\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5780",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Serotonin - A Chemical Messenger Between All Types of Living Cells",title:"Serotonin",subtitle:"A Chemical Messenger Between All Types of Living Cells",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Serotonin - A Chemical Messenger Between All Types of Living Cells is a very interesting book on the most ancient neurotransmitter, hormone and trophic factor serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). This unique chemical is present in all living cells including plants and animals. This book will take us through a serene journey of the evolutionary history of serotonin and its role from man to mollusk. There are many interesting chapters incorporated in this book, including novel approaches for detecting minor metabolites of serotonin in human plasma, production and function of serotonin in cardiac cells, immuno-thrombotic effects of serotonin in platelets to the identification and localization of serotonin in the nervous system and gonad of bivalve mollusks.",isbn:"978-953-51-3362-9",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3361-2",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4720-6",doi:"10.5772/65233",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"serotonin-a-chemical-messenger-between-all-types-of-living-cells",numberOfPages:316,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"5fe2c461c95b4ee2d886e30b89d71723",bookSignature:"Kaneez Fatima Shad",publishedDate:"July 26th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5780.jpg",numberOfDownloads:21037,numberOfWosCitations:27,numberOfCrossrefCitations:26,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:61,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:2,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:114,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 23rd 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 14th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 6th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 3rd 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 6th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"31988",title:"Prof.",name:"Kaneez",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima Shad",slug:"kaneez-fatima-shad",fullName:"Kaneez Fatima Shad",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRhwqQAC/Profile_Picture_1643703122186",biography:"Professor Kaneez Fatima Shad, an Australian neuroscientist with a medical background, obtained a Ph.D. from the Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Australia, in 1994, followed by a postdoc at the Allegheny University of Health Sciences, Philadelphia, USA. She taught medical and biological sciences at various universities in Australia, the United States, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Pakistan, and Brunei. During this period, she was also engaged in research by obtaining local and international grants (a total of more than $3 million USD) and developing products such as a rapid diagnostic test for stroke and other vascular disorders (i.e., schizophrenia). She has published more than sixty-eight articles in refereed journals, edited nine books, authored ten book chapters, presented at more than ninety international conferences, and mentored thirty-four postgraduate students. She is an international mentor and a protocol development specialist.",institutionString:"University of Technology Sydney",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"8",institution:{name:"University of Technology Sydney",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1174",title:"Neurochemistry",slug:"neurochemistry"}],chapters:[{id:"56300",title:"Introductory Chapter: Serotonin - The Most Ancient Neurotransmitter, Hormone and Trophic Factor",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70146",slug:"introductory-chapter-serotonin-the-most-ancient-neurotransmitter-hormone-and-trophic-factor",totalDownloads:1868,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Kaneez Fatima Shad",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56300",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56300",authors:[{id:"31988",title:"Prof.",name:"Kaneez",surname:"Fatima Shad",slug:"kaneez-fatima-shad",fullName:"Kaneez Fatima Shad"}],corrections:null},{id:"55923",title:"Pharmacology and Molecular Identity of Serotonin Receptor in Bivalve Mollusks",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69680",slug:"pharmacology-and-molecular-identity-of-serotonin-receptor-in-bivalve-mollusks",totalDownloads:1480,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"It is now known that 5-HT regulates several neurobehavioral systems such as mood, appetite, sleep, learning, and memory. It also plays critical roles in the physiological functions of peripheral organs involved in stress, growth, and reproduction in the animal kingdom. 5-HT content has seen to be higher in the nervous system of bivalves than those of other examined invertebrates and vertebrates. Thus, bivalves have been considered as an excellent model to investigate 5-HT functions in neurological and peripheral systems. The present study reviews knowledge on 5-HT signaling mediated through 5-HT receptor and its physiological contribution to regulate reproduction in bivalves. Two G-protein-coupled 5-HT1-like receptors have been cloned in bivalve species. However, binding affinities of the 5-HT agonists and antagonists to the isolated plasma membrane proteins and their effects on spawning in bivalves suggest the presence of a single or mixed 5-HT1-, 5-HT2-, and 5-HT3-like receptors. It has suggested that the 5-HT-like receptors in bivalves are distinct from those of mammalian 5-HT receptors due to pharmacological properties. The present review pays a special attention to future research perspectives to better understand 5-HT regulation of reproduction in bivalves, which can provide us with satisfactory knowledge to elucidate reproductive disorders associated with dysfunctions of the neurotransmitter system.",signatures:"Sayyed Mohammad Hadi Alavi, Kazue Nagasawa, Keisuke G.\nTakahashi and Makoto Osada",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55923",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55923",authors:[{id:"198996",title:"Prof.",name:"Makoto",surname:"Osada",slug:"makoto-osada",fullName:"Makoto Osada"}],corrections:null},{id:"55803",title:"Structure-Function of Serotonin in Bivalve Molluscs",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69165",slug:"structure-function-of-serotonin-in-bivalve-molluscs",totalDownloads:1694,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"It has been observed that 5-HT excites the heart nerves in hard clam and regulates contraction and relaxation of the anterior byssus retractor muscle in the blue mussel. It is now known that 5-HT regulates several neurobehavioral systems such as mood, appetite, sleep, learning, and memory. It also plays critical roles in the physiological functions of peripheral organs involved in stress, growth, and reproduction in the animal kingdom. The present study reviews conserved 5-HT biosynthesis and its localization in the nervous system, and its physiological contribution to regulate reproduction in bivalves. In the cytosol of neurons, tryptophan hydroxylase catalyzes hydroxylation of l-tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptophan, which is converted to 5-HT by aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase. A 5-HT transporter and a monoamine oxidase reuptakes and metabolizes 5-HT to control the amount of released 5-HT in the nervous system and peripheral organs. Perikarya and fibers of 5-HT neurons are mostly located in the cortices and neuropil of ganglia, respectively, and innervate the gonad. However, distribution and 5-HT content differ among species and sexes and undergo seasonal variations associated with gonadal development. The present review pays a special attention to future research perspectives to better understand 5-HT regulation of reproduction in bivalves.",signatures:"Sayyed Mohammad Hadi Alavi, Kazue Nagasawa, Keisuke G.\nTakahashi and Makoto Osada",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55803",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55803",authors:[{id:"198996",title:"Prof.",name:"Makoto",surname:"Osada",slug:"makoto-osada",fullName:"Makoto Osada"},{id:"198998",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Mohammd",surname:"Hadi Alavi",slug:"sayyed-mohammd-hadi-alavi",fullName:"Sayyed Mohammd Hadi Alavi"},{id:"205318",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazue",surname:"Nagasawa",slug:"kazue-nagasawa",fullName:"Kazue Nagasawa"},{id:"205319",title:"Dr.",name:"Keisuke",surname:"Takahashi",slug:"keisuke-takahashi",fullName:"Keisuke Takahashi"}],corrections:null},{id:"55964",title:"4WD to Travel Inside the 5-HT1A Receptor World",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69348",slug:"4wd-to-travel-inside-the-5-ht1a-receptor-world",totalDownloads:1369,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"5-HT1A receptor is one of the most important members of the numerous families of serotoninergic receptors. Though it was the first 5-HT receptor to be identified and cloned, the knowledge of its activation/transduction mechanisms, mediated effects, and connection with other systems is still uncompleted. For this reason, relevant is the study of the four Ws of the title: first of all “who” this receptor is, then “why” it continues to be a so attractive target after several years after its identification, then “where” is 5-HT1A receptor expressed within the body, and, finally, “what” effects this receptor can elicit under physiological and pathological conditions. Obviously, more and more potent, safe, and selective “drugs” might be discovered once the responses to these questions are given.",signatures:"Wilma Quaglia, Carlo Cifani, Fabio Del Bello, Mario Giannella,\nGianfabio Giorgioni, Maria Vittoria Micioni Di Bonaventura and\nAlessandro Piergentili",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55964",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55964",authors:[{id:"198136",title:"Prof.",name:"Wilma",surname:"Quaglia",slug:"wilma-quaglia",fullName:"Wilma Quaglia"},{id:"198141",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlo",surname:"Cifani",slug:"carlo-cifani",fullName:"Carlo Cifani"},{id:"198142",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabio",surname:"Del Bello",slug:"fabio-del-bello",fullName:"Fabio Del Bello"},{id:"198143",title:"Prof.",name:"Mario",surname:"Giannella",slug:"mario-giannella",fullName:"Mario Giannella"},{id:"198144",title:"Dr.",name:"Gianfabio",surname:"Giorgioni",slug:"gianfabio-giorgioni",fullName:"Gianfabio Giorgioni"},{id:"198145",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Vittoria",surname:"Micioni Di Bonaventura",slug:"maria-vittoria-micioni-di-bonaventura",fullName:"Maria Vittoria Micioni Di Bonaventura"},{id:"198146",title:"Prof.",name:"Alessandro",surname:"Piergentili",slug:"alessandro-piergentili",fullName:"Alessandro Piergentili"}],corrections:null},{id:"55466",title:"Sculpting Cerebral Cortex with Serotonin in Rodent and Primate",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69000",slug:"sculpting-cerebral-cortex-with-serotonin-in-rodent-and-primate",totalDownloads:1638,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The mammalian cerebral cortex is critical for sensory and motor integrations and, for higher-order cognitive functions. The construction of mammalian cortical circuits involves the coordinated interplay between cellular processes such as proliferation, migration and differentiation of neural and glial cell subtypes followed by accurate connectivity evolving in complexity in primates. Alteration in cortical development may induce the emergence of various pathological traits and behaviours. Among the large array of factors that regulate the assembly of cortical circuits, serotonin (5-HT) plays important role as a developmental signal that impacts on a broad diversity of cellular processes. 