Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
Throughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5380",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Pattern Recognition - Analysis and Applications",title:"Pattern Recognition",subtitle:"Analysis and Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Pattern recognition continued to be one of the important research fields in computer science and electrical engineering. Lots of new applications are emerging, and hence pattern analysis and synthesis become significant subfields in pattern recognition. This book is an edited volume and has six chapters arranged into two sections, namely, pattern recognition analysis and pattern recognition applications. This book will be useful for graduate students, researchers, and practicing engineers working in the field of machine vision and computer science and engineering.",isbn:"978-953-51-2804-5",printIsbn:"978-953-51-2803-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5790-8",doi:"10.5772/62619",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"pattern-recognition-analysis-and-applications",numberOfPages:136,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"8295f3734b5a2292ab59813ccfe4579c",bookSignature:"S. Ramakrishnan",publishedDate:"December 14th 2016",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5380.jpg",numberOfDownloads:13237,numberOfWosCitations:16,numberOfCrossrefCitations:18,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:3,numberOfDimensionsCitations:33,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:4,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:67,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 16th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 6th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 11th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 9th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 8th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"116136",title:"Dr.",name:"Srinivasan",middleName:null,surname:"Ramakrishnan",slug:"srinivasan-ramakrishnan",fullName:"Srinivasan Ramakrishnan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116136/images/system/116136.jpg",biography:"Dr.S.Ramakrishnan received his PhD degree in Information and Communication Engineering from Anna University, Chennai in 2007.He has 21 years of teaching experience and 1 year industry experience. He is a Professor and the Head of the Department of Information Technology, Dr.Mahalingam College of Engineering and Technology, Pollachi, India. \nProf.Ramakrishnan was the Convener, Board of Studies (BoS), IT Board, Anna University of Technology, Coimbatore. He acted as a research supervisor for 9 PhD candidates, out of which 8 of them completed & 1 submitted their thesis. He also guided several B.E and M.E Projects.\nHe is an Associate Editor for IEEE Access and reviewer of 31 International Journals including 9 IEEE Transactions, 6 Elsevier Science Journals, 5 IET Journals, ACM Computing Reviews, Springer Journals, Wiley Journals, etc. He is in the editorial board of 6 International Journals. \nHe is a Guest Editor of special issues in 4 International Journals including Telecommunication Systems Journal of Springer. He has published 196 papers in conference and journals like IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Elsevier-Pattern Recognition, Elsevier-A : Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, IET Image Processing, IET Healthcare Technology Letters, Springer, IETE Journal of Research, Taylor & Francis etc. He has also reviewed 23 books for ACM Computing Reviews and 3 books McGraw Hill International Edition. He has published a Patent filed at Indian Patent Office. \nDr.S.Ramakrishnan has authored 12 books on topics such as Image Processing, Speech Processing, Pattern Recognition, Wireless Sensor Networks, Cryptography published by CRC Press of Taylor and Francis Group, USA, Nova Science, Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany and InTech Publisher, Croatia. \nProf.Ramakrishnan has organized an International conference on Data Science, Intelligent System and Information Security (ICDIIS’20), 9 National Conferences, 4 National Symposiums, 111 training programmes for both faculty members and students. He has delivered about 56 Guest Lectures for the faculty members and acted as a resource person for various faculty development programmes. Ramakrishnan has delivered keynote addresses in three IEEE International conferences and one in a National Conference.\nDr.Ramakrishnan has successfully completed External Funded project Sponsored by Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). \nHis areas of research include digital image processing, information security, and soft computing.",institutionString:"Dr. Mahalingam College of Engineering and Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"521",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",slug:"computer-and-information-science-artificial-intelligence-machine-learning-and-data-mining"}],chapters:[{id:"52534",title:"Motif Discovery in Protein Sequences",doi:"10.5772/65441",slug:"motif-discovery-in-protein-sequences",totalDownloads:2385,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Biology has become a data‐intensive research field. Coping with the flood of data from the new genome sequencing technologies is a major area of research. The exponential increase in the size of the datasets produced by “next‐generation sequencing” (NGS) poses unique computational challenges. In this context, motif discovery tools are widely used to identify important patterns in the sequences produced. Biological sequence motifs are defined as short, usually fixed length, sequence patterns that may represent important structural or functional features in nucleic acid and protein sequences such as transcription binding sites, splice junctions, active sites, or interaction interfaces. They can occur in an exact or approximate form within a family or a subfamily of sequences. Motif discovery is therefore an important field in bioinformatics, and numerous methods have been developed for the identification of motifs shared by a set of functionally related sequences. This chapter will review the existing motif discovery methods for protein sequences and their ability to discover biologically important features as well as their limitations for the discovery of new motifs. Finally, we will propose new horizons for motif discovery in order to address the short comings of the existent methods.",signatures:"Salma Aouled El Haj Mohamed, Mourad Elloumi and Julie D.\nThompson",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52534",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52534",authors:[{id:"188875",title:"Dr.",name:"Julie",surname:"Thompson",slug:"julie-thompson",fullName:"Julie Thompson"}],corrections:null},{id:"52313",title:"Hybrid Metaheuristics for Classification Problems",doi:"10.5772/65253",slug:"hybrid-metaheuristics-for-classification-problems",totalDownloads:2339,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"High accuracy and short amount of time are required for the solutions of many classification problems such as real-world classification problems. Due to the practical importance of many classification problems (such as crime detection), many algorithms have been developed to tackle them. For years, metaheuristics (MHs) have been successfully used for solving classification problems. Recently, hybrid metaheuristics have been successfully used for many real-world optimization problems such as flight scheduling and load balancing in telecommunication networks. This chapter investigates the use of this new interdisciplinary field for classification problems. Moreover, it demonstrates the forms of metaheuristics hybridization as well as designing a new hybrid metaheuristic.",signatures:"Nadia Abd-Alsabour",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52313",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52313",authors:[{id:"186595",title:"Dr.",name:"Nadia",surname:"Abd-Alsabour",slug:"nadia-abd-alsabour",fullName:"Nadia Abd-Alsabour"}],corrections:null},{id:"52466",title:"Method of Synthesized Phase Objects in the Optical Pattern Recognition Problem",doi:"10.5772/65370",slug:"method-of-synthesized-phase-objects-in-the-optical-pattern-recognition-problem",totalDownloads:1507,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"To solve the pattern recognition problem, a method of synthesized phase objects (SPO-method) is suggested. The essence of the suggested method is that synthesized phase objects are used instead of real amplitude objects. The former is object-dependent phase distributions calculated using the iterative Fourier transform algorithm. The method is experimentally studied with an optical-digital Vanderlugt and joint Fourier transform 4F-correlators. The development of the SPO-method for the rotation invariant pattern recognition is considered as well. We present the comparative analysis of recognition results with the use of the conventional and proposed methods, estimate the sensitivity of the latter to distortions of the structure of objects, and determine the applicability limits. It is demonstrated that the SPO-method allows one: (a) to simplify the procedure of choice of recognition signs (criteria); (b) to obtain one-type δ-like recognition signals irrespective of the type of objects; and (c) to improve the signal-to-noise ratio for correlation signals by 20–30 dB on the average. To introduce recognition objects in a correlator, we use SLM LC-R 2500 and SLM HEO 1080 Pluto devices.",signatures:"Pavel V. Yezhov, Alexander P. Ostroukh, Jin-Tae Kim and Alexander\nV. Kuzmenko",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52466",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52466",authors:[{id:"137152",title:"Prof.",name:"Jin-Tae",surname:"Kim",slug:"jin-tae-kim",fullName:"Jin-Tae Kim"},{id:"187019",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel",surname:"Yezhov",slug:"pavel-yezhov",fullName:"Pavel Yezhov"},{id:"187201",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kuzmenko",slug:"alexander-kuzmenko",fullName:"Alexander Kuzmenko"},{id:"187203",title:"MSc.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Ostroukh",slug:"alexander-ostroukh",fullName:"Alexander Ostroukh"}],corrections:null},{id:"52911",title:"Automated Face Recognition: Challenges and Solutions",doi:"10.5772/66013",slug:"automated-face-recognition-challenges-and-solutions",totalDownloads:2842,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Automated face recognition (AFR) aims to identify people in images or videos using pattern recognition techniques. Automated face recognition is widely used in applications ranging from social media to advanced authentication systems. Whilst techniques for face recognition are well established, the automatic recognition of faces captured by digital cameras in unconstrained, real‐world environment is still very challenging, since it involves important variations in both acquisition conditions as well as in facial expressions and in pose changes. Thus, this chapter introduces the topic of computer automated face recognition in light of the main challenges in that research field and the developed solutions and applications based on image processing and artificial intelligence methods.",signatures:"Joanna Isabelle Olszewska",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52911",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52911",authors:[{id:"186581",title:"Dr.",name:"Joanna Isabelle",surname:"Olszewska",slug:"joanna-isabelle-olszewska",fullName:"Joanna Isabelle Olszewska"}],corrections:null},{id:"52509",title:"Histogram-Based Texture Characterization and Classification of Brain Tissues in Non-Contrast CT Images of Stroke Patients",doi:"10.5772/65349",slug:"histogram-based-texture-characterization-and-classification-of-brain-tissues-in-non-contrast-ct-imag",totalDownloads:1947,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter describes histogram-based texture characterization and classification of brain tissue in CT images of stroke patients using a case study. It explored texture analysis in medical imaging. In the case study, two radiologists independently inspected non-contrast CT images of 164 stroke to identify and categorize brain tissue into normal, ischaemic and haemorrhagic strokes. Four regions of interest (ROIs) in each CT slice with lesion were selected for analysis; two each represented the lesion and normal tissue. Histogram texture parameters were calculated for them. Raw data analysis identified parameters that discriminated between normal brain tissue, ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke lesions. The artificial neural network (ANN) and k-nearest neighbour (k-NN) algorithms were used to classify the ROIs into normal tissue, ischaemic and haemorrhagic lesions using the radiologists’ categorization as the gold standard, and further analysed using the ROC curve. Three parameters namely mean, 90 and 99 percentiles discriminated between normal brain tissue, ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke lesions. With ANN and k-NN, the weighted sensitivity and specificity were above 0.9 while the false positive and false negative rates were negligible. The characterization and classification of brain tissue using histogram parameters were satisfactory and may be suitable for automated diagnosis of stroke.",signatures:"Kenneth K. Agwu and Christopher C. Ohagwu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52509",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52509",authors:[{id:"186675",title:"Dr.",name:"Christopher",surname:"Ohagwu",slug:"christopher-ohagwu",fullName:"Christopher Ohagwu"},{id:"189751",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenneth K.",surname:"Agwu",slug:"kenneth-k.-agwu",fullName:"Kenneth K. Agwu"}],corrections:null},{id:"52838",title:"Data-Driven Methodologies for Structural Damage Detection Based on Machine Learning Applications",doi:"10.5772/65867",slug:"data-driven-methodologies-for-structural-damage-detection-based-on-machine-learning-applications",totalDownloads:2217,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Structural health monitoring (SHM) is an important research area, which interest is the damage identification process. Different information about the state of the structure can be obtained in the process, among them, detection, localization and classification of damages are mainly studied in order to avoid unnecessary maintenance procedures in civilian and military structures in several applications. To carry out SHM in practice, two different approaches are used, the first is based on modelling which requires to build a very detailed model of the structure, while the second is by means of data-driven approaches which use information collected from the structure under different structural states and perform an analysis by means of data analysis . For the latter, statistical analysis and pattern recognition have demonstrated its effectiveness in the damage identification process because real information is obtained from the structure through sensors installed permanently to the observed object allowing a real-time monitoring. This chapter describes a damage detection and classification methodology, which makes use of a piezoelectric active system which works in several actuation phases and that is attached to the structure under evaluation, principal component analysis, and machine learning algorithms working as a pattern recognition methodology. In the chapter, the description of the developed approach and the results when it is tested in one aluminum plate are also included.",signatures:"Jaime Vitola, Maribel Anaya Vejar, Diego Alexander Tibaduiza\nBurgos and Francesc Pozo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52838",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52838",authors:[{id:"120780",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesc",surname:"Pozo",slug:"francesc-pozo",fullName:"Francesc Pozo"},{id:"187033",title:"Dr.",name:"Diego Alexander",surname:"Tibaduiza Burgos",slug:"diego-alexander-tibaduiza-burgos",fullName:"Diego Alexander Tibaduiza Burgos"},{id:"188967",title:"MSc.",name:"Jaime",surname:"Vitola",slug:"jaime-vitola",fullName:"Jaime Vitola"},{id:"188969",title:"MSc.",name:"Maribel",surname:"Anaya",slug:"maribel-anaya",fullName:"Maribel Anaya"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1975",title:"Speech Enhancement, Modeling and Recognition- Algorithms and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e5001fc052cc367bd092b2c412888a7b",slug:"speech-enhancement-modeling-and-recognition-algorithms-and-applications",bookSignature:"S. Ramakrishnan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1975.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"116136",title:"Dr.",name:"Srinivasan",surname:"Ramakrishnan",slug:"srinivasan-ramakrishnan",fullName:"Srinivasan Ramakrishnan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5883",title:"Modern Fuzzy Control Systems and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9939991547baa89659302f11765df7a3",slug:"modern-fuzzy-control-systems-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"S. Ramakrishnan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5883.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"116136",title:"Dr.",name:"Srinivasan",surname:"Ramakrishnan",slug:"srinivasan-ramakrishnan",fullName:"Srinivasan Ramakrishnan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5183",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:"Semisupervised Classification, Subspace Projection and Evaluation Methods",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d693acce19fca9cbf40d8f3f759e491d",slug:"face-recognition-semisupervised-classification-subspace-projection-and-evaluation-methods",bookSignature:"S. Ramakrishnan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5183.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"116136",title:"Dr.",name:"Srinivasan",surname:"Ramakrishnan",slug:"srinivasan-ramakrishnan",fullName:"Srinivasan Ramakrishnan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2176",title:"Modern Speech Recognition",subtitle:"Approaches with Case Studies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5b7bf5acf914b5a023b47d690de0da52",slug:"modern-speech-recognition-approaches-with-case-studies",bookSignature:"S. Ramakrishnan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2176.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"116136",title:"Dr.",name:"Srinivasan",surname:"Ramakrishnan",slug:"srinivasan-ramakrishnan",fullName:"Srinivasan Ramakrishnan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7336",title:"Digital Image and Video Watermarking and Steganography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a622b7f900b7e54df46961cd20ac4d0c",slug:"digital-image-and-video-watermarking-and-steganography",bookSignature:"Sudhakar Ramakrishnan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7336.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"116136",title:"Dr.",name:"Srinivasan",surname:"Ramakrishnan",slug:"srinivasan-ramakrishnan",fullName:"Srinivasan Ramakrishnan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5327",title:"Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery in Real Life Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3e75b0e12e025762803bb937a6c6d459",slug:"data_mining_and_knowledge_discovery_in_real_life_applications",bookSignature:"Julio Ponce and Adem Karahoca",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5327.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"18534",title:"Dr.",name:"Julio",surname:"Ponce",slug:"julio-ponce",fullName:"Julio Ponce"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5687",title:"Pattern Recognition",subtitle:"Techniques, Technology and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"776a1270a14ebea65bf567dd6dfea1de",slug:"pattern_recognition_techniques_technology_and_applications",bookSignature:"Peng-Yeng Yin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5687.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"5693",title:"Prof.",name:"Peng-Yeng",surname:"Yin",slug:"peng-yeng-yin",fullName:"Peng-Yeng Yin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3762",title:"Pattern Recognition",subtitle:"Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3a36addbe6d14d5511152a8572e093b8",slug:"pattern-recognition-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Adam Herout",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3762.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3806",title:"Dr.",name:"Adam",surname:"Herout",slug:"adam-herout",fullName:"Adam Herout"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3733",title:"Pattern Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"pattern-recognition",bookSignature:"Peng-Yeng Yin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3733.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"5693",title:"Prof.",name:"Peng-Yeng",surname:"Yin",slug:"peng-yeng-yin",fullName:"Peng-Yeng Yin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5479",title:"Machine Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"825720118b3343505f7184cdc8eacdd4",slug:"machine_learning",bookSignature:"Abdelhamid Mellouk and Abdennacer Chebira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5479.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13633",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdelhamid",surname:"Mellouk",slug:"abdelhamid-mellouk",fullName:"Abdelhamid Mellouk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"erratum-application-of-design-for-manufacturing-and-assembly-development-of-a-multifeedstock-biodies",title:"Erratum - Application of Design for Manufacturing and Assembly: Development of a Multifeedstock Biodiesel Processor",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/68990.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68990",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68990",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/68990",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/68990",chapter:{id:"63204",slug:"application-of-design-for-manufacturing-and-assembly-development-of-a-multifeedstock-biodiesel-proce",signatures:"Ilesanmi Afolabi Daniyan and Khumbulani Mpofu",dateSubmitted:"March 15th 2018",dateReviewed:"July 9th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"January 3rd 2019",book:{id:"7460",title:"Applications of Design for Manufacturing and Assembly",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Applications of Design for Manufacturing and Assembly",slug:"applications-of-design-for-manufacturing-and-assembly",publishedDate:"January 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Ancuţa Păcurar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7460.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"184794",title:"Dr.",name:"Ancuta Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Păcurar",slug:"ancuta-carmen-pacurar",fullName:"Ancuta Carmen Păcurar"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"11921",title:"Prof.",name:"Khumbulani",middleName:null,surname:"Mpofu",fullName:"Khumbulani Mpofu",slug:"khumbulani-mpofu",email:"mpofuk@tut.ac.za",position:null,institution:{name:"Tshwane University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"260269",title:"Dr.",name:"Ilesanmi Afolabi",middleName:null,surname:"Daniyan",fullName:"Ilesanmi Afolabi Daniyan",slug:"ilesanmi-afolabi-daniyan",email:"afolabiilesanmi@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"63204",slug:"application-of-design-for-manufacturing-and-assembly-development-of-a-multifeedstock-biodiesel-proce",signatures:"Ilesanmi Afolabi Daniyan and Khumbulani Mpofu",dateSubmitted:"March 15th 2018",dateReviewed:"July 9th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"January 3rd 2019",book:{id:"7460",title:"Applications of Design for Manufacturing and Assembly",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Applications of Design for Manufacturing and Assembly",slug:"applications-of-design-for-manufacturing-and-assembly",publishedDate:"January 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Ancuţa Păcurar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7460.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"184794",title:"Dr.",name:"Ancuta Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Păcurar",slug:"ancuta-carmen-pacurar",fullName:"Ancuta Carmen Păcurar"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"11921",title:"Prof.",name:"Khumbulani",middleName:null,surname:"Mpofu",fullName:"Khumbulani Mpofu",slug:"khumbulani-mpofu",email:"mpofuk@tut.ac.za",position:null,institution:{name:"Tshwane University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"260269",title:"Dr.",name:"Ilesanmi Afolabi",middleName:null,surname:"Daniyan",fullName:"Ilesanmi Afolabi Daniyan",slug:"ilesanmi-afolabi-daniyan",email:"afolabiilesanmi@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7460",title:"Applications of Design for Manufacturing and Assembly",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Applications of Design for Manufacturing and Assembly",slug:"applications-of-design-for-manufacturing-and-assembly",publishedDate:"January 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Ancuţa Păcurar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7460.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"184794",title:"Dr.",name:"Ancuta Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Păcurar",slug:"ancuta-carmen-pacurar",fullName:"Ancuta Carmen Păcurar"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"10689",leadTitle:null,title:"Risk Management in Construction",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book will be a self-contained collection of scholarly papers targeting an audience of practicing researchers, academics, PhD students and other scientists. The contents of the book will be written by multiple authors and edited by experts in the field.",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"e3805b3d2fceb9d33e1fa805687cd296",bookSignature:"",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10689.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 26th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 16th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 15th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 5th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 4th 2021",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:1,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"11",title:"Engineering",slug:"engineering"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10198",title:"Response Surface Methodology in Engineering Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1942bec30d40572f519327ca7a6d7aae",slug:"response-surface-methodology-in-engineering-science",bookSignature:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10198.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"321730",title:"Prof.",name:"Palanikumar",surname:"Kayaroganam",slug:"palanikumar-kayaroganam",fullName:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"9536",title:"Application of Multi-Frequency Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) in Crop Classification",doi:"10.5772/8321",slug:"application-of-multi-frequency-synthetic-aperture-radar-sar-in-crop-classification",body:'\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
1. Introduction
\n\t\t\t
The application of remote sensing to agriculture has traditionally focused on the use of data from optical sensors such as Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and SPOT. Due to cloud and haze interference, however, optical images are not always available at phenological stages important for crop discrimination. When gaps in data acquisition occur during critical growth periods, classification accuracies using optical data are often inadequate (Jewell, 1989; McNairn et al., 2002; Blaes et al., 2005). Mid to late season optical images are essential to achieve accurate crop classification, and this dependency on late-season data reduces the ability to deliver early-season crop acreage estimates (McNairn et al., 2008a,\n\t\t\t\tb; Shang et al., 2006, 2008). These constraints seriously impede the use of optical data for operational annual crop mapping. Unlike visible and infrared wavelengths which are sensitive primarily to plant biochemical properties, longer-wavelength microwave energy responds to the large-scale structural attributes of vegetation, including the size, shape and orientation of the leaves, stems, and fruits. The dielectric properties of the vegetation canopy also influence the magnitude of the radar backscatter. These diverse sensitivities suggest that the integration of data from optical and radar sensors will generate a synergistic effect. Recent research has found that this complementarity, in most cases, provides enough information to separate a wide variety of crop types when an integrated optical-radar dataset is used (McNairn et al., 2008a; Shang et al., 2006, 2008).
