\r\n\tThis book chapter’s main theme will be focused on transmission dynamics, pathogenesis, mechanisms of host interaction and response, epigenetics and markers, molecular diagnosis, RNA interacting proteins, RNA binding proteins, advanced development of tools for diagnosis, possible development of concepts for vaccines and anti drugs for RNA viruses, immunological mechanisms, treatment, prevention and control. \r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-80355-667-3",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-666-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-668-0",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"52f8a3a1486912beae40b34ac557fed3",bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg",keywords:"HIV, Dengue, Zika, West Nile Virus, Chikungunya, Rabies, SARS-CoV2, MERS-CoV, Hanta Virus, Influenza, Whole Genome Sequencing, DNA Sequencing",numberOfDownloads:217,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 4th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 1st 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 31st 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 21st 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 20th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"9 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Shah obtained his Ph.D. degree in Veterinary Medicine from Hokkaido University, Japan. He was awarded the Young Science and Technology Award from the Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) in 2019. His research interests include infectious diseases, zoonotic infectious diseases, and vector-borne diseases.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/278914/images/system/278914.jpg",biography:"Dr. Yogendra Shah is a consultant microbiologist/virologist, senior research microbiologist, and lecturer at Seti Provincial Hospital, COVID-19 PCR laboratory, National Zoonoses and Food Hygiene Research Center, and Kathmandu College of Science and Technology, Nepal. He obtained a Ph.D. in Veterinary Medicine (Bacteriology) from the Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan, in 2017. His research focuses on better understanding the molecular epidemiological features/transmission dynamics of infectious diseases and zoonotic infectious diseases in Nepal by employing molecular techniques like ELISA, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and DNA sequencing. He was awarded the Young Science and Technology Award from the Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) in 2019. His research interests include infectious diseases, zoonotic infectious diseases, and vector-borne diseases. 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1. Introduction
As one of the most devastating natural events, earthquakes impose economic challenges on communities and governments. The number of human and economic assets at risk is growing as megacities and urban areas develop all over the world. This increasing risk has been plotted in the damage and loss reports after the great earthquakes.
The 1975 Tangshan (China) earthquake killed about 200,000 people. The 1994 Northridge, (USA) earthquake left 57 dead and about 8,700 injured. The country experienced around $42 billion in losses due to it. The 1995 earthquake in Kobe (Japan) caused about 6,000 fatalities and over $120 Billion in economic loss. The August 1996 Izmit (Turkey) earthquake killed 20,000 people and caused $12 billion in economic loss. The 1999 Chi-chi (Taiwan) earthquake caused an estimated $8 billion in loss. The 2006 Gujarat (India) earthquake saw around 18,000 fatalities and 330,000 demolished buildings [1]. The Sichuan (China) earthquake, on May 12th 2008 left 88,000 people dead or missing and nearly 400,000 injured. That earthquake damaged or destroyed millions of homes, leaving five million homeless. It also caused extensive damage to basic infrastructure, including schools, hospitals, roads and water systems. The event cost around $29 billion in direct loss alone [2]. The devastating earthquake of March 2011 with its resulting tsunami along the east coast of Japan is known to be the world\'s most costly earthquake. The World Bank estimated the cost at $235 billion while government estimates reported the number at $305 billion. The event left 8,700 dead and more than 13,000 missing [3].
As has been shown, earthquake events have not only inflicted human and physical damage, they have also been able to cause considerable economic conflict in vulnerable cities and regions. The importance of the economic issues and the consequences of earthquakes attracted the attention of engineers and provided new research and working opportunities for engineers, who up until then had been concerned only with risk reduction options through engineering strategies [4].
Seismic loss estimation is an expertise provided by earthquake engineering and the manner in which it can be employed in the processes of assessing seismic loss and managing the financial and economical risk associated with earthquakes through more beneficial retrofit methods will be discussed. The methodology provides a useful tool for comparing different engineering alternatives from a seismic-risk-point of view based on a Performance Based Earthquake Engineering (PBEE) framework [5]. Next, an outline of the regional economic models employed for the assessment of earthquakes’ impact on economies will be briefly introduced.
