Physical and chemical properties of formaldehyde.
\r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-83962-547-3",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-546-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-548-0",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e5ba02fedd7c87f0ab66414f3b07de0c",bookSignature:" John P. Tiefenbacher",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10765.jpg",keywords:"Managing Urbanization, Managing Development, Managing Resource Use, Drought Management, Flood Management, Water Quality Monitoring, Air Quality Monitoring, Ecological Monitoring, Modeling Extreme Natural Events, Ecological Restoration, Restoring Environmental Flows, Environmental Management Perspectives",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"January 12th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"February 9th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 10th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"June 29th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"August 28th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"17 days",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A geospatial scholar working at the interface of natural and human systems, collaborating internationally on innovative studies about hazards and environmental challenges. Dr. Tiefenbacher has published more than 200 papers on a diverse array of topics that examine perception and behaviors with regards to the application of pesticides, releases of toxic chemicals, environments of the U.S.-Mexico borderlands, wildlife hazards, and the geography of wine.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",middleName:null,surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73876/images/system/73876.jfif",biography:"Dr. John P. Tiefenbacher (Ph.D., Rutgers, 1992) is a professor of Geography at Texas State University. His research has focused on various aspects of hazards and environmental management. Dr. Tiefenbacher has published on a diverse array of topics that examine perception and behaviors with regards to the application of pesticides, releases of toxic chemicals, environments of the U.S.-Mexico borderlands, wildlife hazards, and the geography of wine. More recently his work pertains to spatial adaptation to climate change, spatial responses in wine growing regions to climate change, the geographies of viticulture and wine, artificial intelligence and machine learning to predict patterns of natural processes and hazards, historical ethnic enclaves in American cities and regions, and environmental adaptations of 19th century European immigrants to North America's landscapes.",institutionString:"Texas State University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:{name:"Texas State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"12",title:"Environmental Sciences",slug:"environmental-sciences"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"194667",firstName:"Marijana",lastName:"Francetic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194667/images/4752_n.jpg",email:"marijana@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3621",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"silver-nanoparticles",bookSignature:"David Pozo Perez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3621.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6667",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Pozo",slug:"david-pozo",fullName:"David Pozo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"20839",title:"Classification of Primary Brain Tumors: Molecular Aspects",doi:"10.5772/22484",slug:"classification-of-primary-brain-tumors-molecular-aspects",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/20839.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/20839",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/20839",totalDownloads:4087,totalViews:110,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"November 19th 2010",dateReviewed:"May 24th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"September 22nd 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/20839",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/20839",book:{slug:"management-of-cns-tumors"},signatures:"Péter Molnár",authors:[{id:"47884",title:"Prof.",name:"Péter",middleName:null,surname:"Molnár",fullName:"Péter Molnár",slug:"peter-molnar",email:"ppmolnar@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"281",title:"Management of CNS Tumors",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Management of CNS Tumors",slug:"management-of-cns-tumors",publishedDate:"September 22nd 2011",bookSignature:"Miklos Garami",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/281.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"34821",title:"Dr.",name:"Miklos",middleName:null,surname:"Garami",slug:"miklos-garami",fullName:"Miklos Garami"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"20839",title:"Classification of Primary Brain Tumors: Molecular Aspects",slug:"classification-of-primary-brain-tumors-molecular-aspects",totalDownloads:4087,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Péter Molnár",authors:[{id:"47884",title:"Prof.",name:"Péter",middleName:null,surname:"Molnár",fullName:"Péter Molnár",slug:"peter-molnar"}]},{id:"20840",title:"Molecular Pathways of Glioblastoma and Glioblastoma Stem Cells",slug:"molecular-pathways-of-glioblastoma-and-glioblastoma-stem-cells",totalDownloads:2494,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Cho-Lea Tso",authors:[{id:"37177",title:"Prof.",name:"Cho-Lea",middleName:null,surname:"Tso",fullName:"Cho-Lea Tso",slug:"cho-lea-tso"}]},{id:"20841",title:"Midkine Signaling in Glioblastoma: A Novel Developmental Drug Target?",slug:"midkine-signaling-in-glioblastoma-a-novel-developmental-drug-target-",totalDownloads:1600,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Ayhan Bilir and Mine Erguven",authors:[{id:"38635",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayhan",middleName:"-",surname:"Bilir",fullName:"Ayhan Bilir",slug:"ayhan-bilir"},{id:"44074",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mine",middleName:null,surname:"Erguven",fullName:"Mine Erguven",slug:"mine-erguven"}]},{id:"20842",title:"The Blood-Brain Barrier in Brain Tumours",slug:"the-blood-brain-barrier-in-brain-tumours",totalDownloads:2875,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Susan Noell, Karen Wolburg-Buchholz, Andreas F. Mack, Hartwig Wolburg and Petra Fallier-Becker",authors:[{id:"43181",title:"Dr.",name:"Hartwig",middleName:null,surname:"Wolburg",fullName:"Hartwig Wolburg",slug:"hartwig-wolburg"},{id:"55596",title:"Dr.",name:"Susan",middleName:null,surname:"Noell",fullName:"Susan Noell",slug:"susan-noell"},{id:"55597",title:"Dr.",name:"Karen",middleName:null,surname:"Wolburg-Buchholz",fullName:"Karen Wolburg-Buchholz",slug:"karen-wolburg-buchholz"},{id:"55598",title:"Dr.",name:"Andreas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Mack",fullName:"Andreas F. Mack",slug:"andreas-f.-mack"},{id:"55599",title:"Dr.",name:"Petra",middleName:null,surname:"Fallier-Becker",fullName:"Petra Fallier-Becker",slug:"petra-fallier-becker"}]},{id:"20843",title:"Childhood Brain Tumors",slug:"childhood-brain-tumors",totalDownloads:2112,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sri Gururangan",authors:[{id:"34783",title:"Prof.",name:"Sridharan",middleName:null,surname:"Gururangan",fullName:"Sridharan Gururangan",slug:"sridharan-gururangan"}]},{id:"20844",title:"Malignant Brain Tumors in Childhood",slug:"malignant-brain-tumors-in-childhood",totalDownloads:2995,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Giovanni Scarzello, Maria S. Buzzaccarini and Guido Sotti",authors:[{id:"41627",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanni",middleName:null,surname:"Scarzello",fullName:"Giovanni Scarzello",slug:"giovanni-scarzello"},{id:"54814",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria S.",middleName:null,surname:"Buzzaccarini",fullName:"Maria S. Buzzaccarini",slug:"maria-s.