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
1.1. Airborne multi-frequency SAR applications to agriculture
\n\t\t\t\t
Although an integrated optical-radar approach can consistently discriminate crops, the continued dependency on optical data, particularly in cloud-prone regions, is less than ideal for operational delivery of crop information. A radar-only approach to crop discrimination and acreage estimation would provide an operational advantage. Until recently, however, the successful development of a radar-only approach to crop classification has been hindered because of the availability of radar data with only limited dimensionality. Single frequencies, and for some sensors single polarizations, do not provide enough information for accurate discrimination even when multi-temporal acquisitions are exploited (Shang et al, 2006, 2008). Research campaigns based on airborne SAR acquisitions have explored the benefits of multi-frequency SAR for crop discrimination. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s AirSAR is a fully polarimetric SAR sensor operating at P- (0.45 GHz), L- (1.25 GHz), and C- (5.31 GHz) bands (Lee and Pottier, 2009). The value of multi-frequency fully polarimetric data has been demonstrated for many land applications. For example, Rao et al. (1993) studied multi-frequency (P-, L-, C-band) polarimetric AirSAR data over corn fields. It found that the mean polarization phase difference increases with increasing wavelength. Lemonie and associates (1994) used the AirSAR data to study the contribution of multi frequency radar to increased agricultural class separabilities. The study by Baronti and associates (1995) carried out a three-frequency (P-, L-, and C-band) AirSAR data analysis. It found that P-band data are effective only in discriminating broad classes of agricultural landscapes. The integration of L- and C-band helps reveal finer class details.
\n\t\t\t\t
Much research on the advantages of multi-frequency SAR has also been conducted with radar scatterometers. For example, Snoeij et al. (1990) used C- and X-band airborne SAR data to study the general behaviour of the radar signature of different European test sites as a function of frequency. The study conducted by van Leeuwen (1992) used six-frequency (L-band at 1.2 GHz; S-band at 3.2 GHz; C-band at 5.3 GHz; Ku1-band at 13.7 GHz; and Ku2-band at 17.3 GHz) radar scatterometer data over beet and wheat fields to examine the physical meaning of radar model (CLOUD-model: Attema & Ulaby, 1978) parameters in relation to crops. More recently Inoue et al. (2002) studied multi-frequency (Ka-, Ku-, X-, C- & L-band) radar backscattering signatures over paddy rice fields and their relationship with rice canopy growth variables. This research demonstrated that the backscatter coefficients of higher frequency bands (Ka and Ku) are highly correlated with the weight of heads. Lower frequency bands such as L-band, are better correlated with fresh biomass while C-band is better correlated with leaf area index.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
1.2. Space-borne multi-frequency SAR applications to agriculture
\n\t\t\t\t
Airborne SAR systems enabled radar scientists to develop methods to derive information of interest from multi-frequency and multi/full-polarization SAR, often under controlled experimental conditions. Airborne sensors provide a far greater signal to noise ratio and much higher spatial resolution compared with spaceborne sensors. However, these airborne platforms are not suited for large scale operational campaigns. With their wide swaths and repeat orbits, spaceborne sensors provide a cost effective solution for operational activities.
The next generation European C-Band sensor, ASAR, has further advanced the use of SAR for agricultural mapping. The availability of dual like-polarizations (HH-VV) or dual like-cross polarizations (HH-HV or VV-VH) with ASAR, assists in providing more information on vegetation type and condition. Radar backscatter varies from one polarization to another since interaction is dictated by the transmitting polarization relative to the horizontal and vertical structure of the canopy. Consequently sensors which have polarization diversity provide more information on both crop structure and crop condition. The launch of ALOS PALSAR (L-band: 1.27 GHz) in 2006, followed by TerraSAR-X (X-band: 9.6 GHz) and RADARSAT-2 (C-band: 5.405 GHz) in 2007, marked the beginning of the multi-frequency spaceborne SAR era. Availability of data from this suite of satellites has accelerated the use of SAR for land applications. When used together, a multi-frequency dataset from multiple SAR platforms holds the promise to provide exceptional information for agriculture. Using a Canadian example, this chapter demonstrates the application of integrated L-, C-, and X-band SAR for crop mapping.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
2. Study sites and data collection
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
2.1. Study sites
\n\t\t\t\t
In 2006 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) established two research sites close to their Ottawa (Ontario, Canada) research station. The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) site is a controlled experimental site within the city of Ottawa (centred at 45 13’N, 75 46’W). The second site, Casselman, is a region of private land ownership (centred at 45 37’N, 75 01’W) approximately 50 km east of Ottawa. Both sites support non-irrigated dry land farming with one crop grown during the relatively short May to September growing season. The size of the fields in this part of Canada tends to be relatively small, 20 ha on average. These sites are typical of the crop mix found in this part of Canada, with production acreages primarily consisting of corn, soybean, cereal and pasture-forage.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
2.2. Satellite data collection
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t(a) CFIA site\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
Satellite data were acquired from optical sensors (Landsat-5) as well as SAR sensors (RADARSAT-1, Envisat-ASAR, and ALOS PALSAR) throughout the 2006 growing season. Acquisitions were targeted to capture crop growth stages of importance for crop discrimination using optical and SAR sensors (Table 1).
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Date
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Resolution (m)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Mode
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Polarization
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Incidence Angle
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Landsat-5 TM
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
June 5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
30
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
July 7
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
30
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Aug ust 22
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
30
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Envisat ASAR
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
May 2 7
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
30
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
IS3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
VV, VH
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
25.8° - 31.2°
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
June 9
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
30
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
IS1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
VV, VH
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
14.5° - 22.1°
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
July 1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
30
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
IS3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
VV, VH
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
25.8° - 31.2°
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
July 14
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
30
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
IS1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
VV, VH
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
14.5° - 22.1°
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Aug ust 5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
30
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
IS3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
VV, VH
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
25.8° - 31.2°
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Sept ember 18
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
30
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
IS4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
VV, VH
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
30.8° - 36.1°
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
RADARSAT-1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
May 18
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
30
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
S1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
HH
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
24° - 31°
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
July 5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
30
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
S1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
HH
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
24° - 31°
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Aug ust 22
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
30
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
S1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
HH
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
24° - 31°
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
ALOS PALSAR
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
May 19
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
10
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
PLR
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Polarimetric
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
21.5°
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
July 4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
10
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
PLR
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Polarimetric
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
21.5°
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Aug ust 19
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
10
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
PLR
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Polarimetric
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
21.5°
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Table 1.
Satellite data acquired over CFIA during the 2006 growing season.
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t(b) Casselman site\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
Optical and radar satellite data were collected over the Casselman site during the 2008 growing season. No cloud-free (less than 20% cloud cover) Landsat data were available due to poor weather conditions throughout the summer of 2008. The SPOT sensor was programmed in two week windows through the entire 2008 season. This acquisition strategy yielded four SPOT-4 images. Six TerraSAR-X scenes were also acquired. Due to the late start of the TerraSAR-X project, X-band data acquisition did not commence until mid July. Table 2 gives the details of each satellite acquisition.
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Date
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Resolution (m)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Mode
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Polarization
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Incidence Angle
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
SPOT-4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
June 5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
20
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
July 7
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
20
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Aug ust 22
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
20
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
RADARSAT-2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
May 27
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
10
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
FQ19
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
quad-pol
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
38.3° - 39.8 °
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
June 9
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
10
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
FQ19
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
quad-pol
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
38.3° - 39.8 °
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
July 1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
10
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
FQ19
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
quad-pol
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
38.3° - 39.8 °
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
July 14
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
10
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
FQ19
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
quad-pol
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
38.3° - 39.8 °
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
TerraSAR-X
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
July 19
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
St r ipmap
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
VV, VH
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
43.6 ° - 44.6 °
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
July 30
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
St r ipmap
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
VV, VH
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
43.6 ° - 44.6 °
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Aug ust 10
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
St r ipmap
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
VV, VH
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
43.6 ° - 44.6 °
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Aug ust 21
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
St r ipmap
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
VV, VH
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
43.6 ° - 44.6 °
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Aug ust 26
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Spotli ght
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
HH, VV
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
53.9 °
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Sept ember 1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
St r ipmap
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
VV, VH
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
43.6 ° - 44.6 °
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Table 2.
Satellite data acquired over Casselman during the 2008 growing season.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
2.3. Ground data collection
\n\t\t\t\t
For both sites, ground truth observations were collected twice over the growing season, once in early July and once in mid August. The second visit provided an opportunity to check for errors which might have occurred during the first field visit. During the second visit, variations in crop growth condition, harvesting, and emergence of under seeded crops were also noted. Underseeding is a cropping system where a primary species is seeded with a successive species that emerges at the end of the primary species growth cycle, for instance, where annual cereal crops are underseeded with a perennial forage crop such as alfalfa. Wheat in this region is usually harvested between late July and mid August depending on the planting date. Underseeded wheat fields are thus characterized by rapid growth of forage after wheat harvest. Harvesting of corn and soybean typically occurs near the end of October.
\n\t\t\t\t
In 2006, a total of 240 fields were visited. Table 3 gives details on the number of fields surveyed per crop.
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Crop Type
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Number of Training Fields
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Number of Testing Fields
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Cereal
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
16
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
17
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Corn
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
35
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
35
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Soybean
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
30
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
30
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Forage/Pasture
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
38
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
39
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Table 3.
Ground truth data used for CFIA 2006 crop classification.
\n\t\t\t\t
For the Casselman site, a total of 247 fields were surveyed during the 2008 growing season. The distribution of field surveyed is documented in Table 4.
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Crop Type
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Number of Training Fields
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Number of Testing Fields
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Cereal
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
17
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
18
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Corn
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
45
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
45
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Soybean
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
41
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
41
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Forage/Pasture
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
33
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
34
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Table 4.
Ground truth data used for Casselman 2008 crop classification.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
3. Data pre-processing
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
3.1. Atmospheric correction of optical data
\n\t\t\t\t
Atmospheric correction was applied to all optical data to retrieve the at-surface reflectance using the Atcor algorithm in PCI software (Richter, 2004). The Atcor algorithm uses the MODTRAN 4.2 radiative-transfer code for the radiance to reflectance conversion (Champagne et al., 2005).
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
3.2. Speckle filtering of SAR data
\n\t\t\t\t
Speckle is an inherent phenomenon for coherent systems such as SARs. To suppress speckle, adaptive radar filters should be applied prior to classification of SAR data. All ALOS PALSAR, RADARSAT-2, and TerraSAR-X data were speckle filtered, using a 5 X 5 Gamma-MAP filter.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
3.3. Geometric correction and co-registration
\n\t\t\t\t
For the purposes of integrating the various data sources, and in order to facilitate comparisons with ground data, all of the Landsat, SPOT, PALSAR, TerraSAR-X and RADARSAT-2 data were geocorrected and registered to the same coordinate system (UTM). A nearest neighbor re-sampling method was adopted with an output resolution of 10 m.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
3.4. Trainning and validation site selection
\n\t\t\t\t
To reduce bias, the training and validation pixels were selected from different fields. For each crop type, training and validation fields were selected randomly from the total ground truth data set in ArcGIS (Figure 1). As a first step, a 10m buffer was applied to each field boundary. The pixels within this boundary buffer zone were excluded from training and validation to reduce contamination from headlands and mixed pixels. Half of the fields surveyed were randomly selected and used for training the classification algorithm. The remaining fields were reserved for quantifying the accuracy of the classification. As a result, there was no overlap between training and validation pixels.
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 1.
An example showing the spatial arrangement of the training and validation fields.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
4. Methodology
\n\t\t\t
The type of classification methods used can greatly impact the classification results. When adequate ground truth data are available, supervised classification approaches generally produce better results relative to unsupervised classifications. Consequently for this study, a supervised classification was selected. The choice of classification algorithm is influenced by many factors, including data requirement, sensitivity to variation of training data, and computational requirements. This study adopted a supervised decision tree (DT) classifier (McNairn et al., 2008a). DT takes a sequential classification approach (Pal & Marther, 2003). This non-parametric classifier is appropriate for use with SAR data, which typically are not normally distributed. A DT classifier can also handle data gaps which are commonly encountered when cloud masking is applied to optical data.
\n\t\t\t
AAFC developed an in-house DT graphical user interface (GUI) which integrates PCI Geomatica and the See5 softwares (Rulequest Research, 2008). The DT classifier was run using boosting over 5 trials with a global pruning of the model of 25%. All classifications were performed on a per pixel basis without a null class.
\n\t\t\t
Pixel-based classifications often result in a salt-pepper appearance, especially when radar data are used. Therefore a post-classification filter was applied to the resultant maps. For this study, spatial filtering was accomplished using segments created witin eCognition and assigning the mode class to each segment. The filtered maps are visually more consistent and exhibit increased classification accuracies.
The classification accuracies for single frequency imagery are being discussed in this section. DT classifications were run using single frequencies (L- and C-band) to assess which radar wavelength provides the highest accuracies. To facilitate this comparison, only L- and C-band data collected close in time were used.
\n\t\t\t\t
For the CFIA site, three pairs of data collected in 2006 were compared using data with the same polarization. Comparisons were restricted to pairs of data acquired within a seven-day window to avoid significant variations caused by plant growth between the two acquisition dates.
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Sensors
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Frequency
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Polarization Used for Comparison
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Date
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Pasture/ Forage
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Soybean
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Corn
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Wheat
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Overall Accuracy
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
PALSAR
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
L-band
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
VV/VH
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
May 20
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
24.1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
57.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
84.1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
49.7
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
ASAR
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
C-band
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
VV/VH
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
May 27
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
60.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
50.7
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
81.7
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
4.9
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
55.7
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
PALSAR
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
L-band
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
VV/VH
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
July 5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
18.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
67.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
86.7
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
11.8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
54.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
ASAR
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
C-band
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
VV/VH
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
July 1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
70.6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
65.2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
88.8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
33.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
68.1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
PALSAR
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
L-band
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
HH
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
May 20 July 5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
55.8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
49.3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
83.8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
9.2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
54.8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
RSAT-1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
C-band
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
HH
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
May 18 July 5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
79.8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
54.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
61.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
8.1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
52.8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Table 5.
Comparison of single- and two-date PALSAR, ASAR, and RADARSAT-1 2006 crop classification accuracies (producer’s) over the CFIA site.
\n\t\t\t\t
For the two acquisition windows (late May and early July) and considering overall accuracy, C-band data performed better than the L-band data using VV and VH polarizations. For larger biomass crop such as corn, the two frequencies (VV/VH) are comparable. For lower biomass crops, such as forage, the shorter wavelength C-band performs better.
\n\t\t\t\t
When two dates of HH SAR data are used (one in May and one in July), L-band produced an overall accuracy of 54.8%, slightly higher than C-band’s 52.8%. For larger biomass corn crops, L-band performs significantly better than C-band with accuracies of 83.8% and 61.0%, respectively. For lower biomass crops, such as cereal and pasture-forage, L-band was less effective. With lower biomass and a less random vegetation structure, greater penetration into the crop canopy due to the longer wavelength can be expected, which would include greater contribution from the underlying soil, as well as from vegetation-soil interactions (Freeman & Durden, ; Hill et al., ). C-band outperforms L-band for lower biomass crops.
\n\t\t\t\t
For the Casselman study site, two pairs of TerraSAR-X (TSX) and RADARSAT-2 (RSAT-2) imagery collected close in time were selected for comparison. Table 6 documents the classification results derived using data acquired over Casselman during the 2008 growing season.
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Sensors
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Frequency
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Polarization Used for Comparison
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Date
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Pasture/ Forage
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Soybean
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Corn
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Wheat
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Overall Accuracy
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
TSX
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
X-band
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
VV/VH
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Jul y 16
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
69.1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
58.2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
48.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
85.2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
59.9
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
RSAT -2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
C-band
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
VV/VH
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Jul y 19
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
47.1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
64.7
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
50.7
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
42.8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
54.2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
TSX
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
X-band
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
VV/VH
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Aug ust 9
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
59.1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
79.4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
71.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
61.8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
71.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
RSAT -2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
C-band
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
VV/VH
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
August 10
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
39.6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
73.8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
56.2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
36.8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
57.4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Table 6.
Comparison of single-date TerraSAR-X and RADARSAT-2 crop classification accuracy (producer’s) over the Casselman site from the 2008 growing season.
\n\t\t\t\t
For both acquisition windows (mid July, early August), X-band data outperformed the C-band data. When comparing overall accuracies, the mid July X-band data produced a crop map with an accuracy 5.7% higher than for C-band data acquired only three days later. Comparing data acquired in early August, X-band provided significantly better accuracies - an overall accuracy of 71% or 13.6% higher than the C-band data. In August the X- and C-Band data were acquired only one day apart. Examining the individual class accuracies, X-band performed better in identifying all crop types later in the season. Among all crop types, X-band provided dramatically higher accuracies for wheat. A 42.4%increase for mid July and 25% increase for early August are noted for the wheat class, when X-band results are compared with those of C-band. For the same wheat class, X-band data also performed better than C-band later in the growing season. At mid season (mid July), results derived from X- and C-band are similar for corn, with a difference of less than 3%.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
5.2. Multi-frequency classification comparison
\n\t\t\t\t
To evaluate the benefits of a multi-frequency SAR approach for crop classification, four datasets from the CFIA site were analyzed. Table 7 provides the classification accuracies derived using single-frequency (L- or C-band) and two-frequency (L- and C-band) approaches.