1.1. The economic consequences of earthquakes
The economic consequences of earthquakes may occur both before and after the seismic event itself [6]. However, the focus of this chapter will be on those which occur after earthquakes. The consequences and effects of earthquakes may be classified in terms of their primary or direct effects and their secondary or indirect effects. The indirect effects are sometimes referred to by economists as higher-order effects. The primary (direct) effects of an earthquake appear immediately after it as social and physical damage. The secondary (indirect) effects take into account the system-wide impact of flow losses through inter-industry relationships and economic sectors. For example, where damage occurs to a bridge then its inability to serve to passing vehicles is considered a primary or direct loss, while if the flow of the row material to a manufacturing plant in another area is interrupted due to the inability of passing traffic to cross the bridge, the loss due to the business’s interruption in this plant is called secondary or indirect loss. A higher-order effect is another term as an alternative to indirect or secondary effects which has been proposed by economists [7]. These potential effects of earthquakes may be categorized as: "social or human", "physical" and "economic" effects. This is summarized in Table 1 [8].
The term ‘total impact’ accordingly refers to the summation of direct (first-order effects) and indirect losses (higher-order effects). Various economic frameworks have been introduced to assess the higher-order effects of an earthquake.
With a three-sector hypothesis of an economy, it may be demonstrated in terms of a breakdown as three sectors: the primary sector as raw materials, the secondary sector as manufacturing and the tertiary sector as services. The interaction of these sectors after suffering seismic loss and the relative effects on each other requires study through proper economic models.
2. The estimation of seismic loss of structures in the PBEE framework
The PBEE process can be expressed in terms of a four-step analysis, including [9-10]:
Hazard analysis, which results in Intensity Measures (IMs) for the facility under study,
Structural analysis, which gives the Engineering Demand Parameters (EDPs) required for damage analysis,
Damage analysis, which compares the EDPs with the Damage Measure in order to decide for the failure of the facility, and;
Loss Analysis, which evaluates the occurrence of Decision Variables (DVs) due to failures.
Social or human effects
Physical effects
Economic effects
Primary effects (Direct or first-order)
Fatalities Injuries Loss of income or employment opportunities Homelessness
Ground deformation and loss of ground quality Collapse and structural damage to buildings and infrastructure Non-structural damage to buildings and infrastructure (e.g., component damage)
Disruption of business due to damage to industrial plants and equipment Loss of productive work force, through fatalities, injuries and relief efforts Disruption of communications networks Cost of response and relief
Secondary effects (indirect or higher-order)
Disease or permanent disability Psychological impact of injury, Bereavement, shock Loss of social cohesion due to disruption of community Political unrest when government response is perceived as inadequate
Reduction of the seismic capacity of damaged structure which are not repaired Progressive deterioration of damaged buildings and infrastructure which are not repaired
Losses borne by the insurance industry, weakening the insurance market and increasing the premiums Losses of markets and trade opportunities,
Table 1.
Effects from Earthquakes [8]
Considering the results of each step as a conditional event following the previous step and all of the parameters as independent random parameters, the process can be expressed in terms of a triple integral, as shown below, which is an application of the total probability theorem [11]:
vDV=∭GDVDMdGDMEDPdGEDPIM|dλ[IM]E1
\n\t\t\t
The performance of a structural system or lifeline is described by comparing demand and capacity parameters. In earthquake engineering, the excitation, demand and capacity parameters are random variables. Therefore, probabilistic techniques are required in order to estimate the response of the system and provide information about the availability or failure of the facility after loading. The concept is included in the reliability design approach, which is usually employed for this purpose.
2.1. Probabilistic seismic demand analysis through a reliability-based design approach
The reliability of a structural system or lifeline may be referred to as the ability of the system or its components to perform their required functions under stated conditions for a specified period of time. Because of uncertainties in loading and capacity, the subject usually includes probabilistic methods and is often made through indices such as a safety index or the probability of the failure of the structure or lifeline.
2.1.1. Reliability index and failure
To evaluate the seismic performance of the structures, performance functions are defined. Let us assume that z=g(x1, x2, …,xn) is taken as a performance function. As such, failure or damage occurs when z<0. The probability of failure, pf, is expressed as follows:
Pf=P[z<0]
Simply assume that z=EDP-C where EDP stands for Engineering Demand Parameter and C is the seismic capacity of the structure.