-buzzaccarini"},{id:"54815",title:"Prof.",name:"Guido",middleName:null,surname:"Sotti",fullName:"Guido Sotti",slug:"guido-sotti"}]},{id:"20845",title:"Preoperative Estimation and Resection of Gliomas Using Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography Neuronavigation",slug:"preoperative-estimation-and-resection-of-gliomas-using-positron-emission-tomography-computed-tomogra",totalDownloads:1686,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yang Shuyuan, Zhang Chuan, Yue Shuyuan, Cai Li, Gao Shuo and Zhu Tao",authors:[{id:"61128",title:"Prof.",name:"Shuyuan",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Shuyuan Yang",slug:"shuyuan-yang"},{id:"73708",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhang",middleName:null,surname:"Chuan",fullName:"Zhang Chuan",slug:"zhang-chuan"},{id:"136036",title:"Dr.",name:"Yue",middleName:null,surname:"Shuyuan",fullName:"Yue Shuyuan",slug:"yue-shuyuan"},{id:"136037",title:"Dr.",name:"Cai",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Cai Li",slug:"cai-li"},{id:"136038",title:"Dr.",name:"Gao",middleName:null,surname:"Shuo",fullName:"Gao Shuo",slug:"gao-shuo"},{id:"136039",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhu",middleName:null,surname:"Tao",fullName:"Zhu Tao",slug:"zhu-tao"}]},{id:"20846",title:"The Brain Adjacent to Tumor (BAT)",slug:"the-brain-adjacent-to-tumor-bat-",totalDownloads:1300,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Davide Schiffer, Laura Annovazzi, Valentina Caldera and Marta Mellai",authors:[{id:"50128",title:"Prof.",name:"Davide",middleName:null,surname:"Schiffer",fullName:"Davide Schiffer",slug:"davide-schiffer"},{id:"50153",title:"Dr.",name:"Marta",middleName:null,surname:"Mellai",fullName:"Marta Mellai",slug:"marta-mellai"},{id:"50154",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Caldera",fullName:"Valentina Caldera",slug:"valentina-caldera"},{id:"50155",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Annovazzi",fullName:"Laura Annovazzi",slug:"laura-annovazzi"}]},{id:"20847",title:"Insular Tumours",slug:"insular-tumours",totalDownloads:3962,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Francesco Signorelli, Giuseppe Barbagallo, Rodolfo Maduri, Claudio Schonauer, Jacques Guyotat and Kost Elisevich",authors:[{id:"36538",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacques",middleName:null,surname:"Guyotat",fullName:"Jacques Guyotat",slug:"jacques-guyotat"},{id:"36539",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Barbagallo",fullName:"Giuseppe Barbagallo",slug:"giuseppe-barbagallo"},{id:"36544",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudio",middleName:null,surname:"Schonauer",fullName:"Claudio Schonauer",slug:"claudio-schonauer"},{id:"49744",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodolfo",middleName:null,surname:"Maduri",fullName:"Rodolfo Maduri",slug:"rodolfo-maduri"},{id:"52417",title:"Prof.",name:"Kost",middleName:null,surname:"Elisevich",fullName:"Kost Elisevich",slug:"kost-elisevich"},{id:"74494",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"Signorelli",fullName:"Francesco Signorelli",slug:"francesco-signorelli"}]},{id:"20848",title:"Regional Chemotherapy and Brachytherapy for Malignant Glioma – Clinical Experience and Serial Experiments",slug:"regional-chemotherapy-and-brachytherapy-for-malignant-glioma-clinical-experience-and-serial-experime",totalDownloads:1336,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Li Anmin, Fu Xiangping, Zhao Ming, Zhang Zhiwen, Yi Linhua, Xue Jinghui and Zhang Yipeng",authors:[{id:"52466",title:"Dr.",name:"Anmin",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Anmin Li",slug:"anmin-li"},{id:"56712",title:"Dr.",name:"Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",fullName:"Ming Zhao",slug:"ming-zhao"}]},{id:"20849",title:"Novel Pharmacological and Magnetic Resonance Strategies to Enhance Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) Efficacy in the Clinical Treatment of Malignant Glioma",slug:"novel-pharmacological-and-magnetic-resonance-strategies-to-enhance-boron-neutron-capture-therapy-bnc",totalDownloads:2231,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Paola Porcari, Silvia Capuani and Francesco Saverio Pastore",authors:[{id:"54176",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvia",middleName:null,surname:"Capuani",fullName:"Silvia Capuani",slug:"silvia-capuani"},{id:"59266",title:"Dr.",name:"Paola",middleName:null,surname:"Porcari",fullName:"Paola Porcari",slug:"paola-porcari"},{id:"62086",title:"Prof.",name:"Francesco Saverio",middleName:null,surname:"Pastore",fullName:"Francesco Saverio Pastore",slug:"francesco-saverio-pastore"}]},{id:"20850",title:"Research the Mechanism of Various Antineoplastic Agents with Use of Flow Cytometry in Vitro Glioma Cells",slug:"research-the-mechanism-of-various-antineoplastic-agents-with-use-of-flow-cytometry-in-vitro-glioma-c",totalDownloads:1478,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Hideyuki Oshige, Yoshihiro Numa, Takuya Kawaguchi, Kunikazu Yoshimura, Akio Asai, and Keiji Kawamoto",authors:[{id:"60315",title:"Dr",name:"Oshige",middleName:null,surname:"Hideyuki",fullName:"Oshige Hideyuki",slug:"oshige-hideyuki"},{id:"136040",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Numa",fullName:"Yoshihiro Numa",slug:"yoshihiro-numa"},{id:"136041",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuya",middleName:null,surname:"Kawaguchi",fullName:"Takuya Kawaguchi",slug:"takuya-kawaguchi"},{id:"136042",title:"Dr.",name:"Kunikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Yoshimura",fullName:"Kunikazu Yoshimura",slug:"kunikazu-yoshimura"},{id:"136043",title:"Dr.",name:"Keiji",middleName:null,surname:"Kawamoto",fullName:"Keiji Kawamoto",slug:"keiji-kawamoto"}]},{id:"20851",title:"Anti-Angiogenic Therapy for Malignant Glioma: Insights and Future Directions",slug:"anti-angiogenic-therapy-for-malignant-glioma-insights-and-future-directions",totalDownloads:1328,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Paula Province, Xiaosi Han, L. Burt Nabors and Hassan M. Fathallah-Shaykh",authors:[{id:"50232",title:"Prof.",name:"Hassan",middleName:"Mahmoud",surname:"Fathallah-Shaykh",fullName:"Hassan Fathallah-Shaykh",slug:"hassan-fathallah-shaykh"},{id:"59656",title:"Dr.",name:"Paula",middleName:null,surname:"Province",fullName:"Paula Province",slug:"paula-province"},{id:"59657",title:"Dr.",name:"Burt",middleName:null,surname:"Nabors",fullName:"Burt Nabors",slug:"burt-nabors"},{id:"59658",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaosi",middleName:null,surname:"Han",fullName:"Xiaosi Han",slug:"xiaosi-han"}]},{id:"20852",title:"Syndromes Associated with Intracranial Tumours: A Paediatric Neurosurgeon’s Perspective",slug:"syndromes-associated-with-intracranial-tumours-a-paediatric-neurosurgeon-s-perspective",totalDownloads:1529,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Adrianna Ranger",authors:[{id:"40865",title:"Dr.",name:"Adrianna",middleName:null,surname:"Ranger",fullName:"Adrianna Ranger",slug:"adrianna-ranger"}]},{id:"20853",title:"Brain Tumors and the Lynch Syndrome",slug:"brain-tumors-and-the-lynch-syndrome",totalDownloads:3656,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Päivi Peltomäki and Annette Gylling",authors:[{id:"42609",title:"Prof.",name:"Päivi",middleName:null,surname:"Peltomäki",fullName:"Päivi Peltomäki",slug:"paivi-peltomaki"},{id:"42617",title:"Dr.",name:"Annette",middleName:null,surname:"Gylling",fullName:"Annette Gylling",slug:"annette-gylling"}]},{id:"20854",title:"Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma",slug:"primary-central-nervous-system-lymphoma",totalDownloads:3111,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Iyavut Thaipisuttikul and Craig Nolan",authors:[{id:"43607",title:"Dr.",name:"Iyavut",middleName:null,surname:"Thaipisuttikul",fullName:"Iyavut Thaipisuttikul",slug:"iyavut-thaipisuttikul"},{id:"54299",title:"Dr.",name:"Craig",middleName:null,surname:"Nolan",fullName:"Craig Nolan",slug:"craig-nolan"}]},{id:"20855",title:"Reversible Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome",slug:"reversible-posterior-leukoencephalopathy-syndrome",totalDownloads:2373,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Željka Petelin Gadže, Davorka Milat, Sanja Hajnšek, Branka Ribarić, Jasna Franjić and Damir Petravić",authors:[{id:"46656",title:"Dr.",name:"Zeljka",middleName:null,surname:"Petelin Gadze",fullName:"Zeljka Petelin Gadze",slug:"zeljka-petelin-gadze"},{id:"119754",title:"Dr.",name:"Davorka",middleName:null,surname:"Milat",fullName:"Davorka Milat",slug:"davorka-milat"},{id:"119756",title:"Dr.",name:"Branka",middleName:null,surname:"Ribarić",fullName:"Branka Ribarić",slug:"branka-ribaric"},{id:"119757",title:"Dr.",name:"Damir",middleName:null,surname:"Petravić",fullName:"Damir Petravić",slug:"damir-petravic"}]},{id:"20856",title:"Brain Tumor and Seizures: Incidence, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Treatment",slug:"brain-tumor-and-seizures-incidence-pathophysiology-diagnosis-and-treatment",totalDownloads:10353,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Elysia James and Panayiotis N. Varelas",authors:[{id:"41767",title:"Dr.",name:"Panayiotis",middleName:null,surname:"Varelas",fullName:"Panayiotis Varelas",slug:"panayiotis-varelas"},{id:"43200",title:"Ms.",name:"Elysia",middleName:null,surname:"James",fullName:"Elysia James",slug:"elysia-james"}]},{id:"20857",title:"Brain Tumors at the Department of Neurology in Sarajevo: Retrospecitve Analysis",slug:"brain-tumors-at-the-department-of-neurology-in-sarajevo-retrospecitve-analysis",totalDownloads:1764,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"A. Alajbegović and A. Gutošić",authors:[{id:"42407",title:"Dr.",name:"Azra",middleName:null,surname:"Alajbegovic",fullName:"Azra Alajbegovic",slug:"azra-alajbegovic"},{id:"135907",title:"Dr.",name:"Alma",middleName:null,surname:"Gutošić",fullName:"Alma Gutošić",slug:"alma-gutosic"}]},{id:"20858",title:"Clinicopathological