Banana geographical distribution showing genomic group, cultivar, and type.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"2505",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Innovative Information Systems Modelling Techniques",title:"Innovative Information Systems Modelling Techniques",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'The rapid development of new Information Infrastructure combined with the increased user needs in specific areas of Information Technology (mostly related to Web applications) has created the need for designing new modeling techniques more innovative and targeted on specific areas of Information Systems in order to successfully model the rapidly changed environment, along with the newly introduced concepts and user requirements. \nTherefore, this book aims to introduce readers to a number of innovative Information modeling techniques. 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He is an associate professor and head of the Department of Cultural Technology and Communication, University of the Aegean, and director of the Privacy Engineering and Social Informatics (PrivaSI) research laboratory. He is a former member of the board of the Hellenic Authority for Communication Security and Privacy. His main research interests are the elicitation, analysis, and modelling of security and privacy requirements in traditional and cloud-based systems, the analysis and modelling of forensic-enabled systems and services, privacy-enhancing technologies, and the design of information system security and privacy in cultural informatics. He has published several refereed papers in international scientific journals and conferences and has served as a visiting professor in many European institutions. Prior to his academic career, he served at various places in the Greek public sector including the North Aegean Region and Ministry of Interior, Decentralisation and e-Governance. 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Various parts of ripe and unripe forms of banana plant have been shown to possess prominent anti-diabetic [7], antiulcer [8], and radical scavenging activities. Lately, banana has been utilized as a vector for many vaccines due to increased bioavailability and easy administration [9]. Not only that, pectin extracted from banana is said to be used as pharmaceutical excipient in tablet formulation [10]. This chapter focuses mainly on the pharmacological studies that validate the traditional uses of banana for different types of diseases and highlights the geographical distribution of banana and its uses in pharmaceutical industries.
\nSeveral researches have been carried out to determine the phyto-constituents of various parts of banana. The flower of
Banana pulp contains antioxidants, including, vitamins, carotenoids, and phenolic compounds such as catechin, epicatechin, lignin, tannins, flavonoids as well as anthocyanins [14]. Serotonin, norepinephrine, tryptophan, indole compounds, starch, iron, crystallizable and non-crystallizable sugars, vitamin C, B-vitamins, fats, and mineral salts have been noted in the fruit pulp of
General structure of anthocyanin and some common anthocyanins found in banana [
Structure of lignin [
The class of flavonoid present in banana fruit (Flavan-3-ol) [
Banana has various pharmacological effects. The prominent ones of more relevance to health care are discussed in this section.
\nReactive oxygen species (ROS) are oxygen radicals with unpaired electron involved in both physiological and pathological conditions. Antioxidants, on the other hand, prevent free radical damage by scavenging the radicals. Banana contains various compounds that exert such antioxidant activity [21].
\nThe antioxidant property of banana peel extracts
An
In another study that investigated the antioxidant activity of banana flowers of six distinct Malaysian cultivars, namely
Antioxidant mechanism of flavonoids detected in banana. Enzymatic and/or chemical auto-oxidation of the flavonoids generates the flavonoid semiquinone radical, which may be scavenged by reduced glutathione (GSH), thereby generating the flavonoid and generating thiyl radical of glutathione. This thiyl radical may react with GSH to generate a disulfide radical anion which rapidly reduces molecular oxygen superoxide anion radical, which can be further detoxified by superoxide dismutase enzyme [
Cancer is currently among the major world health concerns. It is characterized by abnormal cell growth. Natural products like banana are being utilized to combat the deadly disease. Banana is found to possess anticancer (colorectal) property by an
Mechanism of pro-apoptotic effect of saponins, compounds present in banana [
Banana extracts were tested for their ability to suppress the growth of breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and human colorectal carcinoma (HCT-116) tumor cell lines along with the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC cell). The extracts showing more than 60% inhibition of cell proliferation were the active extracts. Among these, hexane extract of banana peel and pulp showed maximum toxicity against HCT-116 and MCF-7 cell lines with percentages of 62.04 and 61.21%, respectively, while the aqueous and ethanol extracts indicated low anti-proliferative activity against HCT-116 and MCF-7. Interestingly, all the tested extracts showed virtually no cytotoxic effect against the normal cell lines [28].
\nIn a research that assessed the anti-angiogenic potential of different banana extracts, rat aorta ring assay was employed using suramin as a reference drug. Banana extracts exhibiting over 60% inhibition of sprouting of blood vessels were considered active extracts. Two extracts exhibited potent inhibitory activity (>60%) with maximum inhibition of 85.32% produced by the hexane extract of banana peel. These significant inhibition values were very much similar with the standard drug (suramin), which showed potent inhibition of microvessel growth [28].
\nUlcer has been a major challenge of developing nations. It is a lesion caused by factors including the bacteria
Leucocyanidin showed protective effect against ulcer induced by aspirin. The compound was extracted from
Diabetes, which can be insulin dependent or non-insulin dependent, poses a great threat to humanity. High level of glucose is prominent in diabetic patients and attempts have been made to counteract that using several plants including banana. Investigation into the anti-hyperglycemic effect of ethanol extract of
The antimicrobial properties of ethanol and acetone extracts of banana peels were evaluated by well diffusion assay against different microbial strains. An 80% acetone extract inhibited bacterial species at 600 ppm against Gram-positive bacteria including
Banana peel was reported to have wound healing activity through its predominant effects on mucosal defensive factor that enhances DNA synthesis and promotes mucosal cell proliferation. The wound healing activity of both methanol and aqueous extracts of plantain banana (
Atherosclerosis is a disease characterized by accumulation of plaque inside the arteries. In a study, Ambon
The cholesterol-lowering activity of banana may be because of the phyto-constituents on cellular membranes. For example, saponins can form complex with membrane cholesterol; polyphenols influence 3D structure of membrane proteins like receptors, transporters, and ion channels); small lipophilic terpenoids assemble in the inner lipophilic core of the biological membrane [
Pharmaceutical industries demand for fast dissolving tablets [45] to facilitate drug onset of action, higher patient acceptance, and increased bioavailability [46, 47]. Banana, a natural superdisintegrant can be used as pharmaceutical excipient for oral drug delivery due to exhibition of faster drug dissolution which leads to improved bioavailability, effective therapy (therapeutic ratio), improved patient compliance, and satisfies all the standards of fast dissolving tablet. Various formulations were prepared by direct compression method using superdisintegrants like banana (2%), sodium starch glycolate (4%), and cross carmlose sodium (6%). The mixture was analyzed for different pre-compression parameters (angle of repose and tapped density) and post-compression parameters (thickness, drug constituents, weight variation, hardness, wetting time, friability, dissolution and disintegration time as well as drug release). It was concluded from the result that banana powder showed better disintegrating property over synthetic superdisintegrants such as SSG (sodium starch glycolate) and CCS (cross carmelose sodium) [45].
\nIn another work by [48], dehydrated banana powder and potato starch were prepared and subjected to analysis. Physicochemical parameters, bulk and tape densities along with angle of repose, Hausner ratio, Carr’s index, solubility, and melting point were assessed. FTIR spectroscopy was then performed to study the interaction between aceclofenac (a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug) and the excipients. Direct compression method was employed for the tablet preparation using the disintegrants, and the disintegration time of the tablet formulations was monitored. To depict the release mechanism from the tablet system dissolution, study was carried out and data were fitted to different kinetic models. The result revealed that tablets of banana powder
Fermentation is one of the processes used by pharmaceutical industries in drug manufacturing. Effect of banana fermentation product, obtained by subjecting banana pulp juice to a pre-fermentation in the presence of
Measurement of the content of SOD-like in the banana fermentation product [
Effect of banana fermentation product on increasing the number of probiotics [
Action of banana fermentation product on the number of pathogenic bacteria in the intestinal tract [
Nanoparticles are used to increase the surface-to-volume ratio of pharmaceutical agents. These particles can pass through biological barriers and are made from a wide array of biocompatible materials that can be used in food and pharmaceutical industries [50, 51]. Nanoparticles from native and acetylated banana starch were prepared and used as nanovehicles for curcumin encapsulation and release. Acetylation proved to be a powerful chemical alteration for encapsulation of hydrogen bond donor molecules like curcumin. A strong nanoparticle-curcumin interaction is formed due to increased number of hydrogen bond-accepting sites. This allows more curcumin molecules into the starch nanoparticles. Encapsulation does not affect properties such as particle size and polydispersity index, proving that it is possible to design nanoparticles from banana starch with sizes below 250 nm. This result showed that ABSNp (acetylated banana starch nanoparticle) allowed more controlled release of curcumin in gastric medium, which could be a defining factor in their potential use in drug and nutraceuticals delivery [52].
\nBanana peel is an abundant byproduct of agro waste which is under investigation as an economical and feasible alternative carbon source for the cultivation and the growth of probiotic
The shoot and callus cultures of banana (
Parts of banana, which include roots, pseudostems, stems, leaves, and flowers, have long been utilized in local and traditional medicine in America, Asia, Oceania, India, and Africa [57]. Based on the resources of Iranian traditional medicine, bananas are prescribed for depressed patients [58]. Iranian traditional medicine as a complementary and alternative medicine involves several non-pharmacological treatments, among which food therapy is the most notable. Data from an Arabic source indicate that
Banana peel contains anti-histamines, which works by subduing and blocking histamines such that the effect of the histamines is undone. Histamines are the chemical compounds released in body cells that cause allergic reactions. Hence, it is applied on bug bites, where anti-histamines in the banana peel sink into the skin and prevent further swelling and cure itching [63].
\nWorldwide distribution of some banana cultivars according to their genomic group is summarized inTable 1 below.