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Sensors (Date)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Frequency
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Polarization Used for Comparison
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Pasture/ Forage
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Soybean
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Corn
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Wheat
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Overall Accuracy
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1 ALOS (May20)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
L-band
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
VV/VH
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
24.1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
57.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
84.1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1.4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
49.7
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1 ASAR (May27)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
C-band
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
VV/VH
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
60.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
50.7
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
81.7
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
4.9
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
55.7
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1 ASAR (May27) + 1 ALOS (May20)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
C- & L-band
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
VV/VH
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
60.9
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
61.9
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
70.8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
40.8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
60.6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1 ALOS (July 5)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
L-band
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
VV/VH
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
18.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
67.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
86.7
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
11.8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
54.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1 ASAR (Jul y 1)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
C-band
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
VV/VH
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
70.6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
65.2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
88.8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
33.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
68.1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1 ASAR (Jul y 1) + 1 ALOS (Jul y 5)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
C- & L-band
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
VV/VH
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
61.1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
77.6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
92.4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
48.4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
73.9
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2 ALOS (May20, Jul5)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
L-band
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
HH
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
55.8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
49.3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
83.8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
9.2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
54.8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2 RS1 (May18, Jul5)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
C-band
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
HH
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
79.8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
54.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
61.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
8.1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
52.8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2 ALOS (May20, Jul5) + 2 RS1 (May18, Jul5)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
C- & L- band
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
HH
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
87.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
73.2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
82.1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
24.8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
69.8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2 ALOS (May20, Jul5)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
L-band
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
VV/VH
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
54.2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
67.4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
83.6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
37.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
64.7
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2 ASAR (May27, Jul1)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
C-band
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
VV/VH
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
74.1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
61.2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
91.6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
52.6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
72.2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2 ASAR (May 27, Jul 1) + 2 ALOS (May20, Jul 5)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
C- & L-band
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
VV/VH
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
72.4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
84.5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
95.7
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
69.6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
82.9
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Table 7.
Producer’s accuracies using multi-frequency SAR classifications from the 2006 data acquired over CFIA.
\n\t\t\t\t
Results in Table 7 clearly confirm the benefits of a multi-frequency solution for crop identification. For a single-date dual-polarization (VV/VH) comparison, there is an increase of 4.9% in overall accuracy in late May compared to result derived using ASAR alone. When compared with result derived from May ALOS, there is an increase of 10.9%. When early July L- and C-band data are integrated together in the classifier, a similar improvement in accuracy (5.8%) was observed. When multiple dates (one in May and one in July) of L- and C-band were used a 15% gain in accuracy was observed, even though only a single polarization (HH) was used. Two dates of dual-frequency and dual-polarization SAR from PALSAR (L-band) and ASAR (C-band) produced a map with an overall accuracy of 82.9%.
\n\t\t\t\t
For the Casselman site, comparisons were made between classifications using a single frequency (C- or X-band) and results achieved by integrating these two frequencies (Table 8). The multi-temporal X-band data on its own was capable of identifying crops with an overall accuracy of 84.9%. Consequently, adding C-band SAR to the classification brought only modest improvements in overall accuracy. Nevertheless C-band did assist in boosting accuracies for most individual crop classes.
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Sensors (Date)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Frequency
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Polarization Used for Comparison
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Pasture/ Forage
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Soybean
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Corn
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Wheat
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Overall Accuracy
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
4 RSAT-2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
C-band
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
VV/VH
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
66.2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
82.9
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
76.1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
64.0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
75.4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
5 TerraSAR-X
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
X-band
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
VV/VH
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
83.2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
83.6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
87.3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
84.1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
84.9
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
4 RSAT-2 + 5 TerraSAR-X
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
C- & X-band
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
VV/VH
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
84.1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
86.8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
89.9
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
85.6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
87.3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Table 8.
Producer’s accuracies of multi-frequency SAR classification from 2008 growing season over Casselman.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
6. Conclusions and future research
\n\t\t\t
A multi-year and multi-site study by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada demonstrated the improvements brought by integrating multiple frequencies (L-, C-, and X-band) of SAR data for crop classification. Penetration into the crop canopy is dependent upon SAR frequency and results indicate that the differences in this depth between frequencies are advantageous for crop identification. The case study presented here concludes that when multi-temporal multi-frequency SAR data are used, satisfactory crop classification (above 85% accuracy) can be achieved using a SAR-only dataset.
\n\t\t\t
Even with these promising results, further improvements in accuracy would be desirable prior to implementing a radar-alone solution for crop classifications. The acquisition planning associated with the datasets used in the research was limited by several factors. TerraSAR-X data collection did not begin until mid season due to a late start in the project. In future growing seasons, a more complete data set will be collected. This study also did not permit comparisons among all three frequencies as TerraSAR-X, ASAR, RADARSAT and PALSAR data were not all collected over either site. The programming of PALSAR in concert with TerraSAR-X and RADARSAT-2 was not successful. In future growing seasons, all three sensors have been programmed over the Casselman site. These methods will also be evaluated in future growing seasons over a third site in the Canadian prairies, which will represent a more complex cropping system with a greater variety of crops. Lastly, acquisitions of data in RADARSAT-2’s polarimetric mode will permit assessment of polarimetric parameters derived from multi-frequency SAR for improved crop classification.
\n\t\t
\n\t
Acknowledgments
\n\t\t\t
Funding of this research project was provided by the Canadian Space Agency’s Government Related Initiatives Project (GRIP) and AAFC Research Branch’s A-base project. The TerraSAR-X data were provided under the TerraSAR-X AO project LAN0337. The authors wish to acknowledge the assistance of Dr. Ridha Touzi (Canada Centre for Remote Sensing) in sharing his expertise on processing of the PALSAR data. We would like to thank JAXA for having provided the ALOS data under the PI project 228.
\n\t\t
\n',keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/9536.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/9536.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/9536",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/9536",totalDownloads:4007,totalViews:544,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:12,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,introChapter:null,impactScore:4,impactScorePercentile:90,impactScoreQuartile:4,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:null,datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"October 1st 2009",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/9536",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/9536",book:{id:"3343",slug:"advances-in-geoscience-and-remote-sensing"},signatures:"Jiali Shang, Heather McNairn, Catherine Champagne and Xianfeng Jiao",authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_1_2",title:"1.1. Airborne multi-frequency SAR applications to agriculture ",level:"2"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"1.2. Space-borne multi-frequency SAR applications to agriculture ",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4",title:"2. Study sites and data collection",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.1. Study sites",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"2.2. Satellite data collection",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"2.3. Ground data collection",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8",title:"3. Data pre-processing",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"3.1. Atmospheric correction of optical data",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"3.2. Speckle filtering of SAR data",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"3.3. Geometric correction and co-registration",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"3.4. Trainning and validation site selection",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13",title:"4. Methodology",level:"1"},{id:"sec_14",title:"5. Results and discussion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_14_2",title:"5.1. Single-frequency classification performance comparison",level:"2"},{id:"sec_15_2",title:"5.2. Multi-frequency classification comparison",level:"2"},{id:"sec_17",title:"6. Conclusions and future research",level:"1"},{id:"sec_18",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAttema\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE. P. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tUlaby\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF. T.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1978\n\t\t\t\t\tVegetation model as a water cloud.\n\t\t\t\t\tRadio Science, 13\n\t\t\t\t\t357\n\t\t\t\t\t364 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B2",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBan\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHowarth\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1999\n\t\t\t\t\tMultitemporal ERS-1 SAR data for crop classification: a sequential-masking approach. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 25\n\t\t\t\t\t438\n\t\t\t\t\t447 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B3",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBerger\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIrving\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tClark\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2009 Exploration applications of RADARSAT imagery in the Foothills and Western Canadian Basin, Intermap whitepapers: <http://www.intermap.com/uploads/1170701249.pdf>.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B4",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBlaes\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tX.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVanhalle\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDefourny\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2005\n\t\t\t\t\tEfficiency of crop identification based on optical and SAR image time series, Remote Sensing of Environment\n\t\t\t\t\t96\n\t\t\t\t\t352\n\t\t\t\t\t365 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B5",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBouman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB. A. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tUenk\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1992\n\t\t\t\t\tCrop classification possibilities with radar in ERS-1 and JERS-1 configuration. Remote Sensing of Environment, 40\n\t\t\t\t\t1\n\t\t\t\t\t13 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B6",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChampagne\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMcNairn\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2005\n\t\t\t\t\tExploiting spectral variation from crop phenology for agricultural land-use classification, Proceedings of SPIE Optics and Photonics, 5884 San Diego, CA, USA, July-August, 2005 (CD ROM).\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B7",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEngdahl\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBorgeaud\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRast\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2001\n\t\t\t\t\tThe use of ERS-1/2 Tandem interferometric coherence in the estimation of agricultural crop heights. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 39\n\t\t\t\t\t8\n\t\t\t\t\t1799\n\t\t\t\t\t1806 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B8",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFreeman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDurden\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1998\n\t\t\t\t\tA three-component scattering model for polarimetric SAR data. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 36\n\t\t\t\t\t963\n\t\t\t\t\t973 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B9",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHill\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTicehurst\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLee\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGrunes\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDonald\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHenry\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2005\n\t\t\t\t\tIntegration of optical and radar classifications for mapping pasture type in western Australia. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 43\n\t\t\t\t\t1665\n\t\t\t\t\t1681 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B10",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tInoue\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKurosu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMaeno\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tUratsuka\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKozu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDabrowsk-Zielinska\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tQi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2002\n\t\t\t\t\tSeason-long daily measurements of multifrequency (Ka, Ku, X, C, and L) and full-polarization backscatter signatures over paddy rice field and their relationship with biological variables. Remote Sensing of Environment, 81\n\t\t\t\t\t192\n\t\t\t\t\t204 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B11",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKohl\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNezry\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE. N.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMróz\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDe Groof\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1994\n\t\t\t\t\tTowards the integration of ERS SAR data in an operational system for rapid estimates of acreage at the level of the European Union, Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on ERS-1 Pilot Projects, 433\n\t\t\t\t\t441 , Toledo, Span, June1994.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B12",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLacomme\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMarchais\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ-C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNormant\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2001\n\t\t\t\t\tAir and Spaceborne Radar systems: an introduction. William Andrew Publishing, Norwich, NY, USA, 504p.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B13",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLee\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPottier\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2009 Polarimetric Radar Imaging: From Basics to Applications, 433p., 9781420054972, CRC/Taylor & Francis Group, New York, NY, USA.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B14",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLemonie\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tde Grandi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG. F.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSieber\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1994 Polarimetric contrast classification of agricultureal fields using MASTRO1 AirSAR data. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 15\n\t\t\t\t\t2851\n\t\t\t\t\t2869 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B15",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMcNairn\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWood\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGwyn\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tQ. H. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBrown\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCharbonneau\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1998a\n\t\t\t\t\tMapping tillage and crop residue management practices with RADARSAT, Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 24\n\t\t\t\t\t1\n\t\t\t\t\t28\n\t\t\t\t\t35 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B16",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMcNairn\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBrown\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWood\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1998b Incidence angle considerations for crop mapping using multi-temporal RADARSAT data, Proceedings of the 20th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing, 211\n\t\t\t\t\t214, Calgary, AB, Canada, May 1998.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B17",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMcNairn\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWood\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBrown\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1998c Mapping crop characteristics using multitemporal RADARSAT images, Proceedings of 1st International Conference: Geospatial Information in Agriculture and Forestry, 2\n\t\t\t\t\t501\n\t\t\t\t\t507 , Orlando, USA, June 1998.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B18",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMcNairn\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tvan der Sanden\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBrown\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEllis\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2000 The potential of RADARSAT-2 for crop mapping and assessing crop condition, Proceedings of 2nd International conference on Geospatial Information in Agriculture and Forestry, 2\n\t\t\t\t\t81\n\t\t\t\t\t88 , Lake Buena Vista, Florida, USA.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B19",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMcNairn\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEllis\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tvan der Sanden\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHirose\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBrown\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2002, van der Sanden, J J, Hirose, T. and Brown, R J. 2002. Providing crop information using RADARSAT-1 and satellite optical imagery. International Journal of Remote Sensing\n\t\t\t\t\t23\n\t\t\t\t\t851\n\t\t\t\t\t870 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B20",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMcNairn\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChampagne\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHolmstrom\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tReichert\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2008a\n\t\t\t\t\tIntegration of optical and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery for delivering operational annual crop inventories. Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (in press: doi:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2008.07.006)\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B21",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMcNairn\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJiao\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tX.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChampagne\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2008b The Contribution of ALOS PALSAR Multi polarization and Polarimetric Data to Crop Classification, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, accepted with modifications.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B22",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMichelson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. B.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLiljeberg\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tb. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPilesjo\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2000\n\t\t\t\t\tComparison of algorithms for classifying Swedish landcover using Landsat TM and ERS-1 SAR data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 71\n\t\t\t\t\t1\n\t\t\t\t\t1\n\t\t\t\t\t15 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B23",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPal\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMather\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2003\n\t\t\t\t\tAn assessment of the effectiveness of decision tree methods for land cover classification. Remote Sensing of Environment, 86\n\t\t\t\t\t554\n\t\t\t\t\t565 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B24",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPaudyal\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEiumnoh\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAschbacher\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1995 Multitemporal analysis of SAR images over the tropics for agriculture applications, Proceedings of the International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 1219\n\t\t\t\t\t1221 , 0-7803-2567-2, Firenze, Italy, July 1995, IEEE.