Damage or failure in a structural system or lifeline occurs when the Engineering Demand Parameter exceeds the capacity provided. For example, in a bridge structural damage may refer to the unseating of the deck, the development of a plastic hinge at the bottom of piers or damage due to the pounding of the decks to the abutments, etc.
Given that EDP and C are random parameters having the expected or mean values of µEDP and µC and standard deviation of σEDP and σC, the “safety index” or “reliability index”, β, is defined as:
β=μc-μEDPσc2+σEDP2E2
\n\t\t\t\t\t
It has been observed that the random variables such as "EDP" or "C" follow normal or log-normal distribution. Accordingly, the performance function, z, also will follow the same distribution. Accordingly, probability of failure (or damage occurrence) may be expressed as a function of safety index, as follows:
Pf=φ (- β)=1- φ (β)
where φ( ) is a log-normal distribution function.
2.1.2. Engineering demand parameters
The Engineering Demand Parameters describe the response of the structural framing and the non-structural components and contents resulting from earthquake shaking. The parameters are calculated by structural response simulations using the IMs and corresponding earthquake motions. The ground motions should capture the important characteristics of earthquake ground motion which affect the response of the structural framing and non-structural components and building contents. During the loss and risk estimation studies, the EDP with a greater correlation with damage and loss variables must be employed.
The EDPs were categorized in the ATC 58 task report as either direct or processed [9]. Direct EDPs are those calculated directly by analysis or simulation and contribute to the risk assessment through the calculation of P[EDP | IM]; examples of direct EDPs include interstory drift and beam plastic rotation. Processed EDPs - for example, a damage index - are derived from the values of direct EDPs and data on component or system capacities. Processed EDPs could be considered as either EDPs or as Damage Measures (DMs) and, as such, could contribute to risk assessment through P[DM | EDP]. Direct EDPs are usually introduced in codes and design regulations. For example, the 2000 NEHRP Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for Buildings and Other Structures introduces the EDPs presented in Table 2 for the seismic design of reinforced concrete moment frames [12-13]:
Reinforced concrete moment frames
Axial force, bending moment and shear force in columns
Bending moment and shear force in beams
Shear force in beam-column joints
Shear force and bending moments in slabs
Bearing and lateral pressures beneath foundations
Interstory drift (and interstory drift angle)
Table 2.
EDPs required for the seismic design of reinforced concrete moment frames by [12-13]
Processed EDPs are efficient parameters which could serve as a damage index during loss and risk estimation for structural systems and facilities. A Damage Index (DI), as a single-valued damage characteristic, can be considered to be a processed EDP [10]. Traditionally, DIs have been used to express performance in terms of a value between 0 (no damage) and 1 (collapse or an ultimate state). An extension of this approach is the damage spectrum, which takes on values between 0 (no damage) and 1 (collapse) as a function of a period. A detailed summary of the available DIs is available in [14].
Park and Angin [15] developed one of the most widely-known damage indices. The index is a linear combination of structural displacement and hysteretic energy, as shown in the equation:
DI=umaxuc+βEhFyucE3
\n\t\t\t\t\t
where umax and uc are maximum and capacity displacement of the structure, respectively, Eh is the hysteresis energy, Fy is the yielding force and β is a constant.
See Powell and Allahabadi, Fajfar, Mehanny and Deierlein, as well as Bozorgnia and Bertero for more information about other DIs in [16-19].
2.2. Seismic fragility
The seismic fragility of a structure refers to the probability that the Engineering Demand Parameter (EDP) will exceed seismic capacity (C) upon the condition of the occurrence of a specific Intensity Measure (IM). In other words, seismic fragility is probability of failure, Pf, on the condition of the occurrence of a specific intensity measure, as shown below:
Fragility=P [EDP>C|IM]
In a fragility curve, the horizontal axis introduces the IM and the vertical axis corresponds to the probability of failure, Pf. This curve demonstrates how the variation of intensity measure affects the probability of failure of the structure.
Statistical approach, analytical and numerical simulations, and the use of expert opinion provide methods for developing fragility curves.