Diagnosis of Gliomatosis Cerebri",slug:"clinicopathological-diagnosis-of-gliomatosis-cerebri",totalDownloads:4369,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jiro Akimoto",authors:[{id:"46919",title:"Prof.",name:"Jiro",middleName:null,surname:"Akimoto",fullName:"Jiro Akimoto",slug:"jiro-akimoto"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"536",title:"Molecular Targets of CNS Tumors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9397c8a0230158cb461c2ffbe6f9857d",slug:"molecular-targets-of-cns-tumors",bookSignature:"Miklos Garami",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"34821",title:"Dr.",name:"Miklos",surname:"Garami",slug:"miklos-garami",fullName:"Miklos Garami"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"19926",title:"Genetic and Immunology of Brain Tumors",slug:"genetic-and-immunology-of-brain-tumors",signatures:"Sahika Liva Cengiz and Aynur Emine Cicekcibasi",authors:[{id:"49957",title:"Prof.",name:"SahikaLiva",middleName:"Liva",surname:"Cengiz",fullName:"SahikaLiva Cengiz",slug:"sahikaliva-cengiz"},{id:"105745",title:"Prof.",name:"Aynur Emine",middleName:null,surname:"Cicekcibasi",fullName:"Aynur Emine Cicekcibasi",slug:"aynur-emine-cicekcibasi"}]},{id:"19927",title:"Genetic Instability in Paediatric and Adult Brain Tumours",slug:"genetic-instability-in-paediatric-and-adult-brain-tumours",signatures:"Marta Viana-Pereira, Chris Jones and Rui M. Reis",authors:[{id:"35397",title:"Prof.",name:"Rui",middleName:null,surname:"Reis",fullName:"Rui Reis",slug:"rui-reis"},{id:"55163",title:"Dr.",name:"Marta",middleName:null,surname:"Viana-Pereira",fullName:"Marta Viana-Pereira",slug:"marta-viana-pereira"},{id:"55164",title:"Dr.",name:"Chris",middleName:null,surname:"Jones",fullName:"Chris Jones",slug:"chris-jones"}]},{id:"19928",title:"Brain Tumor Exosomes and Microvesicles: Pleiotropic Effects from Tiny Cellular Surrogates",slug:"brain-tumor-exosomes-and-microvesicles-pleiotropic-effects-from-tiny-cellular-surrogates",signatures:"Michael W Graner",authors:[{id:"43247",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Graner",fullName:"Michael Graner",slug:"michael-graner"}]},{id:"19929",title:"Recurrent Malignant Primary Brain Tumor: the Pathophysiology and Management",slug:"recurrent-malignant-primary-brain-tumor-the-pathophysiology-and-management",signatures:"Victor Tse and Harish Babu",authors:[{id:"46133",title:"Prof.",name:"Victor",middleName:null,surname:"Tse",fullName:"Victor Tse",slug:"victor-tse"},{id:"136314",title:"Dr.",name:"Harish",middleName:null,surname:"Babu",fullName:"Harish Babu",slug:"harish-babu"}]},{id:"19930",title:"The Role of Sox Transcription Factors in Brain Tumourigenesis",slug:"the-role-of-sox-transcription-factors-in-brain-tumourigenesis",signatures:"Maria Ferletta",authors:[{id:"52808",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Ferletta",fullName:"Maria Ferletta",slug:"maria-ferletta"}]},{id:"19931",title:"Angiogenesis of Primary Brain Tumors: The Role of Endoglin (CD105)",slug:"angiogenesis-of-primary-brain-tumors-the-role-of-endoglin-cd105-",signatures:"Yasuo Sugita",authors:[{id:"54465",title:"Prof.",name:"Yasuo",middleName:null,surname:"Sugita",fullName:"Yasuo Sugita",slug:"yasuo-sugita"}]},{id:"19932",title:"The Role of Aquaporines in Brain Tumors",slug:"the-role-of-aquaporines-in-brain-tumors",signatures:"Tatsuo Sawada",authors:[{id:"35472",title:"Prof.",name:"SAWADA",middleName:null,surname:"TATSUO",fullName:"SAWADA TATSUO",slug:"sawada-tatsuo"}]},{id:"19933",title:"Glioma Stem Cells",slug:"glioma-stem-cell",signatures:"Kouichi Tabu, Tetsuya Taga and Shinya Tanaka",authors:[{id:"41442",title:"Dr.",name:"Kouichi",middleName:null,surname:"Tabu",fullName:"Kouichi Tabu",slug:"kouichi-tabu"},{id:"49655",title:"Prof.",name:"Shinya",middleName:null,surname:"Tanaka",fullName:"Shinya Tanaka",slug:"shinya-tanaka"},{id:"53538",title:"Prof.",name:"Tetsuya",middleName:null,surname:"Taga",fullName:"Tetsuya Taga",slug:"tetsuya-taga"}]},{id:"19934",title:"Molecular Hallmarks of Gliomas",slug:"molecular-hallmarks-of-gliomas",signatures:"Marta Pojo and Bruno Marques Costa",authors:[{id:"42804",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruno",middleName:null,surname:"Costa",fullName:"Bruno Costa",slug:"bruno-costa"},{id:"63016",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Marta",middleName:null,surname:"Pojo",fullName:"Marta Pojo",slug:"marta-pojo"}]},{id:"19935",title:"Integrated Network Analysis of Genetic and Epigenetic Factors in Glioblastoma Multiform",slug:"integrated-network-analysis-of-genetic-and-epigenetic-factors-in-glioblastoma-multiform",signatures:"Hua Dong and MomiaoXiong",authors:[{id:"39157",title:"Dr.",name:"Hua",middleName:null,surname:"Dong",fullName:"Hua Dong",slug:"hua-dong"},{id:"53029",title:"Prof.",name:"Momiao",middleName:null,surname:"Xiong",fullName:"Momiao Xiong",slug:"momiao-xiong"}]},{id:"19936",title:"The Neural Extracellular Matrix, Cell Adhesion Molecules and Proteolysis in Glioma Invasion and Tumorigenicity",slug:"the-neural-extracellular-matrix-cell-adhesion-molecules-and-proteolysis-in-glioma-invasion-and-tumor",signatures:"Chrissa A. Dwyer and Russell T. Matthews",authors:[{id:"44404",title:"Dr.",name:"Russell",middleName:null,surname:"Matthews",fullName:"Russell Matthews",slug:"russell-matthews"},{id:"55269",title:"Ms",name:"Chrissa",middleName:null,surname:"Dwyer",fullName:"Chrissa Dwyer",slug:"chrissa-dwyer"}]},{id:"19937",title:"Portrait of Transcriptional Expression Profiles Displayed by Different Glioblastoma Cell Lines",slug:"portrait-of-transcriptional-expression-profiles-displayed-by-different-glioblastoma-cell-lines",signatures:"Paulo R. D. V. Godoy, Stephano S. Mello, Daniele A. Magalhães, Flavia S. Donaires, Ana P. Lima-Montaldi, Patricia Nicolucci, Eduardo A. Donadi, Geraldo A. S. Passos and Elza T. Sakamoto-Hojo",authors:[{id:"47245",title:"Dr.",name:"Elza",middleName:"Tiemi",surname:"Sakamoto-Hojo",fullName:"Elza Sakamoto-Hojo",slug:"elza-sakamoto-hojo"},{id:"53465",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Paulo Roberto",middleName:"D´Auria Vieira",surname:"Godoy",fullName:"Paulo Roberto Godoy",slug:"paulo-roberto-godoy"},{id:"53468",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephano",middleName:"Spano",surname:"Mello",fullName:"Stephano Mello",slug:"stephano-mello"},{id:"53471",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniele",middleName:null,surname:"Magalhaes",fullName:"Daniele Magalhaes",slug:"daniele-magalhaes"},{id:"53472",title:"BSc",name:"Flavia",middleName:null,surname:"Donaires",fullName:"Flavia Donaires",slug:"flavia-donaires"},{id:"53475",title:"MSc.",name:"Ana Paula",middleName:null,surname:"Montaldi",fullName:"Ana Paula Montaldi",slug:"ana-paula-montaldi"},{id:"53482",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Donadi",fullName:"Eduardo Donadi",slug:"eduardo-donadi"},{id:"53483",title:"Dr.",name:"Geraldo",middleName:null,surname:"Passos",fullName:"Geraldo Passos",slug:"geraldo-passos"},{id:"53490",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Nicolucci",fullName:"Patricia Nicolucci",slug:"patricia-nicolucci"}]},{id:"19938",title:"Genetics and Biology of Glioblastoma Multiforme",slug:"genetics-and-biology-of-glioblastoma-multiforme",signatures:"Anália Carmo, Inês Crespo and Maria Celeste Lopes",authors:[{id:"52168",title:"Prof.",name:"Analia",middleName:null,surname:"Carmo",fullName:"Analia Carmo",slug:"analia-carmo"},{id:"53565",title:"Dr.",name:"Inês",middleName:null,surname:"Crespo",fullName:"Inês Crespo",slug:"ines-crespo"},{id:"53566",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Celeste",middleName:null,surname:"Lopes",fullName:"Maria Celeste Lopes",slug:"maria-celeste-lopes"}]},{id:"19939",title:"Chemokines in Glioma Progression",slug:"chemokines-in-glioma-progression",signatures:"Marco Locatelli and Alberto Mantovani",authors:[{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani"},{id:"55813",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Locatelli",fullName:"Marco Locatelli",slug:"marco-locatelli"}]},{id:"19940",title:"Biomarkers of Glioma",slug:"biomarkers-of-glioma",signatures:"Shufang Liang and Guobo Shen",authors:[{id:"37881",title:"Prof.",name:"Shufang",middleName:null,surname:"Liang",fullName:"Shufang Liang",slug:"shufang-liang"},{id:"55827",title:"Prof.",name:"Guobo",middleName:null,surname:"Shen",fullName:"Guobo Shen",slug:"guobo-shen"}]},{id:"19941",title:"MicroRNA (miRNA) Regulation in Glioma: Implications in Development, Progression, Grading, Prognosis and Therapy",slug:"microrna-mirna-regulation-in-glioma-implications-in-development-progression-grading-prognosis-and-th",signatures:"Kumaravel Somasundaram, Soumya Alige Mahabala Rao and Zahid Nawaz",authors:[{id:"54550",title:"Prof.",name:"Kumaravel",middleName:null,surname:"Somasundaram",fullName:"Kumaravel Somasundaram",slug:"kumaravel-somasundaram"},{id:"54851",title:"Ms.",name:"Alige",middleName:null,surname:"Soumya",fullName:"Alige