5-HT plays distinct roles during specific sensitive periods and is produced from various sources depending on the perinatal stage. Its roles are mediated by more than fourteen 5-HT receptors that are all G-protein coupled receptors except the ionotropic 5-HT type 3A receptor (5-HT3A) mediating rapid neuronal activation. Importantly, 5-HT metabolism and signalling are influenced by numerous epigenetic and genetic factors, including nutrition and gut microbiota, perinatal stress, infection and inflammation. In this review, we will recapitulate some evidences showing that dysregulation of 5-HT homeostasis and 5-HT3A signalling impairs distinct steps of cortical circuit formation leading to the predisposition of the onset of various psychiatric diseases.",signatures:"Tania Vitalis and Catherine Verney",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55466",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55466",authors:[{id:"197392",title:"Dr.",name:"Tania",surname:"Vitalis",slug:"tania-vitalis",fullName:"Tania Vitalis"},{id:"201322",title:"Dr.",name:"Catherine",surname:"Verney",slug:"catherine-verney",fullName:"Catherine Verney"}],corrections:null},{id:"55574",title:"Association of 5-HT1A Receptors with Affective Disorders",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68975",slug:"association-of-5-ht1a-receptors-with-affective-disorders",totalDownloads:1674,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is synthesized in both the brain and peripheral system, which exert their actions at a wide family of receptors classified as 5-HT1 to 5-HT7. Pharmacological, behavioral, and clinical studies involve particularly to the 5-HT1A receptors (5-HT1A-R) - auto-receptors (presynaptic) and heteroreceptors (postsynaptic) - in the control of motivated behavior, and consequently in the physiopathology of affective disorders and in the action mechanism of antidepressant drugs. In this way, some research support that 5-HT1A-R participates in the delayed effect of different types of antidepressants, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and tricyclic drugs, principally. The therapeutic effect of serotonergic drugs as the SSRIs, starting with the binding to auto-receptors, which produces increases of 5-HT in the synaptic cleft as consequence of blockade of serotonin reuptake. While these molecular events occur initially, in the long-term are produced plastic changes at neuronal level, as well as down-regulation of the 5-HT1A-R, which is associated with the therapeutic effects of antidepressant drugs. The purpose of this chapter is to analyze and discuss the current information about of 5-HT1A-R-mediated signaling cascades, the intracellular signaling of 5-HT1A-R, in addition to their expression and pharmacology that are important to treatment of affective disorders symptoms.",signatures:"Cesar Soria-Fregozo, Maria Isabel Perez-Vega, Juan Francisco\nRodríguez-Landa, León Jesús Germán-Ponciano, Rosa Isela García-\nRíos and Armando Mora-Perez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55574",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55574",authors:[{id:"45702",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Francisco",surname:"Rodríguez-Landa",slug:"juan-francisco-rodriguez-landa",fullName:"Juan Francisco Rodríguez-Landa"},{id:"174652",title:"MSc.",name:"León Jesús",surname:"Germán-Ponciano",slug:"leon-jesus-german-ponciano",fullName:"León Jesús Germán-Ponciano"},{id:"174653",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa Isela",surname:"García-Ríos",slug:"rosa-isela-garcia-rios",fullName:"Rosa Isela García-Ríos"},{id:"174654",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",surname:"Soria-Fregozo",slug:"cesar-soria-fregozo",fullName:"Cesar Soria-Fregozo"},{id:"198324",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Isabel",surname:"Perez-Vega",slug:"maria-isabel-perez-vega",fullName:"Maria Isabel Perez-Vega"},{id:"198327",title:"Dr.",name:"Armando",surname:"Mora-Perez",slug:"armando-mora-perez",fullName:"Armando Mora-Perez"}],corrections:null},{id:"55421",title:"Application of 5-HT-SO4 in Biomarker Research",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69042",slug:"application-of-5-ht-so4-in-biomarker-research",totalDownloads:1072,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A serotonin catabolite, serotonin O‐sulphate (5‐HT‐SO4), is hypothesised to accentuate the intensity of serotonin metabolism in the central nervous system (CNS). We hypothesised that serotonin O‐sulphate could be quantified in human plasma using modern liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry. To test our hypothesis, we performed a critical literature review and a three‐stage trial. First, a suitable liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) method for detection of 5‐HT‐SO4 in human plasma samples was developed. Second, a pilot phase involving four healthy volunteers was executed. Finally, nine healthy volunteers were selected for the main study, where a basal plasma level of 5‐HT‐SO4 was measured before and after serotonergic stimulation of the central nervous system. One h after stimulation, six study subjects showed a decrease in 5‐HT‐SO4 levels, while three subjects showed an increase. This was the first study in which naturally occurring 5‐HT‐SO4 was detected by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) in the samples of human plasma obtained from healthy volunteers. The method developed was specific to the measurement of 5‐HT‐SO4 and opens up new possibilities to evaluate minor pathways or serotonin metabolism by minimally invasive methods.",signatures:"Raimond Lozda",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55421",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55421",authors:[{id:"200035",title:"M.D.",name:"Raimond",surname:"Lozda",slug:"raimond-lozda",fullName:"Raimond Lozda"}],corrections:null},{id:"55260",title:"Energy Homeostasis by the Peripheral Serotonergic System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68831",slug:"energy-homeostasis-by-the-peripheral-serotonergic-system",totalDownloads:1529,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Energy homeostasis is maintained by balancing energy intake and energy expenditure. In addition to the central nervous system, several hormones play a key role in energy homeostasis in the whole body. In particular, serotonin is regarded as one of the key regulators of energy homeostasis. Serotonin is unique in that it is able to act in both the brain as a neurotransmitter and the peripheral tissue as a gastrointestinal hormone. In the brain, serotonin is thought of as a pharmacological target for anti-obesity treatments because it greatly inhibits meal size and body weight gain. In contrast, serotonin in the periphery has not been targeted as a strategy for anti-obesity treatment, even though almost all of the serotonin produced in the body is produced in the peripheral tissue. Recently, the peripheral serotonergic signal has been shown to regulate glucose and lipid metabolism through autocrine and paracrine signals in energy homeostasis-related tissues, including the pancreatic β cell, liver, white adipose tissue, brown adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle. Thus, it is possible that the serotonergic system in the peripheral tissue is a new therapeutic target for metabolic disease, including obesity and diabetes. Here, we summarize the role of peripheral serotonin in the regulation of energy homeostasis.",signatures:"Hitoshi Watanabe, Michael Rose, Yoshinori Kanayama, Hitoshi\nShirakawa and Hisashi Aso",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55260",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55260",authors:[{id:"128157",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",surname:"Rose",slug:"michael-rose",fullName:"Michael Rose"},{id:"180389",title:"Dr.",name:"Hitoshi",surname:"Shirakawa",slug:"hitoshi-shirakawa",fullName:"Hitoshi Shirakawa"},{id:"198097",title:"Prof.",name:"Hisashi",surname:"Aso",slug:"hisashi-aso",fullName:"Hisashi Aso"},{id:"198154",title:"Dr.",name:"Hitoshi",surname:"Watanabe",slug:"hitoshi-watanabe",fullName:"Hitoshi Watanabe"}],corrections:null},{id:"54443",title:"Serotonin Effects on Expression of the LDL Receptor Family Member LR11 and 7-Ketocholesterol–Induced Apoptosis in Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells",doi:"10.5772/67679",slug:"serotonin-effects-on-expression-of-the-ldl-receptor-family-member-lr11-and-7-ketocholesterol-induced",totalDownloads:1241,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"We previously confirmed the effect of sarpogrelate hydrochloride (sarpogrelate), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) 2A receptor antagonist on cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) as a marker of systemic arterial stiffness. After 6 months of treatment with sarpogrelate for 35 type 2 diabetic patients, decreased CAVI, indicating the ameliorated arterial stiffness, was observed. Therefore, via 5-HT2A receptor blockade, sarpogrelate might effect as a vasoactive agent, as well as an inhibitor of platelet aggregation. 5-HT is a known mitogen for vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). In addition, the pathogenic change of VSMCs such as dedifferentiation and proliferation/apoptosis represents one of the atherosclerotic changes. On the other hand, LR11, a mosaic LDL receptor family member, may involve in the invasion of VSMCs into neointimal thickening. We therefore investigated an in vitro study to clarify whether 5-HT was concerned to LR11 expression and apoptosis of human VSMCs induced by 7-ketocholesterol (7KCHO), a major oxidation product of cholesterol involved in plaque destabilization. Resultantly, 5-HT accelerated the proliferation of VSMCs, and this effect was suppressed by simultaneous addition of sarpogrelate. Sarpogrelate also attenuated the 5-HT–induced LR11 mRNA expression in VSMCs. Additionally, 5-HT attenuated the 7KCHO-induced apoptosis of VSMCs through caspase-dependent pathway. These results suggest new knowledge on the modification of human VSMCs induced by 5-HT.",signatures:"Daiji Nagayama and Ichiro Tatsuno",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54443",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54443",authors:[{id:"198108",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Daiji",surname:"Nagayama",slug:"daiji-nagayama",fullName:"Daiji Nagayama"},{id:"204711",title:"Prof.",name:"Ichiro",surname:"Tatsuno",slug:"ichiro-tatsuno",fullName:"Ichiro Tatsuno"}],corrections:null},{id:"55438",title:"Serotonin in Neurological Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69035",slug:"serotonin-in-neurological-diseases",totalDownloads:2008,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Serotonin (5-HT) is responsible for anxiety, aggression, and stress. Alterations in a serotonergic system play a significant role in pathogenesis of neurological diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders. A wide range of disturbances associated with serotonergic neurotransmission results from different functions of 5-HT in a nervous system. It is believed that 5-HT may be involved in the pathogenesis of migraine, epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In these diseases, disturbances of 5-HT and its metabolites, such as 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), were observed in the plasma, blood platelets, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Changes in the level of this biogenic amine (5-HT) may be associated with malfunction of 5-HT receptors, reuptake transporter for 5-HT (5-HTT, SERT), the enzymes responsible for the synthesis and metabolism of 5-HT, and genetic variants for serotonergic system. It seems that 5-HT and its metabolites may be used as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for neurological diseases or a target for more efficient therapy in neurology in the future.",signatures:"Jolanta Dorszewska, Jolanta Florczak-Wyspianska, Marta Kowalska,\nMarcin Stanski, Alicja Kowalewska and Wojciech Kozubski",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55438",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55438",authors:[{id:"31962",title:"Dr.",name:"Jolanta",surname:"Dorszewska",slug:"jolanta-dorszewska",fullName:"Jolanta Dorszewska"},{id:"83372",title:"Prof.",name:"Wojciech",surname:"Kozubski",slug:"wojciech-kozubski",fullName:"Wojciech Kozubski"},{id:"183236",title:"Dr.",name:"Jolanta",surname:"Florczak-Wyspianska",slug:"jolanta-florczak-wyspianska",fullName:"Jolanta Florczak-Wyspianska"},{id:"186528",title:"MSc.",name:"Marta",surname:"Kowalska",slug:"marta-kowalska",fullName:"Marta Kowalska"},{id:"197937",title:"Mr.",name:"Marcin",surname:"Stanski",slug:"marcin-stanski",fullName:"Marcin Stanski"},{id:"197995",title:"Mrs.",name:"Alicja",surname:"Kowalewska",slug:"alicja-kowalewska",fullName:"Alicja Kowalewska"}],corrections:null},{id:"55400",title:"The Role of Serotonin in Aggression and Impulsiveness",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68918",slug:"the-role-of-serotonin-in-aggression-and-impulsiveness",totalDownloads:2051,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Serotonin is a neuromodulator that has a critical role on the regulation of essential events in neuronal and glial development, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, apoptosis, and synaptogenesis, and acts as a developmental signal. It has been known that a serotonergic system is associated with many psychiatric disorders. The serotonergic system also predominates on the etiopathogenesis of two important endophenotypes: impulsivity and aggression. Impulsiveness is defined as personality trait and an implusive temperament is associated with clinical conditions such as pathological gambling, eating disorders, and borderline personality disorder as well as being a risk factor for self‐harm, suicide, and emotional liability. Aggression is not a personality trait like impulsivity, but it is the behavior of harm or injury to others. Besides being a natural human behavior toward survival, aggression can be harmful to the individual and the community when it is constant and excessive. In this chapter, we aimed to review the role of the serotonergic system on impulsivity and aggression, which are two important endophenotypes that identified in many psychiatric disorders.",signatures:"Fatih Hilmi Çetin, Yasemin Taş Torun and Esra Güney",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55400",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55400",authors:[{id:"44984",title:"M.D.",name:"Esra",surname:"Guney",slug:"esra-guney",fullName:"Esra Guney"},{id:"171467",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasemin",surname:"Tas Torun",slug:"yasemin-tas-torun",fullName:"Yasemin Tas Torun"},{id:"205773",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatih Hilmi",surname:"Çetin",slug:"fatih-hilmi-cetin",fullName:"Fatih Hilmi Çetin"}],corrections:null},{id:"55699",title:"Immuno-Thrombotic Effects of Platelet Serotonin",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69349",slug:"immuno-thrombotic-effects-of-platelet-serotonin",totalDownloads:1825,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Platelets transport and store serotonin at a high concentration in dense granules and release it upon activation. Abnormal serotonin concentrations in the blood plasma or increased platelet serotonin release promote the development of thrombosis, sepsis, allergic asthma, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Consequently, experimental data suggest possible benefits of serotonin receptor blockade or inhibition of platelet serotonin uptake in the indicated human diseases. Here, we highlight the current state of basic biological research regarding the role of platelet serotonin in normal and pathophysiological conditions focusing on thrombotic and inflammatory diseases. We also describe the possible clinical applicability of targeting thrombo-immune-modulatory effects of platelet serotonin to treat common health problems.",signatures:"Elmina Mammadova-Bach, Maximilian Mauler, Attila Braun and\nDaniel Duerschmied",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55699",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55699",authors:[{id:"198138",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Duerschmied",slug:"daniel-duerschmied",fullName:"Daniel Duerschmied"},{id:"205547",title:"Dr.",name:"Elmina",surname:"Mammadova-Bach",slug:"elmina-mammadova-bach",fullName:"Elmina Mammadova-Bach"},{id:"205548",title:"Dr.",name:"Maximilian",surname:"Mauler",slug:"maximilian-mauler",fullName:"Maximilian Mauler"},{id:"205549",title:"Dr.",name:"Attila",surname:"Braun",slug:"attila-braun",fullName:"Attila Braun"}],corrections:null},{id:"55884",title:"Production and Function of Serotonin in Cardiac Cells",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69111",slug:"production-and-function-of-serotonin-in-cardiac-cells",totalDownloads:1588,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Serotonin [5-hydroxy-tryptamine (5-HT)] exerts a number of effects in the mammalian heart: increase in heart rate, increase in force of contraction, fibrosis of cardiac valves, coronary constriction, arrhythmias and thrombosis. These effects are, in part, mediated by 5-HT-receptors, in part, directly by 5-HT action on intracellular proteins. In the beginning, 5-HT was thought to be only produced in the gut and then transported into the heart via platelets, because platelets can take up 5-HT in the gut and enter the capillaries and thus the mammalian heart. 