they are not going to make carrier in telenursing. Apprehension and fear toward telemedicine can only be removed through providing the knowledge about telemedicine. There should be basic telemedicine nursing lesson in their course curriculum. Telenursing is still a remote concept in the developing countries, where focus is mainly on telemedicine.
\nTelemedicine is a hybrid system, which involves the medical as well as ICT domain for complete understanding of the telemedicine solutions and its delivery. There is a serious lack of such technical persons, who can run day-to-day business of telemedicine. To run any telemedicine system properly, trained technical manpower is required. There is lack of technical champions in the field of telemedicine in India, especially in the field of health care and only voluntary champions here and there are visible.
\nIt is common fact that many provider physicians and clients cannot fix the technical problems arising from computer system and ICT network. So, for a proper and smooth functioning of telemedicine system, we need trained and expert manpower to establish a stable and continuous communication during teleconsultation [25]. Unfortunately, there is serious lack of such trained persons in the system in most of the developing countries.
\nThere are very few institutions in developing countries, which train and develop this special group of technicians. It is very difficult to find a person who has undergone training in Medicine and in Information Technology.
\nTechnology itself is becoming a barrier in the development of telemedicine in developing countries. High cost of replacing the older technology is not affordable for many stakeholders.
\nDue to rapid advancement of telemedicine technology, many state-of-the-art facilities and equipment (software and hardware) become obsolete and outdated. A complex and often unwieldy technical infrastructure may yield disappointing evaluations until it becomes more ubiquitous and user-friendly [23]. People working with these outdated technologies become demotivated and frustrated and lose interest in providing services through old technology system. Government also finds it difficult to replace, which is easily due to lots of budgetary requirement for newer technology.
\nFailure of telemedicine network in Madhya Pradesh, India, is an important example, where Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) sponsored equipment like camera, television sets and other equipment and software were not utilized for a longtime and became outdated and nonfunctional. Repair and replacement of these equipment and software are so costly that government is not willing to get it repaired and whole telemedicine network has collapsed [14].
\nTime gap between acquiring hardware and development of customized software is so large that by the time software is ready, the hardware becomes obsolete. This mismatch between software and hardware also create a bottleneck in the development of effective telemedicine solution.
\nMany developing countries have inadequate availability of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) such as computers, Internet network, printers, and electricity for proper implementation and running of telemedicine program. Internet access and power supply are other issues related to failure of telemedicine network in rural and remote locations [14, 18, 24]. One of the important hurdles to effective delivery of telemedicine solution to rural and remote locations in developing countries is incomplete and insufficient ICT infrastructure.
\nTelemedicine set up can deploy varieties of information and communication technologies (ICTs) for transmitting information through texts, pictures, audios, and videos to a variety of healthcare providers. Cost depends on the type of ICT being used for the start-up. For setting an audio visual ICT platform for teleconsultation needs huge investment. Budgetary constraints become a major barrier in the development of telemedicine network in developing countries [7, 18, 19, 24]. A sustainable financial support is needed to purchase, deploy, operate, and maintain the sophisticated telemedicine platform [19]. Telecommunication expenses, training of service providers and clients, and need for newer ICT platforms require most of the expenditure.
\nMost of the telemedicine applications require a high speed and reliable Internet bandwidth to run smoothly. Tele-surgery, real time tele-ophthalmology, real time tele-radiology, and emergency consultation are some examples of such applications [25]. Unreliable and low wideband Internet pose barriers in smooth delivery of telemedicine service.
\nFor real-time teleconsultations between providers and clients, there is a need for reliable and high speed Internet availability. Internet coverage is still bottleneck in many developing countries, especially in rural and remote areas. Most rural areas do not have the financial capital to independently invest in a broadband network that would provide high-speed Internet to their inhabitants. Telecommunications (“telecom”) companies are the primary providers of high-speed Internet, but they invest very little in rural areas because such investments are not as profitable [26].
\nInternet connectivity for transmitting patients’ files, records, pictures, and videos are still limited in many areas, including in China, India, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Vietnam [27]. Recently, it has been observed that Internet access is growing and also the cost of Internet is coming down, which is a good sign for the development of telemedicine on developing countries.
\nTelemedicine practices has eliminated many physical and emotional barriers to healthcare seeking but have raised many legal and ethical issues, which are normally not encountered during traditional healthcare delivery. Legal considerations are a major obstacle to telemedicine uptake [8, 21, 28].
\nThere is no legal framework of e-prescription, digital prescription, or mobile-based SMS prescription. Digital prescriptions are not approved and accepted by Medical Council of India (MCI) or any other regulatory authority [8]. Online prescribing policies vary across the countries and across the states within countries.
\nConcerns have been raised over various issues like whether an appropriate patient-provider relationship has been established, lack of an adequate physical examination of the patient, accuracy of the patient’s history given the self-reporting of the patient over a telehealth connection, and not meeting state medical board licensing requirements [29]. There is no standardized legal framework to protect practitioners as well as clients for online prescriptions in developing countries.
\nMost of the doctors are afraid of Consumer Protection Act due to malpractice-related issues. There is a lack of specific standard operating procedures (SOPs)/guidelines for the telemedicine practice [8]. Legal issues surrounding patient privacy, safety, security, and confidentiality also play vital role in teleconsultation. Very little information exists on the extent of malpractice liability and telehealth [29]. Medical malpractice-related legal issues should be identified and addressed for smooth practice of telemedicine.
\nHighly sophisticated, safe, secure, and speedy teleconsultations have reduced the distance barrier in healthcare seeking and have improved the healthcare access. In order to avoid malpractice in telemedicine, healthcare professionals should be specifically trained for telemedicine as they do for traditional medicine [30]. Poor availability of experts and trained professions raises legal implications and warrants licensing of telemedicine providers.
\nThe responsibility of licensing to telemedicine providers falls under the purview of the state licensing councils or boards of a particular country. These policies governing telemedicine and physician licensure vary widely across the country [29].
\nLicensing ensures that physicians meet academic and clinical competence standards for the telemedicine practice. It protects public from unqualified and substandard physicians and healthcare professorial. Licensing also helps to enforce continuing standards [31].
\nNeed for a prior written or verbal informed consent for any telemedicine consultation and treatment misrepresents telemedicine as a different form of service, rather than as a useful tool that enhances diagnostic and treatment services.
\nHealthcare providers need to have a clear understanding of what their legal and ethical responsibilities are. Similarly, patients must receive the protection of adequate standards of care and know that the person to whom they are entrusting their health has the proper qualifications [31].
\nThe lack of clear-cut legal guidelines, rules, and regulations hinders the telemedicine to improve healthcare access and healthcare quality through information and communication technology [31].
\nAlthough telemedicine can be leveraged to increase access to care and reduce the cost of care but that is mainly true for the user’s point of view. Story is different if we look from the side of providers or healthcare organizations. For establishing a telemedicine unit, it needs lots of financial investment. It becomes more difficult for the developing countries to allocate huge budget for the investment in telemedicine.
\nEstablishing and operating a “Telemedicine Unit” require purchasing the equipment needed to setup the system at both provider’s and consumer’s end (in the hospital, clinic, or pharmacy); maintaining the equipment; training the physicians and local healthcare workers on the technology; and compensating the physicians. There are many other costs are involve in delivering teleconsultation like payment of Internet and electricity bills, salary of support staff, other recurring costs etc.
\nThese total costs are so high that many proposals of establishing or starting telemedicine program never take off, or even if it starts, it dies soon and cannot sustain on a long-term basis. Many telemedicine pilot projects have failed because of high maintenance cost [14].