\nGenomic group | \nCultivar | \nFruit usage | \nGeographical distribution | \n
---|---|---|---|
AA | \nFrayssinette, Figue sucrée Ouro | \nDessert banana Dessert banana | \nAll continents Brazil | \n
AAA | \nGros Michel, Lacatan Poyo Intuntu Caipira Yangambi-5 Grand Nain, Valery Mujuba | \nDessert banana Cooking Dessert banana Dessert banana Dessert banana Cooking | \nAll continents East African highland Brazil Central and West Africa Egypt East African highland | \n
AAAA | \nChampa Nasik | \nDessert banana | \nEast African highland | \n
AAAB | \nGoldfinger | \nDessert banana | \nAmerica and Australia | \n
AB | \nSafet Velchi Sukari | \nDessert banana Dessert banana | \nIndia and East Africa India and East Africa | \n
AAB | \nMaca, Silk Prata, Branca, Pacovan French, Horn Corne Batard, Mbouroukou-1, Mbouroukou-3 Terra, Pacovan, D’Angola | \nDessert banana Dessert banana Cooking Cooking Cooking Dessert banana | \nAll continents Brazil, India and Egypt Africa Caribbean Africa Caribbean Belgium Brazil | \n
ABB | \nFigo Vermelho or Figo Cinza Bluggoe Fougamou | \nDessert banana Cooking Dessert banana | \nBrazil Philippines and America Philippines and America | \n
AABB | \nOuro da Mata | \nDessert banana | \nBrazil | \n
ABBB | \nKlue Terapod | \nCooking | \nPhilippines and America | \n
BBB | \nSaba | \nCooking | \nIndonesia and Malaysia | \n
Bananas are widely used all over the world as food staples and for medicinal purposes. This is for their interesting bioactive secondary metabolites. Phytochemical and pharmacological studies of bananas and plantain are expanding as it has been demonstrated that
The authors want to thank Associate Professor Ibrahim Khalil Adam, Dr. Aishatu Muhammad Gadanya, and Dr. Salihu Ibrahim Isma’il for their valuable suggestions and encouragement throughout the preparation of this manuscript.
\nNo conflict of interest.
\nAs the world population is projected to grow close to 10 billion by 2050, we need to produce about 50% more food compared to 2013 production to meet the global demand [1]. This goal needs to be met while facing the challenges of climate change, the limited scope of arable land expansion, and dwindling water resources. In addition, anticipated food production also needs to incorporate practices for sustainable management of croplands to preserve soil health, conserve water resources, and encompass biodiversity [2]. Considering these challenges and constraints in achieving our food production targets there is an unprecedented need for monitoring of crop growth and health and timely interventions to maintain or improve crop productivity while reducing wastage of inputs and resources. Advances in sensors, communication technologies, computational systems, and powerful data analytics are enabling us to accomplish these tasks. Technologies that can enable efficient use of agricultural inputs and reduce environmental losses while contributing to increased and sustainable production are of great value for achieving food security. Several existing and emerging tools and technologies such as geographic information system (GIS), remote sensing (RS), Global Positioning System (GPS), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Big Data Analytics, and Internet of Things (IoT) are instrumental in achieving this goal through efficient monitoring of crops and soils, and, combined with other pieces of information, are providing data-driven insights for targeted or site-specific management of crops ensuring increased productivity [3]. Geographic Information System (GIS), a key foundational technology, is defined as a powerful system comprising tools for the collection, storage, and retrieval of data at will, as well as analyzing, transforming, and displaying the spatial data for a specific purpose [4, 5, 6, 7]. It plays a critical role as it provides the spatial context and information on several features each of which is available as a data layer. In addition, it provides the tools to manipulate spatial and non-spatial data and presents them through intuitive and illustrative map formats [8]. GIS has been making an impact in diverse domains that include geography, environmental sciences, natural resources, forestry, agriculture, food, manufacturing, banking, and health services [8]. Recent decades have seen a significant increase in the application of GIS tools for diverse applications in agriculture at local, regional, national, or global scales. These applications most often involve the use of GIS along with partner technologies such as remote sensing, GPS, and data analytics towards an in-depth understanding of a given farm or a region and facilitating intervention or corrective measures for the crops and/or the soils. Since the GIS data are linked to a common referencing system, another advantage GIS offers is that the same data can be used for different applications or goals and we can also bring in other data and, combining that with existing data, we can perform a joint analysis for deriving novel insights. Many studies have reported the use of GIS for diverse applications in different crops [9, 10, 11]. To further enable the readers to develop a strong appreciation for the role of this powerful technology in agriculture, here we have reviewed the most widely used and emerging applications of GIS, either by itself or in combination with other partner technologies, and how it has been making major impacts on agricultural productivity and supply chains.
\nThe power and impactful contributions of GIS in diverse domains can be attributed to the combined use of GIS and two other key geospatial technologies: GPS and Remote Sensing. Each of these three partner technologies plays a crucial role in realizing the goals of applications (Section 3), and, therefore, are briefly described below.
\nBased on its role in supporting the collection, storage, retrieval, and analysis of data on features and location, and its utility for data-driven solutions, especially in site-specific management, GIS is considered the brain of Precision Agriculture [12]. Digital GIS maps differ from conventional maps in that they harbor several layers of information each layer providing information or a map about a given attribute such as soil survey, precipitation, nutrient status, pest infestation, yield, etc. In addition, GIS provides the analytical capability by using statistical tools and geospatial analytics enabling extraction of inter-relationships between attributes, and the insights, thus derived, are valuable for decision making with respect to management practices.
\nThis positioning/navigation system based on a satellite network enables the determination of positional information by providing the latitude, longitude, and elevation of a location. The location information collected by GPS receivers enables farmers and researchers to the reliable identification of fields, mapping of field boundaries, water bodies, infested or problematic areas in the field, and for understanding the relation to several other attributes within and outside the boundaries of a given field. Such a high-fidelity field mapping permits site-specific application of nutrients, pesticides, herbicides, and water, thereby improving productivity and reducing input costs—the essence of precision agriculture.
\nRemote sensing, with its diverse methods and applications in agriculture, has revolutionized crop monitoring and interventions for improving farm productivity [13, 14]. RS, in combination with GPS, GIS, and other tools is critical for implementing the goals of precision agriculture. This combination is crucial for enabling several applications that provide the basis for site-specific management of fields and include soil mapping, crop growth monitoring, estimation of soil moisture and fertility, detection of biotic (pests and diseases) and abiotic (drought and flood) stresses, and yield estimation.
\nThe onset of digital agriculture, considered the fourth revolution in agriculture, has totally transformed the way farming is done, thanks to advances in geospatial technologies, sensors, artificial intelligence, robotics, and other tools and technologies. The ability to precisely identify the problem areas in cropland and monitoring and management of all steps in the entire agriculture value chain requires image and non-image data along with spatial context. GIS, with its component tools and analytic modules, and the data gathered by its partner technologies like remote sensing and GPS provides intuitive and lucid visualization of information for data-driven decision making for improving crop productivity. While GIS has been used for agricultural applications for quite some time, the number of applications has been growing rapidly in recent years due to technological advances. Several most common and emerging applications are presented and discussed below.
\nWe are in an era where we are facing the challenge of feeding billions of people while the fertile land is shrinking, therefore, we need to optimize the use of natural resources to maximize the benefits. GIS provides an excellent platform for assessing the quality of land for suitable applications. Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach based on GIS is the most popular choice among researchers for land use planning. Researchers use different features offered by GIS such as soil type distribution, soil texture map, buried deep underground water level distribution, soil fertility distribution, soil pollution distribution, hydraulic conductivity of soil (Ks), slope (S), soil texture (ST), depth to water-table (DTW), and electrical conductivity of groundwater (ECw), climate conditions, topography, and satellite data, and identify the variety of interactions, dependencies, and the impact of these interacting factors on sustainable land use.
\nChen et al. [15] evaluated weight sensitivity of MCDM model for land suitability assessment for irrigated agriculture. They aimed to examine the sensitivity of changing weights of the input features on the model output. The results suggested a strong influence of sensitivity and, therefore, they have recommended giving special emphasis on this criterion. Zolekar and Bhagat [16] have used GIS-based MCDM model with IRS P6 LISS-IV images as input for the evaluation of agricultural practices in hilly regions. The rank of influential criteria was determined by correlation analysis and recommendations from scientific literature. The combined use of remote sensing and GIS turned out to be beneficial for land suitability evaluation. Pan and Pan [17] applied three scales, two-step analytic hierarchy processes (AHP) for GIS-based crop suitability assessment. They have emphasized the importance of selecting appropriate evaluation factors and suggested the consideration of features with a significant difference and controlling the land use and avoiding causality. Following this approach of feature selection, the AHP output was spatially distinct. The authors have recommended appropriate land use based on land suitability maps. In another study, [18] selected the features based on growth requirements for examining the land suitability for the wheat crop. Analytic Network Process (ANP) model was deployed for assessing the interdependence of strategic input features for site suitability evaluation of citrus crops [19]. The ANP coupled with GIS–MCDM identified critical factors for maximizing yield and minimizing production loss. AHP integrated with geo-statistics had proven its merit for maize cultivation land suitability mapping in calcareous and saline-sodic soils [20]. These powerful GIS tools enable land reclamation planning with suitable conservation practices.