5-HT is to a large extent metabolized in the liver and excreted via the urine. Here, we will also overview data that argue for additional pathways, namely production and degradation of 5-HT in the cells of the heart itself.",signatures:"Joachim Neumann, Britt Hofmann and Ulrich Gergs",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55884",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55884",authors:[{id:"198376",title:"Prof.",name:"Joachim",surname:"Neumann",slug:"joachim-neumann",fullName:"Joachim Neumann"},{id:"205353",title:"Dr.",name:"Britt",surname:"Hofmann",slug:"britt-hofmann",fullName:"Britt Hofmann"},{id:"205354",title:"Dr.",name:"Ulrich",surname:"Gergs",slug:"ulrich-gergs",fullName:"Ulrich Gergs"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1624",title:"Patch Clamp Technique",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"24164a2299d5f9b1a2ef1c2169689465",slug:"patch-clamp-technique",bookSignature:"Fatima Shad 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Csoka",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7480.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70569",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",surname:"Heinbockel",slug:"thomas-heinbockel",fullName:"Thomas Heinbockel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"erratum-fractal-geometry-an-attractive-choice-for-miniaturized-planar-microwave-filter-design",title:"Erratum - Fractal Geometry: An Attractive Choice for Miniaturized Planar Microwave Filter Design",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/66069.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66069",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66069",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/66069",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/66069",chapter:{id:"64430",slug:"fractal-geometry-an-attractive-choice-for-miniaturized-planar-microwave-filter-design",signatures:"Hadi T. Ziboon and Jawad K. Ali",dateSubmitted:"June 5th 2018",dateReviewed:"September 6th 2018",datePrePublished:"December 31st 2018",datePublished:"April 3rd 2019",book:{id:"7293",title:"Fractal Analysis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Fractal Analysis",slug:"fractal-analysis",publishedDate:"April 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7293.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103826",title:"Dr.",name:"Sid-Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Ouadfeul",slug:"sid-ali-ouadfeul",fullName:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"261659",title:"Prof.",name:"Jawad",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",fullName:"Jawad Ali",slug:"jawad-ali",email:"jawadkali@theiet.org",position:null,institution:{name:"Institution of Engineering and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"262048",title:"Dr.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Ziboon",fullName:"Hadi Ziboon",slug:"hadi-ziboon",email:"haditarishziboon@yahoo.co.uk",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"64430",slug:"fractal-geometry-an-attractive-choice-for-miniaturized-planar-microwave-filter-design",signatures:"Hadi T. Ziboon and Jawad K. Ali",dateSubmitted:"June 5th 2018",dateReviewed:"September 6th 2018",datePrePublished:"December 31st 2018",datePublished:"April 3rd 2019",book:{id:"7293",title:"Fractal Analysis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Fractal Analysis",slug:"fractal-analysis",publishedDate:"April 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7293.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103826",title:"Dr.",name:"Sid-Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Ouadfeul",slug:"sid-ali-ouadfeul",fullName:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"261659",title:"Prof.",name:"Jawad",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",fullName:"Jawad Ali",slug:"jawad-ali",email:"jawadkali@theiet.org",position:null,institution:{name:"Institution of Engineering and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"262048",title:"Dr.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Ziboon",fullName:"Hadi Ziboon",slug:"hadi-ziboon",email:"haditarishziboon@yahoo.co.uk",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7293",title:"Fractal Analysis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Fractal Analysis",slug:"fractal-analysis",publishedDate:"April 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7293.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103826",title:"Dr.",name:"Sid-Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Ouadfeul",slug:"sid-ali-ouadfeul",fullName:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"10497",leadTitle:null,title:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The advances being made in veterinary medicine in the modern era are continuously pushing the boundaries of what is presently possible and available. From unraveling canine genetics and gene therapies to understanding the microbiome and the effects parasites have on canine health. Whilst many advances are being made with clinical diagnosis, surgeries, prosthetics, pharmaceuticals, and imaging techniques, preventative medicine is also at the forefront of technology. Our understanding of the medical issues, critical care, pharmaceutics, anatomy, pathology, genetics, and disease are all imperative in making advances in canine medicine. This book covers a diverse range of topics in canine health by highlighting recent and forthcoming canine medicine and health innovations and improvements.",isbn:"978-1-83962-655-5",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-654-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-656-2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92513",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"canine-genetics-health-and-medicine",numberOfPages:188,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"b91512e31ce34032e560362e6cbccc1c",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland",publishedDate:"June 2nd 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10497.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:2671,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:3,numberOfTotalCitations:5,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 23rd 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 21st 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 20th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 10th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 9th 2021",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A pioneering cardiovascular and oncology researcher specializing in human and veterinary anatomy and genetics.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"10",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"299",title:"Cynology",slug:"cynology"}],chapters:[{id:"74866",title:"Canine Genetics and Genomics",slug:"canine-genetics-and-genomics",totalDownloads:453,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"55861",title:"Dr.",name:"Edo",surname:"D' Agaro",slug:"edo-d'-agaro",fullName:"Edo D' Agaro"},{id:"344947",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",surname:"Favaro",slug:"andrea-favaro",fullName:"Andrea Favaro"},{id:"344951",title:"Dr.",name:"Davide",surname:"Rosa",slug:"davide-rosa",fullName:"Davide Rosa"}]},{id:"76601",title:"Diagnosis, Prognosis, Management, Treatment, Research and Advances in Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy",slug:"diagnosis-prognosis-management-treatment-research-and-advances-in-canine-dilated-cardiomyopathy",totalDownloads:403,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland"},{id:"346114",title:"Dr.",name:"Siobhan",surname:"Simpson",slug:"siobhan-simpson",fullName:"Siobhan Simpson"},{id:"346186",title:"Ms.",name:"Kara-Zoë",surname:"Kordtomeikel",slug:"kara-zoe-kordtomeikel",fullName:"Kara-Zoë Kordtomeikel"},{id:"346187",title:"Ms.",name:"Serena",surname:"Wong",slug:"serena-wong",fullName:"Serena Wong"},{id:"346188",title:"Ms.",name:"Samantha",surname:"Bennison",slug:"samantha-bennison",fullName:"Samantha Bennison"},{id:"346189",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",surname:"El-Gendy",slug:"samir-el-gendy",fullName:"Samir El-Gendy"},{id:"415516",title:"Dr.",name:"Malcolm",surname:"Cobb",slug:"malcolm-cobb",fullName:"Malcolm Cobb"}]},{id:"76091",title:"The State of Knowledge on Intestinal Helminths in Free-Roaming Dogs in Southern South America",slug:"the-state-of-knowledge-on-intestinal-helminths-in-free-roaming-dogs-in-southern-south-america",totalDownloads:252,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"337219",title:"Dr.",name:"Verónica",surname:"Flores",slug:"veronica-flores",fullName:"Verónica Flores"},{id:"337222",title:"Dr.",name:"Luciano",surname:"Ritossa",slug:"luciano-ritossa",fullName:"Luciano Ritossa"},{id:"337223",title:"Dr.",name:"Gustavo",surname:"Viozzi",slug:"gustavo-viozzi",fullName:"Gustavo Viozzi"}]},{id:"75132",title:"Incrimination of Dog Vector of Cystic Echinococcosis and Impact of the Appropriate Dogs’ Treatment",slug:"incrimination-of-dog-vector-of-cystic-echinococcosis-and-impact-of-the-appropriate-dogs-treatment",totalDownloads:192,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"334107",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatimaezzahra",surname:"Amarir",slug:"fatimaezzahra-amarir",fullName:"Fatimaezzahra Amarir"},{id:"334766",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Abdelmohcine",surname:"Aimrane",slug:"abdelmohcine-aimrane",fullName:"Abdelmohcine Aimrane"},{id:"334768",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdelkbir",surname:"Rhalem",slug:"abdelkbir-rhalem",fullName:"Abdelkbir Rhalem"}]},{id:"75069",title:"Importance of Yeasts in Oral Canine Mucosa",slug:"importance-of-yeasts-in-oral-canine-mucosa",totalDownloads:331,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"334769",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Claudete",surname:"Paula",slug:"claudete-paula",fullName:"Claudete Paula"},{id:"336746",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario",surname:"Bonci",slug:"mario-bonci",fullName:"Mario Bonci"},{id:"337100",title:"Dr.",name:"Bianca",surname:"Navarro",slug:"bianca-navarro",fullName:"Bianca Navarro"},{id:"344045",title:"Dr.",name:"Diana",surname:"Nascimento",slug:"diana-nascimento",fullName:"Diana Nascimento"}]},{id:"74874",title:"Small Animals Gut Microbiome and Its Relationship with Cancer",slug:"small-animals-gut-microbiome-and-its-relationship-with-cancer",totalDownloads:370,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"334680",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Andreia A.F.",surname:"Santos",slug:"andreia-a.f.-santos",fullName:"Andreia A.F. 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However, it is a basic ingredient of any living beings. According to the Atharva Veda, a life is believed to be first evolved and nourished in water. The
The current generation wants smartness in every aspect of life. Hence, the concept of smart city has approached. In a smart city, the following factors are very vital such as smart grid, e-health, e-environmental monitoring, smart home, smart water quality, smart air quality, etc. Among them the more vital issue is the supply of clean and sufficient water. A substantial increase in population in cities is the main problem of their water stress because the cities are usually designed for a particular population, but in most cases the actual masses dwelling there are many times that of the designed value, whereas the resources remain the same. Therefore, all problems started with it including water too. With the explosion of human population, it is becoming very difficult for providing usable quality of water even with values. Therefore, many parts of the world are facing high to extreme water stresses. This stress is due to scarcity of underground water, mismanagement of existing water bodies, increase in river water pollution by allowing industrial and urban pollutants to flow into rivers, lack of water recycling, no clever usage, and wastage of water.