\nThe costs of telemedicine are often high in developing countries, because of low awareness between both patients and local healthcare workers, low information technology literacy, and limited access to infrastructure and technology [27]. Telemedicine service providers are generally unable to bear all costs alone and expect government or development partner to support financially for the sustainability of the telemedicine projects.
\nMost of the telemedicine solutions and programs tend to be government funded, at least in their initial phases. Due to some reasons, if government stops funding, the system becomes unsustainable as there is no alternative business model. So dependency on public support is another financial barrier in the development of telemedicine in developing countries [27].
\nCost incurred in purchase, installation, and maintenance of telemedicine services (telemedicine and communication equipment) are very high and do not give proper return on investment (ROI), so there is less economic benefits to the practitioners, which leads to the bankruptcy and closure of many health facilities in rural communities and also prevents further telemedicine expansion to communities needing specialized services [32]. Insurance companies do not reimburse the teleconsultation bills and payments, which further force the practitioners to stop the telemedicine services. Many hospitals and clinics perceive that telemedicine solutions are too expensive to implement.
\nReimbursement of telemedicine services has been reported as one of the important barriers in developed countries [17, 22, 33, 34]. When patient avails healthcare services through telemedicine system, insurance claim may not cover the cost of care as it is not delivered through traditional healthcare system. Such discrimination seldom occurs in developing countries, where health insurance is still a rare commodity [30].
\nSocial and culture milieu of the community and society of a particular country also creates lots of barriers in adapting, utilizing, and sustaining telemedicine services. The lack of ICT literacy, awareness, language barriers, and cultural gaps between the service providers and patients etc. are also major factors, which prevent further development and expansion of telemedicine network in developing countries.
\nA lack of support to newer ICT tools has been observed from both parties (providers and users). Several studies have revealed that the resistance to change has been reported toward telemedicine from providers (physicians) as well as from users (clients/patients) for newer technology [14, 19, 25, 33, 35].
\nIn developing countries where general literacy is not even adequate, we can imagine the awareness level of population toward ITC literacy. Poor awareness toward modern technologies and their use in delivering health care seems to be a big barrier in developing countries. People in developing countries are not much aware about the benefits offered by telemedicine. Even physicians are short of IT knowledge and not updated. Poor awareness level creates fears and resistance toward ICT technology and create hurdle in the adoption and development of telemedicine. Age also plays an important role. Many older physicians do not feel comfortable dealing with ICT technology. Some patients, particularly older patients, are hesitant about the new technology.
\nMany healthcare professionals are not comfortable working with computers and modern gadgets and consider technology extra work for them. They also fear that telemedicine may lead to job loss or a reduction in their bedside presence [27, 33].
\nThere is lack of confidence in patients about the outcome of telemedicine. It is difficult for them to believe that machine can provide healthcare demands without visiting physician face to face [25]. This cultural perception and attitude toward newer technology also possess threat to the development of telemedicine. Even many physicians also think that patient consultation and treatment are incomplete without touching the patient and prefer face-to-face consultation than remote consultation through ICT platform. Some medical practitioners do not want to opt telemedicine practice due to the fear of medical indemnity.
\nBarriers to adoption and sustainability of rural telehealth embody several factors that must be considered when planning, developing, implementing, and evaluating a rural telehealth program [32].
\nThere are three players in the telemedicine viz. physicians as service providers, IT Industry as supplier of technology, and public as user. One of the major hurdles of development of telemedicine in developing countries is the passiveness of provider physician and users.
\nMost of the telemedicine tools and technologies are developed and supplied by the developed countries and they have strong market influence in the developing countries. IT industry people are very active and try to influence policy makers and administrators in the health system to sell their IT technology (telemedicine-related hardware and software). Their focus is only to sell and install the telemedicine tools and equipment and leave the system for the physician to run.
\nFailure is bound to happen if providers and users are not taken into account while developing the telemedicine platform. For example, in Madhya Pradesh, India, ISRO and top-level administrators at ministry level decided to implement telemedicine solutions across the state but it failed badly as there were no takers at ground level. Physicians were not convinced and adequately trained for newer technology and public as a user was not aware about the benefit of the platform [14].
\nHealth care in developing countries is in the midst of a paradigm shift, from a traditional provider-centered, disease-oriented approach to a patient-centered, health-management model. Telemedicine has influenced almost all aspects of healthcare and many success stories have reported the role of telemedicine in improving healthcare access, reducing cost of care, and enhancing the quality of care. Telemedicine could be an important tool in achieving healthcare coordination and reducing healthcare disparities.
\nDespite of so much development and successful work in the field of telemedicine, it has yet to become integral part of healthcare system. Success of telemedicine only depends when it becomes integral part of healthcare delivery system and not as a stand-alone project. Now, it is time to take telemedicine from pilot mode to routine operational mode in mainstream health services delivery system.
\nThere is tremendous pressure on governments to provide accessible affordable and quality healthcare to its people. Only alternative and innovative methods like telemedicine can help to fulfill this gap. Current status of telemedicine in developing countries is not very satisfactory and passing through a stage of crisis. This chapter has explored the various barriers in the development of telemedicine in developing countries.
\nThese various barriers mentioned above are impeding the speed of expansion of telemedicine in developing countries. It is now time to minimize the abovementioned barriers and remove the bottlenecks for smooth development of telemedicine network across the globe for the betterment of humanity.
\nThe author would like to thank the Department of Public Health and Family Welfare Madhya Pradesh and National Health Mission Madhya Pradesh for providing funding support to conduct telemedicine evaluation survey from where experience has been shared here.
\nThe author declares that he has no competing interest with anyone in publishing this chapter.
No other declarations.
\nFor years, countries have been concerned with the number of female students studying science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) subjects in secondary schools [1]. To study STEM, learners need to study physical science, which includes physics and chemistry. Learners who study physical science are encouraged to take mathematics and technology at high school as part of STEM subjects. There are worldwide initiatives to enhance learners’ interest in STEM subjects [2], yet few girls choose to study sciences [3, 4]. Even though boys and girls have equal opportunities to study physical science, there are gender differences that influence subject choices in secondary schools and ultimately STEM careers. Although motivation in schools is important, it is often overlooked [5], and the factors that motivate girls to study physical science are not well studied and remain an area of concern [6, 7].
In South Africa, all subjects in Grades 7 to 9 are compulsory, including natural science, which incorporates physical science, life sciences, and earth sciences [8]. In Grade 10, learners choose subjects they wish to pursue up to Grade 12. It is a stage that defines the path toward STEM careers they want to pursue [4]. King and Glackin in their study [9] have shown that most students develop interest and attitudes toward STEM subjects at the age of 14. As a result, exposure to STEM subjects at this age may be crucial in shaping attitudes and interests. Researchers during teaching practice sessions noticed a very small number of girls studying physical science, which henceforth is referred to as STEM subjects, for Grade 10. The first author, a STEM teacher and a lady, was concerned with the few girls to study physical science. Girls do not choose physical science, and this alienates them from STEM careers. Once they decide not to choose physical science in secondary school, it may be difficult for them to enter a STEM degree in tertiary institutions [10]. It is no wonder the low participation of girls and women in STEM is a never-ending story [6].