\nIntegrated fuzzy membership and GIS model were used to analyze arable land suitable for farming. Topography and eight soil parameters were utilized for fuzzy membership classification and the important crop productivity-related soil features were accommodated accordingly. Fuzzy membership allowed the consideration of partial memberships which is unlikely in classical approaches for classification. This self-adaptive approach revealed that the land was better suitable for groundnut cultivation contrary to the current practice of Finger millet cultivation. Results of this experiment proved that the GIS-based decision system can surpass the traditional knowledge and, if deployed accurately, can improve the productivity of land [21]. This is the need of the hour technology as land and natural resources are declining, and the demand for food production is increasing rapidly. The fuzzy set model, AHP, and GIS were combined to generate a land suitability map for tobacco production [22]. This study has once again demonstrated the advantage of using Fuzzy membership functions for land suitability analysis. AHP has the power of accurately assigning weights to the input factors in a logical way. The maps were generated by ArcMap. The integrated application of fuzzy, AHP, and GIS helped to circumvent the problems resulting from the uncertainties, subjectivities, and hierarchy characteristics of the traditional land suitability assessment process. GIS is a powerful tool to delineate the study area, manipulate geographic data, process maps, and present results in land suitability assessment. Integration of Fuzzy set and AHP methods with GIS provides a precise and powerful combination in applying for land suitability analysis. Researchers advocate that Fuzzy logic coupled with other decision-making methods is one of the best approaches for land suitability analysis [21, 22, 23]. Scientists are also exploring artificial intelligence along with GIS for efficient land use planning [23].
\nAbundance of water supply is a primary requirement for meeting the demand for food production by the ever-increasing global population. As indicated earlier, farmers have the responsibility of feeding about 10 billion people in 2050 which demands a 50% increment in food production compared to 2013 level [24, 25]. The availability of clean water is decreasing and dependence solely on rainfall is not a viable option for the farmers [26, 27]. In this challenging scenario, water resource management is the key to success. Irrigation is the best solution for meeting the water requirement in agriculture. GIS technology backed by remote sensing has already proved its merit for the management of water resources [28, 29, 30, 31]. Researchers strongly suggested that remote sensing can supplement the traditional geophysical models for groundwater potential assessment and recharge experiments [32, 33]. Many researchers supported the potential of GIS for groundwater management [34, 35]. Tripathi et al. [36] integrated the MODFLOW groundwater model with the GIS for watershed prioritization. Singh et al. [37, 38, 39] combined GIS and remote sensing for delineating groundwater potential zones. Lineament and hydro- geomorphological maps were prepared from remote sensing images. The delineated groundwater potential zones have been found to show synergy with the well-yield data. When sub-watershed level runoff and sediment yield were assessed using the combination of GIS and remote sensing data it reduced the time of the input data process and produced good results compared to actual runoff and sediment yield [40]. Determining the suitability of irrigation for a given geography is one of the most popular applications of GIS. A study conducted in UAE accounted for non-renewable sources like desalination and treated sewage effluent (TSE) to assess irrigation suitability [41]. This type of water-scarce region needs optimization of water resources management. Land management, topography, climate conditions, soil capabilities, and water potential were used in the analytical hierarchical process (AHP) GIS model to assess crop suitability. The results showed that the land was unsuitable for cereals and vegetables but the cultivation of sorghum, jojoba, fruits, date palm, and forage was recommended. This study unleashed the power of GIS technology for using every acre of fertile land in a geography with a high level of water scarcity. Reduction in clean water resources is motivating researchers and policymakers to identify suitable alternatives for irrigation water. [42] evaluated the scope of using urban treated wastewater as an alternate source of irrigation. They have utilized the MCDM method which was executed in the GIS software environment and the Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used. This analysis revealed that the suitability of treated wastewater is subject to suitability for crop cultivation, nitrate contamination burden, and aquifer vulnerability. ISAREG irrigation scheduling model was integrated with GIS with the aim of generating efficient irrigation scheduling advice and identification of practices to account for water savings and salinity control [43]. These results advocated the successful outcome of the model for irrigation scheduling and choosing water saving measures during both wet and dry years. Though the intensification of irrigation is beneficial for food production, it was pointed out that soil salinization and waterlogging are the major drawbacks of irrigated agriculture intensification, and that strong emphasis should be put on leveraging GIS and remote sensing technology for monitoring the problem areas followed by planning conservation and preventive measures [44].
\nSoil fertility is directly proportional to productivity. It controls the availability of nutrients and water to the crop. The soil fertility has been degrading due to various factors like pollution, sealing, overgrazing, waterlogging, excessive use of agricultural chemicals, and erosion. It is crucial to determine soil health and fertility status for planning effective practices for site-specific management or precision farming [45, 46, 47]. Soil macronutrients (N, P, and K), micronutrients (Zn, Mn, and Fe), pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), water holding capacity, erosion status, and moisture content are extensively used features for soil fertility status assessment [48, 49, 50, 51]. Spatial interpolation, Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) [52, 53, 54, 55], and Ordered Weighted Averaging (OWA) [56, 57, 58, 59] are the most popular geospatial analysis techniques which provide spatiotemporal variability of soil health and fertility status to the decision-makers.
\nSoil erosion status is an essential parameter for soil quality assessment and spatial variation in erosion gives a clear picture for agricultural planning [60]. It was demonstrated that geospatial maps of soil erodibility generated by Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) method is a great tool for assisting in sub-watershed level land use planning. [61] combined the remote sensing and GIS technology to assess the soil fertility status. They have used the LISS III and IV images for land use classification and the RUSLE method for soil erosion estimation, collected the soil nutrient field data, and applied a geostatistical model to identify the spatial variation of soil erosion and nutrient availability. In another study, [62] used the IDW model for derived soil nutrient maps and applied the OWA method to make the maps homogenized and used those as the input for the fuzzy inference system for soil fertility mapping. Fuzzy mathematics developed with soil organic matter (SOC), total N, total P, total K, available N, available P, available K, pH value, and cation exchange capacity as indicators in ArcGIS showed that the soil fertility of mid- and low- yielding fields were low and are directly correlated with soil profile configuration [63]. The association of crop productivity with the soil fertility is evident and GIS-based soil maps and fertility status give prior information about the field-specific crop suitability.
\nLeena et al. [64] proposed GIS-enabled cloud technology for soil fertility management decision support system. This system has the capability to make fertilizer recommendation based on soil test and crop response. This recommendation system helps farmers optimize their fertilizer usage and maximize yield. This system generated spatial nutrient variation works as fantastic e-governance system for the government agencies. GPS- and GIS-based soil fertility maps are great tools for thorough monitoring of the soil health and, based on such maps, [65] recommended application of paper mill sludge to reduce acidity in the soil and cultivate pulses and groundnut to make the best use of the acidic soil. These geospatial soil maps have proven to be an effective decision support system in the context of food production challenges due to soil degradation. [66] applied soil fertility index (SFI) based on the variables of sand, silt, clay, pH, EC, OM, CaCO3, Ntotal, Pavb, Kexc, Caexc, Naexc, Mgexc, and available micronutrients (Feavb, Cuavb, Znavb, Mnavb) and proved the strength of SFI. This study demonstrated the potential of combining Sentinel 2 image-derived crop yield for validation of soil fertility model. Advances in the observatory systems such as remotely sensed data of fine-to-coarse spatiotemporal resolutions, and in the process-based and data-driven modeling techniques have facilitated the collection, storage, analysis, visualization, and interpretation of non-spatial data for soil fertility index (SFI) [67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72].
\nLi et al. [72] applied weighted space fuzzy clustering coupled with the soil nutrient space mutation distribution for soil fertility characterization. This information aids in optimizing the fertilizer recommendation system. Agricultural practices such as crop residue management, nutrient management, soil tillage, and pest management affect ecosystem goods and services and soil quality and fertility [73, 74, 75]. The best management practices, compatible land use/cover changes, and land suitability analysis are required to prevent the degradation and loss of prime farmlands [73, 76, 77]. Soil erosion management, soil biodiversity improvement, and rehabilitative farming systems are some of the best management practices used to improve soil quality and crop yields [78, 79, 80].
\nA study that leveraged GIS and fuzzy evaluation method to evaluate the soil fertility status used total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, soil organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and pH as indicators for the generation of fertility indices [63]. This fertility index revealed that total nitrogen and soil organic matter are higher for paddy fields. These fertility maps also give an insight into the suitable soil qualities under different types of land use and climatic conditions. Sub-watershed level nutrient mapping revealed that available N, P, S, Zn, and Fe are controlling agents of soil fertility [81]. Thus, fertility maps and their relationship with soil properties and crop yields serve as an information system for precision agriculture.
\nStudies have reported that biotic crop damage, caused by insects, fungi, and other pests, can cause 15–70% yield loss [82, 83, 84]. This scenario impacts the demand and supply chain and also affects the economy of farmers. The changing pattern of weather makes the crops susceptible to pests and diseases. The availability of crop protection methods is quite beneficial for tackling crop health, but the lack of timely information about the pests and diseases makes the damage irrepressible. GIS technology holds immense potential for site-specific pest and disease management. Remote sensing and GIS-based forewarning systems are boon to farmers to arrest the yield and economic loss. Ranjan and Vinayak [85] advocated that pest and disease forecasting systems allow farmers to apply the control measures in time to reduce the cost of production. Apart from the forewarning system, the pest population density map also plays a crucial role in identifying the hotspots and extending advisory to farmers. According to [86], information about the geospatial density of oriental fruit moth,
Natural calamities cause irreversible damage to agriculture. Rapid mapping and quantification of damage aid in economic loss recovery and act as a decision support system. A geo-spatial model is used in a case study to assess the impacts of extreme flood events on agricultural production in the Quang Nam province of Vietnam. [97] generated the water surface by interpolating flood depth marks by the inverse distance weighting (IDW) and employed a digital elevation model (DEM) to generate the flood inundation map. This map overlaid with the land use map gave an effective estimate of the damaged agricultural area [98, 99, 100]. Drought is another constraint to agricultural productivity and understanding the hotspot and climatology is crucial to strategically minimize the impact. MODIS satellite Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) derived drought risk classes were prepared to access the spatial pattern [101]. GIS-based characterization of climate variability and drought zones provides scope for strategic measures adoption to maximize productivity [102, 103].