This is the common scene in most of the cities in the world. In addition to this, the water bodies are drying out. With this rate, many cities of India would come to day zero condition like Cape Town in South Africa. Therefore, there is a need of smart water management system.
Water is such a recurring type reserve that can be reused after proper treatment. However, water scarcity occurs due to mismanagement and overuse of the available resource. Therefore, it is often remarked that water can be better conserved by using it judiciously. In that manner, the irrigation sector needs revolution in water management as this sector needs the maximum share of water.
Most part of earth is covered by water bodies like oceans and seas. However, the water of these water bodies cannot be directly utilized in our daily needs like as drinking water and other purposes. Therefore, there is a persistent deficiency of water both for residential use and industrial use.
Rainwater harvesting is an expertise for collection and efficient storage of rainwater from different basement areas like rooftops of residential buildings, ground surface, rock catchments, etc. These techniques are very vast. They can be very artless techniques such as collection and storage using readily available, cheap utensils. They also can be some very intricate techniques such as building check dams. These methods are mostly used for water conservation. Usually, there are two basic ways of rainwater harvesting like surface runoff harvesting and rooftop rainwater harvesting. In the first method, rainwater flowing along the surface is collected in an underground tank. In the second method, rainwater is collected from roof catchment and stored in a tank. The harvested rainwater is the purest form of water source. So, it can be consumed directly. Rainwater collected from ground catchments may be poor in quality with respect to the bacteriological quality, whereas if rainwater is collected from well-maintained rooftop catchment systems and storage tanks, then that water is suitable for drinking. If water is collected from a dirty surface, then the collected water can be made utilizable by using a proper filtering system. Thereafter, it can be used for some the following purposes like drinking, culinary, bathing, laundry, toiletry purpose, watering gardens, compost making, birdbaths, recharging ponds and pools, washing vehicles, fire extinguishing, etc.
Rainwater collection technologies have a very long history. It is as early as Roman civilization. It means the period is earlier than 2000 BC. Rainwater harvesting in Asia has also been carried out since the ninth century. In rural areas of South and Southeast Asia, rainwater is collected and conserved by constructing brush dams. In Israel, rainwater is collected and used both for farming and residential use. In Istanbul of the country Turkey, the world’s largest tank is created for collection of rainwater. In India also rainwater collection and utilization are practiced since long back using conventional methods. Thailand is a pioneer in applying innovation in rainwater collection since many hundred centuries back. However, recently the most recognized utilization of the innovation is done in Africa [1].
Increase volume of water bodies
Many parts of the world have two kinds of seasons like rainy season and dry season. During dry season, there is very little or no rain. Due to this, the water bodies like pond, rivers, etc. are dried. By using these techniques, the water bodies can be recharged, and their volume can be increased [2].
Lessen flood and soil erosion
By storing rainwater, it reduces the surface runoff. This reduces the surface erosion. By capturing rainwater in reservoirs, the flood problem in large rainfalls is also diminished.
Prevent overuse of underground water
As population of a locality increases, its demand for water increases too. To meet this, underground water is used. Due to this reason, the level of underground water is decreasing rapidly. By using rainwater, the demand on groundwater is reduced.
Save money
Pumping up of underground water is very costly than that of rainwater harvest. So, the use of rainwater saves money.
Rainwater harvesting systems consist of three basic components such as the catchment area, the collection device, and the conveyance system as shown in Figure 1 [3, 4, 5].
Catchment area
Components of a rainwater harvesting system (source:
It is the area that gets rainwater directly. From this rainwater is collected and stored. According to the types of the catchment area, it is again of two types as follows.
It is the most elementary method. Here, rooftop of any building serves as the catchment. Rainwater is accumulated using easily available and cheap pots kept at the side of the roof. The quantity and feature of this collected water are influenced by the location, size, and material of the roof. A bamboo-made roof gives the lowest quality of water. So, instead of using a bamboo-made roof, it must be made up with other materials like galvanized corrugated iron, aluminum, cement, etc. The catchments need to be cleaned frequently to wash from dirt, leaves, and birdie stools. Figure 2 shows a rooftop-type catchment area.
Rooftop catchment system (source: CTCN site).
Here, rainwater is collected from the common surface of any ground or land (Figure 3). This method of water collection is also very intricate. This method can be improved by improving surface runoff capacity. That is done using a number of techniques. Runoff capacity can be enhanced by using drain pipes and storing the collected runoff water. Ground catchment area is larger than that of the rooftop area. Therefore, techniques involved with this catchment have more chance for improvement. In this method, water is kept either in small storage reservoirs or in small dams. This technique is usually applied for irrigation purpose. To increase the amount of rainwater runoff within ground catchment areas, it is required to clear or alter foliage cover, increase the slope of ground by artificial means, and reduce soil permeability by proper means [6].
Ground catchment system (source: CTCN site).
The steeper the slopes of catchment areas, the quicker is the runoff and hence faster collection of rainwater. But, high-speed runoff may cause soil erosion. Therefore, its rate needs to be controlled using plastic sheets, asphalt, or tiles along with slope. This method further reduces evaporative losses as well. Since more than 60 years ago, flat sheets of galvanized iron with timber frames have been used in the State of Victoria, Australia, to prevent soil corrosion of ground catchment area. Conservation bench terraces may also be constructed along a slope perpendicular to runoff flow for this purpose. The soil of the catchment area must be made hard and smooth. Surplus runoff water is directed to a lower collector and stored there. In addition to this, soil treatment using sodium helps in reducing soil permeability [7].
b. Collection and storage equipment
The collected rainwater from the catchment area is required to be collected and stored in proper collection equipment. It can be a storage tank or a rainfall water container. Storage tanks for this purpose may be placed either above or under the ground. The tank needs to be fitted with tight cover for preventing algal growth and the breeding of mosquitos. Measure must be taken to reduce contamination of the stored water. Storage tanks can be cylinder-shaped containers made up of ferro-cement or mortar. The former container has a slightly armor-plated concrete base. On this base the cylindrical tank is mounted. Again two layers of light wire are enfolded over this tank surface as shown in Figure 4. This serves as a frame for the container. The latter type container is a large vessel made up of mortar. This vessel is also wounded with light wires (Figure 5). In some cases, the storage tanks are concrete tanks (Figure 6) or plastic jars (Figure 7). The storing capacity of rainwater is calculated considering different factors like the dry spell span, the volume of rainfall, and the consuming demand [8, 9].
Galvanized iron tank. (source:
Ferro-cement tanks.
Concrete tank (Source: Taanka Wikipedia). (source:
Plastic tanks (Source: Taanka Wikipedia).
c. Conveyance structures
These structures are the means to transfer the collected water from catchment surface to the storing vessels. This structure consists of a number of downpipes attached to the rooftop gutters (Figure 8). Water collected from the first rain may consist of dirt and debris. The conveyance structure is required to do the primary treatment to the collected rainwater for clearing those impurities. In one of the conveyance structures, water of first rain is directed to the storage vessels after carrying out the primary treatment in these pipes. This type of structure can check the quality of the water collection. It also has a provision of manual operation of the flap. In another method, the operation of the flap is automatic. Here, a funnel-shaped device is assimilated within the downpipe structure at a place. A gap is intentionally kept between the funnel structure and inner side-wall of the downpipe. Therefore, rainwater passing through funnel gets filtered, whereas the excess of rainwater is ejected out to the ground through the gaps. At the start of rain, a small quantity of rain passes to the storage tank due to the collection of dirt. After some time, this collected dirt is flushed away to the ground through the gaps. Then, funnel can send more volume of water through pipes to storage vessels as seen in Figure 9. Instead of metals, this system uses plastic, PVC, or other inert substance pipes to protect from acidic water [10, 11].
Conveyance system (source: Newsletter and Technical Publications, UNEP).
First flush diversion (source:
To make the collected rainwater usable, it must be contamination free, safe, and inexpensive. For that a properly constructed water filter must be used. The following filtering system may be used such as sand gravel filter, charcoal filter, and PVC—pipe filter and sponge filter.
Sand filter.
Charcoal filter.
PVC pipe filter.
Sponge filter (source: Rooftop RWH by M. Patil).
Domestic rainwater harvesting
In this kind of harvesting, the catchment area is mainly rooftop area (Figure 14). Here, it is required to check two factors such as rainwater storage capacity and harvesting capacity. Harvesting capacity can be improved by using the right kind of catchment area. The storage capacity can be enhanced by considering appropriate storage vessels. Nowadays, commercial domestic rainwater harvesting systems are available. These systems are categorized according to the design and capacity of their storage vessels. The designs of these systems are very trustworthy to be used. These water systems are usually used as secondary water source in addition to the main water supply. This harvesting system is generally used for watering kitchen gardens. This water can also be used for other residential usage like bathing, cleaning, washing, etc. This system is simple to install and easy to manage [14, 15, 16].
2. Rock and other surface catchment systems
Domestic rainwater harvesting (source: David English Water Pumps).
Catchment areas made up of rock are the ideal type catchment systems for rainwater. These structures are constructed at a site where users have easy access. The sites should not be a place where there is a possibility of soil erosion and negative impact to vegetation. In this case, the collected rainwater is usually stored in barrages or large open containers. These are suitable for use in school, industries, colony with a large number of residential buildings, etc. In this case water treatment is required before using it. In this case, underground tanks are also applied [17] (Figure 15).
3. Subsurface dam and sand dam
(a) Picture of a rock catchment system and (b) layout of other surface catchment systems (source: UNEP and Rainwater Harvesting Handbook).
In sand dams, runoff rainwater is stored in various types of small-scale reservoirs [18]. The reservoir structures are like mud, stone, or concrete dams or a simple mined pond. Another form of such structure uses hand-dug wells and some horizontal inflow pipes for water mining. These are called subsurface dams (Figure 16). Here, water comes with its purest form and hence does not need further treatment before consuming. These types of structures are very effective functionally in arid and semiarid areas where rainfall varies from 200 to 750 mm. The harvesting water is mainly utilized for domestic, cattle, and kitchen gardening. Picture of a sand dam is shown in Figure 17.