2.2.1. Statistical approach
With a statistical approach, a sufficient amount of real damage-intensity data after earthquakes is employed to generate the seismic fragility data. As an example, Figure 1 demonstrates the empirical fragility curves for a concrete moment resisting frame, according to the data collected after Northridge earthquake [20].
Figure 1.
Empirical fragility curves for a concrete moment resisting frame building class according to the data collected after the Northridge Earthquake, [20].
2.2.2.. Analytical approach
With an analytical approach, a numerical model of the structure is usually analysed by nonlinear dynamic analysis methods in order to calculate the EDPs and compare the results with the capacity to decide about the failure of the structure. The works in [21-24] are examples of analytical fragility curves for highway bridge structures by Hwang et al. 2001, Choi et al. 2004, Padgett et al., 2008, and Padgett et al 2008.
Figure 2 demonstrates the steps for computing seismic fragility in analytical approach.
Figure 2.
Procedure for generating analytical fragility curves
To overcome the uncertainties in input excitation or the developed model, usually adequate number of records and several numerical models are required so that the dispersion of the calculated data will be limited and acceptable. This is usually elaborating and increases the cost of the generation of fragility data in this approach. Probabilistic demand models are usually one of the outputs of nonlinear dynamic analysis. Probabilistic demand models establish a relationship between the intensity measure and the engineering demand parameter. Bazorro and Cornell proposed the model given below [25]:
EDP-=aIMbE4
where EDP- is the average value of EDP and a and b are constants. The model has the capability to be presented as linear in a logarithmic space such that:
ln(EDP-)=ln(a)+blnIME5
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Assuming a log-normal distribution for fragility values, they are then estimated using the following equation:
PEDP>CIM=∅ln(EDP-c-)βEDPIM2+βc2E6
\n\t\t\t\t\t
The parameter β introduces the dispersion in the resulting data from any calculations. An example of analytical fragility curves for highway bridges is shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Fragility curve for the 602-11 bridge for 4 damage states [21]
2.2.3. Expert opinion approach
Given a lack of sufficient statistical or analytical data, expert opinion provides a valuable source for estimating the probability of the failure of typical or specific buildings for a range of seismic intensity values. The number of experts, their proficiency and the quality of questionnaires, including the questions, their adequacy and coverage, can affect the uncertainty of the approach and its results.
2.3. Seismic risk
The expected risk of a project, assuming that the intensity measure as the seismic hazard parameter is deterministic, is calculated by equation 10, below:
R=PL
where P is the probability of the occurrence of damage and L indicates the corresponding loss. The equation shows that any factor which alters either the probability or the value of the resulted loss affects the related risk. Diverse damage modes and associated loss values, Li (i=1 to a number of probable damage modes), with a different probability of occurrence, Pi, may be envisaged for a structure. The probable risk of the system, R, can be estimated as a summation of the loss of each damage mode:
R=∑PiLi
Loss functions are usually defined as the replacement cost - corresponding to each damage state - versus seismic intensity. The loss associated with each damage mode, presented schematically in Figure 4, is usually collected through questionnaires, statistical data from post-earthquake observations or else calculated through numerical simulations. ATC 13 provides an example of the collection of earthquakes’ structural and human damage and loss data for California [26].
Figure 4.
Seismic loss data
A summary of calculations required for estimating the risk of a project under a specific seismic intensity level may be illustrated by an "event tree" diagram.
3.3.1. Event tree diagram
An Event tree diagram is a useful tool for estimation of the probability of occurrence of damage and corresponding loss in a specific project due to a certain seismic event. The procedure requires information about seismic intensity, probable damage modes, seismic fragility values and the vulnerability and loss function of the facility under study.
As an example, suppose that partial seismic damage, structural collapse, partial fire and extended fire are considered to be the loss-generating consequents of an earthquake for a building. Figures 5 and 6 are the event tree diagrams, which demonstrate the procedure followed to calculate the corresponding risk for the seismic intensity of two levels of PGA=300gal and 500gal. To select the probability of the occurrence of each damage mode, (i.e., the probability of the exceedance of damage states) the fragility curves can be utilized. Each node is allocated to a damage mode. The probability of the incidence or non-incidence of each damage mode is mentioned respectively on the vertical or horizontal branch immediately after each node. The probability of the coincidence of the events at the same root is calculated by multiplying the probability of incidence of the events on the same root. The final total risk, R, is then calculated as the summation of all Ris.