\nMonitoring of crop growth, health, and accurate or near accurate prediction of yield is crucial not only for estimating economic return but also for assessing the food production thereby helping in the management of food security. Many studies showed that traditional methods of crop yield estimation could lead to poor assessment and inaccurate crop area appraisal [104, 105]. Moreover, these methods require time-consuming, labor-intensive, and expensive crop and yield data collection. This is where technologies like remote sensing (RS), GPS, and GIS provide a huge advantage as they can be used to assess temporal and spatial variability of crop dynamics and yield output [106]. The use of two key partner technologies, RS and GIS, with required input from others can provide an efficient solution for monitoring crop health and developing models for predicting crop yields across diverse spatial scales. While remotely sensed images and associated analytics permit the tracking of crop health and predicting the yield, GIS technology enables the collection, storage, retrieval, and visualization of data that were linked geographically. Remotely sensed geospatial data acquired by satellites, aircrafts, or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can be used to gather information on several features of the crops and the characteristics of the soils supporting their growth thereby enabling the assessment of crop health. The images gathered can be used for assessing general vigor, disease or pest infestations, or deviations from expected growth due to drought or other abiotic stresses. Geospatial data collected in a spatiotemporal manner and the associated analysis techniques help in assessing the changes in the health of crops thereby permitting management interventions while providing predictions on anticipated yields based on the growth and health of the crops. A commonly used method for assessing crop health is based on the determination of vegetation indices that are calculated based on surface reflectance from crop canopies at two or more wavelengths. Many vegetation indices are available for evaluating the extent and vigor of vegetation, crop growth dynamics, stress due to biotic or abiotic factors, and other useful assessments [107]. Adhav et al. [108] used multiple vegetation indices that included Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (GNDVI), Chlorophyll Vegetation Index (CVI), and Difference Vegetation Index (DVI) to determine crop health as well as variations in health conditions. To further improve the efficiency of health assessment, they have combined all vegetation indices using ArcMap 10.5 software and reclassified the merged indices which were then used for categorical representation of health scenarios. Such a representation helps farmers to identify areas that need immediate management intervention [108]. Determination of crop health is particularly critical in smallholder farms as the subsistence and livelihood of these farmers depend on the productivity of their crops. As per a recent study, small farms were found to account for 84% of all farms worldwide but they operate only on around 12% of all agricultural land and produce about 35% of world’s food [109]. Use of UAVs for gathering and leveraging data for assessing crop growth and dynamics has proven to be crucial for farmers to take timely and appropriate corrective measures to maintain or increase productivity. A recent study in South Africa [110] evaluated the utility of multispectral UAV imagery and random forest machine learning (ML) algorithm to estimate maize chlorophyll content at various growth stages and created a chlorophyll variation map capturing the spatial heterogeneity of chlorophyll in the field thereby helping the farmers to take management actions. Considering the strategic role of sustainable intensification towards the food production goals of Sub-Saharan Africa [111], such RS- and GIS-based diagnostics and interventions are critical for smallholder farmers. Another study assessed crop health using different chlorophyll indices in addition to modified vegetation index by leveraging data from two different satellites and ArcMap (of ArcGIS) for geospatial analytics [112] resulting in insights that could be used for managing nutrient applications towards improving crop productivity. Two essential prerequisites to implement location-specific management practices and interventions are the availability of an accurate acreage map of crop of interest and the cropping systems of a given area and technologies for predicting yield before the reproductive phase or harvesting of the crop. The use of RS and GIS technologies can help achieve both goals. NDVI, a commonly used vegetation index, serves the dual purpose of assessing crop health and predicting crop yield while GIS tools can provide the spatial context. Several studies abound that leveraged NDVI and GIS for yield predictions and a few examples are discussed here. In a study that measured NDVI values at different growth stages of rice, several linear regression-based yield prediction models were developed using NDVI values and narrowed down to a model that had the highest prediction potential and was also able to predict yield well ahead of harvesting time [113]. Such a model can help the farmers to implement changes to the fertilization, water, pest, and disease management practices towards realizing improved productivity. Using time-series data of SPOT vegetation and two key spectro-agrometeorological variables, rainfall estimate (RFE) and NDVIactual (NDVIa), that are highly correlated to maize yield, [114] have developed an operational model with high predictive ability for yield forecasting in Ethiopia. By leveraging both RS and GIS, this model enabled yield forecast at flowering season which is more than two months earlier than the forecast by conventional method thus providing an advantage of early intervention towards crop productivity and crucial data for the authorities for crop production estimates [113]. In a field study aimed at developing an efficient model for predicting potato tuber yield using RS and GIS techniques two vegetation indices, NDVI and soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), generated from images acquired by Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 satellites were found to be highly effective in yield prediction [115]. In addition, the indices enabled them to create maps of the study area that has clearly shown zones differing in productivity. This is very useful information for both farmers for implementing necessary management practices and for authorities in arriving at accurate production estimates. While manly researchers have used RS-based vegetation indices and GIS for predicting crop yields, several researchers have combined GIS with crop simulation or physiological models and demonstrated their strong performance in yield prediction [116, 117, 118, 119]. Crop simulation models came into prominence due to their utility in designing management practices, assessing the role of climate variations on crop performance, and predicting yields [120, 121]. Similarly, physiological crop models have evolved from their original applications in farm management to measuring the impact of climatic changes on crop productivity. The ability to incorporate spatial variability of the inputs that go into physiological or simulation models makes them even more powerful for determining the interactions between climatic variation and crop productivity while highlighting the spatial heterogeneity. In a study that integrated RS data, crop growth model, and GIS, it was found that yield estimates from RS images were more precise compared to another approach where GIS climate layers and soil attributes were integrated into Oryza 2000 rice crop model highlighting the superiority of combining RS, GIS, and crop model for estimating crop yields [118]. To capture the spatial variability of input variables and their influence on yield estimates, [116] have linked RS and GIS with a growth model of soybean. The results demonstrated spatial variability in simulated yield estimates and the variability was primarily attributed to soil characteristics and rainfall. The availability of such spatial patterns from the simulated yield estimates is very helpful in productivity estimates in areas prone to abiotic stresses, for example, droughts, as well as providing insights into factors contributing to yield. Efforts also exist that have created web-based decision support systems based on a combination of simulation model and GIS towards making agronomic decisions [119]. In yet another approach, the Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator (EPIC), a model for the analysis of the relationship between soil erosion and crop yield at field level, was integrated with GIS and an Inference Engine (IE) towards global estimation of crop productivity [122]. While the integration of GIS expands the application of EPIC to regional or global level, the availability of IE helps in determining potential crop combinations for given growing conditions. This study not only demonstrated the ability of GIS-based EPIC for crop productivity simulations at global level but also delivered predictions for future yields and how they are adversely affected by global climate change underscoring the importance of the development of climate-resilient varieties of crops. Since traditional crop productivity simulations are based on site-specific crop models, [123] developed an operational crop model that can be utilized at the regional level, North China, by integrating USDA EPIC model with NASA MODIS LAI product from Earth Resources Observation System (EROS), ancillary ground data, and GIS [123]. Applications also exist where a combination of GIS and RS was used for assessing damage in some high-value crops. Cranberry is one such crop that exhibits extreme crop yield variations due to soil characteristics which in turn influence water and nutrient availability. Using GIS, GPS, and RS, [124] have created a spatial variation map for the crop enabling the analysis of crop losses within zones in a field or at the whole field level.
\nPrecision Farming, also called Precision Agriculture (PA) or site-specific crop management (SSCM), is the application of technologies and principles to manage spatial and temporal variability associated with all aspects of agricultural production [125]. Earl et al. [126] defined it as a system that integrates information with crop production that is designed to increase long-term, site-specific as well as whole farm production efficiency, productivity, and profitability while minimizing unintended impacts on wildlife and the environment [126]. The operational goals of precision farming include better management of inputs such as seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, and water using right amounts of inputs at the right place, and at the right time. Several crucial tools and systems such as GPS, GIS, and RS are required for the collection of timely geospatial information on soil-plant-animal requirements towards mining insights followed by leveraging those insights for prescribing and applying site-specific treatments towards improving agricultural productivity while contributing to sustainability and protecting the environment [127, 128, 129]. The role of different tools and technologies as well as the applications of precision farming are described in several review articles and references therein [9, 128, 130]. While GPS, GIS, and RS are vital for obtaining and analyzing the data for deriving insights, a key technology that implements the precision applications by leveraging the input of these three tools is variable rate technology (VRT). VRT systems take all the required information about a field such as soil maps, yield, infestation of pests, diseases, and weeds, and they determine the quantities of fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, and other inputs and ensure their application at the right place and at the right time saving the input costs. The integration of GIS, GPS, and VRT technologies thus provides farmers an unprecedented ability to view field maps and apply input where and when needed towards ensuring crop productivity. Precision farming can be broadly divided into three steps or stages depending on data collection or site-directed or specific activities happening during, before, and after the crop growth period [131]. These are Preparatory or Pre-planting stage, Crop growth stage, and Harvesting stage. Role of GIS in each of these stages is discussed below.