Although total enrolment of girls in schools has increased [11], fewer girls than boys choose physical science in South African secondary schools [12]. This low enrolment in physical science can be partly explained by the girls’ poor performance in sciences. The trends in mathematics and science study (TIMMS) [13] show that girls’ science performance was poor [13], and this situation has not improved. Bottia et al. [14] attributed the poor performance to girls’ attitudes, interests and while Tzu-Ling [15] attributed it to motivation toward STEM subjects. Studies suggest a lack of role models [16, 17], lack of information about STEM [18], females’ lack of confidence in sciences [19], and the lifestyles related to gender [20]. Also, a few women scientists can encourage girls to study STEM subjects [21]. Finally, the low numbers of girls studying STEM subjects ultimately result in few females in STEM careers [22, 23]. One wonders what could be the challenges. How can those challenges be overcome? It was envisaged that understanding girls’ experiences in STEM subjects in secondary schools could shed light on the surrounding challenges for stakeholders to identify possible solutions [1]. In South Africa, culture and the environment influence girls’ choices of subjects to study. Secondary school learners in their teens show gender differences in their behaviors [23, 24] and choices. It is most likely that these differences in masculinity and femininity manifest where more boys than girls choose STEM subjects, thus sustaining the hegemony of male stereotypes [25, 26, 27]. Sekuła et al. [28] contend that females in STEM are like strangers or intruders of the male-dominated terrain. While numerous studies have identified factors that affect girls’ decisions to pursue STEM subjects [15, 29, 30, 31], the findings have not been exhaustive, and some factors may be context-specific. Girls’ experiences in choosing and learning STEM subjects in rural areas of South Africa are unknown. There is no published work on South African Grade 10 girls’ experiences regarding choosing STEM subjects. The study explored Grade 10 girls’ experiences of choosing physical science (a STEM subject) to narrow this gap. To achieve the above purpose, the research posed the following question—What are the experiences of girls in studying STEM in rural secondary schools of Limpopo, South Africa? Also, there were probe questions—What attracted you to choose science? What help did you get from your parents? Do you have a STEM female role model in your school or community? What career do you like to take? What challenges do you experience when studying science?.
STEM subjects are fundamental for developing national economies, yet the performance in mathematics and sciences that lead to STEM has been poor for the South African learners [32]. The situation is worse for the secondary school girls who perform poorly in STEM and do not choose the subject. In addition, girls who perform better in science do not choose STEM subjects, hence causing a leakage of girls leaving STEM [33].
Gender differences continue to exist in participation in STEM subjects (Catalyst, 2019), where many girls do not choose STEM subjects due to negative attitudes toward the subjects [23, 25]. Comparatively, boys show more positive attitudes toward science than girls [15]. The gender disparity contrasts the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG-4), which requires that all boys and girls be at the same level in accessing quality primary and secondary education by 2030 [34]. Judging from the current state of affairs in education, this may not be achieved. Furthermore, the SDG-5 necessitates gender equality to empower all girls and women in the education sector. As suggested by Kind et al. [35], gender disparity in STEM can be attributed to attitudes toward science demonstrated through seven tenets—(a) learning science in school, (b) practical work in science, (c) science outside of school, (d) importance of science, (e) self-concept in science, (f) future participation in science, and (g) combined interest in science. A study conducted in South Africa found that boys were more interested in studying STEM subjects than girls [36]. In addition, the choosing of STEM subjects may be attributed to cultural and social factors, school science curriculum, or people’s perceptions toward STEM subjects [37]. The gender disparity in STEM is a multi-faceted issue that needs all stakeholders to work together to change the gender gap in STEM subjects at the secondary school level and indeed at all other levels of education. It is no wonder it involves two worlds. First, the private and the public. The private comprise families and the educational institutions that enhance skills and knowledge. Subtly, it is a place where perceptions regarding traditional gender roles are strengthened. Second, the public domain comprises the workplace, which unfortunately encourages male–female gender roles [38].
Learners’ poor performance is a persistent challenge in Limpopo, South Africa [24, 39]. Although the number of girls in physical science has increased in recent years [11], the number of girls choosing physical science in South African secondary schools is far less than the number of boys [12], and indeed both in developed and less developed countries [40]. The low percentage suggests that most girls are not motivated enough to study science subjects, resulting in poor performances [41, 42, 43, 44]. Conversely, Stoet and Geary [45] show that boys and girls perform equally well in STEM subjects. Notwithstanding motivation and good grades, girls may not choose STEM subjects due to personal (micro-level), family and societal (mezo-level), and cosmopolitan culture (macro-level) reasons [45]. These three cover all spheres of a learner and spill in the careers aspirations. For example, apart from personal issues, family and institutional differences exist. Some families are more inclined to study STEM subjects than others [46], although this may vary from context to contest [47]. Studies in the United States of America (USA) support that family differences exist. For example, if a girl is first or last born in the family has different results as far as STEM subjects are concerned. The treatments children receive in the family have a bearing on their performance in school subjects. Hence, the position of the siblings and parental preferential treatments have an impact on STEM performances.
The unequal participation of girls in STEM subjects has remained a global challenge. In France, girls constitute 44.2% of physical science learners [46]. In the United States of America, the Girls, Mathematics and Science Partnership (GMSP) handled matters dealing with girls’ participation in science [48]. Similarly, in Malawi, Ghana, Nigeria, and South Africa, there are gender disparities regarding learners’ participation in scientific and technological subjects [49]. In Africa, 22% of girls attend secondary school and only 10% of the 22% study science [50]. This implies few girls study sciences and few could enroll in universities and take careers in STEM [22].
Considerable literature has been published on factors influencing girls not to choose science subjects. The factors include lack of role models [51, 52, 53, 54], lack of information about sciences, and scientific careers for learners in rural areas [55, 56]. Girls’ lack of personal efficacy in science careers [57, 58, 59] attests that female role models can inspire girls to develop an interest in science careers.
Although countries differ in their social and economic status, they all experience gender differences. These differences are stratified in all levels of growth and development. In this study, the researchers focused on secondary schools. They are adolescents who are soon to leave childhood and join adulthood. Learners at this level are at crossroads. They require guidance in the now and the future choices. The researchers are reminded of the type of education that is offered. It is narrow and does not cater to the present and the future. It does not deal with the whole body, mind, dimensions and spiritual [60]. It implies that the narrowness of mind may influence girls’ choices in STEM. Other factors include gender stereotypes content and teaching styles that elevate males over females [27, 61, 62]; differences in aspiration where many boys aspire and choose STEM subjects because few girls choose STEM subjects; teaching methods that favor boys and not girls [63, 64]; individual beliefs and family friends [45, 65]; school subject environment [27], and future career aspirations [15]. In summary, these factors are on three levels—a personal (micro), a family, school and friends (mezo), and cosmopolitan or ambient culture (macro).
Two theories guided the study—1) the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), [66], and 2) the Situated Expectancy-Value Theory (SEVT) [67]. SCT describes self-efficacy, outcome expectancies, and goals constructs [67, 68]. It is a triadic model comprising three tenets—reciprocal causation, individuals as actors, and environmental products. Thus, SCT describes behavioral changes that an individual makes. The girls’ experiences reflect a behavioral change to study STEM in this study.
The Situated Expectancy Value Theory (SEVT) [69] extends the work of Eccles [70] in dealing with choice making. SEVT has five key elements, which are as follows:
Individuals are motivated by achievement-related choices,
Proximal social cognitive aspects and dealing with within and between individual decision making is based on experiences.
Individuals’ experiences and interpretation of experiences guide their choices,
Social and experiential, the cognitive, affective, and behavioral components influence individuals choice,
Choices are limited by prior experiences, cultural values, norms, and individuals’ characteristics. In choice-making, SEVT is robust because it is situation-specific and based on cultural norms.
Girls’ choices to study STEM subjects in South Africa are guided by various factors, including the situation and the culture, to relate their experiences regarding STEM. Thus, these two theories were selected because they deal with the individual’s situated environment that guides behavioral changes. In their teens, high school learners are showing gender differences in their behaviors [23, 24]. It is most likely that these differences in masculinity and femininity manifest in the subject choices where more boys than girls choose physical science, thus, sustaining the hegemony of male stereotypes. Girls’ experiences in choosing and learning STEM subjects in rural areas of South Africa are scanty. Therefore, this study contributes to understanding girls’ experience in choosing STEM, which could interest politicians, researchers, academics, and education stakeholders to ameliorate the situation.