Soumya",slug:"alige-soumya"},{id:"54852",title:"Mr.",name:"Zahid",middleName:null,surname:"Nawaz",fullName:"Zahid Nawaz",slug:"zahid-nawaz"}]},{id:"19942",title:"MicroRNA in Human Gliomas",slug:"microrna-in-human-gliomas",signatures:"Alfredo Conti, Lucia Merlo, Domenico La Torre and M’Hammed Aguennouz",authors:[{id:"37677",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfredo",middleName:null,surname:"Conti",fullName:"Alfredo Conti",slug:"alfredo-conti"},{id:"54947",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucia",middleName:null,surname:"Merlo",fullName:"Lucia Merlo",slug:"lucia-merlo"},{id:"54948",title:"Dr.",name:"Domenico",middleName:null,surname:"La Torre",fullName:"Domenico La Torre",slug:"domenico-la-torre"},{id:"54949",title:"Dr.",name:"M'Hammed",middleName:null,surname:"Aguennouz",fullName:"M'Hammed Aguennouz",slug:"m'hammed-aguennouz"}]},{id:"19943",title:"Gliomas: Role of Wnt/β-Catenin/Tcf Signaling Pathway",slug:"gliomas-role-of-wnt-catenin-tcf-signaling-pathway",signatures:"Gangadhara Reddy Sareddy and Phanithi Prakash Babu",authors:[{id:"47201",title:"Dr.",name:"Phanithi Prakash",middleName:null,surname:"Babu",fullName:"Phanithi Prakash Babu",slug:"phanithi-prakash-babu"},{id:"55041",title:"Dr",name:"Gangadhara",middleName:"Reddy",surname:"Sareddy",fullName:"Gangadhara Sareddy",slug:"gangadhara-sareddy"}]},{id:"19944",title:"Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-2: A Possible Regulator of Invasive Growth in Glioblastoma",slug:"insulin-like-growth-factor-binding-protein-2-a-possible-regulator-of-invasive-growth-in-glioblastoma",signatures:"Tsuyoshi Fukushima and Hiroaki Kataoka",authors:[{id:"47812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kataoka",fullName:"Hiroaki Kataoka",slug:"hiroaki-kataoka"},{id:"53671",title:"Dr.",name:"Tsuyoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Fukushima",fullName:"Tsuyoshi Fukushima",slug:"tsuyoshi-fukushima"}]},{id:"19945",title:"The Role of Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Mutations in Glioma Brain Tumors",slug:"the-role-of-isocitrate-dehydrogenase-mutations-in-glioma-brain-tumors",signatures:"Chi-Ming Chang, Kaiming Xu and Hui-Kuo G. Shu",authors:[{id:"51242",title:"Dr.",name:"Hui-Kuo",middleName:null,surname:"Shu",fullName:"Hui-Kuo Shu",slug:"hui-kuo-shu"},{id:"57486",title:"Dr.",name:"Chi-Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",fullName:"Chi-Ming Chang",slug:"chi-ming-chang"},{id:"57487",title:"Dr.",name:"Kaiming",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",fullName:"Kaiming Xu",slug:"kaiming-xu"}]},{id:"19946",title:"The Expression of BORIS Protein in a Newly Established Primary Glioma Cell Culture Line",slug:"the-expression-of-boris-protein-in-a-newly-established-primary-glioma-cell-culture-line",signatures:"Siti Zawani Mohd Ramli, Shaharum Shamsuddin, Nik Norliza Hassan, Azmi Alias, Mohd Saffari Mohd Haspani and Jafri Abdullah",authors:[{id:"42580",title:"Prof.",name:"Jafri",middleName:"Malin",surname:"Abdullah",fullName:"Jafri Abdullah",slug:"jafri-abdullah"},{id:"53613",title:"Mrs",name:"Siti Zawani",middleName:null,surname:"Mohd Ramli",fullName:"Siti Zawani Mohd Ramli",slug:"siti-zawani-mohd-ramli"},{id:"53614",title:"Dr.",name:"Shaharum",middleName:null,surname:"Shamsuddin",fullName:"Shaharum Shamsuddin",slug:"shaharum-shamsuddin"},{id:"53616",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdul Aziz",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamed Yusoff",fullName:"Abdul Aziz Mohamed Yusoff",slug:"abdul-aziz-mohamed-yusoff"},{id:"53618",title:"Dr.",name:"Azmi",middleName:null,surname:"Alias",fullName:"Azmi Alias",slug:"azmi-alias"},{id:"53619",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Saffari",middleName:null,surname:"Mohd Haspani",fullName:"Mohd Saffari Mohd Haspani",slug:"mohd-saffari-mohd-haspani"},{id:"53620",title:"Dr.",name:"Nik Norliza",middleName:null,surname:"Hassan",fullName:"Nik Norliza Hassan",slug:"nik-norliza-hassan"}]},{id:"19947",title:"MiR-221/222 Promote the Growth of Malignant Glioma Cells by Regulating Its Target Genes",slug:"mir-221-222-promote-the-growth-of-malignant-glioma-cells-by-regulating-its-target-genes",signatures:"Zhang Chunzhi, Jiang Tao, Wang Jinhuan, Cheng Jinquan, Pu Peiyu and Kang Chunsheng",authors:[{id:"32217",title:"Prof.",name:"Chunsheng",middleName:null,surname:"Kang",fullName:"Chunsheng Kang",slug:"chunsheng-kang"},{id:"46409",title:"Prof.",name:"Peiyu",middleName:null,surname:"Pu",fullName:"Peiyu Pu",slug:"peiyu-pu"},{id:"54052",title:"Dr.",name:"Chunzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Chunzhi Zhang",slug:"chunzhi-zhang"},{id:"57288",title:"Prof.",name:"Tao",middleName:null,surname:"Jiang",fullName:"Tao Jiang",slug:"tao-jiang"},{id:"57289",title:"Prof.",name:"Jinhuan",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Jinhuan Wang",slug:"jinhuan-wang"},{id:"57290",title:"Prof.",name:"Jinquan",middleName:null,surname:"Cheng",fullName:"Jinquan Cheng",slug:"jinquan-cheng"}]},{id:"19948",title:"Primary Glioblastoma with Different Patterns of EGFR Amplification and the Relationship with Gene Expression Profile",slug:"primary-glioblastoma-with-different-patterns-of-egfr-amplification-and-the-relationship-with-gene-ex",signatures:"Concha Lopez-Gines, Rosario Gil-Benso, Daniel Monleon, Jose Gonzalez-Darder and Miguel Cerda-Nicolas",authors:[{id:"44338",title:"Prof.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Cerda-Nicolas",fullName:"Miguel Cerda-Nicolas",slug:"miguel-cerda-nicolas"},{id:"54197",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosario",middleName:null,surname:"Gil-Benso",fullName:"Rosario Gil-Benso",slug:"rosario-gil-benso"},{id:"54198",title:"Prof.",name:"Concha",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Gines",fullName:"Concha Lopez-Gines",slug:"concha-lopez-gines"},{id:"88532",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Monleon",fullName:"Daniel Monleon",slug:"daniel-monleon"},{id:"89256",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez-Darder",fullName:"Jose Gonzalez-Darder",slug:"jose-gonzalez-darder"}]},{id:"19949",title:"Nuclear Signaling of EGFR and EGFRvIII in Glioblastoma",slug:"nuclear-signaling-of-egfr-and-egfrviii-in-glioblastoma",signatures:"Anupama E. Gururaj, Oliver Bögler and Khatri Latha",authors:[{id:"53393",title:"Prof.",name:"Oliver",middleName:null,surname:"Bogler",fullName:"Oliver Bogler",slug:"oliver-bogler"},{id:"53411",title:"Dr",name:"Anupama",middleName:"Edward",surname:"Gururaj",fullName:"Anupama Gururaj",slug:"anupama-gururaj"},{id:"53412",title:"Dr.",name:"Khatri",middleName:null,surname:"Latha",fullName:"Khatri Latha",slug:"khatri-latha"}]},{id:"19950",title:"Ap 1 in Glioblastomas",slug:"ap-1-in-glioblastomas",signatures:"Densie Smith and Bruce Bejcek",authors:[{id:"44191",title:"Prof.",name:"Bruce",middleName:"Evan",surname:"Bejcek",fullName:"Bruce Bejcek",slug:"bruce-bejcek"},{id:"54188",title:"Dr.",name:"Denise",middleName:null,surname:"Smith",fullName:"Denise Smith",slug:"denise-smith"}]},{id:"19951",title:"The Musashi1 RNA-Binding Protein: A Critical Regulator in Glioblastoma",slug:"the-musashi1-rna-binding-protein-a-critical-regulator-in-glioblastoma",signatures:"Dat T. Vo, Devraj Sandhu, Jonathan A. Gelfond and Luiz O. Penalva",authors:[{id:"34864",title:"Dr.",name:"Luiz",middleName:null,surname:"Penalva",fullName:"Luiz Penalva",slug:"luiz-penalva"},{id:"53567",title:"Mr.",name:"Dat",middleName:null,surname:"Vo",fullName:"Dat Vo",slug:"dat-vo"},{id:"102099",title:"Mr.",name:"Devraj",middleName:null,surname:"Sandhu",fullName:"Devraj Sandhu",slug:"devraj-sandhu"},{id:"102100",title:"Dr.",name:"Jonathan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelfond",fullName:"Jonathan Gelfond",slug:"jonathan-gelfond"}]},{id:"19952",title:"The Pivotal Roles of GSK3β in Glioma Biology",slug:"the-pivotal-roles-of-gsk3-in-glioma-biology",signatures:"Mitsutoshi Nakada, Toshinari Minamoto, Ilya V. Pyko, Yutaka Hayashi and Jun-ichiro Hamada",authors:[{id:"43162",title:"Prof.",name:"Mitsutoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Nakada",fullName:"Mitsutoshi Nakada",slug:"mitsutoshi-nakada"},{id:"43163",title:"Prof.",name:"Toshinari",middleName:null,surname:"Minamoto",fullName:"Toshinari Minamoto",slug:"toshinari-minamoto"},{id:"58666",title:"Dr.",name:"Yutaka",middleName:null,surname:"Hayashi",fullName:"Yutaka Hayashi",slug:"yutaka-hayashi"},{id:"58667",title:"Prof.",name:"Jun-Ichiro",middleName:null,surname:"Hamada",fullName:"Jun-Ichiro Hamada",slug:"jun-ichiro-hamada"},{id:"90986",title:"Dr.",name:"Ilya",middleName:null,surname:"Pyko",fullName:"Ilya Pyko",slug:"ilya-pyko"}]},{id:"19953",title:"The Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases a nd Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases in the Progression of Astrocytomas",slug:"the-role-of-matrix-metalloproteinases-a-nd-tissue-inhibitors-of-metalloproteinases-in-the-progressio",signatures:"Fábio Motta, Renata Canalle, France Yoshioka, Giovanny Pinto, Lúcia Harada, Carlotti Jurnior, Elvis Valera, Carlos Scrideli