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B25",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPhoompanich\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAnan\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPhongam\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2005 Multi-temporal RADARSAT for crop monitoring, Proceedings of 26th Asian Conference on Remote Sensing, Hanoi, Vietnam, November 2005 <http://www.aars-acrs.org/acrs/proceeding/ACRS2005/Papers/AGC2-3.pdf>.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B26",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRao\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRao\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGurusamy\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1993 Frequency dependence of polarization phase difference and polarization index for vegetation covered fields using polarimetric AirSAR data, Proceedings of the International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 37\n\t\t\t\t\t39 , Tokyo, Japan, August 1993, IEEE, Piscataway, N.J., U.S.A.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B27",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRibbes\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tToan\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1999\n\t\t\t\t\tRice field mapping and monitoring with RADARSAT data. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 20\n\t\t\t\t\t4\n\t\t\t\t\t745\n\t\t\t\t\t765 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B28",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tRulequest Research\n\t\t\t\t\t2008 Data Mining Tools See5 and C5.0 [Online]. Available by Rulequest Research http://www.rulequest.com/see5-info.html.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B29",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMcNairn\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChampagne\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJiao\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tX.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2008\n\t\t\t\t\tContribution of multi-frequency, multi-sensor, and multi-temporal radar data to operational annual crop mapping. International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Boston (Massachusetts), 7-11 July 2008, 4 pp. Invited paper.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B30",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChampagne\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMcNairn\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 Agriculture land use using multi-sensor and multi-temporal Earth Observation data. In Proceedings of the MAPPS/ASPRS 2006 Fall Specialty conference, San Antonio, Texas, USA.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B31",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSnoeij\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSwart\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP. J. F.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAttema\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE. P. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1990 The general behavior of the radar signature of different European test sites as a function of frequency and polarization, Proceedings of the 10th International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2315\n\t\t\t\t\t2318 , May 1990, College Park, Maryland, USA.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B32",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSkriver\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSvendsen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. T.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThomsen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1999\n\t\t\t\t\tMultitemporal C- and L-band polarimetric signatures of crops. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 24\n\t\t\t\t\t5\n\t\t\t\t\t2413\n\t\t\t\t\t2429 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B33",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVan Leeuwen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. J. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1991 Multifrequency and multitemporal analysis of scatterrometer radar data with respect to agricultural crops using the Cloud model, Proceedings of the 11th International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 4\n\t\t\t\t\t1893\n\t\t\t\t\t1897 , Helsinki, Finland.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B34",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBrisco\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBrown\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1998 Evaluation of multidata ERS-1 and multispectral Landsat imagery for wetland detection in southern Ontario. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 24\n\t\t\t\t\t1\n\t\t\t\t\t60\n\t\t\t\t\t68 .\n\t\t\t'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Jiali Shang",address:null,affiliation:'
Research Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Canada
Research Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Canada
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"3343",type:"book",title:"Advances in Geoscience and Remote Sensing",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Advances in Geoscience and Remote Sensing",slug:"advances-in-geoscience-and-remote-sensing",publishedDate:"October 1st 2009",bookSignature:"Gary Jedlovec",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3343.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-005-6",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4901-9",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:201,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"4191",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Jedlovec",slug:"gary-jedlovec",fullName:"Gary Jedlovec"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"653"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"9551",type:"chapter",title:"Enhancing the Unmixing Algorithm through the Spatial Data Modeling for Limnological Studies",slug:"enhancing-the-unmixing-algorithm-through-the-spatial-data-modeling-for-limnological-studies",totalDownloads:2655,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Enner Herenio Alcantara, Jose Luiz Stech, Evlyn Marcia Leso de Moraes Novo and Claudio Clemente Faria Barbosa",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9547",type:"chapter",title:"Application of Remote Sensing to the Estimation of Sea Ice Thickness Distribution",slug:"application-of-remote-sensing-to-the-estimation-of-sea-ice-thickness-distribution",totalDownloads:3119,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Takenobu Toyota",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9532",type:"chapter",title:"Correction of NDVI Calculated from ASTER L1B and ASTER (AST07) Data Based on Ground Measurement",slug:"correction-of-ndvi-calculated-from-aster-l1b-and-aster-ast07-data-based-on-ground-measurement",totalDownloads:4058,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Hoshino Buho, Masami Kaneko and Kenta Ogawa",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9550",type:"chapter",title:"Environmental Hazards in the El-Temsah Lake, Suez Canal District, Egypt",slug:"environmental-hazards-in-the-el-temsah-lake-suez-canal-district-egypt",totalDownloads:3872,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Kaiser, M. F., Amin, A. S. and Aboulela, H. A.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9534",type:"chapter",title:"Air Pollution Determination Using Remote Sensing Technique",slug:"air-pollution-determination-using-remote-sensing-technique",totalDownloads:9725,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"H. S. Lim, M. Z. MatJafri, K. Abdullah and C. J. Wong",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9554",type:"chapter",title:"Some Features of The Volume Component of Radar Backscatter From Thick and Dry Snow Cover",slug:"some-features-of-the-volume-component-of-radar-backscatter-from-thick-and-dry-snow-cover",totalDownloads:3162,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Boris Yurchak",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9538",type:"chapter",title:"Theoretical Modeling for Polarimetric Scattering and Information Retrieval of SAR Remote Sensing",slug:"theoretical-modeling-for-polarimetric-scattering-and-information-retrieval-of-sar-remote-sensing",totalDownloads:4657,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Ya-Qiu Jin",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9555",type:"chapter",title:"Polarimetric Responses and Scattering Mechanisms of Tropical Forests in the Brazilian Amazon",slug:"polarimetric-responses-and-scattering-mechanisms-of-tropical-forests-in-the-brazilian-amazon",totalDownloads:3795,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"J. R. dos Santos, I. S. Narvaes, P. M. L. A. Graca and F. G. Goncalves",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9546",type:"chapter",title:"Discovery of User-Generated Geographic Data Using Web Search Engines",slug:"discovery-of-user-generated-geographic-data-using-web-search-engines",totalDownloads:2172,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Carlos Abargues, Carlos Granell, Laura Diaz, Joaquin Huerta and Arturo Beltran",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9557",type:"chapter",title:"Estimation of Soil Properties Using Observations and the Crop Model STICS. Interest of Global Sensitivity Analysis and Impact on the Prediction of Agro-Environmental Variables",slug:"estimation-of-soil-properties-using-observations-and-the-crop-model-stics-interest-of-global-sensiti",totalDownloads:2481,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Hubert Varella, Martine Guerif and Samuel Buis",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9540",type:"chapter",title:"Modeling of Wake-Vortex Detection by a Ground-based Fiber LIDAR System",slug:"modeling-of-wake-vortex-detection-by-a-ground-based-fiber-lidar-system",totalDownloads:2333,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"S. Brousmiche, L. Bricteux, G. Winckelmans, B. Macq and P. Sobieski",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9525",type:"chapter",title:"Earthquake Damage Mapping Techniques Using SAR and Optical Remote Sensing Satellite Data",slug:"earthquake-damage-mapping-techniques-using-sar-and-optical-remote-sensing-satellite-data",totalDownloads:4018,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Marco Chini",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9533",type:"chapter",title:"Spectroscopic Microwave Dielectric Model of Moist Soils",slug:"spectroscopic-microwave-dielectric-model-of-moist-soils",totalDownloads:2075,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Valery Mironov and Pavel Bobrov",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9541",type:"chapter",title:"Automated Detection of Clouds in Satellite Imagery",slug:"automated-detection-of-clouds-in-satellite-imagery",totalDownloads:3549,totalCrossrefCites:16,signatures:"Gary Jedlovec",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9556",type:"chapter",title:"Remote sensing and the disaster management cycle",slug:"remote-sensing-and-the-disaster-management-cycle",totalDownloads:6728,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Karen E. Joyce, Kim C. Wright, Sergey V. Samsonov and Vincent G. Ambrosia",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9543",type:"chapter",title:"Prediction of Volumetric Shrinkage in Expansive Soils (Role of Remote Sensing)",slug:"prediction-of-volumetric-shrinkage-in-expansive-soils-role-of-remote-sensing-",totalDownloads:8356,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Fekerte Arega Yitagesu, Freek van der Meer and Harald van der Werff",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9526",type:"chapter",title:"Monitoring Soil Moisture from Spaceborne Passive Microwave Radiometers: Algorithm Developments and Applications to AMSR-E and SSM/I",slug:"monitoring-soil-moisture-from-spaceborne-passive-microwave-radiometers-algorithm-developments-and-ap",totalDownloads:2552,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Hui Lu, Toshio Koike, Tetsu Ohta, David Ndegwa Kuria, Kun Yang Hideyuki Fujii, Hiroyuki Tsutsui and Katsunori Tamagawa",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9524",type:"chapter",title:"Multiwavelength Polarimetric Lidar for Foliage Obscured Man-Made Target Detection",slug:"multiwavelength-polarimetric-lidar-for-foliage-obscured-man-made-target-detection",totalDownloads:3839,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Songxin Tan and Jason Stoker",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9530",type:"chapter",title:"Unmixing Based Landsat ETM+ and ASTER Image Fusion for Hybrid Multispectral Image Analysis",slug:"unmixing-based-landsat-etm-and-aster-image-fusion-for-hybrid-multispectral-image-analysis",totalDownloads:3190,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Nouha Mezned, Saadi Abdeljaoued and Mohamed Rached Boussema",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9544",type:"chapter",title:"InSAR phase analysis: Phase unwrapping for noisy SAR interferograms",slug:"insar-phase-analysis-phase-unwrapping-for-noisy-sar-interferograms",totalDownloads:5503,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Riadh Abdelfattah",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9549",type:"chapter",title:"Soil moisture estimation using L-band radiometry",slug:"soil-moisture-estimation-using-l-band-radiometry",totalDownloads:3052,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Alessandra Monerris and Thomas Schmugge",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9548",type:"chapter",title:"AggieAir: Towards Low-cost Cooperative Multispectral Remote Sensing Using Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems",slug:"aggieair-towards-low-cost-cooperative-multispectral-remote-sensing-using-small-unmanned-aircraft-sys",totalDownloads:3403,totalCrossrefCites:10,signatures:"Haiyang Chao, Austin M. Jensen, Yiding Han, YangQuan Chen and Mac McKee",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9529",type:"chapter",title:"Possibilistic and fuzzy multi-sensor fusion for humanitarian mine action",slug:"possibilistic-and-fuzzy-multi-sensor-fusion-for-humanitarian-mine-action",totalDownloads:2172,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Nada Milisavljevic and Isabelle Bloch",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9528",type:"chapter",title:"Non specular reflection and depolarisation due to walls under oblique incidence",slug:"non-specular-reflection-and-depolarisation-due-to-walls-under-oblique-incidence",totalDownloads:2501,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Inigo Cuinas, Manuel G. Sanchez and Ana V. Alejos",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9552",type:"chapter",title:"Dynamical Enhancement Technique for Geophysical Analysis of Remote Sensing Imagery",slug:"dynamical-enhancement-technique-for-geophysical-analysis-of-remote-sensing-imagery",totalDownloads:1830,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ivan E. Villalon-Turrubiates",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9545",type:"chapter",title:"Forest Inventory using Optical and Radar Remote Sensing",slug:"forest-inventory-using-optical-and-radar-remote-sensing",totalDownloads:4413,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Yolanda Fernandez-Ordonez, Jesus Soria-Ruiz and Brigitte Leblon",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9536",type:"chapter",title:"Application of Multi-Frequency Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) in Crop Classification",slug:"application-of-multi-frequency-synthetic-aperture-radar-sar-in-crop-classification",totalDownloads:4007,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Jiali Shang, Heather McNairn, Catherine Champagne and Xianfeng Jiao",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9553",type:"chapter",title:"Multispectal Image Classification Using Rough Set Theory and Particle Swam Optimization",slug:"multispectal-image-classification-using-rough-set-theory-and-particle-swam-optimization",totalDownloads:3158,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Chih-Cheng Hung, Hendri Purnawan, Bor-Chen Kuo and Scott Letkeman",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9531",type:"chapter",title:"Derivative analysis of hyperspectral oceanographic data",slug:"derivative-analysis-of-hyperspectral-oceanographic-data",totalDownloads:3775,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Elena Torrecilla, Jaume Piera and Meritxell Vilaseca",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9539",type:"chapter",title:"Electromagnetic Scattering Analysis of Simple Targets Embedded in Planar Multilayer Structures: Remote Sensing Applications",slug:"electromagnetic-scattering-analysis-of-simple-targets-embedded-in-planar-multilayer-structures-remot",totalDownloads:2018,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Sidnei J. S. Sant Anna, J. C. da S. Lacava and David Fernandes",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9535",type:"chapter",title:"On Performance of S-band FMCW Radar for Atmospheric Measurements",slug:"on-performance-of-s-band-fmcw-radar-for-atmospheric-measurements",totalDownloads:3916,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Turker Ince",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9537",type:"chapter",title:"Use of Lidar Data in Floodplain Risk Management Planning: The Experience of Tabasco 2007 Flood",slug:"use-of-lidar-data-in-floodplain-risk-management-planning-the-experience-of-tabasco-2007-flood",totalDownloads:2641,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Ramos J., Marrufo L. and Gonzlez F.J.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9542",type:"chapter",title:"Improving Wetland Characterization with Multi-Sensor, Multi-Temporal SAR and Optical/Infrared Data Fusion",slug:"improving-wetland-characterization-with-multi-sensor-multi-temporal-sar-and-optical-infrared-data-fu",totalDownloads:3171,totalCrossrefCites:9,signatures:"Laura L. Bourgeau-Chavez, Kevin Riordan, Richard B. Powell, Nicole Miller and Mitch Nowels",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9527",type:"chapter",title:"Remote Sensing Rock Mechanics and Earthquake Thermal Infrared Anomalies",slug:"remote-sensing-rock-mechanics-and-earthquake-thermal-infrared-anomalies",totalDownloads:2760,totalCrossrefCites:10,signatures:"Lixin Wu and Shanjun Liu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2280",title:"Remote Sensing",subtitle:"Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ceea9c29b9b1f05fc128ae2cf564f110",slug:"remote-sensing-applications",bookSignature:"Boris Escalante-Ramirez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2280.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111500",title:"Dr.",name:"Boris",surname:"Escalante",slug:"boris-escalante",fullName:"Boris Escalante"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"37529",title:"Narrowband Vegetation Indices for Estimating Boreal Forest Leaf Area Index",slug:"narrowband-vegetation-indices-for-estimating-boreal-forest-leaf-area-index",signatures:"Ellen Eigemeier, Janne Heiskanen, Miina Rautiainen, Matti Mõttus, Veli-Heikki Vesanto, Titta Majasalmi and Pauline Stenberg",authors:[{id:"102410",title:"Dr.",name:"Miina",middleName:null,surname:"Rautiainen",fullName:"Miina Rautiainen",slug:"miina-rautiainen"},{id:"106738",title:"Prof.",name:"Pauline",middleName:null,surname:"Stenberg",fullName:"Pauline Stenberg",slug:"pauline-stenberg"},{id:"126165",title:"Dr.",name:"Ellen",middleName:null,surname:"Eigemeier",fullName:"Ellen Eigemeier",slug:"ellen-eigemeier"},{id:"136979",title:"Dr.",name:"Janne",middleName:null,surname:"Heiskanen",fullName:"Janne Heiskanen",slug:"janne-heiskanen"},{id:"136980",title:"Dr.",name:"Matti",middleName:null,surname:"Mõttus",fullName:"Matti Mõttus",slug:"matti-mottus"},{id:"136983",title:"BSc.",name:"Veli-Heikki",middleName:null,surname:"Vesanto",fullName:"Veli-Heikki Vesanto",slug:"veli-heikki-vesanto"},{id:"136985",title:"MSc.",name:"Titta",middleName:null,surname:"Majasalmi",fullName:"Titta Majasalmi",slug:"titta-majasalmi"}]},{id:"37530",title:"Crop Disease and Pest Monitoring by Remote Sensing",slug:"crop-disease-and-pest-monitoring-by-remote-sensing",signatures:"Wenjiang Huang, Juhua Luo, Jingcheng Zhang, Jinling Zhao, Chunjiang Zhao, Jihua Wang, Guijun Yang, Muyi Huang, Linsheng Huang and Shizhou Du",authors:[{id:"103431",title:"Dr.",name:"Wenjiang",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Wenjiang Huang",slug:"wenjiang-huang"},{id:"151635",title:"Dr.",name:"Juhua",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",fullName:"Juhua Luo",slug:"juhua-luo"},{id:"151636",title:"Dr.",name:"Jingcheng",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Jingcheng Zhang",slug:"jingcheng-zhang"},{id:"151637",title:"Prof.",name:"Chunjiang",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",fullName:"Chunjiang Zhao",slug:"chunjiang-zhao"},{id:"151638",title:"Prof.",name:"Jihua",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Jihua Wang",slug:"jihua-wang"}]},{id:"37531",title:"Seasonal Variability of Vegetation and Its Relationship to Rainfall and Fire in the Brazilian Tropical Savanna",slug:"seasonal-variability-of-vegetation-and-its-relationship-to-rainfall-and-fire-in-the-brazilian-tr",signatures:"Jorge Alberto Bustamante, Regina Alvalá and Celso von Randow",authors:[{id:"113882",title:"Dr.",name:"Celso",middleName:null,surname:"Von Randow",fullName:"Celso Von Randow",slug:"celso-von-randow"},{id:"113883",title:"Dr.",name:"Regina",middleName:null,surname:"Alvalá",fullName:"Regina Alvalá",slug:"regina-alvala"},{id:"144075",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:"Alberto",surname:"Bustamante",fullName:"Jorge Bustamante",slug:"jorge-bustamante"}]},{id:"37532",title:"Land Cover Change Detection in Southern Brazil Through Orbital Imagery Classification Methods",slug:"strategies-of-change-detection-in-southern-brazil-by-orbital-imagery-classification-methods",signatures:"José Maria Filippini Alba, Victor Faria Schroder and Mauro Ricardo R. Nóbrega",authors:[{id:"110517",title:"Dr.",name:"José Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Filippini-Alba",fullName:"José Maria Filippini-Alba",slug:"jose-maria-filippini-alba"},{id:"110634",title:"BSc.",name:"Victor",middleName:null,surname:"Schroder",fullName:"Victor Schroder",slug:"victor-schroder"},{id:"110636",title:"Mr.",name:"Mauro",middleName:null,surname:"Nóbrega",fullName:"Mauro Nóbrega",slug:"mauro-nobrega"}]},{id:"37533",title:"Mapping Soil Salinization of Agricultural Coastal Areas in Southeast Spain",slug:"mapping-soil-salinization-of-agricultural-coastal-areas-in-southeast-spain",signatures:"Ignacio Melendez-Pastor, Encarni I. Hernández, Jose Navarro-Pedreño and Ignacio Gómez",authors:[{id:"109913",title:"Dr.",name:"Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Melendez-Pastor",fullName:"Ignacio Melendez-Pastor",slug:"ignacio-melendez-pastor"},{id:"137038",title:"Dr.",name:"Encarni I.",middleName:null,surname:"Hernández",fullName:"Encarni I. Hernández",slug:"encarni-i.-hernandez"},{id:"137040",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Navarro-Pedreño",fullName:"Jose Navarro-Pedreño",slug:"jose-navarro-pedreno"},{id:"137041",title:"Prof.",name:"Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Gómez Lucas",fullName:"Ignacio Gómez Lucas",slug:"ignacio-gomez-lucas"}]},{id:"37534",title:"Remote Sensing Based Modeling of Water and Heat Regimes in a Vast Agricultural Region",slug:"remote-sensing-based-modeling-of-water-and-heat-regimes-in-a-vast-agricultural-region",signatures:"A. Gelfan, E. Muzylev, A. Uspensky, Z. Startseva and P. Romanov",authors:[{id:"111143",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Gelfan",fullName:"Alexander Gelfan",slug:"alexander-gelfan"},{id:"113368",title:"Dr.",name:"Eugene",middleName:null,surname:"Muzylev",fullName:"Eugene Muzylev",slug:"eugene-muzylev"},{id:"113370",title:"Dr.",name:"Zoya",middleName:null,surname:"Startseva",fullName:"Zoya Startseva",slug:"zoya-startseva"},{id:"113371",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Uspensky",fullName:"Alexander Uspensky",slug:"alexander-uspensky"},{id:"113372",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Romanov",fullName:"Peter Romanov",slug:"peter-romanov"}]},{id:"37535",title:"High Resolution Remote Sensing Images Based Catastrophe Assessment Method",slug:"high-resolution-remote-sensing-images-based-catastrophe-assessment-method",signatures:"Qi Wen, Yida Fan, Siquan Yang, Shirong Chen, Haixia He, Sanchao Liu, Wei Wu, Lei Wang, Juan Nie, Wei Wang, Baojun Zhang, Feng Xu, Tong Tang, Zhiqiang Lin, Ping Wang and Wei Zhang",authors:[{id:"113084",title:"Dr.",name:"Qi",middleName:null,surname:"Wen",fullName:"Qi Wen",slug:"qi-wen"},{id:"136919",title:"Dr.",name:"Haixia",middleName:null,surname:"He",fullName:"Haixia He",slug:"haixia-he"},{id:"136920",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanchao",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Sanchao Liu",slug:"sanchao-liu"},{id:"136921",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",fullName:"Wei Wu",slug:"wei-wu"},{id:"136922",title:"Dr.",name:"Lei",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lei Wang",slug:"lei-wang"},{id:"136923",title:"Mrs.