This study utilized an exploratory case study design to investigate Grade 10 girls’ experiences in choosing to study STEM subjects. According to Cohen et al., [71], a case study is beneficial because it draws data from people’s experiences and practices. A purposive sample [72] of 10 Grade 10 girls (age 14–16) from three schools in Rakwadu Circuit, South Africa, was used based on their choices to study STEM subjects.
Grade 10 girls from three schools, A, B, and C (4, 3, and 3) were selected. Learners one to four from school A were coded as L1A to L4A, learners one to three from school B were coded as L1B to L3B, and learners one to three from school C were coded as L1C to L3C. The three schools had 216 learners in grade 10, 145 were girls, and only 10 chose to study physical science. In this case, only 10 girls chose to study STEM subjects leaving out most of them (135) to study other subjects. For ethical considerations, all minor participants were issued with consent letters to be signed by their parents/guardians to allow their children to take part in the study. Permissions were granted from schools, the Circuit Education office, and the University of Limpopo Research Ethics Committee.
Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Semi-structured interviews [72] were used because they offered the interviewer a chance for in-depth discussions, follow-ups, and probing questions to clarify the responses [73]. All interviews were audio-taped, and each interview lasted for one hour, which was enough without causing fatigue to the learners [71]. Harm was avoided by explaining that the study had no impact on their academic performance and that learners could at any time withdraw from the interviews [74, 75]. Member check was performed with the participants to ensure that the captured information correctly reflected their views [76].
Data from the interviews were analyzed thematically to provide descriptions of the findings [44, 77]. The thematic analysis process involved identifying patterns across data sets that were important in describing a phenomenon associated with the research questions [78]. The interviews were transcribed verbatim, and the transcripts were read line by line several times to gain insights into the participants’ responses. The researchers generated a codebook to make themes based on the theories and collected data [79, 80]. In theory-based, two researchers and one expert coded the data and compared codes. All three researchers used similar codes to form categories, and the last categories were organized into themes [81]. Where there were disagreements, a consensus was reached using the inter-observation agreement [82] formula, where agreements were divided by the sum of agreements and disagreements. The product was multiplied by 100%, and a value of 90% was appropriate for this study. Thus, a codebook was used to analyze data deductively, while the collected data were analyzed inductively, where the researchers read paragraph by paragraph to find out the general pattern.
The girls’ responses are categorized into five major themes—personal factors, anticipated value, class environment, home influence, and social influence. The themes are presented below with exemplars of comments from the participants.
Self-determination included positive attitudes, interest in the subject, and performing well. When learners were asked why they chose STEM subjects, they indicated that physical science was an interesting subject they enjoyed. Two sample excerpts from participants:
L1A: “
The girls expressed determination to take on science careers, where physical science was a prerequisite. Participant L4A explained:
One participant indicated that whereas her father wanted her to be a nurse, she was determined to study hard to become an electrical engineer.
All the 10 study participants indicated that they were motivated by future careers to study physical science. All participants stated that physical science was imperative for STEM careers (Table 1).
Future career | Number | (%) |
---|---|---|
Engineer | 2 | 20 |
Doctor | 2 | 20 |
Pilot | 2 | 20 |
Pharmacist | 1 | 10 |
Optometrist | 1 | 10 |
Biotechnologist | 1 | 10 |
Nurse | 1 | 10 |
Total | 10 | 100 |
Careers for learners.
The majority of participants indicated that they received continuous support from educators. L3B stated: “
L4A
All the participants appreciated the role of group work in learning physical science.
L3A: “
They also singled out some discouraging classroom experiences.
Other disobliging experiences included a lack of resources, such as laboratories, science equipment, computer centers, and an internet connection, which made learning physical science hard.
All participants from the three schools lacked laboratories, libraries, or had no access to the internet.
The majority (eight out of the 10) study participants showed that they did not get help from the family when choosing subjects to study or doing physical science assignments at home. Of the 10 participants, only two (20%) received some help from family members (Table 2).
Grade | Support | % | No support | % |
---|---|---|---|---|
Grade 10 | 2 | 20 | 8 | 80 |
Support received from learners’ homes.
Table 2 indicates that only 20% of parents/family members played a role in the girls’ choosing of physical science. Excerpts from participants:
“
The two participants who declared to have received family support had some educated members at home; other girls indicated their parents did not have much education.
L1A: “
L3C (whose parents were migrant workers): “
L2A: “
Learners indicated the influence of role models within the community was important. Teachers of STEM subjects can also be role models for high school learners to emulate. Few role models, such as a medical doctor, friends, and teachers, were reported here below:
L3C: “
L4A
The study explored Grade 10 girls’ experiences in choosing physical science in South Africa. The study established that girls who studied physical science in Grade 10 were very low in the selected schools. Five themes from girls’ experiences to choose STEM subjects were self-determination, anticipated value, class environment, home environment, and social influence. The study participants expressed a positive attitude and interest in science. The positive attitudes of girls in physical science contradict studies that allude to girls’ negative attitudes toward science [83].
The girls’ choices of physical science indicated self-determination. It is no wonder they exhibited positive attitudes toward the subject. Machingambi [84] suggests that positive attitudes may affect performance, while negative attitudes may lead to a lack of interest. The girls’ excellent performance increased their confidence to choose physical science, suggesting that girls in South Africa are guided by the situation and the culture to choose STEM subjects. These observations agree with the Situated Expectancy-Value Theory (SEVT), where self-determination abetted girls’ interest in STEM subjects to break the social norm of not choosing STEM [69].
The study findings are consistent with DeWitt [85], who concluded that girls who held science aspirations perform well. Archer et al. [86] concluded that “science capital,” which includes economic, social, and cultural capital that relates to science would be necessary to fill the gap of the less represented females in STEM. Thus, learners may have to develop inner confidence, positive beliefs, and environmental contexts regarding their academic abilities [87, 88, 89]. These findings also align with the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) concerning the learners’ environment, where it is postulated that science, in most cases, is for males. The observed mismatch between femininity and science is a well-known fact that negatively impacts girls [86]. Girls at 13 change their attitudes toward science, exacerbating gender parity [72]. Despite popular gender stereotyping, the girls in the study expressed self-determination in pursuing physical science to get into predominantly masculine STEM professions [90]. Thus, the social aspects are clear in the three tenets of SCT—1) the personal, which operates at an individual level; 2) the socialization of an individual within the environment; and 3) the collective level, where all people work in unison to shape the decisions in their societies [91]. All these three tenets apply to learners who are social beings that make choices regarding the subjects to study in high school.
All the girls in the study had chosen STEM subjects, and their choices were implied in anticipation of lucrative jobs if they pursued STEM careers. The findings correlate with Mghweno et al. [92], who contend that career is a determinant factor in high school subject selection. However, the finding of girls’ deliberate choices contradicts Dabula and Makura [93], who showed that career choices for many secondary school learners were accidental and were imposed by external forces in the South African context.