and Luiz Tone",authors:[{id:"42816",title:"Dr.",name:"Fábio",middleName:null,surname:"Motta",fullName:"Fábio Motta",slug:"fandatildeandiexclbio-motta"},{id:"49611",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanny",middleName:"Rebouças",surname:"Pinto",fullName:"Giovanny Pinto",slug:"giovanny-pinto"},{id:"55395",title:"Dr.",name:"Elvis",middleName:null,surname:"Valera",fullName:"Elvis Valera",slug:"elvis-valera"},{id:"55396",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Scrideli",fullName:"Carlos Scrideli",slug:"carlos-scrideli"},{id:"55397",title:"Prof.",name:"Luiz",middleName:"Gonazaga",surname:"Tone",fullName:"Luiz Tone",slug:"luiz-tone"},{id:"57022",title:"Dr.",name:"France",middleName:null,surname:"Yoshioka",fullName:"France Yoshioka",slug:"france-yoshioka"},{id:"57315",title:"Dr.",name:"Renata",middleName:null,surname:"Canalle",fullName:"Renata Canalle",slug:"renata-canalle"},{id:"99854",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucia",middleName:null,surname:"Harada",fullName:"Lucia Harada",slug:"lucia-harada"},{id:"99855",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlotti",middleName:null,surname:"Junior",fullName:"Carlotti Junior",slug:"carlotti-junior"}]},{id:"19954",title:"Medulloblastoma – Genetic Alterations",slug:"medulloblastoma-genetic-alterations",signatures:"Esther Manor and Lipa Bodner",authors:[{id:"37606",title:"Prof.",name:"Esther",middleName:"-",surname:"Manor",fullName:"Esther Manor",slug:"esther-manor"},{id:"52792",title:"Prof.",name:"Lipa",middleName:null,surname:"Bodner",fullName:"Lipa Bodner",slug:"lipa-bodner"}]},{id:"19955",title:"The Role of HGF/c-Met Pathway Signaling in Human Medulloblastoma",slug:"the-role-of-hgf-c-met-pathway-signaling-in-human-medulloblastoma",signatures:"Claudia Faria, Christian Smith and James Rutka",authors:[{id:"51475",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Rutka",fullName:"James Rutka",slug:"james-rutka"}]},{id:"19956",title:"The Impact of Redox Balance in Brain Tumors",slug:"the-impact-of-redox-balance-in-brain-tumors",signatures:"Pinar Atukeren",authors:[{id:"54960",title:"Dr.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Atukeren",fullName:"Pınar Atukeren",slug:"pinar-atukeren"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"69211",title:"Formaldehyde Advantages and Disadvantages: Usage Areas and Harmful Effects on Human Beings",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89299",slug:"formaldehyde-advantages-and-disadvantages-usage-areas-and-harmful-effects-on-human-beings",body:'Formaldehyde – a simple but important member of aldehydes – is a colorless, pungent, highly flammable, irritating, and poisonous low molecular weight gas in its pure form, meanwhile it dissolves very well in water, alcohols, and other polar solvents. Due to its strong electrophilic properties, it is highly reactive, readily undergoes polymerization, and can form explosive mixtures in air. It decomposes at temperatures above 150°C to methanol and carbon monoxide. In addition, it is easily photooxidized to carbon dioxide in sunlight.
Pure formaldehyde is produced as a liquid through catalytic oxidation of methanol. This process is carried out in a closed facility and results in a formaldehyde solution in the water together with methanol in various concentrations. This product may be further refined or converted to the paraformaldehyde (polymerized form of formaldehyde) which is in the form of a white powder or flake. Formaldehyde gas is slowly given by paraformaldehyde. Pure formaldehyde is not available commercially, so it is usually transported or stored as a 37% (by weight) aqueous solution, which is known as formalin [1, 2]. The technical (specific) properties of formaldehyde, which must be taken into account during use of it and also appropriate equipment should be used with it, are given in Table 1.
Formaldehyde (CH2O) | |
---|---|
IUPAC name | Methanal |
Chemical name | Formaldehyde, methylene oxide, oxymethylene, methyl aldehyde, oxomethane, formic aldehyde |
Chemical formula | CH2O (HCHO) |
Molecular weight | 30.026 g/mol |
Color | Clear, colorless liquid |
Density | 0.8153 g/cm3 (−20°C) |
Melting point | 93–96°C (at 37% concentration) |
Boiling point | −15°C (at 37% concentration) |
Physical and chemical properties of formaldehyde.
The most common methods for formaldehyde detection are based on spectrophotometry. Besides spectrophotometric ways other methods such as high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, colorimetry, infrared detection, fluorimetry, polarography, and gas detector tubes are also used. Organic and inorganic chemicals, such as sulfur dioxide, other aldehydes, and amines, can interfere with these detection methods. The most sensitive of these methods is flow injection, which has a detection limit of 9 ppt (0.011 μg/m3) and is high-performance liquid chromatography, which offers a detection limit of 0.0017 ppm (0.002 mg/m3) [3, 4].
Formaldehyde is found in small quantities in every human cell because it is taken from outside the organism or it is derived from the metabolism of serine, glycine, choline, and methionine [5, 6]. Formaldehyde is excreted from the body through urine and stool, by metabolizing formic acid catalyzed formaldehyde dehydrogenase (FDH) enzyme in the liver and erythrocytes, or excreted through respiration by converting to carbon dioxide [7, 8, 9]. Formaldehyde tends to combine strongly with protein, nucleic acids, and unsaturated fatty acids in a nonenzymatic way. This combination causes cytotoxicity, inflammatory reaction, necrosis, allergy, and mutagenic effect to be seen by producing denaturation in proteins. In addition, formaldehyde shows antimicrobial activity and function detection in tissues that have lost their vitality [7, 10, 11].
Formaldehyde is a chemical that is widely used due to its chemical properties and is also found in the natural structure of the organism. It is particularly important in the chemical industry because formaldehyde is an inexpensive starting material for a number of chemical reactions. It is used in the industrial field in the construction of plywood, chipboard, insulation materials, paint and plastic materials, textile industry, carpets, furniture, wall coverings, and household cleaning products [7, 12].
Formaldehyde is used in the storage of biological samples and mummification as it hardens proteins and prevents them from decomposition. Also, it is used as disinfectant because it kills insects and many microorganisms [13]. Formaldehyde, which has an important place in the field of medicine, is used in the anatomy laboratory for the determination of the cadaver and its long-term storage without decomposition and used in histology and pathology laboratories during the fixation stage of tissues. It is benefited from formaldehyde for the structure of coatings in dentistry, in the clinic for the treatment of persistent cystitis, and as a preservative in some drugs. In addition, the solution used in hemodialysis unit contains formalin [1, 14, 15, 16].
The use of formaldehyde in medical and other fields is 1.5% of the total production compared with its use in the manufacture of synthetic resins and chemical compounds. However, its use in these areas has great significance for human beings, because it can reach many people by means of various consumer goods. These products containing formaldehyde in medicinal and other technical areas are listed in Table 2 [7].
Area | Use |
---|---|
Agriculture | Preservation of grain, seed dressing, soil disinfection, rot protection of feed, nitrogen fertilizer in soils, and protection of dietary protein in ruminants (animal nutrition) |
Cleaning agent industry | Preservative in soaps, detergents, and cleaning agents against microbial contamination |
Cosmetics industry | Preservative in soaps, deodorants, shampoos, etc. against microbial contamination; additive in nail hardeners, products for oral hygiene, makeup, hand cream, and shaving cream; and plant and equipment sanitation |
Food industry | Preservation of dried foods, disinfection of containers, and preservation of fish and certain oils and fats, modifying starch for cold swelling |
Leather industry | Additive to tanning agents |
Medicine | Disinfection, sterilization, and preservation of preparations |
Metal industry | Anticorrosive agent; vehicle in vapor depositing and electroplating processes |
Petroleum industry | Biocide in oil well-drilling fluids and auxiliary agent in refining |
Photographic industry | Developing accelerator and hardener for gelatin layers |
Rubber industry | Biocide for latex, adhesive additive, and anti-oxidizer additive also for synthetic rubber |
Sugar industry | Infection inhibitor in producing juices |
Textile industry | Formaldehyde-releasing agentsa provide crease resistance, dimensional stability, and flame retardance and binders in textile printing |
Wood industry | Preservative |
Use of products containing formaldehyde in medicinal and other technical areas.