Figure 7.a demonstrates the distribution of risk values for different damage modes. In addition, it can be seen how increasing seismic intensity increased the risk of the project. Figure 7.b shows the distribution of the probability of the occurrence of different loss values and how an increase of seismic intensity from 300gal to 500gal affects it in this structure. As mentioned, the calculations in an event tree diagram are performed for a special level of hazard. The curves present valuable probabilistic data about the points on the seismic loss curve. A seismic loss curve may be developed according to the information from event trees for a range of probable seismic intensities of the site. Figure 8 shows a schematic curve for the seismic loss of a project. The curve is generated by integrating the seismic risk values for each damage mode. It provides helpful data for understanding the contents and elements of the probable loss for each level of earthquake hazard.
The information provided by an event tree simply increases the awareness of engineers and stakeholders about the importance and influence of each damage mode on the seismic risk of the project and demonstrates the distribution of probable loss among them.
Figure 7.
a) Distribution of seismic risk values vs. damage, b) Probability of occurrence vs. probable loss
Figure 8.
Seismic loss curve
The total probable loss calculated by event trees provides valuable information for estimating the annual probable loss of facilities, as shown in the next part.
3. The employment of seismic hazard analysis for the assessment of seismic risk
If the uncertainties in the seismic hazard assessment of a specific site could be avoided, a deterministic approach could provide an easy and rational method for this purpose. However, the nature of a seismic event is such that it usually involves various uncertainty sources, such as the location of the source, the faulting mechanism and the magnitude of the event, etc. The probabilistic seismic hazard analysis offers a useful tool for the assessment of annual norms of seismic loss and risk. [27]
3.1. Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis
In an active area source, k, with a similar seismicity all across it, the seismicity data gives the maximum magnitude of muk and a minimum of mlk and the frequency of the occurrence of vk. Similar assumptions can be extended for a line source from which the Probability Density Function (PDF) of magnitude for a site, fMk(mk), can be constructed, as is schematically demonstrated by Figure 9.a [27].
Figure 9.
Variability of seismic intensity as a function of magnitude and distance
if in the active zone under study, an area or line source can be assumed as a point, the probability density function of the focal distance of the site, x, fXk (xk) can be developed, as schematically demonstrated in Figure 9.b.
3.1.1. Ground motion prediction models
Ground motion prediction models - or attenuation functions - include the gradual degradation of seismic energy passing through a medium of ground up to site. The ground motion prediction models, schematically shown in Figure 10, have been provided according to the statistical data, characteristics of the ground, seismic intensity and distance, etc.
Figure 10.
a) Schematic ground motion prediction models for a site
The ground motion prediction models are usually empirical relations, which do not match the real data exactly. The dispersion between the real data and the empirical attenuation relations may be modelled by a probability density function f(am, x) which shows the distribution density function of intensity a if a seismic event with a magnitude of m occurs at a distance x from the site. Figure 11 shows how f(am, x) changes when an intensity measure a varies.
Figure 11.
Probability of exceedance from a specific intensity using a probability density function
According to the above-mentioned collected data, the annual rate of earthquakes with an intensity (acceleration) larger than a, v(a) can be calculated from the following equation:
Where, PA(amk, xu) stands for the probability of occurrence of an earthquake with an intensity larger than a at a site with an attenuation relation of fA(am,x).