While the study participants pointed out some aspects in the classroom that motivated them to choose physical science, such as support from teachers and peers, many negative experiences were dissuading. Some of the negative influences included educators’ scornful remarks and the lack of vital science resources. All the schools that participated in the study did not have laboratories and lacked basic science equipment, libraries, and internet connectivity. These poor resources disadvantaged learners because they did not develop practical skills. Despite the lack of resources, Kibirige and Bodirwa [94] show that scientific investigations can be done using technology to increase learners’ interests and learning outcomes. With the increase in technology, it may be possible for girls to cope with science without proper physical resources. Our observations agree with the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), which deals with an individual and the environment. The effect of the school-based factors agrees with Anders et al. [95], who found that in England, the type of school environment learners finds themselves in played a significant role in choosing subjects. Thus, school environment factors, such as curriculum, teachers, level of resources, and structures, may motivate or demotivate girls from choosing STEM subjects in high school [96].
Besides school factors, the home environment affected some girls’ choices of physical science. In this study, only 20% of the parents supported girls in choosing sciences and could assist them with homework. The low family support can be attributed to the social and economic characteristics of the parents. Although research in the United States indicated that socio-cultural factors influence girls’ participation in science [97], Ramnarain [98] in South Africa views personal (intrinsic) and external (extrinsic) factors that are associated with the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) as integral parts of science inquiry learning.
Furthermore, Mujtaba and Reiss [96] asserted that significant factors are associated with extrinsic motivation. For instance, some girls indicated that they chose STEM subjects because they wanted to be like female doctors who were their role models in the community. Considering their reasons for choosing STEM subjects, girls in the study perceived the critical value of science, which may have motivated them. This finding is consistent with Hyde and Janet [97] and Wise and Simmons [99], who indicated that learners acknowledged the value of science. Thus, the quantity and quality of the content may enhance learners’ interest and increase their self-efficacy [8]. Research from Greece shows that teachers can exert influence on learners to gain interest in STEM subjects. Studies show that pre- and primary school learners can be taught STEM subjects because they can comprehend science concepts more than anticipated [100, 101, 102]. Early learners’ exposure to STEM increases their chances of espousing STEM careers [100]. Chatzopoulos et al. [103] contend that using DuBot based on Action Research, using visuals on a tablet, smartphone, and personal computers, and using low-cost materials can motivate learners. These types of innovations are useful for STEM teachers to emulate to enhance motivation of their learners to choose STEM careers and contribute to narrowing the gap between genders [101]. Unfortunately, despite the positive intentions of the teacher to use STEM methods, there are few teachers in pre- and primary schools and high schools who use STEM methods to teach science [104].
As the gender gap persists in STEM subjects, Marie et al. [105] contend that the focus should be on identifying factors that influence the girls’ career choices and developing relevant programs that enhance girls’ interest in STEM subjects. Career preparation in secondary schools is essential for career development [106] because learners align their subjects with the anticipated career [4]. Interventions should focus on lower grades to avoid girls’ leakage at Grade 9 in South Africa. Notwithstanding the huge numbers of girls in Grade 10 that did not choose STEM subjects in Limpopo, there is a need to find out if this scenario reflects a national trend. Thus, more studies are needed to identify why many girls do not choose STEM subjects. The findings of this study have far-reaching implications for all educational stakeholders, such as subject teachers, curriculum advisers, textbook authors, to include relevant materials for the “girl-child” to be motivated to choose STEM subjects.
The limitation was the small sample of Grade 10 girls from a rural area in South Africa. Therefore, the findings cannot be generalized. The study could be replicated using qualitative and quantitative approaches with larger samples of girls in rural, semi-urban, and urban areas. Girls who did not choose STEM subjects and teachers who were not interviewed in this study could be included in future studies to corroborate learners’ responses. Despite those limitations, the findings from this study render credence to girls’ experiences in choosing to study STEM subjects in South Africa.
The study reveals that the experiences and factors that motivate girls to choose to study STEM subjects are diverse. They included self-determination, aspirations, anticipated value, the class environment, home environment, and social influence. According to Almukhambetova and Kuzhabekova [45], these factors can be summed into three general levels—micro, mezo, and macro. How can we improve girls’ choices to study STEM subjects? How can we assist girls to improve their aspirations? Since the gender gap or disparity in STEM is a global challenge, which method can be applied that will suit all nations? These questions provoke humanity to look for real-life solutions. A one-man and a single approach may be futile. Therefore, a team of education stakeholders equipped with multi-faceted approaches is necessary. These approaches will have significant implications for STEM teachers in the country and beyond.
The study recommends that the interventions must be done at the school level to support learners in lower grades with career guidance, for science teachers to affirm learners’ self-efficacy, and for policymakers to guarantee the availability of the science resources that make science learning more interesting. Educators need to be equipped with skills to support learners emotionally and academically to make STEM subjects attractive. Also, parents need to be sensitized to increase their involvement in “girl-child” education.
The authors thank teachers of various schools who assisted in arranging for time to interact with the learners.
Thanks to the participating schools.
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This chapter thus briefly discusses different biological methods, specially biofilm technologies, the development of biofilms on different filter media, factors affecting their development as well as their structure and function. It also tackles various conventional and modern molecular techniques for detailed exploration of the composition, diversity and dynamics of biofilms. 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Chitosan is biocompatible, biodegradable and non-toxic, so that it can be usedin medicalapplications such as antimicrobial and wound healing biomaterials. It also used as chelating agent due to its ability to bind with cholesterol, fats, proteins and metal ions.",book:{id:"4648",slug:"concepts-compounds-and-the-alternatives-of-antibacterials",title:"Concepts, Compounds and the Alternatives of Antibacterials",fullTitle:"Concepts, Compounds and the Alternatives of Antibacterials"},signatures:"H. M. Ibrahim and E.M.R. El- Zairy",authors:[{id:"90645",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",middleName:null,surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Ibrahim"},{id:"175694",title:"Dr.",name:"Enas",middleName:null,surname:"El- Zairy",slug:"enas-el-zairy",fullName:"Enas El- Zairy"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"65613",title:"The Methods for Detection of Biofilm and Screening Antibiofilm Activity of Agents",slug:"the-methods-for-detection-of-biofilm-and-screening-antibiofilm-activity-of-agents",totalDownloads:9277,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:26,abstract:"Biofilm producer microorganisms cause nosocomial and recurrent infections. Biofilm that is a sticky exopolysaccharide is the main virulence factor causing biofilm-related infections. Biofilm formation begins with attachment of bacteria to biotic surface such as host cell or abiotic surface such as prosthetic devices. After attachment, aggregation of bacteria is started by cell-cell adhesion. Aggregation continues with the maturation of biofilm. Dispersion is started by certain conditions such as phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs). By this way, sessile bacteria turn back into planktonic form. Bacteria embedded in biofilm (sessile form) are more resistant to antimicrobials than planktonic bacteria. So it is hard to treat biofilm-embedded bacteria than planktonic forms. For this reason, it is important to detect biofilm. There are a few biofilm detection and biofilm production methods on prosthetics, methods for screening antibacterial effect of agents against biofilm-embedded microorganism and antibiofilm effect of agents against biofilm production and mature biofilm. The aim of this chapter is to overview direct and indirect methods such as microscopy, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and Congo red agar, tube method, microtiter plate assay, checkerboard assay, plate counting, polymerase chain reaction, mass spectrometry, MALDI-TOF, and biological assays used by antibiofilm