4. Earth dams like ponds and pans
Layout of a subsurface dam (source:
Picture of a sand dam (source:
Earth or mud dams are capable of storing rainwater up to 10,000 m3 [18]. The depth of these ponds is around 5 m. These are generally built using human power or using the help of domestic animals. In some cases, farm tractor, crawler, or bulldozer are also used. Such dams are categorized into three types such as Charco dams, Hillside dams, and Valley dams. Charco dams are constructed in an almost flat surface. Hillside dams are designed for sloppy hilly surface. Valley dams are constructed in a valley surface where water is available only seasonally. Ponds are the man-made-type small earth dams as seen in Figure 18. These are constructed by digging the earth surface and placing that mined soil on the lower side of the pond to increase the storage volume. Pans are nature-made ground dip curves where rainwater can be gathered in rainy seasons. This is the earliest form of rainwater harvesting system created by nature (Figure 19).
5. Recharge structures
Picture of a pond.
Picture of a pan (source:
Surface water has a natural tendency to recharge into the underground water reserve [19]. Nowadays, this recharging is done using artificial recharge structures utilizing suitable civil construction techniques. It augments cover-up of the depleted aquifer. It helps in water conservation for future usages. This recharging should not dilute the quality of the existing groundwater. The main purpose of artificial recharge of groundwater is to restore the quantity of the underground water due to excessive use.
Commonly used recharging methods are as follows:
Recharging bore wells
Recharge pits
Soak away or recharge shafts
Recharging dug well
Recharge trench
Percolation tank.
Some of these structures are shown in below figures (Figure 20).
6. Conservation tillage
Some of the recharging structures (source: Rooftop RWH by M. Patil).
This method is one conventional form of farming [19]. In this method, farm surface is plowed with tractor or bullock plow to loosen soil before cultivation. If certain modification is made to the conventional form of tillage as shown in the following figure, then it becomes conservation tillage. This type of modern tillage is capable of conservation of water, soil, and other energy resources by decreasing the tillage intensity and preservation of crop residue. This tillage rarely disturbs the soil surface used for harvesting of crops. A comparative view of both the tillage is shown in Figure 21.
7. Planting pits
Comparison of conventional tillage and conservation tillage (source: Climate Tech Wiki).
Planting pits is also an innovative rainfall harvesting method (Figures 22 and 23) [19]. It holds rainwater in its pits and stops rainwater from runoff. This helps in enhancing infiltration of groundwater into underground. It also helps in decreasing soil erosion. Here, the distance between two nearby pits is kept at 50–100 cm. The depth of each pit is usually kept between 5 and 15 cm. This technique is suitable for soil with low permeability like clay. This method can be applied to semiarid areas for crops like sorghum, maize, sweet potato, bananas, etc. The major main benefits of this method are that it is easy to construct, use, and take care. However, large effort is required for construction of pits as they cannot be mechanized.
8. Katumani pit
Planting pits (Source: Malesu et al. [
Digging hole for planting pit (source:
Katumani pits are small crescent-shaped pits side covered by native grasses and legumes [18, 19]. Each pit is 15 cm deep and 20 cm wide with downslope ridges of about 30 cm height as shown in Figure 24. Pitting can be extended down the slope as per the requirement and convenience. Although it is a laborious method, it conserves soil and can meet water demand of high water demanding crops like banana and sugar canes.
9. Semicircular bunds
Katumani pits in three plans such as a, b, and c (source: Namirembe et al. [
This is one of the micro-catchment types of rainwater harvesting system [18, 19]. These consist of semicircle-shaped stone banks. The landfills of the bunds are prepared in such stagewise orientation manner in rows (Figure 25). If ever rainwater overflow occurs, then it will flow from one row to the next down row. Labor cost, slope of land, availability, and size of stone are some major factors of this technique.
10. Negarim micro-catchments
Semicircular bunds for fruit plant (source: Snobar et al. [
The word “Negarim” is derived from the Hebrew word “Neger” that means “runoff.” Negarim micro-catchment is one of the most recent innovations of rainwater harvesting systems [18, 19, 22]. These look like diamond-shaped bowls (Figure 26). The boundary surfaces of these structures are bordered by small earth bunds. Each structure has a groundwater penetration pit in its lowermost corner. Runoff rainwater within each structure is accumulated and stored in their respective pits. These techniques are basically used for growing plants or scrubs. This technique is suitable for small-scale vegetation in dry areas. It helps in soil conservation too. These are easy to construct and structurally are well-ordered and accurate. The first ever structure of such micro-catchment is reported from southern Tunisia. However, it is widely used in the Negev desert of Israel.
11. Tied contour ridges
Negarim micro-catchment structure with plantation (source:
Contour ridges are small-sized clay ridges with height of around 20 cm [18, 19]. It has an upslope channel that helps in flowing runoff water from catchment strip between the ridges (Figure 27). Cultivation is not done in the catchment strip. Therefore, the purpose of this structure more satisfies controlling soil erosion rather than rainwater collection. The main purpose of this system is to collect local area runoff rainwater and then keep them in land surface near to the plant roots. These structures are not meant for controlling overflow. Hence, the system is needed to be designed with a cutoff drain. This technique is practiced widely in African countries like Kenya, Niger, and Zimbabwe. Its maintenance cost is less if it is well designed.
12. Contour stone bunds
Tied contour ridges (source: Muslim Science).
These are constructed in sloppy area where rainfall varies between 200 and 750 mm [18, 19]. These structures are made of stones (Figure 28). So, they are suitable on stony land. These structures can slow down runoff and protect soil from filtering out. They also help in enhancing the infiltration of runoff water. These structures can be constructed both with and without spillways. Structures without spillways are simple in construction and easy to maintain. These types of structures are suitable for small-scale irrigation in farming lands.
13. Fanya juu terraces
Contour stone bunds in Kenya (source: Yazar et al. [
In Kiswahili language, in Swahili, the word “juu” means “up” and the word “Fanya juu” means “throw the soil up.” Fanya juu terraces are constructed by digging soil and pitching it upslope, making a mound for water collection [18]. The mound creates a runoff barrier, whereas the trench holds the runoff rainwater. The ridges are usually alleviated with fodder grasses. In these techniques crops like banana, citrus, and guava can be cultivated. This technique is suitable for areas getting low annual rainfall areas and with less than 20% slopes, hilly area, and deep soils with massive fear of soil erosion. Farmers basically use this technique to increase their crop. These terraces are perfect for cultivation of fodder grasses. In addition to it, these structures support in preventing soil erosion. Cultivation becomes easier as these terraces are made of multilevel structures. Again, yield from the crops enhanced when fertilizer is applied to it. The structure is shown in Figure 29.
14. Fanya chini
Bean being grown on Fanya juu terraces in Lanzi (source: Michael Rastall,
The structure of Fanya chini is the same as Fanya juu. However unlike Fanya juu, here soil is put on the lower side of the contour trench [19]. These are used to conserve soil as well as divert rainwater. Here, the ridges are used to grow feedstuff. These are easier in development than that of Fanya juu tarraces. But here in this case multilevel structure is not possible. The maximum limit of slope in these structures is around 35%.
15. Earth bunds with external catchment
Bunds or teras are some small barriers made to prevent runoff water from entering a catchment with crops (Figure 30) [18]. Bunds reduce speed of runoff rainwater on and increase recharging of the groundwater. Several different structures of bunds are found like rectangular type, contour type, and base type. In rectangular bund structure, three sides are bounded, and the fourth one is open to collect water. In contour-type bunds, row structure is erected along a hillside. The size of base bund structure is with length of 50–300 m and width of 20–100 m. Here, bunds are constructed not to collect water. Their main purpose is to balance the hydration of soil and also recharging under groundwater. The structure without a spillway may break the sides of the bunds. Therefore, spillways are also added to these structures. This helps in improving the efficiency and lowering the maintenance costs.
16. Contour ridges with external catchment
Earth bunds with external catchment (source:
This technology is the same contour ridging technique but uses an external catchment (Figure 31) [17]. It includes an extra spillway structure that can handle the excess runoff water flow (Figure 32). These structures are constructed with mud or pebbles.
Macro-catchment water harvesting system (source: Imbira [
Spillway construction for bunds with external catchments (Pacey and Cullis, 1991).
Indian administrations are taking many new projects to locate and to revive the age-old conventional water harvesting methods [26, 27]. These approaches are found to be very easy, reliable, and eco-friendly. The existence of many such ancient structures has been proven by archaeological findings. In past found evidences, it is verified that the Indus Valley civilization is pioneer in it. Indians have built many more such innovative and effective structures of rainwater harvesting. Although these techniques are not very popular today, some of them are still in use. Some of such structures are discussed as follows.
Some more such structures are
The Rain Centre is a chain of organization mainly to spread literacy on rainwater harvesting and utilization. Nowadays, it is becoming very popular among urban Indians. It educates the significance of rain in Indian life. It also tells about how rain influences the customs, traditions, economy, and politics of different parts of India. This center also cites the various distinct examples of harvesting rainwater and people working in this field. The rain centers are mainly built to educate people to harvest rainwater in a proper manner. For this purpose, the local NGOs and dedicated citizens of an area are selected and first educated. The first rain center in India is established in Chennai in 2002.
Now, it has a chain of 11 model rainwater harvesting projects in Delhi. The Rain Centre builds rainwater harvesting systems for individual or organization with their demands. The fourth rain center is established in Burdwan, West Bengal of India. Now, offices of rain centers are operating in West Bengal, Gujarat, Chennai, and Meerut of India [5].
As per the previous all discussion, rainwater harvesting is very beneficial. Some of the remarkable advantages in implementation of this technique are marked as follows. Rainwater harvesting technologies are simple to install and operate. Highly skilled manpower is not required for implementation of this technology. Local people can be easily trained to construct and maintain rainwater harvesting plants. Construction materials are also usually locally available. It is one of the most convenient system as it provides water at the point of consumption. Also, work force in this technique are locally available. The workforces are mostly the consumer themselves only. Running costs are almost negligible [3].
This technology usually has a very limited number of limitations as follows. Rainwater harvesting technologies are mainly depending on rainfall which is uncertain in nature. This technology uses a “bottom-up” approach instead of the conventional “top-down” approach. Therefore, awareness about this technology is less. For a particular area, the type and size of rainwater harvesting are highly reliant upon the quantity and quality of its rainfall. Catchment area and type of catchment surface are also very vital. These structures cannot be used as the primary source of water supply because rainfall is unequally distributed in different seasons in a year. Rainwater harvesting systems also depend on consumer demands and their affordable budget. The architecture of this system needs to design the structure considering every aspect from physical, environmental, to monetary point of view [26].
The building and maintenance cost of rainwater harvesting systems varies considering its catchment area, conveyance, and storing vessels. Place to place also, the cost varies. Like in a study, it is found that the cost of these structures in Asia varies from $0.17 to $0.37 per cubic meter of water storage. This cost is quite less than that of Africa. However, rainwater harvesting systems are less costly than the use of bore wells and tube wells if the initial investment does not include the cost of roofing materials. The lasting period of these structures is also more than 10 years. They need less maintenance and operation cost [27].