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Renewable sources of energy are crucial to achieving climate change and sustainability goals. Agricultural residues are a promising source of biomass-based energy the demand for which is rapidly increasing around the globe. One challenge with agricultural residues for efficiently channeling them for energy production is the fact that their availability is seasonal and is geographically widely distributed. A solution that can address this spatio-temporal variability, seasonal fluctuations in biomass supply levels, and identification and transport of residues to power plants is a critical prerequisite for biomass-based energy generation. GIS, in combination with remote sensing, can be a great tool for precise identification and assessment of the crop residues and for planning a given region’s feedstock material for renewable energy and its economical transportation to power plants. GIS-based estimation of bioenergy potential enables a technologically advanced solution for leveraging the residues from existing cropping practices that promise even more benefits as the farmers shift from conventional to smart farming [139]. Some of the efforts in leveraging GIS and its partner technologies to this end are discussed below. Methods that can predict biomass potentials of a given region containing weather and crop production variations are of high value for enabling an efficient supply chain from biomass to power plants. By using BioSTAR, a carbon-based crop model, [140] have calculated biomass potentials for maize, triticale, and cup plant, and linked them with a GIS map of the soil dataset of Hannover region in Germany and demonstrated the utility of this method for predicting agricultural potentials under diverse environmental and crop management practices and conditions [140]. In a study that mapped rice cropland in a rural area in India, images from WorldView-2 satellite were used and the resulting map along with agricultural production statistics was analyzed in GIS for assessing the availability of rice straw as a feedstock for generating bioenergy [141]. In addition, the study also estimated the annual rice straw availability and the electrical power it could generate, thus providing valuable information for energy developers and policymakers for planning. Since the success and sustainability of a biomass-based energy generation project depend on several factors that include the feedstock resource, logistics, and environmental considerations, the role and value of GIS and key associated tools and technologies need to be understood prior to establishing the supply chain and the power plants. Two tools can help to address this task: GIS and life cycle assessment (LCA). While GIS is critical for assessing the resources dispersed in small or large areas, LCA is useful in evaluating the environmental impacts of bioenergy production projects. A comprehensive review on the application of LCA, especially spatial LCA, in understanding the impact of biomass-based energy generation on different ecosystem services and the value of integrating LCA and GIS to conduct a holistic assessment of environmental benefits in connection with bioenergy production recommended the inclusion of LCA as an essential component in planning bioenergy projects [142]. To assess the spatial and temporal availability of crop residues and to pinpoint locations for ideal power plants along with cost considerations, an integrated GIS-based biomass, site optimization, and logistics cost model was developed by using soil erosion, soil conditioning index (SCI), and crop residue yield indicators [143]. To estimate crop residues, prediction models based on artificial neural networks (ANNs) were developed for each of these indicators and were implemented on a GIS platform. The utility of this model was also demonstrated using a sustainable assessment of cotton stalks (CS) that are used to produce fuel pellets. An advantage of this model is that its use can be extended to assessment of multiple types of crop residues [143]. Models based on GIS and multi-criteria inclusion-exclusion analysis and facility location-allocation were also developed for the identification of sustainable crop biomass at larger spatial and longer temporal scales and to suggest ideal biogas plants along with cost considerations for biomass delivery [144].
\nGIS technology has proved to be of great value in understanding and optimizing agricultural supply chains and its use is being extended to diverse crops and locations. For ease of understanding its impact on supply chains can be discussed using the following three categories.
\nGIS technology has the potential to assist the successful transition of traditional agriculture systems to smart systems. While there are many studies that have thoroughly investigated the role of big data analytics in supply chains of diverse industries, such studies are lacking in the application of big GIS analytics (BGA) in agriculture. To this end, a systematic review of recent literature examined the role of BGA in agricultural applications and has proposed a framework for supply chains where BGA can play even a bigger role in improving the quality of GIS applications in agriculture [145]. The proposed framework serves as a useful reference for scientists and authorities for the successful management of big GIS data and leveraging it for improving productivity. The utility of Geographical Information Technologies (GITs) for improving the complex supply chain management process in the cotton crop was explored and was found to be of great value since the GITs framework enables visualization of current states as well as alternative options and what-if analyses for all steps that require decision making [146]. Another important application for which GIS was used is the analysis of supply chain patterns and description of spatial components of safe crop product (SCP) in China [147]. By using the spatial functions provided by GIS such as representation, location, analysis, traceability coding, and other techniques, tracing and retracing of the quality of safe crop product (SCP) was achieved. This system was also successfully demonstrated in a real supply chain for (re)tracing of SCP. By developing a GIS-based constrained linear programming model for minimizing transportation and storage costs for soybean and its byproducts, and further optimizing this model using General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS), [148] have identified the lowest cost supply chains. The origin to destination cost matrices and geographic data maps required for the model development and optimization was developed by ArcGIS Network Analyst and ArcMap, respectively. This study demonstrated the combinatorial utility of ArcGIS, ArcMap, and GAMS for developing optimal supply chains that are of value to the players in the process [148].
\nProduction of biofuels from renewable sources such as agricultural residues can reduce the usage of fossil fuels thereby helping in the reduction of greenhouse gases. Identification of ideal locations for establishing biofuel facilities and designing a cost-effective supply chain for transferring biomass to the facility is highly desirable. To this end, in one approach a decision support system (DSS) has been developed by integrating a GIS-based method and two modeling methods, simulation, and optimization [149]. While GIS-based method was used for selecting facility sites, the selected sites were run through simulation and optimization modeling, and together these three methods provided an integrated DSS for assessing the cost, energy use, and emissions for the facility candidates as well as minimizing supply chain costs. In another approach, an intelligent spatial decision support system (ISDSS) was proposed to overcome the drawbacks of GIS in enabling creation of a knowledge base that supports decision making. The ISDSS combines GIS and intelligent systems and has spatial data mining capability through IoT devices [150].
\nThe sustainability of a biomass-based power plant depends on, among other things, a consistent supply of the feedstock, an economical supply chain, and an optimal location of the facility. The GIS-based analysis enables the identification of an ideal location for the plant and in making valid decisions related to the supply chain development. Using open-source GIS software, Latterini et al. [151], have simulated the identification of suitable locations for a small size power plant in Lazio region of Italy that can use olive prunings as the feedstock. This user-friendly and low-cost procedure, which can also be extended to other feedstocks, also provided supply chain costs for the evaluation of different sites and can serve as a useful tool for stakeholders in the development of economical biomass-based end-to-end supply chains [151]. In another study, an integrated approach combining GIS-based analysis with optimization modeling was developed resulting in a support system for decision-makers in comparing facility candidates and in minimizing supply chain costs [152]. The system developed could also be used for similar supply chains such as low capital biodiesel plants.
\nThe use of GIS in agriculture has increased at a rapid pace during the recent decades and the number of applications and the prominence of GIS has further amplified in the recent years due to advances in digital technologies that have been leveraging GIS as an essential partner technology for assessing crops, soils, and their environments. As discussed in this chapter, GIS is being used at all stages of agricultural value chain. In addition to the historical, current, and popular uses of GIS in land suitability/use planning and management of water, soil, and biotic and abiotic stresses, the advent of digital agricultural tools and technologies has increasingly leveraged the capabilities of GIS in new and emerging applications in high fidelity crop monitoring, yield prediction, precision farming, and supply chain management for both primary produce and biomass utilization towards energy production. The multitude of capabilities and insights provided by GIS, including the recent enhancements to collect and analyze data in real time, has further elevated its importance in providing location/spatial intelligence needed for improving the productivity and profitability of farms through precision practices. With the current and emerging applications, in combination with existing and newer partner technologies, GIS has a pivotal role in achieving sustainable agricultural productivity.
\nWe would like to thank Anu Swatantran for the support and helpful discussions, Chris Seifert, Andrea Arias, and Brian Lutz for support and funding, and Jochen Scheel, Steve Callistein, Janae Lehman Bell, and Nicole Janovick for rapid review and approval of the manuscript.
\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.
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\\n\\nAuthor - in order to be identified as an Author, three criteria must be met: (i) Substantial contribution to the conception or design of the Work, or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the Work; (ii) Participation in drafting or revising the Work; (iii) Approval of the final version of the Work to be published.
\\n\\nWork - a Chapter, including Conference Papers, a Scientific Article and any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials forming part of or accompanying the Chapter/Conference Paper.
\\n\\nMonograph/Compacts - a full manuscript usually written by a single Author, including any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials.
\\n\\nCompilation - a collection of Works distributed in a Book that IntechOpen has selected, and for which the coordination of the preparation, arrangement and publication has been the responsibility of IntechOpen. Any Work included is accepted in its entirety in unmodified form and is published with one or more other contributions, each constituting a separate and independent Work, but which together are assembled into a collective whole.
\\n\\nScientific Journal – Periodical publication intended to further the progress of science.
\\n\\nJournal Article/Scientific Article – Publication based on empirical evidence. It can support a hypothesis with original research, describe existing research or comment on current trends in a specific field.
\\n\\nIntechOpen - Registered publisher with office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ - UNITED KINGDOM
\\n\\nIntechOpen platform - IntechOpen website www.intechopen.com whose main purpose is to host Monographs in the format of Book Chapters, Long Form Monographs, Compacts, Conference Proceedings, Scientific Journals and Videos.
\\n\\nVideo Lecture – an audiovisual recording of a lecture or a speech given by a Lecturer, recorded, edited, owned and published by IntechOpen.
\\n\\nTERMS
\\n\\nAll Works published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported and Creative Commons 4.0 International License, a license which allows for the broadest possible reuse of published material.