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Nie",fullName:"Juan Nie",slug:"juan-nie"},{id:"136924",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Wei Wang",slug:"wei-wang"},{id:"136925",title:"Dr.",name:"Baojun",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Baojun Zhang",slug:"baojun-zhang"},{id:"136926",title:"Mr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",fullName:"Feng Xu",slug:"feng-xu"},{id:"136927",title:"Mrs.",name:"Tong",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",fullName:"Tong Tang",slug:"tong-tang"},{id:"136928",title:"Mr.",name:"Zhiqiang",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",fullName:"Zhiqiang Lin",slug:"zhiqiang-lin"},{id:"136929",title:"Mr.",name:"Ping",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Ping Wang",slug:"ping-wang"},{id:"136930",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Wei Zhang",slug:"wei-zhang"},{id:"151289",title:"Prof.",name:"Yida",middleName:null,surname:"Fan",fullName:"Yida Fan",slug:"yida-fan"},{id:"151290",title:"Prof.",name:"Siquan",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Siquan Yang",slug:"siquan-yang"},{id:"151291",title:"Dr.",name:"Shirong",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Shirong Chen",slug:"shirong-chen"}]},{id:"37536",title:"Automatic Mapping of the Lava Flows at Piton de la Fournaise Volcano, by Combining Thermal Data in Near and Visible Infrared",slug:"automatic-mapping-of-the-lava-flows-at-piton-de-la-fournaise-volcano-by-combining-thermal-data-i",signatures:"Z. Servadio, N. Villeneuve and P. Bachèlery",authors:[{id:"113884",title:"Ms.",name:"Zarah",middleName:null,surname:"Servadio",fullName:"Zarah Servadio",slug:"zarah-servadio"},{id:"113886",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolas",middleName:null,surname:"Villeneuve",fullName:"Nicolas Villeneuve",slug:"nicolas-villeneuve"},{id:"113888",title:"Prof.",name:"Patrick",middleName:null,surname:"Bachelery",fullName:"Patrick Bachelery",slug:"patrick-bachelery"}]},{id:"37537",title:"Coupled Terrestrial Carbon and Water Dynamics in Terrestrial Ecosystems: Contributions of Remote Sensing",slug:"application-of-remote-sensing-on-coupled-terrestrial-carbon-and-water-dynamics",signatures:"Baozhang Chen",authors:[{id:"108650",title:"Dr.",name:"Baozhang",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Baozhang Chen",slug:"baozhang-chen"}]},{id:"37538",title:"Oceanic Evaporation: Trends and Variability",slug:"oceanic-evaporation-trend-and-variability",signatures:"Long S. Chiu, Si Gao and Chung-Lin Shie",authors:[{id:"108574",title:"Prof.",name:"Long",middleName:"S",surname:"Chiu",fullName:"Long Chiu",slug:"long-chiu"},{id:"113172",title:"Dr.",name:"Si",middleName:null,surname:"Gao",fullName:"Si Gao",slug:"si-gao"},{id:"113173",title:"Dr.",name:"Chung-Lin",middleName:null,surname:"Shie",fullName:"Chung-Lin Shie",slug:"chung-lin-shie"}]},{id:"37539",title:"Multi-Wavelength and Multi-Direction Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Aerosols and Clouds",slug:"multi-wavelength-and-multi-direction-remote-sensing-of-atmospheric-aerosols-and-clouds",signatures:"Hiroaki Kuze",authors:[{id:"113390",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kuze",fullName:"Hiroaki Kuze",slug:"hiroaki-kuze"}]},{id:"37540",title:"Remote Sensing of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation",slug:"remote-sensing-of-submerged-aquatic-vegetation",signatures:"Hyun Jung Cho, Deepak Mishra and John Wood",authors:[{id:"103213",title:"Dr.",name:"Hyun Jung",middleName:null,surname:"Cho",fullName:"Hyun Jung Cho",slug:"hyun-jung-cho"}]},{id:"37541",title:"Remote Sensing and Environmental Sensitivity for Oil Spill in the Amazon, Brazil",slug:"remote-sensing-and-environmental-sensitivity-for-oil-spill-in-the-amazon-brazil",signatures:"Milena Andrade and Claudio Szlafsztein",authors:[{id:"109951",title:"MSc.",name:"Milena",middleName:"Marilia Nogueira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Milena Andrade",slug:"milena-andrade"},{id:"113594",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudio",middleName:null,surname:"Szlafsztein",fullName:"Claudio Szlafsztein",slug:"claudio-szlafsztein"}]},{id:"37542",title:"Satellite Remote Sensing of Coral Reef Habitats Mapping in Shallow Waters at Banco Chinchorro Reefs, México: A Classification Approach",slug:"satellite-remote-sensing-for-coral-reef-habitat-mapping-in-shallow-waters-at-banco-chinchorro-re",signatures:"Ameris Ixchel Contreras-Silva, Alejandra A. López-Caloca, F. Omar Tapia-Silva and Sergio Cerdeira-Estrada",authors:[{id:"19571",title:"Dr.",name:"Felipe Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Tapia Silva",fullName:"Felipe Omar Tapia Silva",slug:"felipe-omar-tapia-silva"},{id:"19577",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandra",middleName:"A.",surname:"López-Caloca",fullName:"Alejandra López-Caloca",slug:"alejandra-lopez-caloca"},{id:"107500",title:"MSc.",name:"Ameris",middleName:null,surname:"Contreras-Silva",fullName:"Ameris Contreras-Silva",slug:"ameris-contreras-silva"},{id:"150351",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio",middleName:null,surname:"Cerdeira-Estrada",fullName:"Sergio Cerdeira-Estrada",slug:"sergio-cerdeira-estrada"}]},{id:"37543",title:"Predictability of Water Sources Using Snow Maps Extracted from the Modis Imagery in Central Alborz, Iran",slug:"predictability-of-water-sources-using-snow-maps-extracted-from-the-modis-imagery-in-central-albo",signatures:"Seyed Kazem Alavipanah, Somayeh Talebi and Farshad Amiraslani",authors:[{id:"113521",title:"Dr",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Alavi Panah",fullName:"Alavi Panah",slug:"alavi-panah"}]},{id:"37544",title:"Remote Sensing of Cryosphere",slug:"remote-sensing-of-cryosphere",signatures:"Shrinidhi Ambinakudige and Kabindra Joshi",authors:[{id:"103394",title:"Dr.",name:"Shrinidhi",middleName:null,surname:"Ambinakudige",fullName:"Shrinidhi Ambinakudige",slug:"shrinidhi-ambinakudige"},{id:"110648",title:"Mr.",name:"Kabindra",middleName:null,surname:"Joshi",fullName:"Kabindra Joshi",slug:"kabindra-joshi"}]},{id:"37545",title:"Remote Sensing Application in the Maritime Search and Rescue",slug:"remote-sensing-application-in-the-maritime-search-and-rescue",signatures:"Jing Peng and Chaojian Shi",authors:[{id:"110809",title:"Dr.",name:"Jing",middleName:null,surname:"Peng",fullName:"Jing Peng",slug:"jing-peng"},{id:"113201",title:"Prof.",name:"Chaojian",middleName:null,surname:"Shi",fullName:"Chaojian Shi",slug:"chaojian-shi"}]},{id:"37546",title:"Object-Based Image Analysis of VHR Satellite Imagery for Population Estimation in Informal Settlement Kibera-Nairobi, Kenya",slug:"object-based-image-analysis-of-vhr-satellite-imagery-for-population-estimation-in-informal-settl",signatures:"Tatjana Veljanovski, Urša Kanjir, Peter Pehani, Krištof Oštir and Primož Kovačič",authors:[{id:"114617",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatjana",middleName:null,surname:"Veljanovski",fullName:"Tatjana Veljanovski",slug:"tatjana-veljanovski"},{id:"136824",title:"BSc.",name:"Urša",middleName:null,surname:"Kanjir",fullName:"Urša Kanjir",slug:"ursa-kanjir"},{id:"136826",title:"Prof.",name:"Krištof",middleName:null,surname:"Oštir",fullName:"Krištof Oštir",slug:"kristof-ostir"}]},{id:"37547",title:"Remote Sensing Applications in Archaeological Research",slug:"remote-sensing-applications-in-archaeology",signatures:"Dimitrios D. Alexakis, Athos Agapiou, Diofantos G. Hadjimitsis and Apostolos Sarris",authors:[{id:"101025",title:"Prof.",name:"Diofantos",middleName:"G.",surname:"Hadjimitsis",fullName:"Diofantos Hadjimitsis",slug:"diofantos-hadjimitsis"},{id:"113775",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",middleName:null,surname:"Alexakis",fullName:"Dimitrios Alexakis",slug:"dimitrios-alexakis"},{id:"113778",title:"Dr.",name:"Athos",middleName:null,surname:"Agapiou",fullName:"Athos Agapiou",slug:"athos-agapiou"},{id:"113781",title:"Dr.",name:"Apostolos",middleName:null,surname:"Sarris",fullName:"Apostolos Sarris",slug:"apostolos-sarris"}]},{id:"37548",title:"The Mapping of the Urban Growth of Kinshasa (DRC) Through High Resolution Remote Sensing Between 1995 and 2005",slug:"the-mapping-of-the-urban-growth-of-kinshasa",signatures:"Kayembe wa Kayembe Matthieu, Mathieu De Maeyer and Eléonore Wolff",authors:[{id:"117224",title:"Dr",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Wa Kayembe",fullName:"Wa Kayembe",slug:"wa-kayembe"}]},{id:"37549",title:"Remote Sensing for Medical and Health Care Applications",slug:"remote-sensing-for-medical-and-healthcare-applications",signatures:"Satoshi Suzuki and Takemi Matsui",authors:[{id:"110480",title:"Prof.",name:"Satoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",fullName:"Satoshi Suzuki",slug:"satoshi-suzuki"}]},{id:"37550",title:"Demonstration of Hyperspectral Image Exploitation for Military Applications",slug:"demonstration-of-hyperspectral-image-exploitation-for-military-applications",signatures:"Jean-Pierre Ardouin, Josée Lévesque, Vincent Roy, Yves Van Chestein and Anthony Faust",authors:[{id:"113852",title:"Mr.",name:"Jean-Pierre",middleName:null,surname:"Ardouin",fullName:"Jean-Pierre Ardouin",slug:"jean-pierre-ardouin"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3343",title:"Advances in Geoscience and Remote Sensing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d40150daaa27a3f6aa378ff979c402b7",slug:"advances-in-geoscience-and-remote-sensing",bookSignature:"Gary Jedlovec",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3343.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4191",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",surname:"Jedlovec",slug:"gary-jedlovec",fullName:"Gary Jedlovec"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3838",title:"Advanced Geoscience Remote Sensing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"74f648b4e5f6fb290baeb0642c037c1d",slug:"advanced-geoscience-remote-sensing",bookSignature:"Maged Marghany",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3838.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"96666",title:"Prof.",name:"Prof. Dr. Maged",surname:"Marghany",slug:"prof.-dr.-maged-marghany",fullName:"Prof. Dr. Maged Marghany"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6058",title:"Recent Advances and Applications in Remote Sensing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c271ba0275d66a79d494e5e0bfe9ebb",slug:"recent-advances-and-applications-in-remote-sensing",bookSignature:"Ming-Chih Hung and Yi-Hwa Wu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6058.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"184413",title:"Dr.",name:"Ming",surname:"Hung",slug:"ming-hung",fullName:"Ming Hung"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6334",title:"Multi-purposeful Application of Geospatial Data",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aef4a5a32cd570b48494277b3857aa60",slug:"multi-purposeful-application-of-geospatial-data",bookSignature:"Rustam B. Rustamov, Sabina Hasanova and Mahfuza H. Zeynalova",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6334.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"59174",title:"Dr.",name:"Rustam B.",surname:"Rustamov",slug:"rustam-b.-rustamov",fullName:"Rustam B. Rustamov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6347",title:"Topics in Radar Signal Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"155fcc24377f9c4814e153cb3d4d1101",slug:"topics-in-radar-signal-processing",bookSignature:"Graham Weinberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6347.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"104720",title:"Dr.",name:"Graham",surname:"Weinberg",slug:"graham-weinberg",fullName:"Graham Weinberg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"82414",title:"Use of Induction Generators in Small Hydro Power Generation System Feeding Isolated Load in Remote Mountainous Regions of Himalayas",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105650",slug:"use-of-induction-generators-in-small-hydro-power-generation-system-feeding-isolated-load-in-remote-m",body:'
1. Introduction
To meet electricity demand of people living in mountainous terrain is always a challenging task. Due to adverse geographical conditions, the cost of laying and maintaining electrical power distribution network increases. Under such conditions, using renewable energy sources is the best option to meet their energy requirement. It will also cause less adverse impact on environment as compared to impact caused by using conventional energy sources. Advancement in technology and growing concern on environmental issues worldwide have motivated and compelled the world to maximize the use of renewable sources of energy such as wind, small hydro, solar, geothermal, tidal, biomass, ocean thermal etc. [1]. These renewable energy sources are best choice to compliments the conventional sources of energy and also to meet the growing energy demand of the people living in remote areas where use of conventional grid for power distribution is difficult. An estimated 20–25% of the global final energy consumption comes from various renewable energy sources and is increasing day by day.
Hydroelectric power is the most appropriate, cost effective and environment friendly renewable energy source suitable for providing electrical power in remote mountainous regions which actually have the huge hydro power potential for electricity generation. Especially small hydro power plants play a significant role in meeting the electricity requirement of people living in remote mountainous regions in isolated mode. In comparison to large hydro power plants, micro/pico hydro power plants are environment friendly; require less investment and easy operating with minimal impact on environment. An estimated electric power potential of more than 200,000 MW from small hydro exists worldwide, out of which around 50,000 MW has been tapped so far. India also has an estimated potential of more than 5000 MW capacity of small hydro identified through more than 2000 sites in various states of India mostly located in Himalayan region. In hydro power plants, the erratic rainfall affects the water discharge in catchment areas which further affects the generated kWh output. Most of the small hydro power plants are located in mountainous terrains. However, due to the effect of global warming on overall environment around the globe and erratic rainfall due to disturbance in environment, the output of these small hydro-electric power plants (SHEPP) is not consistent. Similar varying water input conditions exist almost in the entire mountainous region as the water flow rate depends upon the average rainfall and quantity of snow on the mountain peaks in concerned catchment area which feed the small hydro power plants. Annual power generation trend based on the data collected from a cluster of small hydro power plants in Himalayan region shows the variation in power generation against the rated capacity due to varying inputs as shown in Figure 1 [2].
Figure 1.
Annual kWh generations in 1 MW Manjhal HEPP.
Another crucial factor in deciding the appropriate technology for isolated type of pico-hydro power plants is the type of loading on the power plant. Generally the load requirement in remote locations varies as the load fluctuates as per the requirement. Daily load requirement varies during 24 hours in remote areas as most of the electrical load comprises of lighting and heating. Electrical loading profile in the rural remote areas can be best generated using the data from any 11 kV feeder feeding these regions. Figures 2 and 3 show the electrical loading pattern as the per logged data collected from various 11 kV feeders feeding the rural villages in District Chamba, Himachal Pradesh situated in the Himalayan mountainous region during winter and summer months of 2013 and 2015 [2, 3].
Figure 2.
Electrical loading pattern in remote rural areas in hilly regions.
Figure 3.
Electrical loading profile of mountainous regions.
Domestic electrical load in mountainous regions generally comprises of lighting and heating load. Apart from this there is few small industrial load too operate mostly in day times. Electrical loading pattern as shown in Figures 2 and 3, indicate that during the evening time between 6:30 PM to 10 PM, electrical load is maximum with peak loading at around 8 to 9 PM. The load is minimal during mid night to 6 AM and which is about 20% of the peak load. This loading pattern is of much importance when the rural isolated load is fed from a small hydro power plant without conventional grid and operating in isolated mode. Under these conditions, the use of appropriate power conversion technologies such as use of asynchronous generators (induction generators) [1] is useful due to their adaptability to load variation and to keep voltage and frequency within permissible limits.
Recent advancement in technology and widespread use of advanced computer based controllers in renewable energy conversion systems for power generation, have increased the use of induction generators which offer increased efficiency, better control and better co-ordination with grid based power supply systems or in isolated modes [1]. For isolated load, pico-hydro power plants involving self-exciting induction generators are cost effective and reliable and are best suited under varying input and fluctuating load conditions in mountainous remote locations. In these isolated pico-hydro power plants during off-load periods, the generated power can be used for other applications such as flour mills, water pumping [3], and heating of domestic homes etc. As the effect of water discharge variation is less on pico-hydro power plants, these small hydro power plants use uncontrolled hydro-turbines due to continuous availability of required water discharge. These small hydro power plants are installed in the remotest part of the mountainous region feeding isolated load for small populated areas having small electrical load requirement. Isolated Pico hydro power plants are useful in meeting the electricity requirements of these remote locations where supplying electrical power using conventional grid is not feasible due to tough climatic and geographical conditions.
This chapter presents the suitability of self-excited induction generators feeding isolated load in remote locations. After evaluating the performance characteristics of self-excited induction generators using MATLAB/Simulink based models, the simulated results are validated experimentally. The setup comprises of 2.2 kW, 4 pole, 415 V, 3-phase, squirrel cage induction motor operated as 3- phase self-excited induction generator (SEIG) driven by a 3.7 kW rated DC shunt motor which is acting as prime-mover. For self-excitation of SEIG, a 3-phase capacitor bank with different required ratings of capacitors in star and delta mode has been used. Experimental electrical load comprises of a 3-phase lamp load and a single/three-phase inductive load. The performance of SEIG is evaluated at no load and at different loads (balanced & un-balanced load) emulating the actual electrical load conditions in remote mountainous regions.
2. Induction generators
Induction generators are most suitable for renewable energy conversion systems involving wind & small hydro. The difference between induction motor and induction generator lies in their rotor speed. The rotor speed is more than the synchronous speed in induction generator and in induction motor the rotor speed is slightly less than the synchronous speed of the induction machine. In induction generators, reactive power is consumed rather than supplying from it. Induction generator supplies only the real power (kW) to the system to which it is connected. The kVAr required by the induction generator and loads on the system must be supplied from separate source such as capacitor banks. The induction generators are classified [4, 5, 6] as Self Excited Induction Generator (SEIG), Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) and Permanent Magnet Induction Generator (PMIG).
2.1 Self-excited induction generator
Self-excited induction generator is suitable for micro or pico hydro power plants feeding an isolated load. In stand-alone mode of operation of SEIG, the reactive power must be fed externally using capacitors as shown in Figure 4 to establish the required magnetic field. Capacitors banks are connected in parallel with the induction generator terminals. These capacitor banks are connected in either star or delta modes. When the speed of induction machine rotor exceeds the synchronous speed, the residual magnetic field in the rotor starts generating a voltage across the SEIG terminals and which is further supplemented by the capacitor current to strengthen or reinforce the magnetic field and system builds up voltage with an increasing excitation.
Figure 4.
Three phase SEIG with (a) delta connected capacitor bank, (b) star connected capacitor bank.
As the speed increases, the capacitor impedance further decreases and excitation increases. This further results in increase in generated voltage of the induction generator till the voltage is limited by saturation of magnetic circuit in the induction machine. For voltage build up, there must be some residual magnetism present in the rotor of induction generator. The required value of capacitance depends upon the actual value of kVAr required and there are various techniques to calculate the exact required value of capacitance in SEIG system [7, 8, 9, 10]. The minimum capacitance required is inversely proportional to square of the speed of rotation and to the peak value of saturated magnetizing reactance. The value of capacitance is also affected by load impedance and power factor. The maximum power output from the isolated SEIG depends upon its terminal capacitance and the speed of the generator. There must be a threshold speed called cut-off speed below which no excitation is possible at any capacitor value.
2.2 Control mechanism in SEIG
The main aim of the control strategies in self-excited induction generator is to regulate and maintain the required voltage and frequency of the generated output. This control is achieved using various types of controllers involving power electronics based devices. These controllers are called electronic load controllers. Electronic load controller in pico-hydro power plant using SEIG in isolated mode maintains the output load constant as seen by the SEIG under different load conditions. The SEIG supplies output to two loads connected in parallel. The main load is consumer load and the other load is called dump load or auxiliary load. In this dump load, power dissipated is generally wasted. However, this can be used for other useful applications such as pumping of water etc. [3]. The chopper in this ELC circuit regulates the real & reactive power so that load seen by the generator is always constant. The conventional controller has discontinuous nature of control having discrete steps in connecting and disconnecting dump load. This results in power quality problems. The advanced electronic load controllers are designed to meet the demand of various types of consumer loads which may be of linear, non-linear, balanced or unbalanced type and also maintain the power quality in the system [11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19].
Conventional diode rectifier based ELC circuit consists of an uncontrolled 3-phase rectifier using diodes, a filtering capacitor, an IGBT or MOSFET based chopper circuit and resistive dump load as shown in Figure 5. The uncontrolled rectifier converts generated AC voltage at terminals of SEIG into DC voltage and filtering capacitor removes ac ripples from rectified output. The chopper circuit consists of an insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) or MOSFET; which is used as electronic switch operated by a close loop controller based driver circuit. The controller circuit is used to switch ON or switch OFF the IGBT to connect the auxiliary dump load in such a way that total load seen by the SEIG terminal remains constant. However, the conventional ELC suffers from power quality problems. The improved or modern electronic load controllers have the capability of harmonics elimination, load balancing and maintaining desired voltage and frequency at various operating conditions. These improved electronic load controllers consist of voltage source converters (VSC) for voltage regulation, chopper circuit and auxiliary dump load. There are various topologies of these electronic load controllers based on the type of systems such as 3-phase-3 wire or 3-phase-4 wire systems to which SEIG is connected and also on the number of switches used in the VSC. One of the improved electronic load controllers which are the combination of conventional ELC and VSC based ELC called de-coupled electronic load controller is shown in Figure 6. In this topology, ELC maintain the desired voltage & frequency like conventional controller, while the VSC serves the purpose of voltage regulation, eliminating harmonics and load balancing [16, 19].
Figure 5.
Conventional ELC for isolated 3-phase SEIG in pico-hydro power generation system.
Figure 6.
De-coupled electronic load controller for 3-phase SEIG system feeding isolated load.
3. Simulated performance evaluation of SEIG using MATLAB/Simulink
Before experimental validation of SEIG, performance characteristics of the SEIG under steady state condition were simulated using MATLAB-Simulink based model as shown in Figure 7 of a 3-phase induction machine of 2.2 kW, 415 Volts, 4-Poles rating which is actually used in real time practical application [20, 21, 22, 23].
Figure 7.
MATLAB/Simulink based model of 3 HP, 3-phase, 415 V, 50 Hz SEIG in isolated pico-hydro power generation system.
After selecting the required capacitance value in SEIG system under consideration for simulation, the capacitors are connected in delta mode in the model and various simulation tests are conducted under steady state conditions of rated voltage and speed. The different simulation conditions are created and the effect on capacitance rating is observed with variation in speed, variation in power factor, change in inductive load and various other loading conditions. Simulation results show the voltage build-up at a required capacitance and various of capacitance with speed. Results show that capacitance value increases with the decrease in power factor and also affected by the variation in connected load. For rated voltage, the value of excitation capacitance is slightly less than the value required at certain value of connected load. The terminal voltage of SEIG is affected by the change in load. As the load on SEIG increases, its terminal voltage decreases slightly. The MATLAB/Simulink based model and some of the results obtained from simulation such as developed terminal voltage and its variation at change in load, variation of capacitance at different load and power factors are shown in Figures 8–11. In the simulated model, the consumer load, controller circuit and measurement sections are shown as sub-systems [23].
Figure 8.
Generated 3-phase output voltage of SEIG.
Figure 9.
Variation in terminal voltage with change in load.
Figure 10.
Variation in terminal SEIG speed with change in load.
Figure 11.
Capacitance v/s load current curves.
4. Experimental evaluation of performance of 3-φ SEIG in pico-hydro power generation system
Simulated results are validated to prove the efficacy and suitability of self-excited induction generator feeding isolated load in pico-hydro power generation system using a hardware setup. Figure 12 shows the complete experimental set-up in the lab to perform the experiments. The main components of hardware set-up are [23]:
3HP, 3-phase, 415 V, 4 pole, 50 Hz squirrel cage induction motor operated as 3-phase SEIG
5HP, DC shunt motor acting as prime-mover and coupled with induction machine
Capacitor banks (3-phase/1-phase)
Control Panels for induction machine and prime mover.
Data logging, metering equipment and power meter for measurement of voltage, current, power, frequency, power factor and total harmonics distortion (THD)
3-phase resistive load panel containing lamp loads on each phase.
Inductive load of 5A, 415 V rating.
Electronic load controller circuit.
Resistive dump load of 2.2 kW rating
Figure 12.
Hardware setup: (a) induction machine coupled with prime-mover, (b) terminals and metering panel, (c) prime-mover motor control panel, (d) excitation capacitor bank panel, (e) load control panel (f) complete experimental set-up.