The use of electron microscopy enables us to observe the size of minerals and understand their formation and the relations between various minerals in sediments. By using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the size of minerals can be measured, morphology and relations between phases like coating or erosion of crystals can be observed. Using energy dispersive systems (EDS), the chemical composition of minerals can be obtained. The use of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) or high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) enables us to measure the size of nanocrystals, obtain their chemical composition and identify the minerals formed. With HRTEM, short range ordered phases can be identified and recrystallization of the minerals preserving initial morphology can be observed [1].
In this chapter, samples from various sites from Israel and the central Red Sea Deeps are presented and described. Rounded quartz grains arrive from the Nile River in Egypt to the Nile Delta, then are moved from the Delta with longshore current along the southeastern Mediterranean Sea to the Israeli coast. Moving of the grains to the coastal plain results from transgression and regressions of the sea causing the formation of sandstone ridges and soils [2]. The sand was also blown inland, forming sand dunes and eolianite calcareous sandstones (‘kurkar’).
Carbonate layers and marl or clay layers were formed during the Cretaceous period transgression of the Thetis Ocean. At the end of the Cretaceous, the layers were folded as part of the Syrian arc and the Judean Mountains were formed [3]. The maximum elevation of 1000 m separates between the western side of the mountains and the Judean desert on the eastern side.
The hypersaline terminate lake of the Dead Sea is located along the Dead Sea Transform fault at the eastern side of the Judean Mountains. The desert in the area causes evaporation of the Dead Sea water leading to elevated salinity of 340 g/l and precipitation of halite crystals [4].
Dust storms are common in Israel, mainly during autumn and spring. During the winter, dust storms appear at the early stage of rainstorms. The dust arrives either from North Africa from the Sahara desert or Saudi Arabia, depending on the weather cyclones [5]. The dust contains coarse silty quartz grains sourced from Sinai and the Negev in southern Israel [6].
The Atlantis II and Thetis Deeps are located in the central part of the Red Sea along the axial rift separating the Arabian and African plates. Hydrothermal brine discharges into the Deeps and the salinity results from dissolution of Miocene evaporates [7]. Elevated temperature results from interaction with hot magmatic and peridotite rocks, located underneath. Dissolved iron that is discharged from ultrabasic magmatic rocks, reacts with oxygen to form various phases of iron oxides. A narrow channel connects the southern Atlantis II Deep with small chain and discovery basins [8]. Drillings were performed during ‘Mesada 3’ expedition by Peussag company from Germany in the late 1970s and at the beginning of the 1980s as a part of the ‘Saudi Sudanese Red Sea joint commission for exploring of red Sea Resources’. Samples were kept under 4°C in institut für meeresforschung (IFM) Geomar in Kiel, Germany [9].
A sample from the southern part of the Mediterranean seashore was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The grains consist of transparent quartz grains (SiO2) and black grains (Figure 1). The black grains were separated and checked using SEM and energy dispersive systems (EDS). It appears from the chemical analyses that these black grains are composed mainly of Ti-oxides.
(a) Observation under the magnifying glass of sand from the southern part of the Israeli coast had transparent quartz grains and black grains, (b) SEM image of the black grains, and (c) chemical analyses of the black grains obtained by EDS, showing clays and Ti-oxide with iron impurity.
Samples from the Judean Mountains in Israel were collected from layers of marl or clay. The samples were chipped or broken. The fresh surface was gold-carbonate coated for back-scattered mode on SEM and the chemical composition was established with EDS. By observing the samples, newly-formed minerals were identified by their euhedral morphology. Crystals of dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) were identified in the argillaceous strata of the Judea group in the Judean Hills (Figure 2). The euhedral morphology indicates that they were formed in the marl layer. Goethite (FeOOH) crystals were formed later, filling the open spaces between the dolomite crystals.
(a) Map of Israel with Judean mountains and the Dead Sea, and (b) SEM image of dolomite and goethite crystals from the Judean Hills in Israel.
In the marl layer K-feldspar, probably orthoclase or adularia (KAlSi3O8), was formed on euhedral dolomite crystals (Figure 3). Euhedral morphology of the K-feldspar indicates that it was formed in situ after dolomite crystallization [3]. Finding autogenic K-feldspar in the marl layers enabled measurement of the age of the layers [10].
SEM image of idiomorphic shape of K-feldspar on euhedral dolomite crystals in marl layers of the Judean Hills in Israel.
Some of the dolomites in the Judean Hills were dissolved due to exposure to rains (Figure 4). The inner part was dissolved probably due to initial crystallization of dolomite with Ca/Mg > 1. As the dolomite crystallization continued, the outer part had a ratio of Ca/Mg = 1 so the dolomite was more stable. The dissolved inner part was later filled with calcite and clay minerals.
SEM image of dolomite with inner part dissolved and outer part remained stable.
Crystallization of calcite (CaCO3) along with clay minerals formed by agglutination of cyanobacteria caused formation of a tube (Figure 5).
SEM image of tube morphology of calcite and clays indicates biogenic origin and formation by cyanobacteria.
Samples were collected from cores in the Atlantis II and Thetis Deeps from the central Red Sea [9]. The sediments there were formed in a highly saline hydrothermal environment. Magnetite (Fe3O4) crystals were studied using SEM. They crystallized in the Thetis Deep located in the central Red Sea (Figure 6). Needles of goethite precipitate close to the magnetite. Point analyses measured on the magnetite yielded Si/Fe = 0.01 and impurities of V with V/Fe = 0.002 and Mn with Mn/Fe = 0.002.
(a) Location of the Thetis deep and Atlantis II deep in the Red Sea, (b) SEM image of euhedral magnetite crystals surrounded by goethite crystals, and (c) SEM image of magnetite crystallized in the Thetis deep in the Red Sea with foraminifer’s shells.
Foraminifera’s shells that originate from the upper part of the Red Sea sink and attach to the magnetite crystals.
Nano-sized particles (5–200 nm) were checked under transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using JEOL JEM-2100f analytical TEM operated at 200 kV, equipped with a JED-2300 T energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) for microprobe elemental analyses. All chemical analyses were obtained by point analysis with a beam width of 1 nm JEOL. Crystalline phases were identified, using selected area electron diffraction (SAED) in the TEM.
Samples that were crystallized in the Red Sea Deeps had various morphologies due to salinity of the hydrothermal brines and their high temperature. Goethite (α-FeOOH) appears as mono-domain with twinning (Figure 7) or as multi-domain (Figure 8) and by high resolution, it is possible to observe well-crystallized phases. Impurity of Si in the goethite crystals was observed within the crystals: Si/Fe = 0.1 in multi-domain phase and Si/Fe = 0.02 in mono-domain structure. Star shape had Si/Fe = 0.04. Crystallization of goethite occurred at the upper part of the hydrothermal brine due to iron that discharges from the Deep and oxygen from Red Sea deep water.
TEM image of mono-domain goethite with twinning from the Red Sea deeps due to elevated temperature. Goethite had an impurity of Si/Fe 0.02 atomic ratio.
(a) HRTEM image of multi-domain goethite, (b) HRTEM image of the goethite, (c) fast Fourier transformation that shows the well-crystallized goethite, and (d) TEM image of goethite with twinning forming a star shape impurity of Si/Fe 0.04 atomic ratio.
Tiny goethite crystals grow on groutite (αMnOOH) in a sample from the southern part of the Atlantis II Deep in the Red Sea [11]. Groutite and goethite are iso-structural; hence crystallization of goethite was favored (Figure 9).
HRTEM image of goethite crystallized on groutite.
In the Dead Sea area, colored halite can be observed with iron oxides preserved within halite crystals. Samples were studied using HRTEM [12]. Multi-domain akaganéite (β-FeOOH) (Figure 10) and multi-domain lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH) (Figure 11) were crystallized in the area of the Dead Sea and then covered by halite crystals that preserved the initial phases.
(a) Halite crystals from the Dead Sea area that include iron oxides, and (b) HRTEM image of multi-domain akaganéite (β-FeOOH) it contributes to the color of halite.
(a) Dead Sea area close to the seashore with halite that precipitates from the lake, (b) TEM image of lepidocrocite crystals that cause the color of the halite. Lepidocrocite crystals had impurities of Si/Fe 0.06 and Mn/Fe 0.06, and (c) HRTEM image of lepidocrocite preserved in the halite crystals.
Formation of akaganéite requires the presence of Cl− ions, which had Si and Mn impurities (Si/Fe = 0.06, Mn/Fe = 0.06).
Lepidocrocite is crystallized at slow oxidation at pH > 5 and in the presence of chloride [12]. Plate morphologies of lepidocrocite were observed in Atlantis II and Discovery Deeps sediments in the Red Sea. Rod morphology was observed in sediments of the Thetis Deep in the Red Sea [9].
Formation of ferroxyhyte (δ-FeOOH) requires high oxidation conditions [13]. Ferroxyhyte was crystallized at the transition zone between the Red Sea deep water and the hydrothermal saline brine. Sample was collected from the upper part of sediments in the south-west basin of the Atlantis II Deep in the Red Sea. Ferroxyhyte appears as folded layers and a high resolution image shows that there are no dislocations in the crystals (Figure 12).
(a) HRTEM image of folded layers of ferroxyhyte from the sediments of the Atlantis II deep, (b) Electron diffraction of ferroxyhyte, and (c) HRTEM image shows a well-crystallized phase without dislocations.
In the southern part of Atlantis II Deep in shallow water, Mn oxides were formed from the upper part of the brine. Minerals identified were todorokite (Ca,Mg)1−xMn4+O12*3−4H2O, with impurities of Si/Mn = 0.15, Fe/Mn = 0.28. Manganite γ-MnOOH had also an impurity of Si/Mn = 0.10 and Fe/Mn = 0.20 (Figure 13). Similar phases were also identified in the Chain and Discovery Deeps close to the Atlantis II Deep in the Red Sea [11].
TEM images of Mn oxides from the southern part of the Atlantis II deep with Fe and Si impurities. (a) Todorokite (Ca,Mg)1−xMn4+O12*3−4H2O, and (b) manganite γ-MnOOH, with electron diffraction.
Quartz grains are dominant in soils on the coastal plain of Israel. Clay minerals, kaolinite (Al2Si2O5(OH)4), montmorillonite ((Al2Mg3)Si4)10(OH)2nH2O), which arrive in the area as dust storms, cover the well rounded quartz grains. Iron oxides, mainly hematite (Fe2O3) crystals, are attached to the clay minerals and contribute to the red color of the red sandy soils (Figure 14).
(a and b) TEM images of rounded quartz grains covered by kaolinite and hematite in red sandy soil.
Dust storms are common in Israel, (Figure 15). Dust samples were collected and studied with TEM. Most of the samples contain clay minerals, mainly montmorillonite, kaolinite and small amounts of illite. Nano-sized iron and titanium oxides are attached to the clay minerals forming clusters. The dust also covers quartz grains in sand dunes along the Mediterranean seashore and colors them into darker colors.
(a) Dust storm in the Middle East, (b) TEM image of well-crystallized rutile that was identified in the dust along with clays and hematite, and (c) HRTEM image of dust samples made of clay minerals mainly montmorillonite and kaolinite. Hematite, ilmenite and Ti oxides are attached to the clays.