\\n\\nCopyright on the individual Works belongs to the specific Author, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen. The Creative Common license is granted to all others to:
\\n\\nAnd for any purpose, provided the following conditions are met:
\\n\\nAll Works are published under the CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license. However, please note that book Chapters may fall under a different CC license, depending on their publication date as indicated in the table below:
\\n\\n\\n\\n
LICENSE | \\n\\t\\t\\tUSED FROM - | \\n\\t\\t\\tUP TO - | \\n\\t\\t
\\n\\t\\t\\t Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0) \\n\\t\\t\\t | \\n\\t\\t\\t1 July 2005 (2005-07-01) | \\n\\t\\t\\t3 October 2011 (2011-10-03) | \\n\\t\\t
\\n\\t\\t\\t Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) \\n\\t\\t\\t | \\n\\t\\t\\t5 October 2011 (2011-10-05) | \\n\\t\\t\\tCurrently | \\n\\t\\t
\\n\\t\\t\\t Creative Commons 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) – for Journal Articles \\n\\t\\t\\t | \\n\\t\\t\\t15 March 2022 | \\n\\t\\t\\tCurrently | \\n\\t\\t
The CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as the reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as the source Work is cited and its Authors are acknowledged in the following manner:
\\n\\nContent reuse:
\\n\\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Originally published in {short citation} under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nContent adaptation & reuse:
\\n\\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Adapted from {short citation}; originally published under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nReposting & sharing:
\\n\\nOriginally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nRepublishing – More about Attribution Policy can be found here.
\\n\\nThe same principles apply to Works published under the CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license, with the caveats that (1) the content may not be used for commercial purposes, and (2) derivative works building on this content must be distributed under the same license. The restrictions contained in these license terms may, however, be waived by the copyright holder(s). Users wishing to circumvent any of the license terms are required to obtain explicit permission to do so from the copyright holder(s).
\\n\\nDISCLAIMER: Neither the CC BY 3.0 license, CC BY 4.0, nor any other license IntechOpen currently uses or has used before, applies to figures and tables reproduced from other works, as they may be subject to different terms of reuse. In such cases, if the copyright holder is not noted in the source of a figure or table, it is the responsibility of the User to investigate and determine the exact copyright status of any information utilised. Users requiring assistance in that regard are welcome to send an inquiry to permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nAll rights to Books and Journals and all other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen.
\\n\\nThe copyright to Books, Journals and other compilations is subject to separate copyright from those that exist in the included Works.
\\n\\nAll Long Form Monographs/Compacts are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others.
\\n\\nCopyright to the individual Works (Chapters) belongs to their specific Authors, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen and the Creative Common license granted to all others to:
\\n\\nUnder the following terms:
\\n\\nThere must be an Attribution, giving appropriate credit, provision of a link to the license, and indication if any changes were made.
\\n\\nNonCommercial - The use of the material for commercial purposes is prohibited. Commercial rights are reserved to IntechOpen or its licensees.
\\n\\nNo additional restrictions that apply legal terms or technological measures that restrict others from doing anything the license permits are allowed.
\\n\\nThe CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as it is not used for commercial purposes. The source Work must be cited and its Authors acknowledged in the following manner:
\\n\\nContent reuse:
\\n\\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Originally published in {short citation} under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nContent adaptation & reuse:
\\n\\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Adapted from {short citation}; originally published under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nReposting & sharing:
\\n\\nOriginally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nAll Book cover design elements, as well as Video image graphics are subject to copyright by IntechOpen.
\\n\\nEvery reproduction of a front cover image must be accompanied by an appropriate Copyright Notice displayed adjacent to the image. The exact Copyright Notice depends on who the Author of a particular cover image is. Users wishing to reproduce cover images should contact permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nAll Video Lectures under IntechOpen's production are subject to copyright and are property of IntechOpen, unless defined otherwise, and are licensed under the Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. This grants all others the right to:
\\n\\nShare — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
\\n\\nUnder the following terms:
\\n\\nUsers wishing to repost and share the Video Lectures are welcome to do so as long as they acknowledge the source in the following manner:
\\n\\n© {year} IntechOpen. Published under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nUsers wishing to reuse, modify, or adapt the Video Lectures in a way not permitted by the license are welcome to contact us at permissions@intechopen.com to discuss waiving particular license terms.
\\n\\nAll software used on the IntechOpen platform, any used during the publishing process, and the copyright in the code constituting such software, is the property of IntechOpen or its software suppliers. As such, it may not be downloaded or copied without permission.
\\n\\nUnless otherwise indicated, all IntechOpen websites are the property of IntechOpen.
\\n\\nAll content included on IntechOpen Websites not forming part of contributed materials (such as text, images, logos, graphics, design elements, videos, sounds, pictures, trademarks, etc.), are subject to copyright and are property of, or licensed to, IntechOpen. Any other use, including the reproduction, modification, distribution, transmission, republication, display, or performance of the content on this site is strictly prohibited.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-08
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Copyright is the term used to describe the rights related to the publication and distribution of original Works. Most importantly from a publisher's perspective, copyright governs how Authors, publishers and the general public can use, publish, and distribute publications.
\n\nIntechOpen only publishes manuscripts for which it has publishing rights. This is governed by a publication agreement between the Author and IntechOpen. This agreement is accepted by the Author when the manuscript is submitted and deals with both the rights of the publisher and Author, as well as any obligations concerning a particular manuscript. However, in accepting this agreement, Authors continue to retain significant rights to use and share their publications.
\n\nHOW COPYRIGHT WORKS WITH OPEN ACCESS LICENSES?
\n\nAgreement samples are listed here for the convenience of prospective Authors:
\n\nDEFINITIONS
\n\nThe following definitions apply in this Copyright Policy:
\n\nAuthor - in order to be identified as an Author, three criteria must be met: (i) Substantial contribution to the conception or design of the Work, or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the Work; (ii) Participation in drafting or revising the Work; (iii) Approval of the final version of the Work to be published.
\n\nWork - a Chapter, including Conference Papers, a Scientific Article and any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials forming part of or accompanying the Chapter/Conference Paper.
\n\nMonograph/Compacts - a full manuscript usually written by a single Author, including any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials.
\n\nCompilation - a collection of Works distributed in a Book that IntechOpen has selected, and for which the coordination of the preparation, arrangement and publication has been the responsibility of IntechOpen. Any Work included is accepted in its entirety in unmodified form and is published with one or more other contributions, each constituting a separate and independent Work, but which together are assembled into a collective whole.
\n\nScientific Journal – Periodical publication intended to further the progress of science.
\n\nJournal Article/Scientific Article – Publication based on empirical evidence. It can support a hypothesis with original research, describe existing research or comment on current trends in a specific field.
\n\nIntechOpen - Registered publisher with office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ - UNITED KINGDOM
\n\nIntechOpen platform - IntechOpen website www.intechopen.com whose main purpose is to host Monographs in the format of Book Chapters, Long Form Monographs, Compacts, Conference Proceedings, Scientific Journals and Videos.
\n\nVideo Lecture – an audiovisual recording of a lecture or a speech given by a Lecturer, recorded, edited, owned and published by IntechOpen.
\n\nTERMS
\n\nAll Works published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported and Creative Commons 4.0 International License, a license which allows for the broadest possible reuse of published material.
\n\nCopyright on the individual Works belongs to the specific Author, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen. The Creative Common license is granted to all others to:
\n\nAnd for any purpose, provided the following conditions are met:
\n\nAll Works are published under the CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license. However, please note that book Chapters may fall under a different CC license, depending on their publication date as indicated in the table below:
\n\n\n\n
LICENSE | \n\t\t\tUSED FROM - | \n\t\t\tUP TO - | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0) \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t1 July 2005 (2005-07-01) | \n\t\t\t3 October 2011 (2011-10-03) | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t5 October 2011 (2011-10-05) | \n\t\t\tCurrently | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t Creative Commons 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) – for Journal Articles \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t15 March 2022 | \n\t\t\tCurrently | \n\t\t
The CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as the reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as the source Work is cited and its Authors are acknowledged in the following manner:
\n\nContent reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Originally published in {short citation} under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nContent adaptation & reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Adapted from {short citation}; originally published under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nReposting & sharing:
\n\nOriginally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nRepublishing – More about Attribution Policy can be found here.
\n\nThe same principles apply to Works published under the CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license, with the caveats that (1) the content may not be used for commercial purposes, and (2) derivative works building on this content must be distributed under the same license. The restrictions contained in these license terms may, however, be waived by the copyright holder(s). Users wishing to circumvent any of the license terms are required to obtain explicit permission to do so from the copyright holder(s).
\n\nDISCLAIMER: Neither the CC BY 3.0 license, CC BY 4.0, nor any other license IntechOpen currently uses or has used before, applies to figures and tables reproduced from other works, as they may be subject to different terms of reuse. In such cases, if the copyright holder is not noted in the source of a figure or table, it is the responsibility of the User to investigate and determine the exact copyright status of any information utilised. Users requiring assistance in that regard are welcome to send an inquiry to permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nAll rights to Books and Journals and all other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen.
\n\nThe copyright to Books, Journals and other compilations is subject to separate copyright from those that exist in the included Works.
\n\nAll Long Form Monographs/Compacts are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others.
\n\nCopyright to the individual Works (Chapters) belongs to their specific Authors, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen and the Creative Common license granted to all others to:
\n\nUnder the following terms:
\n\nThere must be an Attribution, giving appropriate credit, provision of a link to the license, and indication if any changes were made.
\n\nNonCommercial - The use of the material for commercial purposes is prohibited. Commercial rights are reserved to IntechOpen or its licensees.
\n\nNo additional restrictions that apply legal terms or technological measures that restrict others from doing anything the license permits are allowed.