researches.",book:{id:"8427",slug:"antimicrobials-antibiotic-resistance-antibiofilm-strategies-and-activity-methods",title:"Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods",fullTitle:"Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods"},signatures:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu",authors:[{id:"179460",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sahra",middleName:null,surname:"Kırmusaoğlu",slug:"sahra-kirmusaoglu",fullName:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu"}]},{id:"62553",title:"Antibiotic Use in Poultry Production and Its Effects on Bacterial Resistance",slug:"antibiotic-use-in-poultry-production-and-its-effects-on-bacterial-resistance",totalDownloads:7327,totalCrossrefCites:43,totalDimensionsCites:92,abstract:"A surge in the development and spread of antibiotic resistance has become a major cause for concern. Over the past few decades, no major new types of antibiotics have been produced and almost all known antibiotics are increasingly losing their activity against pathogenic microorganisms. The levels of multi-drug resistant bacteria have also increased. It is known that worldwide, more than 60% of all antibiotics that are produced find their use in animal production for both therapeutic and non-therapeutic purposes. The use of antimicrobial agents in animal husbandry has been linked to the development and spread of resistant bacteria. Poultry products are among the highest consumed products worldwide but a lot of essential antibiotics are employed during poultry production in several countries; threatening the safety of such products (through antimicrobial residues) and the increased possibility of development and spread of microbial resistance in poultry settings. This chapter documents some of the studies on antibiotic usage in poultry farming; with specific focus on some selected bacterial species, their economic importance to poultry farming and reports of resistances of isolated species from poultry settings (farms and poultry products) to essential antibiotics.",book:{id:"6978",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-global-threat",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",fullTitle:"Antimicrobial Resistance - A Global Threat"},signatures:"Christian Agyare, Vivian Etsiapa Boamah, Crystal Ngofi Zumbi and\nFrank Boateng Osei",authors:[{id:"182058",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Agyare",slug:"christian-agyare",fullName:"Christian Agyare"},{id:"261271",title:"MSc.",name:"Crystal Ngofi",middleName:null,surname:"Zumbi",slug:"crystal-ngofi-zumbi",fullName:"Crystal Ngofi Zumbi"},{id:"261272",title:"MSc.",name:"Frank Boateng",middleName:null,surname:"Osei",slug:"frank-boateng-osei",fullName:"Frank Boateng Osei"},{id:"261273",title:"Dr.",name:"Vivian Etsiapa",middleName:null,surname:"Boamah",slug:"vivian-etsiapa-boamah",fullName:"Vivian Etsiapa Boamah"}]},{id:"65914",title:"Introductory Chapter: The Action Mechanisms of Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance",slug:"introductory-chapter-the-action-mechanisms-of-antibiotics-and-antibiotic-resistance",totalDownloads:4428,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"8427",slug:"antimicrobials-antibiotic-resistance-antibiofilm-strategies-and-activity-methods",title:"Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods",fullTitle:"Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods"},signatures:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu, Nesrin Gareayaghi and Bekir S. Kocazeybek",authors:[{id:"179460",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sahra",middleName:null,surname:"Kırmusaoğlu",slug:"sahra-kirmusaoglu",fullName:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu"},{id:"248288",title:"Prof.",name:"Bekir",middleName:null,surname:"Kocazeybek",slug:"bekir-kocazeybek",fullName:"Bekir Kocazeybek"},{id:"406463",title:"Dr.",name:"Nesrin",middleName:null,surname:"Gareayaghi",slug:"nesrin-gareayaghi",fullName:"Nesrin Gareayaghi"}]},{id:"50992",title:"Probiotics: A Comprehensive Review of Their Classification, Mode of Action and Role in Human Nutrition",slug:"probiotics-a-comprehensive-review-of-their-classification-mode-of-action-and-role-in-human-nutrition",totalDownloads:5429,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:28,abstract:"Probiotics are live microorganisms that live in gastrointestinal (GI) tract and are beneficial for their hosts and prevent certain diseases. In this chapter, after a complete introduction to probiotics, definition, mechanism of action, and their classification, currently used organisms will be discussed in detail. Moreover, different kinds of nutritional synthetic products of probiotics along with their safety and drug interaction will be noticed. This chapter mentions all clinical trial studies that have been done to evaluate probiotic efficacy with a focus on gastrointestinal diseases.",book:{id:"5193",slug:"probiotics-and-prebiotics-in-human-nutrition-and-health",title:"Probiotics and Prebiotics in Human Nutrition and Health",fullTitle:"Probiotics and Prebiotics in Human Nutrition and Health"},signatures:"Amirreza Khalighi, Reza Behdani and Shabnam Kouhestani",authors:[{id:"179560",title:"Dr.",name:"Amirreza",middleName:null,surname:"Khalighi",slug:"amirreza-khalighi",fullName:"Amirreza Khalighi"},{id:"185238",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Behdani",slug:"reza-behdani",fullName:"Reza Behdani"},{id:"185239",title:"Dr.",name:"Shabnam",middleName:null,surname:"Kouhestani",slug:"shabnam-kouhestani",fullName:"Shabnam Kouhestani"}]},{id:"56849",title:"Physiology and Pathology of Innate Immune Response Against Pathogens",slug:"physiology-and-pathology-of-innate-immune-response-against-pathogens",totalDownloads:6226,totalCrossrefCites:21,totalDimensionsCites:28,abstract:"Pathogen infections are recognized by the immune system, which consists of two types of responses: an innate immune response and an antigen-specific adaptive immune response. The innate response is characterized by being the first line of defense that occurs rapidly in which leukocytes such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, mast cells, dendritic cells, etc., are involved. These cells recognize the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which have been evolutionarily conserved by the diversity of microorganisms that infect humans. Recognition of these pathogen-associated molecular patterns occurs through pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors and some other intracellular receptors such as nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD), with the aim of amplifying the inflammation and activating the adaptive cellular immune response, through the antigenic presentation. In the present chapter, we will review the importance of the main components involved in the innate immune response, such as different cell types, inflammatory response, soluble immune mediators and effector mechanisms exerted by the immune response against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites; all with the purpose of eliminating them and eradicating the infection of the host.",book:{id:"5975",slug:"physiology-and-pathology-of-immunology",title:"Physiology and Pathology of Immunology",fullTitle:"Physiology and Pathology of Immunology"},signatures:"José Luis Muñoz Carrillo, Flor Pamela Castro García, Oscar\nGutiérrez Coronado, María Alejandra Moreno García and Juan\nFrancisco Contreras Cordero",authors:[{id:"214236",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Muñoz-Carrillo",slug:"jose-luis-munoz-carrillo",fullName:"Jose Luis Muñoz-Carrillo"},{id:"216080",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandra",middleName:null,surname:"Moreno-García",slug:"alejandra-moreno-garcia",fullName:"Alejandra Moreno-García"},{id:"216081",title:"Dr.",name:"Oscar",middleName:null,surname:"Gutiérrez-Coronado",slug:"oscar-gutierrez-coronado",fullName:"Oscar Gutiérrez-Coronado"},{id:"216082",title:"Dr.",name:"Pamela",middleName:null,surname:"Castro-García",slug:"pamela-castro-garcia",fullName:"Pamela Castro-García"},{id:"220717",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Contreras Cordero",slug:"juan-francisco-contreras-cordero",fullName:"Juan Francisco Contreras Cordero"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"13",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"83067",title:"Multiplicity in the Genes of Carbon Metabolism in Antibiotic-Producing Streptomycetes",slug:"multiplicity-in-the-genes-of-carbon-metabolism-in-antibiotic-producing-streptomycetes",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106525",abstract:"Streptomycetes exhibit genetic multiplicity, like many other microorganisms, and redundancy occurs in many of the genes involved in carbon metabolism. The enzymes of the glycolytic pathway presenting the greatest multiplicity were phosphofructokinase, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and pyruvate kinase. The genes that encode citrate synthase and subunits of the succinate dehydrogenase complex are the ones that show the greatest multiplicity, while in the phosphoenolpyruvate-pyruvate-oxaloacetate node, only malic enzymes and pyruvate phosphate dikinase present two copies in some Streptomyces. The extra DNA from these multiple gene copies can be more than 50 kb, and the question arises whether all of these genes are transcribed and translated. As far as we know, there is few information about the transcription of these genes in any of this Streptomyces, nor if any of the activities that are encoded by a single gene could be limiting both for growth and for the formation of precursors of the antibiotics produced by these microorganisms. Therefore, it is important to study the transcription and translation of genes involved in carbon metabolism in antibiotic-producing Streptomyces growing on various sugars.",book:{id:"10893",title:"Actinobacteria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10893.jpg"},signatures:"Toshiko Takahashi, Jonathan Alanís, Polonia Hernández and María Elena Flores"},{id:"82972",title:"Actinomycosis: Diagnosis, Clinical Features and Treatment",slug:"actinomycosis-diagnosis-clinical-features-and-treatment",totalDownloads:4,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104698",abstract:"Actinomycosis is a