HRTEM enables observation of short range ordered phases. Ferrihydrite (Fe53+HO8.4H2O) and singerite (SiFe4O6(OH)4.H2O) were observed using HRTEM. The size of the ferrihydrite is around 5 nm in samples from the Atlantis II Deep and it has a hexagonal outline. Ferrihydrite from the Dead Sea forms clusters. In both samples, the use of high resolution enables us to see that the phase is short range ordered (Figure 16).
(a) HRTEM image of short range ordered ferryhydrite from the area of the Dead Sea, and (b) HRTEM image of ferrihydrite from Atlantis II deep with electron diffraction and fast Fourier transformation obtained by digital micrograph (Gatan) software.
Formation of Ferrihydrite is at fast oxidation and pH > 2. Si serves as an impurity in the phase. With time, ferrihydrite can recrystallize into more stable iron oxides like hematite, akaganéite or goethite (Figure 17).
HRTEM images of samples from the Dead Sea area formed by recrystallization of ferrihydrite: (a) well-crystallized hematite, (b) well-crystallized akaganéite, and (c) well-crystallized goethite.
In the upper layer of sediments of the Atlantis II Deep in the Red Sea, a new short range ordered phase was observed using HRTEM. The new phase has disc morphology with well-crystallized margins and short range ordered inner part and it was named singerite (SiFe4O6(OH4*H2O) (Figure 18) [14]. Singerite was formed by mixing of the highly saline hydrothermal brine that discharges into the Deep and Red Sea deep water. With time, singerite recrystallizes into clay minerals, usually nontronite (iron-rich smectite). Hence singerite was found only in the upper layer of sediments in the Deeps. A similar rounded phase was synthesized under saline hydrothermal conditions [9].
(a) HRTEM image of a cluster of rounded plates from the Atlantis II deep, Red Sea, (b) high resolution image of singerite with well crystallized outer part and short range ordered inner part, and (c) HRTEM image of recrystallization of singerite into clay mineral, probably nontronite.
A small tilt of the singerite sample enables us to see that singerite is a round plate (Figure 19).
HRTEM image of a cluster of singerite. A small tilt of the sample enables us to see that singerite is made of rounded plates.
A new short range ordered phase from Red Sea deeps: Mn-singerite? Si(Fe,Mn)4O6(OH)4.H2O electron diffraction yielded 0.255, 0.22 and 0.149 (Figure 20).
(a) HRTEM image of a cluster of mineraloid of Si,Fe Mn oxihydroxide, (b) HRTEM image showing short range ordered phase, and (c) Electron diffraction shows values of 0.255, 0.22 and 0.149.
Observation of minerals under electron microscopy enables observation of well-crystallized phases, study of their chemical composition and finding of impurities in the crystals by using point analyses. Under HRTEM nano-sized short range ordered phase like ferrihydrite and singerite can be observed. A new phase Mn-singerite was also observed under HRTEM. Observation of twinning that results from the conditions in which the crystals were formed, such as salinity, pH, temperature, contributes to understanding the conditions in which formation of crystals occurred. Goethite for example appears as mono-domain, multi-domain crystals or twinning creating star shape morphology. Identification of the crystallography of the minerals observed was used by electron diffraction in transmission electron microscopy. Well-crystallized minerals with euhedral morphology indicate that they were formed in situ like samples covered by halite in the Dead Sea area. It is also possible to see the initially formed dolomite minerals and later another phase, goethite, filling the open space or attached to the initially formed phases. Goethite is also crystallized on groutite since both are isostructural.
Rounded morphology is formed due to pounding as the minerals moved from their initial location where they had crystallized to the new site. Quartz grains were observed along with Ti-rich minerals with rounded morphology as well. Other rounded quartz grains were observed in red sandy soils. Using electron microscopy enables us to see Nano-size phases that form a cluster of different minerals like clusters of dust. Clays are the main phases and iron or titanium oxides are captured between the clay layers or are adsorbed on their surfaces.
In this chapter Fe-oxides, Mn-oxides, Ti-oxides, quartz, dolomite, clays and K feldspar were studied using various electron microscopies (SEM, TEM and HRTEM). Using these methods helped to identify the crystallography, morphology and chemical composition of the minerals. Nano-sized short range ordered phases like ferrihydrite and singerite were also observed and identified.
Thanks to the Hebrew University of Israel for funding part of the research.
Thanks to Vladimir Ezersky from Ilse katz institute in Ben Gurion University in Israel for using TEM and HRTEM.
The research of the Dead Sea was supported by the Open University grant no. 100975.
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In this section, recent studies have been compiled which aim to extraction of plant material in high yield and quality and determine optimum conditions for this extraction process.",book:{id:"5856",slug:"statistical-approaches-with-emphasis-on-design-of-experiments-applied-to-chemical-processes",title:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes",fullTitle:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes"},signatures:"Alev Yüksel Aydar",authors:[{id:"218870",title:"Dr.",name:"Alev Yüksel",middleName:null,surname:"Aydar",slug:"alev-yuksel-aydar",fullName:"Alev Yüksel Aydar"}]},{id:"56460",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69501",title:"Application of Taguchi-Based Design of Experiments for Industrial Chemical Processes",slug:"application-of-taguchi-based-design-of-experiments-for-industrial-chemical-processes",totalDownloads:3223,totalCrossrefCites:27,totalDimensionsCites:54,abstract:"Design of experiment is the method, which is used at a very large scale to study the experimentations of industrial processes. It is a statically approach where we develop the mathematical models through experimental trial runs to predict the possible output on the basis of the given input data or parameters. The aim of this chapter is to stimulate the engineering community to apply Taguchi technique to experimentation, the design of experiments, and to tackle quality problems in industrial chemical processes that they deal with. Based on years of research and applications, Dr. G. Taguchi has standardized the methods for each of these DOE application steps. Thus, DOE using Taguchi approach has become a much more attractive tool to practicing engineers and scientists. And since the last four decades, there were limitations when conventional experimental design techniques were applied to industrial experimentation. And Taguchi, also known as orthogonal array design, adds a new dimension to conventional experimental design. Taguchi method is a broadly accepted method of DOE, which has proven in producing high-quality products at subsequently low cost.",book:{id:"5856",slug:"statistical-approaches-with-emphasis-on-design-of-experiments-applied-to-chemical-processes",title:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes",fullTitle:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes"},signatures:"Rahul Davis and Pretesh John",authors:[{id:"199438",title:"Mr.",name:"Rahul",middleName:null,surname:"Davis",slug:"rahul-davis",fullName:"Rahul Davis"}]},{id:"14634",doi:"10.5772/15998",title:"The Application of FT-IR Spectroscopy in Waste Management",slug:"the-application-of-ft-ir-spectroscopy-in-waste-management",totalDownloads:6651,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:34,abstract:null,book:{id:"1574",slug:"fourier-transforms-new-analytical-approaches-and-ftir-strategies",title:"Fourier Transforms",fullTitle:"Fourier Transforms - New Analytical Approaches and FTIR Strategies"},signatures:"Ena Smidt, Katharina Böhm and Manfred Schwanninger",authors:[{id:"20376",title:"Dr.",name:"Katharina",middleName:null,surname:"Böhm",slug:"katharina-bohm",fullName:"Katharina Böhm"},{id:"22840",title:"Dr.",name:"Ena",middleName:null,surname:"Smidt",slug:"ena-smidt",fullName:"Ena Smidt"},{id:"22915",title:"Dr.",name:"Manfred",middleName:null,surname:"Schwanninger",slug:"manfred-schwanninger",fullName:"Manfred Schwanninger"}]},{id:"15157",doi:"10.5772/15959",title:"Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry for the Molecular Level Characterization of Natural Organic Matter: Instrument Capabilities, Applications, and Limitations",slug:"fourier-transform-mass-spectrometry-for-the-molecular-level-characterization-of-natural-organic-matt",totalDownloads:4347,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:34,abstract:null,book:{id:"122",slug:"fourier-transforms-approach-to-scientific-principles",title:"Fourier Transforms",fullTitle:"Fourier Transforms - Approach to Scientific Principles"},signatures:"Rachel L. 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In this paper, the basic concepts of robust optimization are developed, the different types of robustness are defined in detail, the main areas in which it has been applied are described and finally, the future lines of research that appear in this area are included.",book:{id:"6587",slug:"nature-inspired-methods-for-stochastic-robust-and-dynamic-optimization",title:"Nature-inspired Methods for Stochastic, Robust and Dynamic Optimization",fullTitle:"Nature-inspired Methods for Stochastic, Robust and Dynamic Optimization"},signatures:"José García and Alvaro Peña",authors:[{id:"227809",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia",slug:"jose-garcia",fullName:"Jose Garcia"},{id:"240407",title:"Dr.",name:"Alvaro",middleName:null,surname:"Peña",slug:"alvaro-pena",fullName:"Alvaro Peña"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"59209",title:"Utilization of Response Surface Methodology in Optimization of Extraction of Plant Materials",slug:"utilization-of-response-surface-methodology-in-optimization-of-extraction-of-plant-materials",totalDownloads:5477,totalCrossrefCites:66,totalDimensionsCites:100,abstract:"Experimental design plays an important role in several areas of science and industry. Experimentation is an application of treatments applied to experimental units and is then part of a scientific method based on the measurement of one or more responses. It is necessary to observe the process and the operation of the system well. For this reason, in order to obtain a final result, an experimenter must plan and design experiments and analyzes the results. One of the most commonly used experimental designs for optimization is the response surface methodology (RSM). Because it allows evaluating the effects of multiple factors and their interactions on one or more response variables it is a useful method. In this section, recent studies have been compiled which aim to extraction of plant material in high yield and quality and determine optimum conditions for this extraction process.",book:{id:"5856",slug:"statistical-approaches-with-emphasis-on-design-of-experiments-applied-to-chemical-processes",title:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes",fullTitle:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes"},signatures:"Alev Yüksel Aydar",authors:[{id:"218870",title:"Dr.",name:"Alev Yüksel",middleName:null,surname:"Aydar",slug:"alev-yuksel-aydar",fullName:"Alev Yüksel Aydar"}]},{id:"74096",title:"Time Frequency Analysis of Wavelet and Fourier Transform",slug:"time-frequency-analysis-of-wavelet-and-fourier-transform",totalDownloads:1291,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Signal processing has long been dominated by the Fourier transform. However, there is an alternate transform that has gained popularity recently and that is the wavelet transform. The wavelet transform has a long history starting in 1910 when Alfred Haar created it as an alternative to the Fourier transform. In 1940 Norman Ricker created the first continuous wavelet and proposed the term wavelet. Work in the field has proceeded in fits and starts across many different disciplines, until the 1990’s when the discrete wavelet transform was developed by Ingrid Daubechies. 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In all cases, cyclical ups and downs depend not only on internal system cyclical processes and their factors in countries but also on the consequences of intercountry interaction. The ability to measure and predict business cycles, taking into account their mutual influence, is a prerequisite for the development of an adequate business policy of countries and their associations.",book:{id:"6703",slug:"statistics-growing-data-sets-and-growing-demand-for-statistics",title:"Statistics",fullTitle:"Statistics - Growing Data Sets and Growing Demand for Statistics"},signatures:"Elena Zarova",authors:null},{id:"54366",title:"Solution of Differential Equations with Applications to Engineering Problems",slug:"solution-of-differential-equations-with-applications-to-engineering-problems",totalDownloads:6882,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Over the last hundred years, many techniques have been developed for the solution of ordinary differential equations and partial differential equations. While quite a major portion of the techniques is only useful for academic purposes, there are some which are important in the solution of real problems arising from science and engineering. In this chapter, only very limited techniques for solving ordinary differential and partial differential equations are discussed, as it is impossible to cover all the available techniques even in a book form. The readers are then suggested to pursue further studies on this issue if necessary. After that, the readers are introduced to two major numerical methods commonly used by the engineers for the solution of real engineering problems.",book:{id:"5513",slug:"dynamical-systems-analytical-and-computational-techniques",title:"Dynamical Systems",fullTitle:"Dynamical Systems - Analytical and Computational Techniques"},signatures:"Cheng Yung Ming",authors:[{id:"191017",title:"Dr.",name:"Cheng",middleName:null,surname:"Y.M.",slug:"cheng-y.m.",fullName:"Cheng Y.M."