The complete experimentation for operating the 3-phase induction motor as induction generator involves running the induction machine first as induction motor for few hours to initiate the residual magnetic field. Once it is sure that residual magnetism exists in the induction machine, it is the coupled with prime mover. To emulate the pico-hydro power plant which has constant power prime-mover characteristics, the selected machine as prime-mover should supply the constant power to the induction machine. In this set up, a DC shunt motor of 5 HP rating is selected to drive 3HP (2.2 kW) induction machine and its input power is monitored under all operating conditions. Now power to prime mover machine is switched on to drive the coupled induction machine to its rated speed. Prime-mover speed is further increased to take the 3-phase induction motor speed at above the synchronous speed (1500 RPM for 4-pole machine). Induction machine is driven at 1545 RPM for certain period without connecting the capacitor bank across SEIG terminals. The measurement devices are connected in the system at appropriate places to record the SEIG parameters at various excitation capacitance values and at different speeds. Initially the self-excited induction generator is run at no load. Then the first set of excitation capacitor bank (in delta or star mode) is switched ON to generate the no-load voltage across SEIG terminals. Then the value of the connecting capacitor banks is increased in steps until the required voltage is build up in the SEIG. And when the required voltage is build-up, load is connected across the SEIG and its effect on the SEIG speed, voltage, power factor and excitation capacitance is recorded under different loading and operating conditions.
4.1 Voltage build-up process in SEIG
At speed slightly higher than the synchronous speed of induction machine, a set of excitation capacitance (6 μF/phase) is switched ON and then the generated voltage at the terminals of SEIG is observed. In this set-up, full voltage development across the SEIG terminals is recorded when 12 μF/phase excitation capacitance in delta mode is connected for 2.2 kW rated induction generator at no load. Voltage generated at no load is slightly higher than the rated voltage of SEIG, but when load is switched, the voltage falls and is brought to its rated value by varying the excitation capacitance value connected across SEIG terminals. The required value of the capacitance as shown in Table 1 can also be calculated by observing the terminal voltage and capacitor line current readings recorded during the experimentation. In this experimental process, the connected capacitance value in the capacitor bank connected in delta mode matched with the calculated value of excitation capacitance experimentally.
3-φ, star connected resistive lamp load (W) across SEIG
Capacitance/phase in delta mode (μF)
Cap. bank line voltage (V)
Cap. bank line current (A)
Cap. bank phase current (A)
Calculated value of capacitance/phase (μF)
Frequency of generated voltage
SEIG speed in RPM
Rph
Yph
Bph
Total
0
0
0
0
12
455
3.10
1.79
12.09
49.8
1525
100
100
100
300
12
430
2.89
1.67
11.9
49.8
1518
200
200
200
600
12
415
2.76
1.59
12.1
49.6
1510
Table 1.
Experimental values of excitation capacitance per phase in delta mode.
4.2 SEIG under loaded conditions
Domestic consumer electrical load in remote mountainous regions generally comprises of lighting and heating load using incandescent and compact fluorescent lamps. Apart from this; for a very short period electronic gadgets and house-hold single phase appliances are also used. To emulate these loading conditions, a three phase lamp load with multiple loading steps for each phase has been used to connect the lamp load on each phase in the experimental set-up. With greater emphasis on the maximum use of compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) from energy conservation point of view, CFLs have also been used along with conventional incandescent lamps to evaluate the performance of SEIG. Table 2 shows the experimental recorded parameters [23].
3-φ, star connected resistive lamp load (W) across SEIG
C/ph (μF) delta mode
VLL (V)
IL(C) cap. line current (A)
Iph (load) (A)
N (RPM)
PF
F (Hz)
Prime mover (DC shunt motor) parameters
Rph
Yph
Bph
Total
VA (V)
VF (V)
IA (A)
IF (A)
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
1550
1
—
210
186
0.9
0.73
0
0
0
0
12
470
3.21
0
1552
1
50.8
209
185
2.5
0.70
0
0
0
0
12
415
2.66
0
1460
0.5
48.3
211
190
2.5
0.71
100
100
100
300
12
440
3.0
0.49
1539
0.90
50.3
208
184
4.3
0.69
200
200
200
600
12
425
2.82
0.95
1535
0.95
50.1
208
182
5.4
0.69
300
300
300
900
12
411
2.65
1.31
1530
0.94
49.8
207
183
6.9
0.68
340
0
320
660
12
445
3.0
1.35
1564
0.92
51.3
214
189
6.0
0.69
400
400
400
1200
12
383
2.50
1.52
1525
0.95
49.5
208
182
7.5
0.67
400
400
400
1200
12
417
2.65
1.60
1574
0.84
51.5
217
187
8.0
0.69
500
500
500
1500
12
355
2.30
1.77
1559
0.85
51
215
188
7.7
0.65
500
500
500
1500
18
415
2.7
1.9
1448
0.85
46.8
203
194
11
0.67
Table 2.
Experimental values of SEIG & prime-mover parameters under different operating conditions.
Experimental results show that a minimum value of excitation capacitance is required to build up the voltage at SEIG terminals on no load. For 2.2 kW, 4-pole SEIG, the terminal voltage built-up at 12 μF/phase in delta connected capacitor bank and it will be 36 μF/phase if connected in star connected mode [23]. With the increase in load, the SEIG terminal voltage slightly decreases along with the slight reduction in SEIG speed. This decrease in terminal voltage of SEIG due to increased load can however be balanced by increasing prime mover speed. Further increase in electrical load leads to increased requirement of excitation capacitance at rated speed. Since most of the domestic consumer electrical load is of single-phase type, 4-wire electrical distribution system is used for electrifying the villages which results in the un-balancing of load in each phase. To emulate this, unequal loading of SEIG has been done in the experimental study. The requirement of the excitation capacitance increases when inductive load is added to compensate for the lagging reactive power caused by the inductive load. Table 3 shows the SEIG parameters recorded under resistive and inductive load.
3-φ, star connected resistive lamp load (W) across SEIG
Parameters of 3-φ, star connected inductive load across SEIG
C/ph (μF) in delta mode
VLL (V) SEIG terminal voltage
IL (A) SEIG line current
IL(C) (A) cap. circuit line current
Iph (load) (A) load phase current
N (RPM)
F (Hz)
Rph
Yph
Bph
Total
VLL (V)
IL (A)
Q (kVAr)
100
100
100
300
0
0
0
12
443
3.11
3.0
0.49
1540
50.2
100
100
100
300
452
1.20
0.95
18
452
3.39
3.02
0.49
1522
49.8
200
200
200
600
438
1.15
0.89
18
436
3.35
3.1
0.98
1519
49.7
400
400
400
1200
395
1.03
0.70
18
390
3.28
2.55
1.52
1512
48.8
400
400
400
1200
427
1.11
0.83
18
427
3.4
2.90
1.50
1542
50.2
Table 3.
Experimental values of SEIG parameters under different resistive & inductive loads.
5. Conclusions
The simulated performance of 3-phase SEIG system feeding isolated load have been investigated in this chapter and results are further validated using an experimental setup. The observed results validate the usefulness and suitability of self-excited induction generators for feeding the isolated load in remote mountainous regions as it adapts well to meet the varying loading requirements and keeping the voltage and frequency of the system under permissible limits. During less load period, the wasted energy across dump load can further be utilized for other useful applications such as pumping of water to meet the potable and irrigation requirement in the hilly terrains. The vast use of these self-excited induction generator based systems can be useful to harness the maximum small hydro potential without affecting the environment much and also to meet the electricity requirement of remote Himalayan mountainous regions where distributing electricity is itself a challenging task due to harsh climatic and tough terrain conditions.
Acknowledgments
Our sincere thanks to the management of Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board Limited to collect the daily electrical load data from their 33 kV/11 kV substation feeders feeding the remote locations presented in this paper.
\n',keywords:"self-excited induction generator, small hydro, isolated load, electronic load controller, dump load",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/82414.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/82414.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/82414",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/82414",totalDownloads:11,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"May 7th 2022",dateReviewed:"June 1st 2022",datePrePublished:"June 30th 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"June 27th 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Providing reliable and clean power from conventional grid in remote mountainous regions is always a challenging task due to tough geographical and climatic conditions. Renewable energy sources-based power plants such as small hydro power plants play a significant role in meeting the power requirements in these remote locations in mountainous regions. Synchronous generators are the most commonly used generators in small hydro power plants. However, with the advancement in controller technology for voltage and frequency control, induction generators are nowadays preferred in renewable energy conversion systems. Self-excited induction generators (SEIG) in small hydro power plants feeding isolated domestic loads are more suitable due to their inherent advantages as compared to conventional synchronous generators. This chapter deals with the usefulness of electronic load controller used in voltage and frequency control of self-excited induction generator used in small hydro power plant feeding isolated load in remote mountainous regions of Himalayas.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/82414",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/82414",signatures:"Umesh C. Rathore and Sanjeev Singh",book:{id:"11534",type:"book",title:"Renewable Energy - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Renewable Energy - Recent Advances",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Ahmed M. Nahhas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11534.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80356-528-6",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-527-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-529-3",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"140058",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:"M.",surname:"Nahhas",slug:"ahmed-nahhas",fullName:"Ahmed Nahhas"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Induction generators",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Self-excited induction generator",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Control mechanism in SEIG",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5",title:"3. Simulated performance evaluation of SEIG using MATLAB/Simulink",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"4. Experimental evaluation of performance of 3-φ SEIG in pico-hydro power generation system",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"4.1 Voltage build-up process in SEIG",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"4.2 SEIG under loaded conditions",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9",title:"5. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Simoes MG, Farret FA. Alternate Energy Systems: Design and Analysis with Induction Generators. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2008'},{id:"B2",body:'Rathore UC, Singh S. Performance evaluation of 3-phase self-excited induction generator for remote mountainous region of Himalayas. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Control, Instrumentation, Energy & Communication (CIEC). India: University of Calcutta; 2014. pp. 421-425'},{id:"B3",body:'Rathore UC, Singh S. Isolated 3-phase self-excited induction generator in pico-hydro power plant using water pump load in mountainous region of Himalayas. In: Proceedings of 2014 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference - South Asia Satellite (GHTC-SAS). 2014. pp. 40-44'},{id:"B4",body:'Murthy SS, Malik OP, Tandon AK. Analysis of self-excited induction generator. In: Proceedings of the. Inst. Elect. Eng. C. 1982. pp. 260-265'},{id:"B5",body:'Singh SP, Singh B, Jain MP. Comparative study on the performance of a commercially designed induction generator with induction motors operating as self-excited induction generators. Proceedings of IEE–C. 1993;140(5):374-380'},{id:"B6",body:'Bansal RC. Three-phase self-excited induction generators: An overview. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 2005;20:292-299'},{id:"B7",body:'Al Jabri AK, Alolah AI. Capacitance requirement for isolated self-excited induction generator. Proceedings of IEE Electric Power Application. 1990;137(3):154-159'},{id:"B8",body:'Chan TF. Capacitance requirements of self-excited induction generators. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 1993;8(2):304-311'},{id:"B9",body:'Shridhar L, Singh B, Jha CS, Singh BP, Murthy SS. Selection of capacitors for the self-regulated short shunt self-excited induction generator. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 1995;10(1):10-17'},{id:"B10",body:'Chandran VP, Vadhera S. Capacitance requirements of self-excited induction generator for different operating conditions. In: Proceedings of the IEEE ICEAS. 2011. pp. 1-6'},{id:"B11",body:'Suarez E, Bortolotto G. Voltage-frequency control of a self-excited induction generator. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 1999;14(3):394-401'},{id:"B12",body:'Singh B, Murthy SS, Gupta S. Analysis and design of STATCOM-based voltage regulator for self-excited induction generators. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 2004;19(4):783-790'},{id:"B13",body:'Rathore UC. Design and Development of Voltage and Frequency Controller for Micro/Pico Hydro Power Generation System. Punjab; India: SLIET University Longowal; 2017'},{id:"B14",body:'Singh B, Murthy SS, Gupta S. Transient analysis of self-excited induction generator with electronic load controller (ELC) supplying static and dynamic loads. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 2005;41(5):1194-1204'},{id:"B15",body:'Singh B, Kasal GK. Voltage and frequency controller for isolated asynchronous generators feeding 3-phase 4-wire loads. In: Proceedings of the IEEE ICIT’06. 2006. pp. 2773-2778'},{id:"B16",body:'Singh B, Kasal GK. Analysis and design of voltage and frequency controllers for isolated asynchronous generators in constant power applications. In: Proceedings of the IEEE PEDES’06. 2006. pp. 1-7'},{id:"B17",body:'Ramirej JM, Torres E. An electronic load controller for self-excited induction generator. Proceedings of the IEEE PES. 2007;24-28:1-8'},{id:"B18",body:'Idjdarene K, Rekioua D, Rekioua T, Tounzi A. Performance of an isolated induction generator under unbalanced loads. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 2010;25:303-311'},{id:"B19",body:'Rajagopal V, Singh B. Improved electronic load controller for off grid induction generator in small hydro power generation. In: Proceedings of the IEEE IICPE’10. 2011. pp. 1-7'},{id:"B20",body:'Murthy SS, Ahuja RK. Design and analysis of three phase self-excited induction generator using MATLAB GUI based methodology. In: Proc. IEEE ICPECS’10. 2010. pp. 357-361'},{id:"B21",body:'Cozorici F, Vadan I, Munteanu R A, Cozorici I, Karaissas P. Design and simulation of a small wind-hydro power plant. In: Proceedings of the IEEE ICCEP’11, Ischia. 2011. pp. 308-311'},{id:"B22",body:'Scherer LG, Camargo RF, Pinheiro H, Rech C. Advances in modelling and control of micro hydro power stations with induction generators. In: Proceedings of the IEEE ICCEP’11. 2011. pp. 997-1004'},{id:"B23",body:'Rathore UC, Singh S. Experimental evaluation of performance of constant power prime-mover driven isolated 3-phase SEIG for pico-hydro power generation system in remote mountainous region of Himalayas. In: Proceedings of the ICAET-2016, MATEC Web of Conferences, India. pp. 1-6'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Umesh C. Rathore",address:"rathore7umesh@gmail.com",affiliation:'
Electrical Engineering Department, Government Hydro Engineering College Bandla, India
Electrical Engineering Department, MA NIT Bhopal, India
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"11534",type:"book",title:"Renewable Energy - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Renewable Energy - Recent Advances",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Ahmed M. Nahhas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11534.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80356-528-6",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-527-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-529-3",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"140058",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:"M.",surname:"Nahhas",slug:"ahmed-nahhas",fullName:"Ahmed Nahhas"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"85958",title:"Prof.",name:"Faqing",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",email:"tangfaqing33@hotmail.com",fullName:"Faqing Tang",slug:"faqing-tang",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:{name:"Jinan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"28522",title:"Chemical Carcinogenesis and Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma",slug:"chemical-carcinogenesis-and-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma",abstract:null,signatures:"Faqing Tang, Xiaowei Tang, Daofa Tian and Ya Cao",authors:[{id:"85958",title:"Prof.",name:"Faqing",surname:"Tang",fullName:"Faqing Tang",slug:"faqing-tang",email:"tangfaqing33@hotmail.com"}],book:{id:"978",title:"Carcinogenesis, Diagnosis, and Molecular Targeted Treatment for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma",slug:"carcinogenesis-diagnosis-and-molecular-targeted-treatment-for-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"88509",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhe",surname:"Zhang",slug:"zhe-zhang",fullName:"Zhe Zhang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/88509/images/system/88509.png",biography:"Zhe Zhang studied in Sweden as a postdoc and in Japan as a visiting researcher. He completed training at the Affiliated Cancer Hospital and served as a professor in the Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, China. He is skillful at thyroid cancer surgery and reconstruction of head and neck surgical defects. His research focuses on the pathogenesis and etiology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and he has published more than fifty papers.",institutionString:"First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University",institution:{name:"Guangxi Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"91111",title:"Prof.",name:"Lun-Quan",surname:"Sun",slug:"lun-quan-sun",fullName:"Lun-Quan Sun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central South University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"94748",title:"Prof.",name:"Guangwu",surname:"Huang",slug:"guangwu-huang",fullName:"Guangwu Huang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Guangxi Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"96320",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",surname:"Khyatti",slug:"meriem-khyatti",fullName:"Meriem Khyatti",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Institut Pasteur du Maroc",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Morocco"}}},{id:"96384",title:"Mr.",name:"Khalid",surname:"Moumad",slug:"khalid-moumad",fullName:"Khalid Moumad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Institut Pasteur du Maroc",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Morocco"}}},{id:"96388",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nadia",surname:"Laantri",slug:"nadia-laantri",fullName:"Nadia Laantri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Institut Pasteur du Maroc",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Morocco"}}},{id:"96394",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammed",surname:"Attaleb",slug:"mohammed-attaleb",fullName:"Mohammed Attaleb",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Institut Pasteur du Maroc",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Morocco"}}},{id:"96395",title:"Dr.",name:"R'Kia",surname:"Dardari",slug:"r'kia-dardari",fullName:"R'Kia Dardari",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Institut Pasteur du Maroc",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Morocco"}}},{id:"126991",title:"Dr.",name:"Fu",surname:"Chen",slug:"fu-chen",fullName:"Fu Chen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Guangxi Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"129612",title:"Prof.",name:"Hai",surname:"Kuang",slug:"hai-kuang",fullName:"Hai Kuang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Guangxi Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}]},generic:{page:{slug:"open-access-funding",title:"Open Access Funding",intro:"
IntechOpen’s Academic Editors and Authors have received funding for their work through many well-known funders, including: the European Commission, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), CGIAR Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers, National Institute of Health (NIH), National Science Foundation (NSF), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), German Research Foundation (DFG), Research Councils United Kingdom (RCUK), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Austrian Science Fund (FWF), Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), Australian Research Council (ARC).
Open Access publication costs can often be designated directly in the grants or in specific budgets allocated for that purpose. Many of the most important funding organisations encourage, and even request, that the projects they fund are made available at no cost to the wider public. IntechOpen strives to maintain excellent relationships with these funders and ensures compliance with mandates.
\\n\\n
In order to help Authors identify appropriate funding agencies and institutions, we have created a list, based on extensive research on various OA resources (including ROARMAP and SHERPA/JULIET) of organizations that have funds available. Before consulting our list we encourage you to petition your own institution or organization for Open Access funds or check the specifications of your grant with your funder to ascertain if publication costs are included. Where you are in receipt of a grant you should clarify:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Does your institution already have a budget for covering Open Access publication costs?
\\n\\t
Does your grant list Open Access publication fees as legitimate direct/indirect costs?
\\n
\\n\\n
If you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links. Please consult the Open Access policies or grant Terms and Conditions of any institution with which you are linked to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
\\n\\n
Please note that this list is not a definitive one and is updated regularly. To suggest possible modifications or the inclusion of your institution/funder, please contact us at funders@intechopen.com
\\n\\n
Please be aware that you must be a member, or grantee, of the institutions/funders listed in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
Open Access publication costs can often be designated directly in the grants or in specific budgets allocated for that purpose. Many of the most important funding organisations encourage, and even request, that the projects they fund are made available at no cost to the wider public. IntechOpen strives to maintain excellent relationships with these funders and ensures compliance with mandates.
\n\n
In order to help Authors identify appropriate funding agencies and institutions, we have created a list, based on extensive research on various OA resources (including ROARMAP and SHERPA/JULIET) of organizations that have funds available. Before consulting our list we encourage you to petition your own institution or organization for Open Access funds or check the specifications of your grant with your funder to ascertain if publication costs are included. Where you are in receipt of a grant you should clarify:
\n\n
\n\t
Does your institution already have a budget for covering Open Access publication costs?
\n\t
Does your grant list Open Access publication fees as legitimate direct/indirect costs?