Poison process is usually employed to model the rate of the occurrence of earthquakes within specific duration. For an earthquake with an annual probability of occurrence of (a), the probability of the occurrence of n earthquakes of intensity greater than a within t years is given by:
P(n,t,a)=(v(a)t)nexp(−v(a)t)n!E8
Meanwhile, the annual probability of exceedance from the intensity a, P(a) can be expressed as:
P(a)=1−P(0,1,a)=1−exp(−v(a))E9
\n\t\t\t\t\t
The time interval of earthquakes with an intensity exceeding a is called the return period and is shown as Ta. The parameter can be calculated first knowing that the probability of T is longer than t:
P(T≥t)=P(0,t,a)=exp(−v(a)t)E10
\n\t\t\t\t\t
then the probability distribution function of Ta becomes:
FT(t)=1−P(Ta≥t)=1−exp(−v(a)t)E11
Accordingly, the probability density function of T, fT, is derived by taking a derivation of the above FT function:
fT(t)=v(a)exp(−v(a)t)E12
The return period is known as the mean value of T and can be calculated as:
Ta=E(t)=∫tfTa(t)dt=1/v(a)E13
The probability density function, fA(a), the accumulative probability, FA(a), and the annual probability of exceedance function, P(a), for intensity a (for example PGA), are related to each other, as shown below:
FA(a)=∫−∞afA(a)daE14
\n\t\t\t\t\t
P(a)=∫a∞fA(a)daE15
\n\t\t\t\t\t
P(a)=1−FA(a)E16
\n\t\t\t\t\t
A hazard curve, as shown below, refers to a curve which relates the annual probability of exceedance of an intensity a, P(a), to the intensity value a. Two seismic hazard curves were employed in Figure 12 to schematically demonstrate two sites with relatively low and high seismic hazard.
Figure 12.
Seismic hazard curve. A demonstration of relatively low and high seismic hazard by means of seismic hazard curves
A probabilistic hazard analysis for a site has resulted in the following plots of a probability density function and accumulative distribution.
Figure 13.
Seismic hazard data, a) PDF of intensity, b) cumulative probability of occurrence∫-∞afA(a)da, and c) annual probability of exceedance, where the seismic hazard curve = ∫a+∞fA(a)da
3.2. Annual seismic loss and risk
By applying the data available from seismic hazard and loss curves, an annual seismic risk density and seismic risk curve can be estimated.
A seismic loss curve is a useful tool for comparing the seismic capacity of different facilities. Seismic hazard and loss curves with basic information about the site and facility play a key role in the evaluation of seismic risk assessment and management procedures. The "annual seismic risk density" and "seismic risk" curves constitute two important measures which can be derived from the above data. The steps to obtain annual seismic risk density curves are shown in Figure 14. The probability density function for seismic intensity (e.g., PGA) is found using a seismic hazard curve using equations 18-20. Accordingly, the annual seismic risk density is derived by multiplying this result with the corresponding loss values, as shown in Figure 14.d below [27].
Figure 14.
Generating the annual seismic risk density from seismic hazard and loss curves, a) seismic hazard curve, b) probability density function, c) seismic loss curve and d) annual seismic risk density.
Figure 15.
Seismic risk curve
The seismic risk curve, as shown in Figure 15, is calculated using seismic hazard probability and loss values corresponding to similar intensities.
The seismic risk and annual risk density contain helpful information for risk management efforts. As an example, insurance premiums are calculated using this data for various seismic loss limits which can be decided by the client and insurance company.
4. Regional economic models
Perhaps the most widely used modelling framework is the Input-Output model. The method has been extensively discussed in the literature (for example, in [28-30]). The method is a linear model, which includes purchase and sales between sectors of an economy based on technical relations of production. The method specially focuses on the production interdependencies among the elements and, therefore, is applicable for efficiently exploring how damage in a party or sector may affect the output of the others. HAZUS has employed the model in its indirect loss estimation module [31].
Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) offers a multi-market simulation model based on the simultaneous optimization of behaviour of individual consumers and firms in response to price signals, subject to economic account balances and resource constraints. The nonlinear approach retains many of the advantages of the linear I-O methods and overcomes most of its disadvantages [32].
As the third alternative, econometric models are statistically estimated as simultaneous equation representations of the aggregate workings of an economy. A huge data collection is required for the model and the computation process is usually costly [33].
As another approach, Social Accounting Matrices (SAMs) have been utilized to examine the higher-order effects across different socio-economic agents, activities and factors. Cole, in [34-36], studied the subject using one of the variants of SAM. The SAM approach, like I-O models, has rigid coefficients and tends to provide upper bounds for estimates. On the other hand, the framework can derive the distributional impacts of a disaster in order to evaluate equity considerations for public policies against disasters. A summary of the advantages and disadvantages of the models mentioned has been presented in Table 3 [37].