Some preservatives are formaldehyde releasers. Formaldehyde release upon decomposition depends mainly on the temperature and pH. Industrial and household cleaning agents, soaps, shampoos, paints/lacquers, and cutting fluids have formed the most common product categories for formaldehyde releasers. The three most common recorded formaldehyde release agents are bromonitropropanediol, bromonitrodioxane, and 2-chloroallylhexaminium chloride [17].
Formaldehyde contains significant harm to human health as well as widespread use. Formaldehyde has a sharp odor that can be detectable at low concentrations, and its vapor and solutions are known as skin and eye irritants in human beings. The common effects of formaldehyde exposure are various symptoms caused by irritation of the mucosa in the eyes and upper respiratory tract.
Formaldehyde is classified by the International Cancer Research Institute as a Group 2A carcinogenic agent in 1995. As a result of the studies, formaldehyde is reported to contribute to the development of cancer of the nose and upper respiratory tract and skin cancer [18, 19].
OSHA has identified 52 professions that are risky in terms of formaldehyde exposure. The most frequently studied groups were the ones who were at risk for the effect of formaldehyde, which are listed below:
Workers working at the production stage of formaldehyde-containing compounds
Industry workers working in formaldehyde-containing products and adhesives (furniture and goods produced from the chipboard, MDF, plywood, varnish, lacquer, fire retardants, etc.)
Workers in traffic or garages
Anatomy, pathology, and histology laboratory staff (medicine and veterinary)
Those who sterilize dialysis equipment and other medical supplies— dentists and nurses,
Foundry employees
Workers in paper, paper products, and recycling [20, 21, 22].
Research on persons working in industrial areas where formaldehyde production is performed or used showed that there is an increase in the number of people dying from brain cancer, blood cancer, and colon cancer compared to the normal population [2, 13]. Furthermore, the use of formaldehyde-containing products in homes and workplaces in daily life (wall paint, furniture, lacquer coatings, deodorants, cleaning products, etc.) and exposure to environmental factors (such as fuel oil and wood burning, exhaust gas, and cigarette smoke) further increase the impact of formaldehyde. It has been shown that formaldehyde, which is emphasized as carcinogenic by experimental studies, has harmful effects on many systems such as the respiratory system, nervous system, and digestive system [1, 7, 23]. Furthermore, it is stated that formaldehyde, which has adverse effects on the reproductive system, causes fertility problems by damaging to germinal cells, disrupts the morphological structure of testicle, and decreases sperm count and serum testosterone levels [24, 25, 26].
Formaldehyde is a genotoxic, mutagenic, teratogenic, embryotoxic, and carcinogenic chemical that includes gene mutations, chromosomal errors, single-chain fractures, sister chromatid exchange, and cell changes [2, 27, 28]. Respiratory system toxicity of formaldehyde occurs even in low concentrations (0.5 ppm). It causes clinical symptoms such as burning sensation in the nose and throat, difficulty of breathing, coughing, and wheezing in acute effects. At higher concentrations, pulmonary edema, inflammation, and pneumonia are developing [2, 11, 12, 29]. It is stated that among workers exposed to formaldehyde, the mortality rate of lung cancer is 30% higher [30, 31].
Formaldehyde has been reported to have toxic effects on the central nervous system, skin, eyes, testes, and menstrual functions as well as the respiratory system [24, 32, 33]. After oral ingestion, formaldehyde produces a local corrosive effect in the upper gastrointestinal system. Necrosis, perforation, and bleeding develop after following symptoms such as nausea, severe diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Then, circulatory failure and severe metabolic acidosis occur and result in death within a few days [1]. In addition, in some studies, it has been stated that formaldehyde inhibits the activity of some enzymes and increases some enzyme activity [13, 34].
Formaldehyde tends to perform toxic effects by combining strongly with DNA, RNA, protein, and unsaturated fatty acids in a nonenzymatic way [10]. The neurotoxicity effects of formaldehyde are shown up in the form of headache, dizziness, depression, insomnia, and loss of appetite, while in long-term exposure, permanent neurotoxicity such as mood disorders, behavioral disorders, and epilepsy occur [32, 35, 36].
Formaldehyde enters to the environment from natural sources (including forest fires) and comes directly from human resources. Formaldehyde occurs naturally in large quantities in the troposphere during the oxidation of hydrocarbons. These hydrocarbons react with OH radicals and ozone forming formaldehyde and/or other aldehydes as intermediates in a series of reactions resulting in the formation of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and water [37, 38]. In addition, terpenes and isoprene spread around by foliage and react with the OH radicals to form formaldehyde as an intermediate product. Because of their short lifetimes, this potentially important formaldehyde source is only important around the vegetation [39].
Human sources of formaldehyde include direct sources such as industrial uses in the field, fuel combustion, and off-gassing from building materials and consumer products. Formaldehyde, although is not present in gasoline, is an incomplete combustion product and consequently is released from internal combustion engines. The formaldehyde amount produced depends mainly on the composition of the fuel, the type of engine, the emission control applied, the operating temperature, and the age and condition of the vehicle being repaired. Therefore, emission rates are variable.
The major man-made sources affecting human beings are in the indoor environment. Primary sources (covering a range of fuels from wood to plastics) include cigarette smoke, chipboard and plywood, wood-burning stoves, fireplaces, furnaces, power plants, agricultural burns, furniture and fabrics, waste incinerators, gas from by heating systems, and cooking [40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47].
Furniture made from wood materials are widely used in indoor and outdoor living spaces. Depending on the developments in the glue sector, the rate of using synthetic materials in the furniture industry is increasing. This situation brings with it air pollution. Urea-formaldehyde (UF) glue, which is the most widely used adhesive for wood paneling and furniture production around the world, is one of the most common contaminants in indoor environments. For this reason, formaldehyde can be found in our daily indoor areas, in homes and in offices. Formaldehyde release value can be increased by increasing the ambient temperature and humidity. The formaldehyde level should normally be below 0.03 ppm in indoor environments. The level at which symptoms occurred was determined as 0.10–1.1 ppm range [18, 48].
Therefore, the indoor formaldehyde levels are clearly different from the concentrations in the outdoor air. Temperature, humidity, ventilation rate, age of the building, product usage, the presence of combustion sources, and the smoking habits of occupants affect indoor formaldehyde concentrations.
As a result, since formaldehyde has a harmful and even toxic effect on many tissues and organs in the body, it is necessary to keep the formaldehyde concentration below the 0.3 ppm level, which is the permitted limit in formaldehyde-working environments.
In macroscopic anatomy laboratories where formaldehyde is used more frequently, some precautions should be taken to prevent the harmful effects of formaldehyde. For this purpose, a sufficient concentration of 10% should not be exceeded for the determination of a suitable tissue. Materials waiting for detection should be closed in a way that does not contain air. The area in which the macroscopic examination is performed must be equipped to remove the formaldehyde vapor immediately from the environment. Laboratory personnel with chronic conjunctivitis and upper and lower respiratory diseases are removed from this environment until they are completely passed. The contact times of formaldehyde should be reduced as much as possible by providing appropriate conversions between laboratory personnel.
In addition, employees should be trained on environmental risk factors, toxic chemicals and protection from risk factors, and the use of gloves and masks, and it is also necessary to identify and map important emission areas and operations and to arrange/adjust the existing equipment [28, 49, 50]. Measures to be taken to against emission sources include increased ventilation, treatment of cadavers, and tissues with ammonium chloride in anatomy laboratories [51], covering machines, the use of local exhaust systems [52], and improvement of general ventilation [53]. Taking these measures in environments exposed to formaldehyde is necessary to reduce the exposure and minimize the health effects that may occur.
In spite of all these harmful effects, formaldehyde is still in use all over the world because of its cheap and good detection solution.
Unsubscribe unsuccessful, no matching records found in our database.