\n\nThe CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as it is not used for commercial purposes. The source Work must be cited and its Authors acknowledged in the following manner:
\n\nContent reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Originally published in {short citation} under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nContent adaptation & reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Adapted from {short citation}; originally published under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nReposting & sharing:
\n\nOriginally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nAll Book cover design elements, as well as Video image graphics are subject to copyright by IntechOpen.
\n\nEvery reproduction of a front cover image must be accompanied by an appropriate Copyright Notice displayed adjacent to the image. The exact Copyright Notice depends on who the Author of a particular cover image is. Users wishing to reproduce cover images should contact permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nAll Video Lectures under IntechOpen's production are subject to copyright and are property of IntechOpen, unless defined otherwise, and are licensed under the Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. This grants all others the right to:
\n\nShare — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
\n\nUnder the following terms:
\n\nUsers wishing to repost and share the Video Lectures are welcome to do so as long as they acknowledge the source in the following manner:
\n\n© {year} IntechOpen. Published under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nUsers wishing to reuse, modify, or adapt the Video Lectures in a way not permitted by the license are welcome to contact us at permissions@intechopen.com to discuss waiving particular license terms.
\n\nAll software used on the IntechOpen platform, any used during the publishing process, and the copyright in the code constituting such software, is the property of IntechOpen or its software suppliers. As such, it may not be downloaded or copied without permission.
\n\nUnless otherwise indicated, all IntechOpen websites are the property of IntechOpen.
\n\nAll content included on IntechOpen Websites not forming part of contributed materials (such as text, images, logos, graphics, design elements, videos, sounds, pictures, trademarks, etc.), are subject to copyright and are property of, or licensed to, IntechOpen. Any other use, including the reproduction, modification, distribution, transmission, republication, display, or performance of the content on this site is strictly prohibited.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-08
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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Community- and research-based conservation mechanisms could be an appropriate approach for mitigating the problems pertinent to the loss of medicinal plants and their habitats and for documenting medicinal plants. Chromatography; electrophoretic, macroscopic, and microscopic techniques; and pharmaceutical practice are mainly used for quality control of herbal medicines.",book:{id:"8502",slug:"plant-science-structure-anatomy-and-physiology-in-plants-cultured-in-vivo-and-in-vitro",title:"Plant Science",fullTitle:"Plant Science - Structure, Anatomy and Physiology in Plants Cultured in Vivo and in Vitro"},signatures:"Admasu Moges and Yohannes Moges",authors:[{id:"249746",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Admasu",middleName:null,surname:"Moges",slug:"admasu-moges",fullName:"Admasu Moges"},{id:"297761",title:"MSc.",name:"Yohannes",middleName:null,surname:"Moges",slug:"yohannes-moges",fullName:"Yohannes Moges"}]},{id:"29764",title:"Underlying Causes of Paresthesia",slug:"underlying-causes-of-paresthesia",totalDownloads:193348,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"1069",slug:"paresthesia",title:"Paresthesia",fullTitle:"Paresthesia"},signatures:"Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar and Alexander R. 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Transcriptome sequencing or RNA-seq using next-generation sequencing (short and long reads) is the most widely deployed technology for accurate quantification of gene expression. According to the biological aim of the experiment, replications, platform, and chemistries, propelling improvement has been demonstrated and documented using RNA-seq in plants, humans, animals, and clinical sciences with respect to gene expression of mRNA, small non-coding, long non-coding RNAs, alternative splice variations, isoform variations, gene fusions, single-nucleotide variants. Integrating transcriptome sequencing with other techniques such as chromatin immunoprecipitation, methylation, genome-wide association studies, manifests insights into genetic and epigenetic regulation. Epi-transcriptome including RNA methylation, modification, and alternative polyadenylation events can also be explored through long-read sequencing. In this chapter, we have presented an account of the basics of gene expression methods, transcriptome sequencing, and the various methodologies involved in the downstream analysis.",book:{id:"11349",title:"Gene Expression",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11349.jpg"},signatures:"Yogesh Shukla, Amol Phule, Harshvardhan Zala, Nakul D. Magar, Priya Shah, K. Harish, Tejas C. Bosamia, Kalyani M. Barbadikar, Maganti Sheshu Madhav, Satendra Kumar Mangrauthia, Chirravuri Naga Neeraja and Raman Meenakshi Sundaram"},{id:"83067",title:"Multiplicity in the Genes of Carbon Metabolism in Antibiotic-Producing Streptomycetes",slug:"multiplicity-in-the-genes-of-carbon-metabolism-in-antibiotic-producing-streptomycetes",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106525",abstract:"Streptomycetes exhibit genetic multiplicity, like many other microorganisms, and redundancy occurs in many of the genes involved in carbon metabolism. The enzymes of the glycolytic pathway presenting the greatest multiplicity were phosphofructokinase, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and pyruvate kinase. The genes that encode citrate synthase and subunits of the succinate dehydrogenase complex are the ones that show the greatest multiplicity, while in the phosphoenolpyruvate-pyruvate-oxaloacetate node, only malic enzymes and pyruvate phosphate dikinase present two copies in some Streptomyces. The extra DNA from these multiple gene copies can be more than 50 kb, and the question arises whether all of these genes are transcribed and translated. As far as we know, there is few information about the transcription of these genes in any of this Streptomyces, nor if any of the activities that are encoded by a single gene could be limiting both for growth and for the formation of precursors of the antibiotics produced by these microorganisms. Therefore, it is important to study the transcription and translation of genes involved in carbon metabolism in antibiotic-producing Streptomyces growing on various sugars.",book:{id:"10893",title:"Actinobacteria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10893.jpg"},signatures:"Toshiko Takahashi, Jonathan Alanís, Polonia Hernández and María Elena Flores"},{id:"82757",title:"Seed Dormancy: Induction, Maintenance and Seed Technology Approaches to Break Dormancy",slug:"seed-dormancy-induction-maintenance-and-seed-technology-approaches-to-break-dormancy",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106153",abstract:"Dormancy is the major cause of erratic germination, patchy emergence and uneven seedling establishment in the field. These traits are exceedingly undesirable in crop production as future phases of growth and development are strongly linked to uniform seedling development at early growth phases. Variations in maturation time, and difficulty in managing abiotic and biotic stresses during pre- and postharvest are common consequences of uneven germination and seedling emergence. Minimizing this negative impact of dormancy in a seed lot is the major concern of all seed production companies. Generally, mature seeds show some considerable dormancy during which embryo growth is halted momentarily because one or more internal and external stimuli for growth resumption is/are absent. If the inhibition of seed germination is solely due to insufficient or complete absence of external signals, then the seed is in a state of quiescence. Otherwise, if linked to internal factors, then the seed is in a state of dormancy. Induction, maintenance, and release of dormancy are therefore related to Seed-dependent factors such as morphology, hormones, state of embryo maturity at seed dispersal and chemical inhibitors. This chapter focuses on species-dependent methods currently used to break dormancy, reduce germination time and improve emergence and seedling establishment.",book:{id:"11322",title:"Seed Biology Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11322.jpg"},signatures:"Tabi Kingsley Mbi, Ntsomboh Godswill Ntsefong and Tatah Eugene Lenzemo"},{id:"79168",title:"Pulses: A Potential Source of Valuable Protein for Human Diet",slug:"pulses-a-potential-source-of-valuable-protein-for-human-diet",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99980",abstract:"Nutritional profile of pulses has significant importance in human diet with respect to protein and mineral quality and bioavailability. Protein energy malnutrition is widespread throughout the world especially among the developing countries. Pulses being rich in macronutrients such as protein from 20 to 26% and low in calories are most suitable for product development for target-oriented population. During last decade, the demand for pulse-based products with high protein and fiber, low glycemic index, and gluten free with more antioxidant showed increasing trend by the consumers. Drift of end-use application of pulses generated interest for research in all disciplines such as breeding, agronomy, food, and nutrition, etc. A great share of plant protein in human diet may be a critical step for reducing dependence on animal origin protein source. This chapter will review contribution or choice of plant-based protein from legumes or pulses with good-quality protein based on amino acid composition. Additionally, this overview can give insight into the development of new product with balanced nutritional quality and high protein contents as a potential protein supply for malnourished population.",book:{id:"12236",title:"Legumes Research- Volume 2",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12236.jpg"},signatures:"Saima Parveen, Amina Jamil, Imran Pasha and Farah Ahmad"},{id:"83043",title:"Applications of CRISPR/Cas9 for Selective Sequencing and Clinical Diagnostics",slug:"applications-of-crispr-cas9-for-selective-sequencing-and-clinical-diagnostics",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106548",abstract:"In this chapter, we will discuss the applications of CRISPR/Cas9 in the context of clinical diagnostics. We will provide an overview of existing methods and their use cases in the diagnostic field. Special attention will be given to selective sequencing approaches using third-generation sequencing and PAM-site requirements. As target sequences in an AT-rich environment cannot easily be accessed by the commercially available SpCas9 due to rarity of NGG PAM-sites, new enzymes such as ScCas9 with PAM-site requirements of NNG will be highlighted. Original research on CRISPR/Cas9 systems to determine molecular glioma markers by enriching regions of interest will be discussed in the context of potential future applications in clinical diagnostics.",book:{id:"11804",title:"CRISPR Technology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11804.jpg"},signatures:"Maximilian Evers, Björn Brändl, Franz-Josef Müller, Sönke Friedrichsen and Stephan Kolkenbrock"},{id:"83012",title:"Cotton Based Cellulose Nanocomposites: Synthesis and Application",slug:"cotton-based-cellulose-nanocomposites-synthesis-and-application",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106473",abstract:"Nanocellulose is a renewable natural biomaterial which has risen to prominence due to its biodegradability and physiochemical properties making it a promising candidate to replace non-biodegradable synthetic fibers. Due to its profound qualities, nanocellulose extracted from cotton fibers have tremendous application potential and have been intensively studied particularly in the generation of nanofillers and as reinforcement components in polymer matrixes. Deposition of inorganic nanoparticles on cotton fabric result in antimicrobial textiles with multifunctional use particularly in manufacture of PPE and as filtration devices against environmental pollutants and pathogens. This chapter compiles three main sections. The first section gives an overview of the extent of work done in the creation and application potential of cotton-based nanocomposites. The second section describes the in situ and ex situ methods of nanoparticle deposition and self assembly on cotton fabrics to generate multifunctional cotton-based nanocomposites