\n
\n\n
If you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links. Please consult the Open Access policies or grant Terms and Conditions of any institution with which you are linked to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
\n\n
Please note that this list is not a definitive one and is updated regularly. To suggest possible modifications or the inclusion of your institution/funder, please contact us at funders@intechopen.com
\n\n
Please be aware that you must be a member, or grantee, of the institutions/funders listed in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13389},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11661},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22334},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33642}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135275},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"12"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10845",title:"Marine Ecosystems - Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services and Human Impacts",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"727e7eb3d4ba529ec5eb4f150e078523",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ana M.M. Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10845.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"320124",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana M.M.",surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-m.m.-goncalves",fullName:"Ana M.M. Gonçalves"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11650",title:"Aquifers - New Insights",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"27c1a2a053cb1d83de903c5b969bc3a2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Abhay Soni and Dr. Prabhat Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11650.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"271093",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay",surname:"Soni",slug:"abhay-soni",fullName:"Abhay Soni"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11668",title:"Mercury Pollution",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0bd111f57835089cad4a9741326dbab7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ahmed Abdelhafez and Dr. Mohamed Abbas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11668.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"196849",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"Abdelhafez",slug:"ahmed-abdelhafez",fullName:"Ahmed Abdelhafez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12130",title:"Sustainable Built Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ed1dbae71b967e06efb049208f0c1068",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12130.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12131",title:"Climate Change and Fires",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ea0858f07a3e87aaf9e5eaa75b4b44bd",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12131.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12180",title:"Wetlands",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8957c5c2baaed32223f911a6d4aa5a03",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12180.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12221",title:"Air Pollution",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"439a018ee0c4960560cb798601f2a372",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12221.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12222",title:"Advances and Challenges in Microplastics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a36734a551e0997d2255f6ce99eff818",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. El-Sayed Salama",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12222.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"347657",title:"Prof.",name:"El-Sayed",surname:"Salama",slug:"el-sayed-salama",fullName:"El-Sayed Salama"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12223",title:"Sustainable Management of Natural Resources",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1881a08bbd8f5dc1102c5cb7c635bc35",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mohd Nazip Suratman and Dr. Engku Azlin Rahayu Engku Ariff",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12223.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"144417",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Nazip",surname:"Suratman",slug:"mohd-nazip-suratman",fullName:"Mohd Nazip Suratman"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:42},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:68},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:9},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3737",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"Modelling, Programming and Simulations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"matlab-modelling-programming-and-simulations",bookSignature:"Emilson Pereira Leite",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3737.jpg",editors:[{id:"12051",title:"Prof.",name:"Emilson",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira Leite",slug:"emilson-pereira-leite",fullName:"Emilson Pereira Leite"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"1770",title:"Gel Electrophoresis",subtitle:"Principles and Basics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"279701f6c802cf02deef45103e0611ff",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-principles-and-basics",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1770.jpg",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4797},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7175,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1981,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2308,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1473,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318571,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271836,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",publishedDate:"July 1st 2013",numberOfDownloads:243450,editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1582,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2082,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",publishedDate:"October 17th 2012",numberOfDownloads:256294,editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"332",title:"Melittology",slug:"entomology-melittology",parent:{id:"35",title:"Entomology",slug:"entomology"},numberOfBooks:3,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:72,numberOfWosCitations:63,numberOfCrossrefCitations:52,numberOfDimensionsCitations:101,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"332",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"8929",title:"Modern Beekeeping",subtitle:"Bases for Sustainable Production",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cbf5aca68ed2c6690ad99f68aaaddcaf",slug:"modern-beekeeping-bases-for-sustainable-production",bookSignature:"Ramón Eduardo Rebolledo Ranz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8929.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193813",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramón Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rebolledo Ranz",slug:"ramon-eduardo-rebolledo-ranz",fullName:"Ramón Eduardo Rebolledo Ranz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7561",title:"Beekeeping",subtitle:"New Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1c47c831256fe10ff19fb10f490930fc",slug:"beekeeping-new-challenges",bookSignature:"Ramón Eduardo Rebolledo Ranz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7561.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193813",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramón Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rebolledo Ranz",slug:"ramon-eduardo-rebolledo-ranz",fullName:"Ramón Eduardo Rebolledo Ranz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5163",title:"Beekeeping and Bee Conservation",subtitle:"Advances in Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fc469ff4d2cf6651cfdbf3c5cf90a469",slug:"beekeeping-and-bee-conservation-advances-in-research",bookSignature:"Emerson Dechechi Chambo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5163.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"94059",title:"Dr.",name:"Emerson",middleName:"Dechechi",surname:"Dechechi Chambó",slug:"emerson-dechechi-chambo",fullName:"Emerson Dechechi Chambó"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:3,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"50073",doi:"10.5772/62487",title:"Impacts of Pesticides on Honey Bees",slug:"impacts-of-pesticides-on-honey-bees",totalDownloads:3430,totalCrossrefCites:20,totalDimensionsCites:41,abstract:"This chapter focuses on the detrimental effects that pesticides have on managed honey bee colonies and their productivity. We examine first the routes of exposure of bees to agrochemicals used for crop protection and their application to crops, fate and contamination of water and plants around the fields. Most of the time, the exposure of bees to pesticides is through ingestion of residues found in the pollen and nectar of plants and in water. Honey bees are also exposed to pesticides used for the treatment of Varroa and other parasites. The basic concepts about the toxicity of the different kinds of pesticides are explained next. Various degrees of toxicity are found among agrochemicals, and emphasis is given to the classic tenet of toxicology, “the dose makes the poison,” and its modern version “the dose and the time of exposure makes the poison.” These two factors, dose and time, help us understand the severity of the impacts that pesticides may have on bees and their risk, which are analysed in the third section. Sublethal effects are also considered. The final section is devoted to some practical advice for avoiding adverse impacts of pesticides in beekeeping.",book:{id:"5163",slug:"beekeeping-and-bee-conservation-advances-in-research",title:"Beekeeping and Bee Conservation",fullTitle:"Beekeeping and Bee Conservation - Advances in Research"},signatures:"Francisco Sanchez-Bayo and Koichi Goka",authors:[{id:"74970",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Sánchez-Bayo",slug:"francisco-sanchez-bayo",fullName:"Francisco Sánchez-Bayo"},{id:"192045",title:"Dr.",name:"Koichi",middleName:null,surname:"Goka",slug:"koichi-goka",fullName:"Koichi Goka"}]},{id:"50307",doi:"10.5772/62654",title:"From Extraction to Meliponiculture: A Case Study of the Management of Stingless Bees in the West-Central Region of Mexico",slug:"from-extraction-to-meliponiculture-a-case-study-of-the-management-of-stingless-bees-in-the-west-cent",totalDownloads:2745,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Currently, stingless bees' populations are declining due to environmental degradation. In this context, the authors have developed a research project in the central-western region of Mexico with the goal to generate strategies for conservation and sustainable management of stingless bees. The chapter aims to present the process of this investigation and its main results in terms of a) local knowledge and management strategies of stingless bees, and b) the social process of technological appropriation of meliponiculture by beekeepers. We recognized specific knowledge on the biology and ecology of stingless bees that result in a system for identifying species and management strategies of wild populations of these bees based on the extraction of nests. The implementation of an innovative productive activity based on the principles of meliponiculture and current techniques has been well received by producers, which has led to the formation of the Meliponicultores Michoacanos del Balsas Association, which grows five species of stingless bees. The research suggests that conservation associated with the use of bees (integral meliponiculture) can be enhanced in the region. Faced with the loss of biodiversity and environmental crisis, it is essential to maintain and enhance local knowledge of stingless bees and management practices. This represents an alternative to develop management schemes that allow the raising and breeding of these bees, while its products are obtained.",book:{id:"5163",slug:"beekeeping-and-bee-conservation-advances-in-research",title:"Beekeeping and Bee Conservation",fullTitle:"Beekeeping and Bee Conservation - Advances in Research"},signatures:"Alejandro Reyes-González, Andrés Camou-Guerrero and Salvador\nGómez-Arreola",authors:[{id:"179951",title:"Dr.",name:"Andres",middleName:null,surname:"Camou-Guerrero",slug:"andres-camou-guerrero",fullName:"Andres Camou-Guerrero"},{id:"185413",title:"MSc.",name:"Alejandro",middleName:null,surname:"Reyes-González",slug:"alejandro-reyes-gonzalez",fullName:"Alejandro Reyes-González"},{id:"192049",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvador",middleName:null,surname:"Gómez-Arreola",slug:"salvador-gomez-arreola",fullName:"Salvador Gómez-Arreola"}]},{id:"50170",doi:"10.5772/62395",title:"A Comprehensive Characterization of the Honeybees in Siberia (Russia)",slug:"a-comprehensive-characterization-of-the-honeybees-in-siberia-russia-",totalDownloads:2303,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"A comprehensive study of some populations of honeybee (332 colonies) in Siberia (Tomsk region, Krasnoyarsk Krai (Yenisei population), Altai) using morphometric and molecular genetic methods was conducted. Infestation of bees (132 colonies) by Nosema has also been studied. Three variants of the COI-COII mtDNA locus were registered: PQQ, PQQQ (typical for Apis m. mellifera), and Q (specific for southern races). It was established that 64% of bee colonies from the Tomsk region and all colonies studied from the Krasnoyarsk and the Altai territories originate from Apis m. mellifera on the maternal line. According to the morphometric study, the majority of bee colonies of the Tomsk region are hybrids; in some colonies the mismatch of morphometric and mtDNA data was observed. Moreover, the majority of bee colonies infected by Nosema were hybrids. Yenisei population may be considered as a unique Apis m. mellifera population. Microsatellite analysis (loci А008, Ap049, AC117, AC216, Ap243, H110, A024, A113) showed the specific distribution of genotypes and alleles for some loci in the bees, which differ by geographical location. Loci A024 and Ap049 are of considerable interest for further study as candidate markers for differentiation of subspecies; locus A008 can be considered informative for determining of different ecotypes of Apis m. mellifera.",book:{id:"5163",slug:"beekeeping-and-bee-conservation-advances-in-research",title:"Beekeeping and Bee Conservation",fullTitle:"Beekeeping and Bee Conservation - Advances in Research"},signatures:"Nadezhda V. Ostroverkhova, Olga L. Konusova, Aksana N. Kucher\nand Igor V. Sharakhov",authors:[{id:"180112",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nadezhda",middleName:null,surname:"Ostroverkhova",slug:"nadezhda-ostroverkhova",fullName:"Nadezhda Ostroverkhova"},{id:"180249",title:"Ms.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Konusova",slug:"olga-konusova",fullName:"Olga Konusova"},{id:"180342",title:"Prof.",name:"Aksana",middleName:null,surname:"Kucher",slug:"aksana-kucher",fullName:"Aksana Kucher"},{id:"180343",title:"Prof.",name:"Igor",middleName:null,surname:"Sharakhov",slug:"igor-sharakhov",fullName:"Igor Sharakhov"}]},{id:"50683",doi:"10.5772/63145",title:"Advances in Pharmacological Activities and Chemical Composition of Propolis Produced in Americas",slug:"advances-in-pharmacological-activities-and-chemical-composition-of-propolis-produced-in-americas",totalDownloads:2583,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Propolis is a resinous material produced by bees from the selective collection of plant exudates that are subsequently mixed with beeswax and salivary bee secretions. Propolis has been used in folk medicine, and certainly, several studies have validated its biological properties. The chemical composition and pharmacological activities of propolis collected through North (including Central America and Caribbean) and South America have been studied in the last years, and several papers have reported differences and similarities among the analysed geographical samples. Propolis has been classified according to its aspect and plant source; however, the ecological diversity present along the Americas provides a plethora of botanical resins. Herein, we summarize and discuss most of the studies performed at present on this profitable product for apiculture, attempting to compare the bioactivity, phytochemical diversity and botanical sources of honeybee propolis produced in Americas.",book:{id:"5163",slug:"beekeeping-and-bee-conservation-advances-in-research",title:"Beekeeping and Bee Conservation",fullTitle:"Beekeeping and Bee Conservation - Advances in Research"},signatures:"Efrain Alday, Moisés Navarro-Navarro, Adriana Garibay-Escobar,\nRamón Robles-Zepeda, Javier Hernandez and Carlos Velazquez",authors:[{id:"96966",title:"MSc.",name:"Moises",middleName:null,surname:"Navarro-Navarro",slug:"moises-navarro-navarro",fullName:"Moises Navarro-Navarro"},{id:"180409",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Velazquez",slug:"carlos-velazquez",fullName:"Carlos Velazquez"},{id:"186351",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramón",middleName:null,surname:"Robles-Zepeda",slug:"ramon-robles-zepeda",fullName:"Ramón Robles-Zepeda"},{id:"186352",title:"MSc.",name:"Efrain",middleName:null,surname:"Alday",slug:"efrain-alday",fullName:"Efrain Alday"},{id:"186353",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Hernandez",slug:"javier-hernandez",fullName:"Javier Hernandez"},{id:"189161",title:"Dr.",name:"Adriana",middleName:null,surname:"Garibay-Escobar",slug:"adriana-garibay-escobar",fullName:"Adriana Garibay-Escobar"}]},{id:"71161",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91196",title:"Detailed Review on Pesticidal Toxicity to Honey Bees and Its Management",slug:"detailed-review-on-pesticidal-toxicity-to-honey-bees-and-its-management",totalDownloads:1057,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"This chapter deals with the effects of different pesticides used in agro-ecosystem on honey bees and other pollinators and probable measures to manage this escalating problem of global decline of managed as well as the wild insect pollinators. This chapter describes different routes from which pollinators, especially honey bees get exposed to the different toxicants, followed by poisoning symptoms in honey bees. Further, this chapter focuses on the classification of different toxicants in different classes as per their nature. Finally, the management of these different toxicants and their toxicity to avoid bee poisoning has been considered in the later portion of the chapter.",book:{id:"8929",slug:"modern-beekeeping-bases-for-sustainable-production",title:"Modern Beekeeping",fullTitle:"Modern Beekeeping - Bases for Sustainable Production"},signatures:"Gaurava Kumar, Swoyam Singh and Rukesh Pramod Kodigenahalli Nagarajaiah",authors:[{id:"305621",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Gaurava",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"gaurava-kumar",fullName:"Gaurava Kumar"},{id:"315507",title:"Dr.",name:"Swoyam",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"swoyam-singh",fullName:"Swoyam Singh"},{id:"315508",title:"Dr.",name:"Rukesh",middleName:null,surname:"Pramod K.N.",slug:"rukesh-pramod-k.n.",fullName:"Rukesh Pramod K.N."}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"50170",title:"A Comprehensive Characterization of the Honeybees in Siberia (Russia)",slug:"a-comprehensive-characterization-of-the-honeybees-in-siberia-russia-",totalDownloads:2302,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"A comprehensive study of some populations of honeybee (332 colonies) in Siberia (Tomsk region, Krasnoyarsk Krai (Yenisei population), Altai) using morphometric and molecular genetic methods was conducted. Infestation of bees (132 colonies) by Nosema has also been studied. Three variants of the COI-COII mtDNA locus were registered: PQQ, PQQQ (typical for Apis m. mellifera), and Q (specific for southern races). It was established that 64% of bee colonies from the Tomsk region and all colonies studied from the Krasnoyarsk and the Altai territories originate from Apis m. mellifera on the maternal line. According to the morphometric study, the majority of bee colonies of the Tomsk region are hybrids; in some colonies the mismatch of morphometric and mtDNA data was observed. Moreover, the majority of bee colonies infected by Nosema were hybrids. Yenisei population may be considered as a unique Apis m. mellifera population. Microsatellite analysis (loci А008, Ap049, AC117, AC216, Ap243, H110, A024, A113) showed the specific distribution of genotypes and alleles for some loci in the bees, which differ by geographical location. Loci A024 and Ap049 are of considerable interest for further study as candidate markers for differentiation of subspecies; locus A008 can be considered informative for determining of different ecotypes of Apis m. mellifera.",book:{id:"5163",slug:"beekeeping-and-bee-conservation-advances-in-research",title:"Beekeeping and Bee Conservation",fullTitle:"Beekeeping and Bee Conservation - Advances in Research"},signatures:"Nadezhda V. Ostroverkhova, Olga L. Konusova, Aksana N. Kucher\nand Igor V. Sharakhov",authors:[{id:"180112",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nadezhda",middleName:null,surname:"Ostroverkhova",slug:"nadezhda-ostroverkhova",fullName:"Nadezhda Ostroverkhova"},{id:"180249",title:"Ms.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Konusova",slug:"olga-konusova",fullName:"Olga Konusova"},{id:"180342",title:"Prof.",name:"Aksana",middleName:null,surname:"Kucher",slug:"aksana-kucher",fullName:"Aksana Kucher"},{id:"180343",title:"Prof.",name:"Igor",middleName:null,surname:"Sharakhov",slug:"igor-sharakhov",fullName:"Igor Sharakhov"}]},{id:"70501",title:"Southeast Asian Meliponiculture for Sustainable Livelihood",slug:"southeast-asian-meliponiculture-for-sustainable-livelihood",totalDownloads:1262,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponini) are one of the most important pollinators of native plants and economic crops in tropical and subtropical parts of the world. They not only establish large perennial colonies with complex social organization but also have a diverse nesting biology. The economic utilization of a total of 60 stingless bee species in Asia has been reported. The current status of meliponiculture in Southeast Asia is mainly focused on pollination utilization and honey and propolis production. This chapter shows that small-scale beekeeping of stingless bees, which is suitable for the flowering pattern in the tropics, is one of the best potential alternative opportunities. The cost-effectiveness analysis based on production yield, investment cost, and profit-return rate is reviewed. Finally, a sustainable utilization of stingless bees is considered to be an enhancer of pollination services both in an agricultural crop and natural ecosystem.",book:{id:"8929",slug:"modern-beekeeping-bases-for-sustainable-production",title:"Modern Beekeeping",fullTitle:"Modern Beekeeping - Bases for Sustainable Production"},signatures:"Atsalek Rattanawannee and Orawan Duangphakdee",authors:[{id:"283087",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Atsalek",middleName:null,surname:"Rattanawannee",slug:"atsalek-rattanawannee",fullName:"Atsalek Rattanawannee"},{id:"306411",title:"Dr.",name:"Orawan",middleName:null,surname:"Duangphakdee",slug:"orawan-duangphakdee",fullName:"Orawan Duangphakdee"}]},{id:"50073",title:"Impacts of Pesticides on Honey Bees",slug:"impacts-of-pesticides-on-honey-bees",totalDownloads:3419,totalCrossrefCites:20,totalDimensionsCites:41,abstract:"This chapter focuses on the detrimental effects that pesticides have on managed honey bee colonies and their productivity. We examine first the routes of exposure of bees to agrochemicals used for crop protection and their application to crops, fate and contamination of water and plants around the fields. Most of the time, the exposure of bees to pesticides is through ingestion of residues found in the pollen and nectar of plants and in water. Honey bees are also exposed to pesticides used for the treatment of Varroa and other parasites. The basic concepts about the toxicity of the different kinds of pesticides are explained next. Various degrees of toxicity are found among agrochemicals, and emphasis is given to the classic tenet of toxicology, “the dose makes the poison,” and its modern version “the dose and the time of exposure makes the poison.” These two factors, dose and time, help us understand the severity of the impacts that pesticides may have on bees and their risk, which are analysed in the third section. Sublethal effects are also considered. The final section is devoted to some practical advice for avoiding adverse impacts of pesticides in beekeeping.",book:{id:"5163",slug:"beekeeping-and-bee-conservation-advances-in-research",title:"Beekeeping and Bee Conservation",fullTitle:"Beekeeping and Bee Conservation - Advances in Research"},signatures:"Francisco Sanchez-Bayo and Koichi Goka",authors:[{id:"74970",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Sánchez-Bayo",slug:"francisco-sanchez-bayo",fullName:"Francisco Sánchez-Bayo"},{id:"192045",title:"Dr.",name:"Koichi",middleName:null,surname:"Goka",slug:"koichi-goka",fullName:"Koichi Goka"}]},{id:"50135",title:"Breeding Program Design Principles for Royal Jelly",slug:"breeding-program-design-principles-for-royal-jelly",totalDownloads:2780,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This research was carried out to infer the genetic value to produce royal jelly in Africanized Apis mellifera L. honeybees with the compilation of data collected from 2006 to 2011. Genetic information of the selected and accessed colonies was obtained using the total DNA extraction techniques of nurse honeybees’ thorax with molecular markers for MRJP3 protein and characterized in Apis mellifera L. From the information on the colonies and genealogical structure were predicted genetic values of the colonies and queens for the larvae acceptance trait (%), royal jelly per colony (g), and royal jelly per cup (mg). Animal model with Bayesian Inference was used from Multiple Trait Gibbs Sampling software in Animal Models, Gibbs chains 58,500 cycles resulting from 650,000 cycles with intervals and disposal of 65,000 and 10 withdraw, respectively. From the predicted values, the colonies were classified into upper and lower. To compare the average of the genetic values according to the genotypes, the average multiple comparison tests were proceeded and implemented