}]},{id:"56538",title:"Stochastic Resonance and Related Topics",slug:"stochastic-resonance-and-related-topics",totalDownloads:1719,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The stochastic resonance (SR) is the phenomenon which can emerge in nonlinear dynamic systems. In general, it is related with a bistable nonlinear system of Duffing type under additive excitation combining deterministic periodic force and Gaussian white noise. It manifests as a stable quasiperiodic interwell hopping between both stable states with a small random perturbation. Classical definition and basic features of SR are regarded. The most important methods of investigation outlined are: analytical, semi-analytical, and numerical procedures of governing physical systems or relevant Fokker-Planck equation. Stochastic simulation is mentioned and experimental way of results verification is recommended. Some areas in Engineering Dynamics related with SR are presented together with a particular demonstration observed in the aeroelastic stability. Interaction of stationary and quasiperiodic parts of the response is discussed. Some nonconventional definitions are outlined concerning alternative operators and driving processes are highlighted. The chapter shows a large potential of specific basic, applied and industrial research in SR. This strategy enables to formulate new ideas for both development of nonconventional measures for vibration damping and employment of SR in branches, where it represents an operating mode of the system itself. Weaknesses and empty areas where the research effort of SR should be oriented are indicated.",book:{id:"6128",slug:"resonance",title:"Resonance",fullTitle:"Resonance"},signatures:"Jiří Náprstek and Cyril Fischer",authors:[{id:"207472",title:"Dr.",name:"Jiri",middleName:null,surname:"Naprstek",slug:"jiri-naprstek",fullName:"Jiri Naprstek"},{id:"213311",title:"Dr.",name:"Cyril",middleName:null,surname:"Fischer",slug:"cyril-fischer",fullName:"Cyril Fischer"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"15",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"83034",title:"Optimal N-of-1 Clinical Trials for Individualized Patient Care and Aggregated N-of-1 Designs",slug:"optimal-n-of-1-clinical-trials-for-individualized-patient-care-and-aggregated-n-of-1-designs",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106352",abstract:"Precision medicine typically refers to the use of genomic signatures of patients to assign more effective therapies to treat patients, or, for improved diagnosis of the early onset of a disease so that interventions can be delivered to prevent or delay the disease progression. 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Then, it is investigated that quasi conformally flat quasi Einstein-Weyl manifolds are of quasi constant curvature, recurrent and semi-symmetric under which conditions after obtaining the expression of the curvature tensor of the quasi conformally flat quasi Einstein-Weyl manifold. 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In this sense, the chapter shows a methodology to estimate the probability to be involved in a road accident, considering the road education and the socioeconomic characteristics of the population of a specific region, taking the Santiago de Querétaro city (in México) as a study case. Through a logit model estimation and a survey applied to pedestrian, cyclist, motorcyclist, car driver, and freight driver allow us to determine which socioeconomic variables and road education are significant to determine the probability of being involved in a road accident.",book:{id:"12021",title:"Applied Probability Theory - New Perspectives, Recent Advances and Trends",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12021.jpg"},signatures:"Saúl Antonio, Obregón Biosca, José Luis Reyes Araiza and Miguel Angel Pérez Lara y Hernández"},{id:"82947",title:"Some Tauberian Theorems under Triple Statistically Nörlund-Cesáro Summability Method",slug:"some-tauberian-theorems-under-triple-statistically-n-rlund-ces-ro-summability-method",totalDownloads:10,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106141",abstract:"In this paper, we extend the notion presented by Braha (2020) in a higher dimension, we introduce the notion of Np,qn,m,gCn,m,g1,1,1-statistically convergence and show necessity and sufficiency conditions under which the existence of the limit st-limn,m,g→∞xn,m,g=L follows from that st-limn,m,g→∞Np,qn,m,gCn,m,g1,1,1=L. These conditions are one-sided or two-sided if xn,m,g is a sequence of real or complex numbers, respectively.",book:{id:"11503",title:"Functional Calculus - Recent Advances and Development",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11503.jpg"},signatures:"Carlos Granados"},{id:"82847",title:"A Chaos Auto-Associative Model with Chebyshev Activation Function",slug:"a-chaos-auto-associative-model-with-chebyshev-activation-function",totalDownloads:6,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106147",abstract:"In this work, we shall put forward a novel chaos memory retrieval model with a Chebyshev-type activation function as an artificial chaos neuron. According to certain numerical analyses of the present association model with autocorrelation connection matrix between neurons, the dependence of memory retrieval properties on the initial Hamming distance between the input pattern and a target pattern to be retrieved among the embedded patterns will be presented to examine the retrieval abilities, i.e. the memory capacity of the associative memory.",book:{id:"12019",title:"Chaos Theory - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12019.jpg"},signatures:"Masahiro Nakagawa"},{id:"82826",title:"A Brief Look at the Calderón and Hilbert Operators",slug:"a-brief-look-at-the-calder-n-and-hilbert-operators",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106027",abstract:"The Calderón operator is the sum of the Hardy averaging operator and its adjoint, and plays an important role in the theory of real interpolation. On the other hand, the Hilbert operator arises from the continuous version of Hilbert’s inequality. Both operators appear in different contexts and have numerous applications within harmonic analysis. In this chapter we will briefly review the Calderón and Hilbert operators, showing some of the most relevant results within functional analysis and finally we will present recent results on these operators within Fourier analysis.",book:{id:"11503",title:"Functional Calculus - Recent Advances and Development",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11503.jpg"},signatures:"Guillermo J. 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is a Professor of Statistics and Dean of the School of Mathematics and Statistics, Yunnan University, China. He was elected a Yangtze River Scholars Distinguished Professor in 2013, a member of the International Statistical Institute (ISI) in 2016, a member of the board of the International Chinese Statistical Association (ICSA) in 2018, and a fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (IMS) in 2021. He received the ICSA Outstanding Service Award in 2018 and the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of China in 2012. He serves as a member of the editorial board of Statistics and Its Interface and Journal of Systems Science and Complexity. He is also a field editor for Communications in Mathematics and Statistics. His research interests include biostatistics, empirical likelihood, missing data analysis, variable selection, high-dimensional data analysis, Bayesian statistics, and data science. He has published more than 190 research papers and authored five books.",institutionString:"Yunnan University",institution:{name:"Yunnan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"1177",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"J. R.",surname:"José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"antonio-jose-ribeiro-neves",fullName:"António José Ribeiro Neves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1177/images/system/1177.jpg",biography:"Prof. António J. R. Neves received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Aveiro, Portugal, in 2007. Since 2002, he has been a researcher at the Institute of Electronics and Informatics Engineering of Aveiro. Since 2007, he has been an assistant professor in the Department of Electronics, Telecommunications, and Informatics, University of Aveiro. He is the director of the undergraduate course on Electrical and Computers Engineering and the vice-director of the master’s degree in Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering. He is an IEEE Senior Member and a member of several other research organizations worldwide. His main research interests are computer vision, intelligent systems, robotics, and image and video processing. He has participated in or coordinated several research projects and received more than thirty-five awards. He has 161 publications to his credit, including books, book chapters, journal articles, and conference papers. He has vast experience as a reviewer of several journals and conferences. As a professor, Dr. Neves has supervised several Ph.D. and master’s students and was involved in more than twenty-five different courses.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"11317",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Javier Gallegos-Funes",slug:"francisco-javier-gallegos-funes",fullName:"Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/11317/images/system/11317.png",biography:"Francisco J. Gallegos-Funes received his Ph.D. in Communications and Electronics from the Instituto Politécnico Nacional de México (National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico) in 2003. He is currently an associate professor in the Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica (Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Higher School) at the same institute. His areas of scientific interest are signal and image processing, filtering, steganography, segmentation, pattern recognition, biomedical signal processing, sensors, and real-time applications.",institutionString:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"428449",title:"Dr.",name:"Ronaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira",slug:"ronaldo-ferreira",fullName:"Ronaldo Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/428449/images/21449_n.png",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",biography:"Vahid Asadpour, MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. 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essential area of research in its own right, but also in relation to medicine and health sciences. The scope of this topic will range from molecular, biochemical, cellular, and physiological processes in all animal species. Work pertaining to the whole organism, organ systems, individual organs and tissues, cells, and biomolecules will be included. Medical, animal, cell, and comparative physiology and allied fields such as anatomy, histology, and pathology with physiology links will be covered in this topic. Physiology research may be linked to development, aging, environment, regular and pathological processes, adaptation and evolution, exercise, or several other factors affecting, or involved with, animal physiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/10.jpg",keywords:"Physiology, Comparative, Evolution, Biomolecules, Organ, Homeostasis, Anatomy, Pathology, Medical, Cell Division, Cell Signaling, Cell Growth, Cell Metabolism, Endocrine, Neuroscience, Cardiovascular, Development, Aging, Development"},{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology",scope:"
\r\n\tThe integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, as well as the expression, structure, and function of molecular and cellular components, is essential for modern physiology. The following concerns will be addressed in this Cell Physiology subject, which will consider all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, liver; gut, kidney, eye) and their interactions: (1) Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disease (2) Free Radicals (3) Tumor Metastasis (4) Antioxidants (5) Essential Fatty Acids (6) Melatonin and (7) Lipid Peroxidation Products and Aging Physiology.
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Because of the close relationship between structure and function, studies in human physiology and anatomy seek to understand the mechanisms that help the human body function. The series on human physiology deals with the various mechanisms of interaction between the various organs, nerves, and cells in the human body.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",keywords:"Anatomy, Cells, Organs, Systems, Homeostasis, Functions"},{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology",scope:"Plant Physiology explores fundamental processes in plants, and it includes subtopics such as plant nutrition, plant hormone, photosynthesis, respiration, and plant stress. In recent years, emerging technologies such as multi-omics, high-throughput technologies, and genome editing tools could assist plant physiologists in unraveling molecular mechanisms in specific critical pathways. The global picture of physiological processes in plants needs to be investigated continually to increase our knowledge, and the resulting technologies will benefit sustainable agriculture.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/13.jpg",keywords:"Plant Nutrition, Plant Hormone, Photosynthesis, Respiration, Plant Stress, Multi-omics, High-throughput Technology, Genome Editing"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 18th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:125,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},subseries:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Antibiotics, Biofilm, Antibiotic Resistance, Host-microbiota Relationship, Treatment, Diagnostic Tools",scope:"