",metaTitle:"Unsubscribe Unsuccessful",metaDescription:"Unsubscribe unsuccessful, no matching records found in our database.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/unsubscribe-unsuccessful",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":""}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:""}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5698},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5172},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1689},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10244},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:888},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15650}],offset:12,limit:12,total:117315},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"20"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10206",title:"Terahertz Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2cdb79bf6297623f1d6202ef11f099c4",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Borwen You and Dr. Ja-Yu Lu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10206.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"191131",title:"Dr.",name:"Borwen",surname:"You",slug:"borwen-you",fullName:"Borwen You"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10575",title:"Magnetic Skyrmions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d93d7485e8a6a30d9e069aed78fdb355",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Dipti Ranjan Sahu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10575.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"251855",title:"Prof.",name:"Dipti Ranjan",surname:"Sahu",slug:"dipti-ranjan-sahu",fullName:"Dipti Ranjan Sahu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10675",title:"Hydrostatics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c86c2fa9f835d4ad5e7efd8b01921866",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10675.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10957",title:"Liquid Crystals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b8dac1788dc54d12f8fc3d94a7e3e338",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/cover.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:56},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7802",title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9961",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Methods, Applications and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed79fb6364f2caf464079f94a0387146",slug:"data-mining-methods-applications-and-systems",bookSignature:"Derya Birant",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9961.jpg",editors:[{id:"15609",title:"Dr.",name:"Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Birant",slug:"derya-birant",fullName:"Derya Birant"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8686",title:"Direct Torque Control Strategies of Electrical Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ad22b14db2b8450228545d3d4f6b1a",slug:"direct-torque-control-strategies-of-electrical-machines",bookSignature:"Fatma Ben Salem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8686.jpg",editors:[{id:"295623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salem",slug:"fatma-ben-salem",fullName:"Fatma Ben Salem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9839",title:"Outdoor Recreation",subtitle:"Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5a0d64267e32567daffa5b0c6a6972",slug:"outdoor-recreation-physiological-and-psychological-effects-on-health",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9839.jpg",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde G.",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-g.-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde G. Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5143},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9279",title:"Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bfa87f9b627a5468b7c1e30b0eea07a",slug:"concepts-applications-and-emerging-opportunities-in-industrial-engineering",bookSignature:"Gary Moynihan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9279.jpg",editors:[{id:"16974",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Moynihan",slug:"gary-moynihan",fullName:"Gary Moynihan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7807",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05c608b9271cc2bc711f4b28748b247b",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",bookSignature:"Süleyman Davut Göker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7807.jpg",editors:[{id:"190035",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Süleyman Davut",middleName:null,surname:"Göker",slug:"suleyman-davut-goker",fullName:"Süleyman Davut Göker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9569",title:"Methods in Molecular Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"691d3f3c4ac25a8093414e9b270d2843",slug:"methods-in-molecular-medicine",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9839",title:"Outdoor Recreation",subtitle:"Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5a0d64267e32567daffa5b0c6a6972",slug:"outdoor-recreation-physiological-and-psychological-effects-on-health",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde G.",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-g.-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde G. Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7802",title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8063",title:"Food Security in Africa",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8cbf3d662b104d19db2efc9d59249efc",slug:"food-security-in-africa",bookSignature:"Barakat Mahmoud",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8063.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92016",title:"Dr.",name:"Barakat",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud",slug:"barakat-mahmoud",fullName:"Barakat Mahmoud"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10118",title:"Plant Stress Physiology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c68b09d2d2634fc719ae3b9a64a27839",slug:"plant-stress-physiology",bookSignature:"Akbar Hossain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10118.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"280755",title:"Dr.",name:"Akbar",middleName:null,surname:"Hossain",slug:"akbar-hossain",fullName:"Akbar Hossain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9961",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Methods, Applications and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed79fb6364f2caf464079f94a0387146",slug:"data-mining-methods-applications-and-systems",bookSignature:"Derya Birant",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9961.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15609",title:"Dr.",name:"Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Birant",slug:"derya-birant",fullName:"Derya Birant"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8686",title:"Direct Torque Control Strategies of Electrical Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ad22b14db2b8450228545d3d4f6b1a",slug:"direct-torque-control-strategies-of-electrical-machines",bookSignature:"Fatma Ben Salem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"295623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salem",slug:"fatma-ben-salem",fullName:"Fatma Ben Salem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"754",title:"Optical Engineering",slug:"optical-engineering",parent:{title:"Electrical and Electronic Engineering",slug:"electrical-and-electronic-engineering"},numberOfBooks:22,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:677,numberOfWosCitations:1213,numberOfCrossrefCitations:566,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1187,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"optical-engineering",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"5074",title:"Some Advanced Functionalities of Optical Amplifiers",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7c7a6a4771c3ed374faf640de9d0ba50",slug:"some-advanced-functionalities-of-optical-amplifiers",bookSignature:"Sisir Kumar Garai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5074.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"113477",title:"Dr.",name:"Sisir",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Garai",slug:"sisir-garai",fullName:"Sisir Garai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4607",title:"Optoelectronics",subtitle:"Materials and Devices",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e72724ec0d3faf1ec705cb92fa03c32",slug:"optoelectronics-materials-and-devices",bookSignature:"Sergei L. Pyshkin and John Ballato",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4607.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"43016",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergei",middleName:"L.",surname:"Pyshkin",slug:"sergei-pyshkin",fullName:"Sergei Pyshkin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4506",title:"Advances in Optical Fiber Technology",subtitle:"Fundamental Optical Phenomena and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9db9536cfa0ac3a32647a40c763b0b2d",slug:"advances-in-optical-fiber-technology-fundamental-optical-phenomena-and-applications",bookSignature:"Moh Yasin, Hamzah Arof and Sulaiman Wadi Harun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4506.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"294347",title:"Dr.",name:"Moh",middleName:null,surname:"Yasin",slug:"moh-yasin",fullName:"Moh Yasin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4494",title:"Advances in Optical Communication",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8cd5ba4d56db55598d255b1d4f9e9519",slug:"advances-in-optical-communication",bookSignature:"Narottam Das",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4494.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15357",title:"Dr.",name:"Narottam",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"narottam-das",fullName:"Narottam Das"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3849",title:"Optical Sensors",subtitle:"New Developments and Practical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"951a7c0782d0f39b6aeef2c4a7b89846",slug:"optical-sensors-new-developments-and-practical-applications",bookSignature:"Mohamad Yasin, Sulaiman Wadi Harun and Hamzah Arof",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3849.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"294347",title:"Dr.",name:"Moh",middleName:null,surname:"Yasin",slug:"moh-yasin",fullName:"Moh Yasin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3360",title:"Current Developments in Optical Fiber Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"834b9a9593a62b116d2101815fd94dd3",slug:"current-developments-in-optical-fiber-technology",bookSignature:"Sulaiman Wadi Harun and Hamzah Arof",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3360.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"17617",title:"Dr.",name:"Sulaiman Wadi",middleName:null,surname:"Harun",slug:"sulaiman-wadi-harun",fullName:"Sulaiman Wadi Harun"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2992",title:"Current Trends in Short- and Long-period Fiber Gratings",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ea3b8fc542d07312526928ba5bac062",slug:"current-trends-in-short-and-long-period-fiber-gratings",bookSignature:"Christian Cuadrado-Laborde",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2992.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29543",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:"A",surname:"Cuadrado-Laborde",slug:"christian-cuadrado-laborde",fullName:"Christian Cuadrado-Laborde"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2196",title:"Organic Light Emitting Devices",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0752ca9019b034c7493b2c793e4e0cc",slug:"organic-light-emitting-devices",bookSignature:"Jai Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2196.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"148578",title:"Prof.",name:"Jai",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"jai-singh",fullName:"Jai Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3068",title:"Solutions and Applications of Scattering, Propagation, Radiation and Emission of Electromagnetic Waves",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed32f8b9c79742d8ba52a7546781b4fb",slug:"solutions-and-applications-of-scattering-propagation-radiation-and-emission-of-electromagnetic-waves",bookSignature:"Ahmed Kishk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3068.