in routine PROC GENMOD from the Statistical Analysis System. Environmental effects were considered, time and hive type (standard Langstroth) as having flat distribution and collection as chi-square distribution. The studies presented an increase in the alleles C and D and the alleles D and E—referring to MRJPs—found in the highest genetic value for royal jelly production. Alleles D, E, and C are important when evaluating the parameters larvae acceptance, royal jelly per colony, and royal jelly per cup and, occasionally, it was the DE genotype that stood out royal jelly production. Genotypes DE, DC, and EC are those that should be kept in this evaluation system for royal jelly production, and the other genotypes should be discarded because they had the worst performance for the parameters evaluated.",book:{id:"5163",slug:"beekeeping-and-bee-conservation-advances-in-research",title:"Beekeeping and Bee Conservation",fullTitle:"Beekeeping and Bee Conservation - Advances in Research"},signatures:"Katia Ostrovski-Tomporoski, Patrícia Faquinello, Fabiana Martins\nCosta-Maia, Maria Claudia Ruvolo-Takasusuki, Pedro da Rosa\nSantos and Vagner Arnaut de Toledo",authors:[{id:"92329",title:"Dr.",name:"Vagner",middleName:"De Alencar",surname:"Arnaut De Toledo",slug:"vagner-arnaut-de-toledo",fullName:"Vagner Arnaut De Toledo"},{id:"119608",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Claudia",middleName:"Colla",surname:"Ruvolo-Takasusuki",slug:"maria-claudia-ruvolo-takasusuki",fullName:"Maria Claudia Ruvolo-Takasusuki"},{id:"180234",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Faquinello",slug:"patricia-faquinello",fullName:"Patricia Faquinello"},{id:"180235",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabiana",middleName:null,surname:"Costa-Maia",slug:"fabiana-costa-maia",fullName:"Fabiana Costa-Maia"},{id:"180368",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Katia",middleName:"Regina",surname:"Ostrovski-Tomporoski",slug:"katia-ostrovski-tomporoski",fullName:"Katia Ostrovski-Tomporoski"}]},{id:"50521",title:"Rearing Bumble Bees for Research and Profit: Practical and Ethical Considerations",slug:"rearing-bumble-bees-for-research-and-profit-practical-and-ethical-considerations",totalDownloads:2928,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"The commercial production of bumble bee colonies is a multi-million dollar business worldwide. The pollination of greenhouse tomatoes is largely dependent on this industry. However, microparasites are prevalent in many of these colonies and can spread to wild populations of bumble bees. Academic researchers now commonly purchase colonies for their work. I believe that this raises some questions: (a) What is the danger of exacerbating the problem of spread of parasites and pathogens to wild population of bumble bees from field studies using purchased colonies? (b) How representative studies are done on only a few species, for example, B. terrestris, B. impatiens? (c) Does the purchase and use of these colonies give tacit approval to the industry, which may be having a detrimental effect on the native populations of bumble bees? This is an ethical issue. (d) Loss of “feeling for the organism” by researchers and particularly graduate students. These issues were discussed, and the classical method of bumble bee rearing which avoids these problems was described.",book:{id:"5163",slug:"beekeeping-and-bee-conservation-advances-in-research",title:"Beekeeping and Bee Conservation",fullTitle:"Beekeeping and Bee Conservation - Advances in Research"},signatures:"Robin E. Owen",authors:[{id:"101485",title:"Dr.",name:"Robin",middleName:"Edward",surname:"Owen",slug:"robin-owen",fullName:"Robin Owen"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"332",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:140,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 2nd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:33,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:42,paginationItems:[{id:"82914",title:"Glance on the Critical Role of IL-23 Receptor Gene Variations in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105049",signatures:"Mohammed El-Gedamy",slug:"glance-on-the-critical-role-of-il-23-receptor-gene-variations-in-inflammation-induced-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"82875",title:"Lipidomics as a Tool in the Diagnosis and Clinical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105857",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",slug:"lipidomics-as-a-tool-in-the-diagnosis-and-clinical-therapy",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82440",title:"Lipid Metabolism and Associated Molecular Signaling Events in Autoimmune Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105746",signatures:"Mohan Vanditha, Sonu Das and Mathew John",slug:"lipid-metabolism-and-associated-molecular-signaling-events-in-autoimmune-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82483",title:"Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105891",signatures:"Laura Mourino-Alvarez, Tamara Sastre-Oliva, Nerea Corbacho-Alonso and Maria G. Barderas",slug:"oxidative-stress-in-cardiovascular-diseases",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Importance of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11671.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:33,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:{name:"Kobe College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. Dr. Suzuki currently serves as a visiting researcher at Kogakuin University, Japan, and also a vice president of the Japan Firefly Society.",institutionString:"Kogakuin University",institution:null}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"11474",title:"Quality of Life Interventions - Magnitude of Effect and Transferability",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11474.jpg",hash:"5a6bcdaf5ee144d043bcdab893ff9e1c",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 7th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"245319",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sage",surname:"Arbor",slug:"sage-arbor",fullName:"Sage Arbor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11473",title:"Social Inequality - Structure and Social Processes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11473.jpg",hash:"cefab077e403fd1695fb2946e7914942",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 13th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"313341",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yaroslava",surname:"Robles-Bykbaev",slug:"yaroslava-robles-bykbaev",fullName:"Yaroslava Robles-Bykbaev"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:26,paginationItems:[{id:"82800",title:"Repurposing Drugs as Potential Therapeutics for the SARS-Cov-2 Viral Infection: Automatizing a Blind Molecular Docking High-throughput Pipeline",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105792",signatures:"Aldo Herrera-Rodulfo, Mariana Andrade-Medina and Mauricio Carrillo-Tripp",slug:"repurposing-drugs-as-potential-therapeutics-for-the-sars-cov-2-viral-infection-automatizing-a-blind-",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82582",title:"Protecting Bioelectric Signals from Electromagnetic Interference in a Wireless World",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105951",signatures:"David Marcarian",slug:"protecting-bioelectric-signals-from-electromagnetic-interference-in-a-wireless-world",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82586",title:"Fundamentals of Molecular Docking and Comparative Analysis of Protein–Small-Molecule Docking Approaches",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105815",signatures:"Maden Sefika Feyza, Sezer Selin and Acuner Saliha Ece",slug:"fundamentals-of-molecular-docking-and-comparative-analysis-of-protein-small-molecule-docking-approac",totalDownloads:27,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82392",title:"Nanomaterials as Novel Biomarkers for Cancer Nanotheranostics: State of the Art",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105700",signatures:"Hao Yu, Zhihai Han, Cunrong Chen and Leisheng Zhang",slug:"nanomaterials-as-novel-biomarkers-for-cancer-nanotheranostics-state-of-the-art",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11405.jpg",subseries:{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}}},{id:"82184",title:"Biological Sensing Using Infrared SPR Devices Based on ZnO",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104562",signatures:"Hiroaki Matsui",slug:"biological-sensing-using-infrared-spr-devices-based-on-zno",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hiroaki",surname:"Matsui"}],book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82122",title:"Recent Advances in Biosensing in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104922",signatures:"Alma T. Banigo, Chigozie A. Nnadiekwe and Emmanuel M. Beasi",slug:"recent-advances-in-biosensing-in-tissue-engineering-and-regenerative-medicine",totalDownloads:22,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82080",title:"The Clinical Usefulness of Prostate Cancer Biomarkers: Current and Future Directions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103172",signatures:"Donovan McGrowder, Lennox Anderson-Jackson, Lowell Dilworth, Shada Mohansingh, Melisa Anderson Cross, Sophia Bryan, Fabian Miller, Cameil Wilson-Clarke, Chukwuemeka Nwokocha, Ruby Alexander-Lindo and Shelly McFarlane",slug:"the-clinical-usefulness-of-prostate-cancer-biomarkers-current-and-future-directions",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Cancer Bioinformatics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10661.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82005",title:"Non-Invasive Approach for Glucose Detection in Urine Quality using Its Image Analysis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104791",signatures:"Anton Yudhana, Liya Yusrina Sabila, Arsyad Cahya Subrata, Hendriana Helda Pratama and Muhammad Syahrul Akbar",slug:"non-invasive-approach-for-glucose-detection-in-urine-quality-using-its-image-analysis",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81778",title:"Influence of Mechanical Properties of Biomaterials on the Reconstruction of Biomedical Parts via Additive Manufacturing Techniques: An Overview",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104465",signatures:"Babatunde Olamide Omiyale, Akeem Abiodun Rasheed, Robinson Omoboyode Akinnusi and Temitope Olumide Olugbade",slug:"influence-of-mechanical-properties-of-biomaterials-on-the-reconstruction-of-biomedical-parts-via-add",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11405.jpg",subseries:{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}}},{id:"81751",title:"NanoBioSensors: From Electrochemical Sensors Improvement to Theranostic Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102552",signatures:"Anielle C.A. Silva, Eliete A. Alvin, Lais S. de Jesus, Caio C.L. de França, Marílya P.G. da Silva, Samaysa L. Lins, Diógenes Meneses, Marcela R. Lemes, Rhanoica O. Guerra, Marcos V. da Silva, Carlo J.F. de Oliveira, Virmondes Rodrigues Junior, Renata M. Etchebehere, Fabiane C. de Abreu, Bruno G. Lucca, Sanívia A.L. Pereira, Rodrigo C. Rosa and Noelio O. Dantas",slug:"nanobiosensors-from-electrochemical-sensors-improvement-to-theranostic-applications",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",value:9,count:2,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",value:7,count:20,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",slug:"pneumonia",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",volumeInSeries:13,fullTitle:"Pneumonia",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9615",title:"Chikungunya Virus",subtitle:"A Growing Global Public Health Threat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9615.jpg",slug:"chikungunya-virus-a-growing-global-public-health-threat",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",hash:"c960d94a63867dd12a8ab15176a3ff06",volumeInSeries:12,fullTitle:"Chikungunya Virus - A Growing Global Public Health Threat",editors:[{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9619",title:"Epstein-Barr Virus",subtitle:"New Trends",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9619.jpg",slug:"epstein-barr-virus-new-trends",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emmanuel Drouet",hash:"a2128c53becb6064589570cbe8d976f8",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Epstein-Barr Virus - New Trends",editors:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9525",title:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9525.jpg",slug:"insights-into-drug-resistance-in-staphylococcus-aureus",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amjad Aqib",hash:"98bb6c1ddb067da67185c272f81c0a27",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",editors:[{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9614",title:"Advances in Candida albicans",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9614.jpg",slug:"advances-in-candida-albicans",publishedDate:"November 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xinhui Wang",hash:"31d6882518ca749b12715266eed0a018",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Advances in Candida albicans",editors:[{id:"296531",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinhui",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xinhui-wang",fullName:"Xinhui Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/296531/images/system/296531.jpg",institutionString:"Qinghai Normal University",institution:{name:"University of Luxembourg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Luxembourg"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9528",title:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9528.jpg",slug:"current-topics-and-emerging-issues-in-malaria-elimination",publishedDate:"July 21st 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"7f178329cc42e691efe226b32f14e2ea",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9613",title:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9613.jpg",slug:"dengue-fever-in-a-one-health-perspective",publishedDate:"October 28th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",hash:"77ecce8195c11092230b4156df6d83ff",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",editors:[{id:"176579",title:"Dr.",name:"Márcia Aparecida",middleName:null,surname:"Sperança",slug:"marcia-aparecida-speranca",fullName:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/176579/images/system/176579.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal do ABC",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7981",title:"Overview on Echinococcosis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7981.jpg",slug:"overview-on-echinococcosis",publishedDate:"April 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fethi Derbel and Meriem Braiki",hash:"24dee9209f3fd6b7cd28f042da0076f0",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Overview on Echinococcosis",editors:[{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7887",title:"Hepatitis B and C",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7887.jpg",slug:"hepatitis-b-and-c",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",hash:"8dd6dab483cf505d83caddaeaf497f2c",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Hepatitis B and C",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73208/images/system/73208.jpg",institutionString:"University of Oviedo",institution:{name:"University of Oviedo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:303,paginationItems:[{id:"280338",title:"Dr.",name:"Yutaka",middleName:null,surname:"Tsutsumi",slug:"yutaka-tsutsumi",fullName:"Yutaka Tsutsumi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/280338/images/7961_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fujita Health University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",biography:"Professor Nima Rezaei obtained an MD from Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"117248",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Macnab",slug:"andrew-macnab",fullName:"Andrew Macnab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"322007",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Elizbeth",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez-Sánchez",slug:"maria-elizbeth-alvarez-sanchez",fullName:"Maria Elizbeth Alvarez-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"337443",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",slug:"juan-a.-gonzalez-sanchez",fullName:"Juan A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"10",type:"subseries",title:"Animal Physiology",keywords:"Physiology, Comparative, Evolution, Biomolecules, Organ, Homeostasis, Anatomy, Pathology, Medical, Cell Division, Cell Signaling, Cell Growth, Cell Metabolism, Endocrine, Neuroscience, Cardiovascular, Development, Aging, Development",scope:"Physiology, the scientific study of functions and mechanisms of living systems, is an essential area of research in its own right, but also in relation to medicine and health sciences. The scope of this topic will range from molecular, biochemical, cellular, and physiological processes in all animal species. Work pertaining to the whole organism, organ systems, individual organs and tissues, cells, and biomolecules will be included. Medical, animal, cell, and comparative physiology and allied fields such as anatomy, histology, and pathology with physiology links will be covered in this topic. Physiology research may be linked to development, aging, environment, regular and pathological processes, adaptation and evolution, exercise, or several other factors affecting, or involved with, animal physiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/10.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11406,editor:{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"306970",title:"Mr.",name:"Amin",middleName:null,surname:"Tamadon",slug:"amin-tamadon",fullName:"Amin Tamadon",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002oHR5wQAG/Profile_Picture_1623910304139",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bushehr University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón Poggi",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon-poggi",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"245306",title:"Dr.",name:"María Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Pardo",slug:"maria-luz-garcia-pardo",fullName:"María Luz Garcia Pardo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245306/images/system/245306.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"283315",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"El-Gendy",slug:"samir-el-gendy",fullName:"Samir El-Gendy",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRduYQAS/Profile_Picture_1606215849748",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{id:"83075",title:"Practices and Challenges of Community Services at Debre Markos University, Ethiopia: A Case Study",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105896",signatures:"Adane Mengist",slug:"practices-and-challenges-of-community-services-at-debre-markos-university-ethiopia-a-case-study",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82858",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility a Case of the Provision of Recreational Facilities",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105608",signatures:"Peter Musa Wash, Shida Irwana Omar, Badaruddin Mohamed and Mohd Ismail Isa",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility-a-case-of-the-provision-of-recreational-facilities",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82405",title:"Does Board Structure Matter in CSR Spending of Commercial Banks? Empirical Evidence from an Emerging Economy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105589",signatures:"Bishnu Kumar Adhikary and Ranjan Kumar Mitra",slug:"does-board-structure-matter-in-csr-spending-of-commercial-banks-empirical-evidence-from-an-emerging-",totalDownloads:18,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82395",title:"Toward a Better Understanding of Green Human Resource Management’s Impact on Green Competitive Advantage: A Conceptual Model",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105528",signatures:"Hosna Hossari and Kaoutar Elfahli",slug:"toward-a-better-understanding-of-green-human-resource-management-s-impact-on-green-competitive-advan",totalDownloads:27,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82269",title:"CSR Reporting and Blockchain Technology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105512",signatures:"Pattarake Sarajoti, Pattanaporn Chatjuthamard, Suwongrat Papangkorn and Piyachart Phiromswad",slug:"csr-reporting-and-blockchain-technology",totalDownloads:31,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82270",title:"From Corporate Social Opportunity to Corporate Social Responsibility",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105445",signatures:"Brian Bolton",slug:"from-corporate-social-opportunity-to-corporate-social-responsibility",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82339",title:"Green Human Resource Management: An Exploratory Study from Moroccan ISO 14001 Certified Companies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105565",signatures:"Hosna Hossari and Kaoutar Elfahli",slug:"green-human-resource-management-an-exploratory-study-from-moroccan-iso-14001-certified-companies",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82194",title:"CSR and Female Directors: A Review and Future Research Agenda",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105112",signatures:"Pattarake Sarajoti, Pattanaporn Chatjuthamard, Suwongrat Papangkorn and Sirimon Treepongkaruna",slug:"csr-and-female-directors-a-review-and-future-research-agenda",totalDownloads:18,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"81831",title:"Deep Network Model and Regression Analysis using OLS Method for Predicting Lung Vital Capacity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104737",signatures:"Harun Sümbül",slug:"deep-network-model-and-regression-analysis-using-ols-method-for-predicting-lung-vital-capacity",totalDownloads:18,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Decision Science - Recent Advances and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11604.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9493",title:"Periodontology",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Clinical Features",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9493.jpg",slug:"periodontology-fundamentals-and-clinical-features",publishedDate:"February 16th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Petra Surlin",hash:"dfe986c764d6c82ae820c2df5843a866",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Periodontology - Fundamentals and Clinical Features",editors:[{id:"171921",title:"Prof.",name:"Petra",middleName:null,surname:"Surlin",slug:"petra-surlin",fullName:"Petra Surlin",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institution:{name:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9588",title:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9588.jpg",slug:"clinical-concepts-and-practical-management-techniques-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Aneesa Moolla",hash:"42deab8d3bcf3edf64d1d9028d42efd1",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8202",title:"Periodontal Disease",subtitle:"Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8202.jpg",slug:"periodontal-disease-diagnostic-and-adjunctive-non-surgical-considerations",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif",hash:"0aee9799da7db2c732be44dd8fed16d8",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Periodontal Disease - Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",editors:[{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8837",title:"Human Teeth",subtitle:"Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8837.jpg",slug:"human-teeth-key-skills-and-clinical-illustrations",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan and Farid Bourzgui",hash:"ac055c5801032970123e0a196c2e1d32",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Human Teeth - Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:{id:"52177",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Bourzgui",slug:"farid-bourzgui",fullName:"Farid Bourzgui",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/52177/images/system/52177.png",biography:"Prof. Farid Bourzgui obtained his DMD and his DNSO option in Orthodontics at the School of Dental Medicine, Casablanca Hassan II University, Morocco, in 1995 and 2000, respectively. Currently, he is a professor of Orthodontics. He holds a Certificate of Advanced Study type A in Technology of Biomaterials used in Dentistry (1995); Certificate of Advanced Study type B in Dento-Facial Orthopaedics (1997) from the Faculty of Dental Surgery, University Denis Diderot-Paris VII, France; Diploma of Advanced Study (DESA) in Biocompatibility of Biomaterials from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2002); Certificate of Clinical Occlusodontics from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2004); University Diploma of Biostatistics and Perceptual Health Measurement from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2011); and a University Diploma of Pedagogy of Odontological Sciences from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2013). He is the author of several scientific articles, book chapters, and books.",institutionString:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Morocco"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7060",title:"Gingival Disease",subtitle:"A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7060.jpg",slug:"gingival-disease-a-professional-approach-for-treatment-and-prevention",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",hash:"b81d39988cba3a3cf746c1616912cf41",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Gingival Disease - A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",editors:[{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6668",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6668.jpg",slug:"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan",hash:"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Dental Caries - Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:140,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine"},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation"},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 3rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/85958",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"85958"},fullPath:"/profiles/85958",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()