The economic consequences of earthquakes due to the intensity of the event and the characteristics of the affected structures may be influential on a large-scale economy. As an example, the loss flowing from the March 2011 earthquake and tsunami in east Japan could amount to as much as $235 billion and the effects of the disaster will be felt in economies across East Asia [3]. To study how the damage to an economic sector of society may ripple into other sectors, regional economic models are employed. Several spatial economic models have been applied to study the impacts of disasters. Okuyama and Chang, in [30], summarized the experiences about the applications of the three main models - namely Input-Output, Social Accounting and Compatible General Equilibrium - to handle the impact of disaster on socio-economic systems, and comprehensively portrayed both their merits and drawbacks. However, they are based on a number of assumptions that are questionable in, for example, seismic catastrophes.
Studies have been recommended to address issues such as double-counting, the response of households and the evaluation of financial situations. According to the National Research Council, \'the core of the problem with the statistically based regional models is that the historical relationship, embodied in these models, is likely to be disrupted in a natural disaster. In short, regional economic models have been developed over time primarily to forecast future economic conditions or to estimate the effects of a permanent change (e.g., the opening or closing of a manufacturing plant). The random nature and abruptness of a natural disaster do not fit the event pattern upon which regional economic models are based [38].
Strengths
Weaknesses
IO
- simple structure - detailed inter-industry linkages - wide range of analytical techniques available - easily modified and integrated with other models
- linear structure - rigid coefficients - no supply capacity constraint - no response to price change - overestimation of impact
SAM
- more detailed interdependency among activities, factors and institutions - wide range of analytical techniques available - used widely for development studies
- linear structure - rigid coefficients - no supply capacity constraint - no response to price change - data requirement - overestimation of impact
CGE
- non-linear structure - able to respond to price change - able to cooperate with substitution - able to handle supply capacity constraints
- too flexible to handle changes - data requirement and calibration - optimization behaviour under disaster -underestimation of impact
Econometrics
- statistically rigorous - stochastic estimate - able to forecast over time
- data requirement (time series and cross section) - total impact rather than direct and higher-order - order of impacts distinguished
Table 3.
The advantages and disadvantages of the regional economic models for a seismic impact assessment [37]
Yamano et al., in [39], examined the economic impacts of natural disasters using the originally estimated finer geographical scale production datasets and the redefined interregional input–output table. For more effective estimates of the direct losses of the disasters, the precise geographical information of industrial distribution was required because most of the economic data was published according to political boundaries, which may be too aggregated to provide practical information for disaster preventions and retrofit policies. The direct losses were captured by the output data at the district level (500square meters) by sector and population density. The map of economic hotspots was obtained after estimating the economic importance of each district. They showed that the advantages of finer geographical scale datasets and the total economic losses are not proportional to the distributions of the population and industrial activities. In other words, the disaster prevention and retrofit policies have to consider the higher-order effects in order to reduce the total economic loss [39].
It has been shown that in having both virtues and limitations, these alternate I-O, CGE or econometric frameworks may be chosen according to various considerations, such as data collection/compilation, the expected output, research objectives and costs. Major impediments to analysing a disaster’s impact may involve issues related to data collection and estimation methodologies, the complex nature of a disaster’s impact, an inadequate national capacity to undertake impact assessments and the high frequency of natural disasters.
5. Conclusions
In this chapter, a summary of the methodology for performance-based earthquake engineering and its application in seismic loss estimation was reviewed. Describing the primary and secondary effects of earthquakes, it was mentioned that the loss estimation process for the direct loss estimation of structures consists of four steps, including hazard analysis, structural dynamics analysis, damage analysis and seismic loss analysis. EDPs, as the products of structural dynamic analysis, were explained and the methodologies’ seismic fragility curves were briefly introduced. Employing a probabilistic hazard analysis, the method for deriving the annual probability of seismic risk exceedance and seismic risk curves was presented. Considering the importance of both secondary effects and interactions between different sectors of an economy due to seismic loss, those regional economic models with common application in the evaluation of economic conditions after natural disasters (e.g., earthquakes) were mentioned.