filamentous bacterium that forms part of the normal human flora of the gastrointestinal, oropharynx and female genitalia. This indolent infection is characterized by abscess formation, widespread granulomatous disease, fibrosis, cavitary lung lesions and mass-like consolidations, simulating an active malignancy or systemic inflammatory diseases. It is subacute, chronic and variable presentation may delay diagnosis due to its capability to simulate other conditions. An accurate diagnostic timeline is relevant. Early diagnosis of pulmonary actinomycosis decreases the risk of indolent complications. Proper treatment reduces the need for invasive surgical methods. Actinomycosis can virtually involve any organ system, the infection spread without respecting anatomical variables as metastatic disease does, making malignancy an important part of the differential diagnosis. As it is normal gastrointestinal florae, it is difficult to cultivate, and share similar morphology to other organisms such as Nocardia and fungus. It is often difficult to be identified as the culprit of disease. Its true imitator capability makes this infectious agent a remarkable organism within the spectra of localized and disseminated disease. In this chapter, we will discuss different peculiarities of actinomycosis as an infectious agent, most common presentation in different organ systems, and challenging scenarios.",book:{id:"10893",title:"Actinobacteria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10893.jpg"},signatures:"Onix J. Cantres-Fonseca, Vanessa Vando-Rivera, Vanessa Fonseca-Ferrer, Christian Castillo Latorre and Francisco J. Del Olmo-Arroyo"},{id:"82412",title:"Potential of Native Microalgae from the Peruvian Amazon on the Removal of Pollutants",slug:"potential-of-native-microalgae-from-the-peruvian-amazon-on-the-removal-of-pollutants",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105686",abstract:"Environmental pollution is a severe and common problem in all the countries worldwide. Various physicochemical technologies and organisms (e.g., plants, microorganisms, etc.) are used to address these environmental issues, but low-cost, practical, efficient, and effective approaches have not been available yet. Microalgae offer an attractive, novel, and little-explored bioremediation alternative because these photosynthetic organisms can eliminate pathogenic microorganisms and remove heavy metals and toxic organic compounds through processes still under study. Our research team has conducted some experiments to determine the bioremediation potential of native microalgae on some pollutant sources (i.e., leachate and wastewater) and its ability to remove hazardous chemical compounds. Therefore, in this chapter, we provide the results of our research and updated information about this exciting topic. Experiments were conducted under controlled culture conditions using several native microalgae species, variable time periods, different pollutant sources, and hazardous chemicals such as ethidium bromide. The results indicated that native microalgae can remove pollutants (i.e., phosphorus, ammonia, etc.) of wastewater, leachate, and some hazardous chemical compounds such as ethidium bromide. In conclusion, native microalgae have an excellent potential for removing several pollutants and, consequently, could be used to develop bioremediation technologies based on native microalgae from the Peruvian Amazon.",book:{id:"11366",title:"Microalgae",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11366.jpg"},signatures:"Marianela Cobos, Segundo L. Estela, Carlos G. Castro, Miguel A. Grandez, Alvaro B. Tresierra, Corayma L. Cabezudo, Santiago Galindo, Sheyla L. Pérez, Angélica V. Rios, Jhon A. Vargas, Roger Ruiz, Pedro M. Adrianzén, Jorge L. Marapara and Juan C. Castro"},{id:"81859",title:"Respiratory Syncytial Virus",slug:"respiratory-syncytial-virus",totalDownloads:5,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104771",abstract:"Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)-driven bronchiolitis is one of the most common causes of pediatric hospitalization. Every year, we face 33.1 million episodes of RSV-driven lower respiratory tract infection without any available vaccine or cost-effective therapeutics since the discovery of RSV eighty years before. RSV is an enveloped RNA virus belonging to the pneumoviridae family of viruses. This chapter aims to elucidate the structure and functions of the RSV genome and proteins and the mechanism of RSV infection in host cells from entry to budding, which will provide current insight into the RSV-host relationship. In addition, this book chapter summarizes the recent research outcomes regarding the structure of RSV and the functions of all viral proteins along with the RSV life cycle and cell-to-cell spread.",book:{id:"11369",title:"RNA Viruses Infection",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg"},signatures:"Sattya Narayan Talukdar and Masfique Mehedi"},{id:"82148",title:"Mosquito Population Modification for Malaria Control",slug:"mosquito-population-modification-for-malaria-control",totalDownloads:12,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104907",abstract:"Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease that kills millions of people every year. Existing control tools have been insufficient to eliminate the disease in many endemic regions and additional approaches are needed. Novel vector-control strategies using genetic engineering to create malaria-resistant mosquitoes (population modification) can potentially contribute a new set of tools for mosquito control. Here we review the current mosquito control strategies and the development of transgenic mosquitoes expressing anti-parasite effector genes, highlighting the recent improvements in mosquito genome editing with CRISPR-Cas9 as an efficient and adaptable tool for gene-drive systems to effectively spread these genes into mosquito populations.",book:{id:"11379",title:"Mosquito Research - Recent Advances in Pathogen Interactions, Immunity, and Vector Control Strategies",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11379.jpg"},signatures:"Rebeca Carballar-Lejarazú, Taylor Tushar, Thai Binh Pham and Anthony James"},{id:"81934",title:"Lactobacillus Use for Plant Fermentation: New Ways for Plant-Based Product Valorization",slug:"lactobacillus-use-for-plant-fermentation-new-ways-for-plant-based-product-valorization",totalDownloads:16,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104958",abstract:"Today, plant production is increasing, but most industrial processes generate a lot of waste and by-products for which, in the current context, it is a priority to recycle or valorize them. One of the cheapest valorization routes is fermentation, in particular lactic fermentation by Lactobacillus species, which produces lactic acid and other molecules of industrial interest such as bioactive compounds such as anthocyanin, organic acid, peptides, or phenol, which are widely found in the plant matrix, mainly in cereals, grass, fruits, and vegetables. Bioactive compounds may exert beneficial health effects, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, or prebiotic activities. In addition, lactic acid fermentation can improve existing products and lead to new applications in food, livestock feeding and biotechnology, such as the production of lactic acid, protein, or silage. This chapter reviews the use of Lactobacillus strains in the fermentation process of many plant bioresources or by-products through their different bioactivities, active molecules, and applications.",book:{id:"11372",title:"Lactobacillus - A Multifunctional Genus",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11372.jpg"},signatures:"Morgan Le Rouzic, Pauline Bruniaux, Cyril Raveschot, François Krier, Vincent Phalip, Rozenn Ravallec, Benoit Cudennec and François Coutte"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:102},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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\r\n\tThis series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in business and management, economics, and marketing. Topics will include asset liability management, financial consequences of the financial crisis and covid-19, financial accounting, mergers and acquisitions, management accounting, SMEs, financial markets, corporate finance and governance, managerial technology and innovation, resource management and sustainable development, social entrepreneurship, corporate responsibility, ethics and accountability, microeconomics, labour economics, macroeconomics, public economics, financial economics, econometrics, direct marketing, creative marketing, internet marketing, market planning and forecasting, brand management, market segmentation and targeting and other topics under business and management. This book series will focus on various aspects of business and management whose in-depth understanding is critical for business and company management to function effectively during this uncertain time of financial crisis, Covid-19 pandemic, and military activity in Europe.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/22.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 12th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"356540",title:"Prof.",name:"Taufiq",middleName:null,surname:"Choudhry",slug:"taufiq-choudhry",fullName:"Taufiq Choudhry",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000036X2hvQAC/Profile_Picture_2022-03-14T08:58:03.jpg",biography:"Prof. Choudhry holds a BSc degree in Economics from the University of Iowa, as well as a Masters and Ph.D. in Applied Economics from Clemson University, USA. In January 2006, he became a Professor of Finance at the University of Southampton Business School. He was previously a Professor of Finance at the University of Bradford Management School. He has over 80 articles published in international finance and economics journals. His research interests and specialties include financial econometrics, financial economics, international economics and finance, housing markets, financial markets, among others.