with antimicrobial potential while the final section describes the incorporation of cotton nanofibers in polymer matrices, their reinforcing properties, as well as surface modification to assist their incorporation. Finally in the conclusion, a summary of the up-to-date challenges and progresses is presented postulating the undiscovered arenas and future undertakings of this venture.",book:{id:"11362",title:"Cotton",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11362.jpg"},signatures:"Patricia Jayshree Samuel Jacob"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:606},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261",scope:"Modern physiology requires a comprehensive understanding of the integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, including the cooperation between structure and function at the cellular and molecular levels governed by gene and protein expression. While a daunting task, learning is facilitated by identifying common and effective signaling pathways mediated by a variety of factors employed by nature to preserve and sustain homeostatic life. \r\nAs a leading example, the cellular interaction between intracellular concentration of Ca+2 increases, and changes in plasma membrane potential is integral for coordinating blood flow, governing the exocytosis of neurotransmitters, and modulating gene expression and cell effector secretory functions. Furthermore, in this manner, understanding the systemic interaction between the cardiovascular and nervous systems has become more important than ever as human populations' life prolongation, aging and mechanisms of cellular oxidative signaling are utilised for sustaining life. \r\nAltogether, physiological research enables our identification of distinct and precise points of transition from health to the development of multimorbidity throughout the inevitable aging disorders (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, peptic ulcer, inflammatory bowel disease, age-related macular degeneration, cancer). With consideration of all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, gut, skeletal and smooth muscle, liver, pancreas, kidney, eye) and the interactions thereof, this Physiology Series will address the goals of resolving (1) Aging physiology and chronic disease progression (2) Examination of key cellular pathways as they relate to calcium, oxidative stress, and electrical signaling, and (3) how changes in plasma membrane produced by lipid peroxidation products can affect aging physiology, covering new research in the area of cell, human, plant and animal physiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/10.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 20th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:14,editor:{id:"35854",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomasz",middleName:null,surname:"Brzozowski",slug:"tomasz-brzozowski",fullName:"Tomasz Brzozowski",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35854/images/system/35854.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Thomas Brzozowski works as a professor of Human Physiology and is currently Chairman at the Department of Physiology and is V-Dean of the Medical Faculty at Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland. His primary area of interest is physiology and pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, with the major focus on the mechanism of GI mucosal defense, protection, and ulcer healing. He was a postdoctoral NIH fellow at the University of California and the Gastroenterology VA Medical Center, Irvine, Long Beach, CA, USA, and at the Gastroenterology Clinics Erlangen-Nuremberg and Munster in Germany. He has published 290 original articles in some of the most prestigious scientific journals and seven book chapters on the pathophysiology of the GI tract, gastroprotection, ulcer healing, drug therapy of peptic ulcers, hormonal regulation of the gut, and inflammatory bowel disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jagiellonian University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"10",title:"Animal Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/10.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/11.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"133493",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/133493/images/3091_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Angel Catalá \r\nShort Biography Angel Catalá was born in Rodeo (San Juan, Argentina). He studied \r\nchemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where received aPh.D. degree in chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From\r\n1964 to 1974, he worked as Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. From 1974 to 1976, he was a Fellowof the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor oBiochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. He is Member ofthe National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and Argentine Society foBiochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for manyears in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Professor Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, publishedover 100 papers in peer reviewed journals, several chapters in books andtwelve edited books. Angel Catalá received awards at the 40th InternationaConference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999: Dijon (France). W inner of the Bimbo PanAmerican Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South AmericaHuman Nutrition, Professional Category. 2006 award in pharmacology, Bernardo\r\nHoussay, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Angel Catalá belongto the Editorial Board of Journal of lipids, International Review of Biophysical ChemistryFrontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, World Journal oExperimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International, W orld Journal oBiological Chemistry, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Diabetes and thePancreas, International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, International Journal oNutrition, Co-Editor of The Open Biology Journal.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). His opinion is to attenuate sarcopenia by improving autophagic defects using nutrient- and pharmaceutical-based treatments.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"331519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"kotomi-sakai",fullName:"Kotomi Sakai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031QtFXQA0/Profile_Picture_1637053227318",biography:"Senior researcher Kotomi Sakai, Ph.D., MPH, works at the Research Organization of Science and Technology in Ritsumeikan University. She is a researcher in the geriatric rehabilitation and public health field. She received Ph.D. from Nihon University and MPH from St.Luke’s International University. Her main research interest is sarcopenia in older adults, especially its association with nutritional status. Additionally, to understand how to maintain and improve physical function in older adults, to conduct studies about the mechanism of sarcopenia and determine when possible interventions are needed.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ritsumeikan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/13.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"332229",title:"Prof.",name:"Jen-Tsung",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"jen-tsung-chen",fullName:"Jen-Tsung Chen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332229/images/system/332229.png",biography:"Dr. Jen-Tsung Chen is currently a professor at the National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan. He teaches cell biology, genomics, proteomics, medicinal plant biotechnology, and plant tissue culture. Dr. Chen\\'s research interests include bioactive compounds, chromatography techniques, in vitro culture, medicinal plants, phytochemicals, and plant biotechnology. He has published more than ninety scientific papers and serves as an editorial board member for Plant Methods, Biomolecules, and International Journal of Molecular Sciences.",institutionString:"National University of Kaohsiung",institution:{name:"National University of Kaohsiung",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:16,paginationItems:[{id:"82135",title:"Carotenoids in Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105210",signatures:"Lovina I. Udoh, Josephine U. Agogbua, Eberechi R. Keyagha and Itorobong I. 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Heshmati",slug:"comparative-senescence-and-lifespan",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hassan M.",surname:"Heshmati"}],book:{title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81796",title:"Apoptosis-Related Diseases and Peroxisomes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105052",signatures:"Meimei Wang, Yakun Liu, Ni Chen, Juan Wang and Ye Zhao",slug:"apoptosis-related-diseases-and-peroxisomes",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81723",title:"Peroxisomal Modulation as Therapeutic Alternative for Tackling Multiple Cancers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104873",signatures:"Shazia Usmani, Shadma Wahab, Abdul Hafeez, Shabana Khatoon and Syed Misbahul Hasan",slug:"peroxisomal-modulation-as-therapeutic-alternative-for-tackling-multiple-cancers",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:14,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7264",title:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7264.jpg",slug:"calcium-and-signal-transduction",publishedDate:"October 24th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"John N. Buchholz and Erik J. Behringer",hash:"e373a3d1123dbd45fddf75d90e3e7c38",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",editors:[{id:"89438",title:"Dr.",name:"John N.",middleName:null,surname:"Buchholz",slug:"john-n.-buchholz",fullName:"John N. Buchholz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89438/images/6463_n.jpg",biography:"Full Professor and Vice Chair, Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine. He received his B.S. Degree in Biology at La Sierra University, Riverside California (1980) and a PhD in Pharmacology from Loma Linda University School of Medicine (1988). Post-Doctoral Fellow at University of California, Irvine, College of Medicine 1989-1992 with a focus on autonomic nerve function in blood vessels and the impact of aging on the function of these nerves and overall blood vessel function. Twenty years of research funding and served on NIH R01 review panels, Editor-In-Chief of Edorium Journal of Aging Research. 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Currently, he is a professor of Orthodontics. He holds a Certificate of Advanced Study type A in Technology of Biomaterials used in Dentistry (1995); Certificate of Advanced Study type B in Dento-Facial Orthopaedics (1997) from the Faculty of Dental Surgery, University Denis Diderot-Paris VII, France; Diploma of Advanced Study (DESA) in Biocompatibility of Biomaterials from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2002); Certificate of Clinical Occlusodontics from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2004); University Diploma of Biostatistics and Perceptual Health Measurement from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2011); and a University Diploma of Pedagogy of Odontological Sciences from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2013). 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He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"426586",title:"Dr.",name:"Oladunni A.",middleName:null,surname:"Daramola",slug:"oladunni-a.-daramola",fullName:"Oladunni A. Daramola",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Technology",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"357014",title:"Prof.",name:"Leon",middleName:null,surname:"Bobrowski",slug:"leon-bobrowski",fullName:"Leon Bobrowski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bialystok University of Technology",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"354126",title:"Dr.",name:"Setiawan",middleName:null,surname:"Hadi",slug:"setiawan-hadi",fullName:"Setiawan Hadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Padjadjaran University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"332603",title:"Prof.",name:"Kumar S.",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",slug:"kumar-s.-ray",fullName:"Kumar S. Ray",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Statistical Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"415409",title:"Prof.",name:"Maghsoud",middleName:null,surname:"Amiri",slug:"maghsoud-amiri",fullName:"Maghsoud Amiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Allameh Tabataba'i University",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"4",type:"subseries",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment",scope:"Fungi are ubiquitous and there are almost no non-pathogenic fungi. Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. 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