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73920",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:"A",surname:"Kishk",slug:"ahmed-kishk",fullName:"Ahmed Kishk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2478",title:"Optical Communication",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8af14196b5429d6bf9fcb7db0a39199",slug:"optical-communication",bookSignature:"Narottam Das",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2478.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15357",title:"Dr.",name:"Narottam",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"narottam-das",fullName:"Narottam Das"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1383",title:"Laser Scanner Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"771c3069cd4dc6212513566bc71c2e5e",slug:"laser-scanner-technology",bookSignature:"J. Apolinar Munoz Rodriguez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1383.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108690",title:"Dr.",name:"J. Apolinar",middleName:null,surname:"Munoz Rodriguez",slug:"j.-apolinar-munoz-rodriguez",fullName:"J. Apolinar Munoz Rodriguez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1502",title:"Selected Topics on Optical Amplifiers in Present Scenario",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fd2ecaaacdf0728e8f8af28d899ca791",slug:"selected-topics-on-optical-amplifiers-in-present-scenario",bookSignature:"Sisir Kumar Garai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1502.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"113477",title:"Dr.",name:"Sisir",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Garai",slug:"sisir-garai",fullName:"Sisir Garai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:22,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"8446",doi:"10.5772/39538",title:"2 µm Laser Sources and Their Possible Applications",slug:"2-m-laser-sources-and-their-possible-applications",totalDownloads:11307,totalCrossrefCites:97,totalDimensionsCites:141,book:{slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",fullTitle:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics"},signatures:"Karsten Scholle, Samir Lamrini, Philipp Koopmann and Peter Fuhrberg",authors:[{id:"4951",title:"Dr.",name:"Karsten",middleName:null,surname:"Scholle",slug:"karsten-scholle",fullName:"Karsten Scholle"},{id:"133366",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"Lamrini",slug:"samir-lamrini",fullName:"Samir Lamrini"},{id:"133370",title:"Prof.",name:"Philipp",middleName:null,surname:"Koopmann",slug:"philipp-koopmann",fullName:"Philipp Koopmann"},{id:"133371",title:"Mr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Fuhrberg",slug:"peter-fuhrberg",fullName:"Peter Fuhrberg"}]},{id:"44684",doi:"10.5772/54682",title:"A Guide to Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors",slug:"a-guide-to-fiber-bragg-grating-sensors",totalDownloads:5008,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:46,book:{slug:"current-trends-in-short-and-long-period-fiber-gratings",title:"Current Trends in Short- and Long-period Fiber Gratings",fullTitle:"Current Trends in Short- and Long-period Fiber Gratings"},signatures:"Marcelo M. Werneck, Regina C. S. B. Allil,\nBessie A. Ribeiro and Fábio V. B. de Nazaré",authors:[{id:"37623",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcelo",middleName:"M",surname:"Werneck",slug:"marcelo-werneck",fullName:"Marcelo Werneck"},{id:"61263",title:"Dr.",name:"Regina",middleName:"Célia",surname:"Allil",slug:"regina-allil",fullName:"Regina Allil"},{id:"167291",title:"MSc.",name:"Bessie",middleName:null,surname:"Ribeiro",slug:"bessie-ribeiro",fullName:"Bessie Ribeiro"},{id:"167292",title:"D.Sc.",name:"Fábio",middleName:"V. B. De",surname:"Nazaré",slug:"fabio-nazare",fullName:"Fábio Nazaré"}]},{id:"29105",doi:"10.5772/27304",title:"Synthesis of Two-Frequency Symmetrical Radiation and Its Application in Fiber Optical Structures Monitoring",slug:"synthesis-of-two-frequency-symmetrical-radiation-and-its-application-in-fiber-optical-structures-mon",totalDownloads:1727,totalCrossrefCites:25,totalDimensionsCites:35,book:{slug:"fiber-optic-sensors",title:"Fiber Optic Sensors",fullTitle:"Fiber Optic Sensors"},signatures:"Oleg Morozov, German Il’in, Gennady Morozov and Tagir Sadeev",authors:[{id:"69648",title:"Prof.",name:"Oleg",middleName:null,surname:"Morozov",slug:"oleg-morozov",fullName:"Oleg Morozov"},{id:"71962",title:"Prof.",name:"Gennady",middleName:null,surname:"Morozov",slug:"gennady-morozov",fullName:"Gennady Morozov"},{id:"71964",title:"Dr.",name:"Tagir",middleName:null,surname:"Sadeev",slug:"tagir-sadeev",fullName:"Tagir Sadeev"},{id:"120647",title:"Prof.",name:"German",middleName:null,surname:"Il'In",slug:"german-il'in",fullName:"German Il'In"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"44684",title:"A Guide to Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors",slug:"a-guide-to-fiber-bragg-grating-sensors",totalDownloads:5008,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:46,book:{slug:"current-trends-in-short-and-long-period-fiber-gratings",title:"Current Trends in Short- and Long-period Fiber Gratings",fullTitle:"Current Trends in Short- and Long-period Fiber Gratings"},signatures:"Marcelo M. Werneck, Regina C. S. B. Allil,\nBessie A. Ribeiro and Fábio V. B. de Nazaré",authors:[{id:"37623",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcelo",middleName:"M",surname:"Werneck",slug:"marcelo-werneck",fullName:"Marcelo Werneck"},{id:"61263",title:"Dr.",name:"Regina",middleName:"Célia",surname:"Allil",slug:"regina-allil",fullName:"Regina Allil"},{id:"167291",title:"MSc.",name:"Bessie",middleName:null,surname:"Ribeiro",slug:"bessie-ribeiro",fullName:"Bessie Ribeiro"},{id:"167292",title:"D.Sc.",name:"Fábio",middleName:"V. B. De",surname:"Nazaré",slug:"fabio-nazare",fullName:"Fábio Nazaré"}]},{id:"8446",title:"2 µm Laser Sources and Their Possible Applications",slug:"2-m-laser-sources-and-their-possible-applications",totalDownloads:11307,totalCrossrefCites:97,totalDimensionsCites:141,book:{slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",fullTitle:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics"},signatures:"Karsten Scholle, Samir Lamrini, Philipp Koopmann and Peter Fuhrberg",authors:[{id:"4951",title:"Dr.",name:"Karsten",middleName:null,surname:"Scholle",slug:"karsten-scholle",fullName:"Karsten Scholle"},{id:"133366",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"Lamrini",slug:"samir-lamrini",fullName:"Samir Lamrini"},{id:"133370",title:"Prof.",name:"Philipp",middleName:null,surname:"Koopmann",slug:"philipp-koopmann",fullName:"Philipp Koopmann"},{id:"133371",title:"Mr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Fuhrberg",slug:"peter-fuhrberg",fullName:"Peter Fuhrberg"}]},{id:"8431",title:"Bismuth-doped Silica Fiber Amplifier",slug:"bismuth-doped-silica-fiber-amplifier",totalDownloads:3268,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",fullTitle:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics"},signatures:"Young-Seok Seo and Yasushi Fujimoto",authors:[{id:"4778",title:"Researcher",name:"Young-Seok",middleName:null,surname:"Seo",slug:"young-seok-seo",fullName:"Young-Seok Seo"},{id:"4885",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasushi",middleName:null,surname:"Fujimoto",slug:"yasushi-fujimoto",fullName:"Yasushi Fujimoto"}]},{id:"8441",title:"Magneto-Optical Devices for Optical Integrated Circuits",slug:"magneto-optical-devices-for-optical-integrated-circuits",totalDownloads:5805,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",fullTitle:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics"},signatures:"Vadym Zayets and Koji Ando",authors:[{id:"4688",title:"Dr.",name:"Vadym",middleName:null,surname:"Zayets",slug:"vadym-zayets",fullName:"Vadym Zayets"},{id:"133363",title:"Prof.",name:"Koji",middleName:null,surname:"Ando",slug:"koji-ando",fullName:"Koji Ando"}]},{id:"47457",title:"Multi-User Visible Light Communications",slug:"multi-user-visible-light-communications",totalDownloads:2531,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"advances-in-optical-communication",title:"Advances in Optical Communication",fullTitle:"Advances in Optical Communication"},signatures:"Oswaldo González, Marcos F. Guerra Medina and Inocencio R.\nMartín",authors:[{id:"143544",title:"Dr.",name:"Oswaldo",middleName:null,surname:"González",slug:"oswaldo-gonzalez",fullName:"Oswaldo González"},{id:"171546",title:"Mr.",name:"Marcos F.",middleName:null,surname:"Guerra Medina",slug:"marcos-f.-guerra-medina",fullName:"Marcos F. Guerra Medina"},{id:"172973",title:"Dr.",name:"Inocencio R.",middleName:null,surname:"Martín",slug:"inocencio-r.-martin",fullName:"Inocencio R. Martín"}]},{id:"45075",title:"Smart Technical Textiles Based on Fiber Optic Sensors",slug:"smart-technical-textiles-based-on-fiber-optic-sensors",totalDownloads:3943,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"current-developments-in-optical-fiber-technology",title:"Current Developments in Optical Fiber Technology",fullTitle:"Current Developments in Optical Fiber Technology"},signatures:"Katerina Krebber",authors:[{id:"158312",title:"Dr.",name:"Katerina",middleName:null,surname:"Krebber",slug:"katerina-krebber",fullName:"Katerina Krebber"}]},{id:"8444",title:"Optical Deposition of Carbon Nanotubes for Fiber-based Device Fabrication",slug:"optical-deposition-of-carbon-nanotubes-for-fiber-based-device-fabrication",totalDownloads:3469,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:11,book:{slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",fullTitle:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics"},signatures:"Ken Kashiwagi and Shinji Yamashita",authors:[{id:"5133",title:"Dr.",name:"Ken",middleName:null,surname:"Kashiwagi",slug:"ken-kashiwagi",fullName:"Ken Kashiwagi"},{id:"38416",title:"Mr.",name:"Shinji",middleName:null,surname:"Yamashita",slug:"shinji-yamashita",fullName:"Shinji Yamashita"}]},{id:"8425",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",totalDownloads:4480,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:11,book:{slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",fullTitle:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics"},signatures:"Bishnu Pal",authors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",middleName:"P",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}]},{id:"8427",title:"Nonlinear Properties of Chalcogenide Glass Fibers",slug:"nonlinear-properties-of-chalcogenide-glass-fibers",totalDownloads:4934,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:22,book:{slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",fullTitle:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics"},signatures:"Jas S. Sanghera, L. Brandon Shaw, C. M. Florea, P. Pureza, V. Q. Nguyen, F. Kung, Dan Gibson and I. D. Aggarwal",authors:[{id:"5111",title:"Dr.",name:"Jasbinder",middleName:null,surname:"Sanghera",slug:"jasbinder-sanghera",fullName:"Jasbinder Sanghera"},{id:"133867",title:"Dr.",name:"Brandon",middleName:null,surname:"Shaw",slug:"brandon-shaw",fullName:"Brandon Shaw"},{id:"133868",title:"Dr.",name:"Catalin",middleName:null,surname:"Florea",slug:"catalin-florea",fullName:"Catalin Florea"},{id:"133872",title:"Prof.",name:"Gam",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",slug:"gam-nguyen",fullName:"Gam Nguyen"},{id:"133876",title:"Dr.",name:"Ishwar",middleName:null,surname:"Aggarwal",slug:"ishwar-aggarwal",fullName:"Ishwar Aggarwal"}]},{id:"8442",title:"Tunable Hollow Optical Waveguide and Its Applications",slug:"tunable-hollow-optical-waveguide-and-its-applications",totalDownloads:3734,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",fullTitle:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics"},signatures:"Mukesh Kumar, Toru Miura, Yasuki Sakurai and Fumio Koyama",authors:[{id:"63461",title:"Dr.",name:"Mukesh",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"mukesh-kumar",fullName:"Mukesh Kumar"},{id:"133388",title:"Prof.",name:"Toru",middleName:null,surname:"Miura",slug:"toru-miura",fullName:"Toru Miura"},{id:"133402",title:"Prof.",name:"Yasuki",middleName:null,surname:"Sakurai",slug:"yasuki-sakurai",fullName:"Yasuki Sakurai"},{id:"133404",title:"Prof.",name:"Fumio",middleName:null,surname:"Koyama",slug:"fumio-koyama",fullName:"Fumio Koyama"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"optical-engineering",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/84222/mona-shokair",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"84222",slug:"mona-shokair"},fullPath:"/profiles/84222/mona-shokair",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()