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Southampton",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"89",title:"Education",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/89.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,annualVolume:null,editor:{id:"260066",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Michail",middleName:null,surname:"Kalogiannakis",slug:"michail-kalogiannakis",fullName:"Michail Kalogiannakis",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260066/images/system/260066.jpg",biography:"Michail Kalogiannakis is an Associate Professor of the Department of Preschool Education, University of Crete, and an Associate Tutor at School of Humanities at the Hellenic Open University. He graduated from the Physics Department of the University of Crete and continued his post-graduate studies at the University Paris 7-Denis Diderot (D.E.A. in Didactic of Physics), University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (D.E.A. in Science Education) and received his Ph.D. degree at the University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (PhD in Science Education). His research interests include science education in early childhood, science teaching and learning, e-learning, the use of ICT in science education, games simulations, and mobile learning. He has published over 120 articles in international conferences and journals and has served on the program committees of numerous international conferences.",institutionString:"University of Crete",institution:{name:"University of Crete",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:{id:"422488",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Ampartzaki",slug:"maria-ampartzaki",fullName:"Maria Ampartzaki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/422488/images/system/422488.jpg",biography:"Dr Maria Ampartzaki is an Assistant Professor in Early Childhood Education in the Department of Preschool Education at the University of Crete. Her research interests include ICT in education, science education in the early years, inquiry-based and art-based learning, teachers’ professional development, action research, and the Pedagogy of Multiliteracies, among others. She has run and participated in several funded and non-funded projects on the teaching of Science, Social Sciences, and ICT in education. She also has the experience of participating in five Erasmus+ projects.",institutionString:"University of Crete",institution:{name:"University of Crete",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"90",title:"Human Development",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/90.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11974,editor:{id:"191040",title:"Dr.",name:"Tal",middleName:null,surname:"Dotan Ben-Soussan",slug:"tal-dotan-ben-soussan",fullName:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBf1QAG/Profile_Picture_2022-03-18T07:56:11.jpg",biography:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan, Ph.D., is the director of the Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics (RINED) – Paoletti Foundation. Ben-Soussan leads international studies on training and neuroplasticity from neurophysiological and psychobiological perspectives. As a neuroscientist and bio-psychologist, she has published numerous articles on neuroplasticity, movement and meditation. She acts as an editor and reviewer in several renowned journals and coordinates international conferences integrating theoretical, methodological and practical approaches on various topics, such as silence, logics and neuro-education. 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She is now a lecturer at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, and a principal researcher at the Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), South Africa. Dr. Moolla holds a Ph.D. in Psychology with her research being focused on mental health and resilience. In her professional work capacity, her research has further expanded into the fields of early childhood development, mental health, the HIV and TB care cascades, as well as COVID. She is also a UNESCO-trained International Bioethics Facilitator.",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\r\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\r\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Orthodontist, Assoc Prof in the Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"344229",title:"Dr.",name:"Sankeshan",middleName:null,surname:"Padayachee",slug:"sankeshan-padayachee",fullName:"Sankeshan Padayachee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"315727",title:"Ms.",name:"Kelebogile A.",middleName:null,surname:"Mothupi",slug:"kelebogile-a.-mothupi",fullName:"Kelebogile A. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11414,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983"},editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",slug:"arli-aditya-parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life 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The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. 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Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation"},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"11650",title:"Aquifers - New Insights",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"27c1a2a053cb1d83de903c5b969bc3a2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Abhay Soni and Dr. Prabhat Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11650.jpg",editedByType:null,submissionDeadline:"July 12th 2022",editors:[{id:"271093",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay",middleName:null,surname:"Soni",slug:"abhay-soni",fullName:"Abhay Soni",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/271093/images/system/271093.jpg",biography:"Dr. A.K. Soni, Ph.D., graduated with a degree in Mining Engineering from Ravishankar University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, in 1983. He completed his post-graduate studies at the Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Rajasthan, India, and obtained a Ph.D. in Environmental Science and Engineering from the Centre of Mining Environment, Indian School of Mines (ISM), Dhanbad, India, in 1998. \n\n\n\nDr. Soni is currently working as Chief Scientist at CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research (CSIR-CIMFR) at Nagpur Research Centre and engaged in research work on 'mine environment and allied areas.” His area of research interest is 'geo-hydrological problems related to mines.” He has more than 33 years of experience working in the Indian mining industry. As part of his research work, he has visited the United States and the United Kingdom and traveled widely across India. As a research scientist and technical administrator, he has more than 115 technical publications on mining and environmental topics to his credit. Dr. Soni has authored one book, Mining in the Himalayas: An Integrated Strategy. He has also written technical papers in the Hindi language. \n\n\n\nDr. Soni has handled more than 100 R&D projects in the capacity of project coordinator and principal investigator. He is actively associated with professional societies in India, including the Mining Engineers Association of India (MEAI), Institution of Engineers (India), Indian Society for Rock Mechanics and Tunneling Technology (ISRMTT), and International Mine Water Association (IMWA). Dr. Soni has received many honors and awards for his contributions. He is presently a member of the international advisory board for the Journal of Mine Water and Environment. He is also a member and chairman of important committees, and a subject area expert, advisor, and evaluator responsible for several noted professional assignments at the national level. He has been invited by academic institutes and Indian universities to deliver lectures and conduct examinations for post-graduate students. Dr. Soni was associated with the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) in the capacity of member and has experience organizing several technical events.",institutionString:"Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}],selectedSeries:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences"},selectedSubseries:{id:"41",title:"Water Science",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/41.jpg",editor:{id:"349630",title:"Dr.",name:"Yizi",middleName:null,surname:"Shang",slug:"yizi-shang",fullName:"Yizi Shang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/349630/images/system/349630.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yizi Shang is a pioneering researcher in hydrology and water resources who has devoted his research career to promoting the conservation and protection of water resources for sustainable development. He is presently associate editor of Water International (official journal of the International Water Resources Association). He was also invited to serve as an associate editor for special issues of the Journal of the American Water Resources Association. He has served as an editorial member for international journals such as Hydrology, Journal of Ecology & Natural Resources, and Hydro Science & Marine Engineering, among others. He has chaired or acted as a technical committee member for twenty-five international forums (conferences). Dr. Shang graduated from Tsinghua University, China, in 2010 with a Ph.D. in Engineering. Prior to that, he worked as a research fellow at Harvard University from 2008 to 2009. Dr. Shang serves as a senior research engineer at the China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research (IWHR) and was awarded as a distinguished researcher at National Taiwan University in 2017.",institutionString:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences"}}},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 3rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. 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