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Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_1_2",title:"1.1. The economic consequences of earthquakes",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3",title:"2. The estimation of seismic loss of structures in the PBEE framework",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.1. Probabilistic seismic demand analysis through a reliability-based design approach",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_3",title:"2.1.1. Reliability index and failure ",level:"3"},{id:"sec_4_3",title:"Table 2.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"2.2. Seismic fragility",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_3",title:"2.2.1. Statistical approach",level:"3"},{id:"sec_7_3",title:"2.2.2.. Analytical approach",level:"3"},{id:"sec_8_3",title:"2.2.3. Expert opinion approach",level:"3"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"2.3. Seismic risk",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_3",title:"3.3.1. Event tree diagram",level:"3"},{id:"sec_13",title:"3. The employment of seismic hazard analysis for the assessment of seismic risk ",level:"1"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"3.1. Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13_3",title:"3.1.1. Ground motion prediction models",level:"3"},{id:"sec_15_2",title:"3.2. Annual seismic loss and risk",level:"2"},{id:"sec_17",title:"4. Regional economic models",level:"1"},{id:"sec_18",title:"5. Conclusions",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'The Third International Workshop on Earthquake and Megacities, Reducing Vulnerability, Increasing Sustainability of the World’s Megacities.Shanghai, China, 2002'},{id:"B2",body:'UNICEF, Sichuan Earthquake One Year Report.May 2009'},{id:"B3",body:'The recent earthquake and Tsunami in Japan: implications for East Asia, World Bank East Asia and pacific Economic Update20111\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B4",body:'Financial Management of Earthquake Risk, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI), May 2000.'},{id:"B5",body:'BerteroR. D.BerteroV. 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1. Introduction
Finland has a long history of using massive wood in construction, starting with thousands of years of log building techniques [1]. Log, which was traditionally carved by hand from single trees, has been the main material of all types of buildings, for example, residences and religious buildings. In the early phases of industrialization, the log was used merely for the construction of sauna huts and summer cottages (Figure 1) [2, 3, 4]. Today’s logs are produced industrially in factories, using sophisticated woodworking machines from glued laminated wood (Figure 2) [5]. Moreover, in the last 10 years, log construction doubled the share of all new prefabricated detached houses sold in Finland [6]. Overall, there is a swift development going on right now, where the use of log construction is growing, and neither the usage context of the logs nor the log itself is the same as in the past [7].
Figure 1.
Log cottage example from Finland (photo courtesy of Lotta Häkkänen).
Figure 2.
A modern log cottage example from Finland (photo courtesy of Lotta Häkkänen).
Finland has been experimenting with wood-frame multi-story construction since the mid-1990s due to industrialized prefabrication of engineered wood products (EWPs) such as CLT, and LVL [8], which allowed the use of wood in large-scale construction, for example, multi-story apartment buildings [9]. Furthermore, as timber construction research has increased in Finland in recent years, the use of EWPs in the construction sector has become gradually more prevalent (e.g., [10, 11, 12]). The most popular way of constructing wooden apartments is to use volumetric elements as compared to load-bearing large elements and post-beam systems [13]. Here, wooden multi-story refers to buildings more than 2-story with a wooden structural frame and, in some cases, with timber facade cladding [14, 15]. Moreover, the Finnish fire code was revised so that residential and office buildings with timber structures and facades could rise to 4-story and then 8-story in 1997 and 2011, respectively [16]. With the revision in 2018, it has become possible to design and construct housing and office buildings with timber structures and facades up to 8-story and, due to functional fire planning, wooden buildings higher than 8-story (e.g., apartments, dormitories, hotels, and offices) are also possible [17]. Currently, there are two wooden tall residential buildings (≥9-story), 14-story Lighthouse Joensuu (2019) with LVL (Figure 3), and 13-story HOAS Tuuliniitty (2021) with CLT (Figure 4).
Figure 3.
Lighthouse Joensuu (photo courtesy of Arcadia).
Figure 4.
HOAS Tuuliniitty (photo by Miika Ullakko, courtesy of Arkkitehti toimisto Jukka Turti ainen/Arkkitehti palvelu Oy).
In line with “Finnish National Energy and Climate Strategy” [18] and “Guidelines on State Aid for Climate, Environmental Protection and Energy 2022” [19], as a reflection of environmentally friendly approaches to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and carbon footprint on the construction industry, the use of wood has become more prevalent, especially by being encouraged by many government-supported institutions, organizations, and regulations in Finland [20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28]. As a result, the search and trend towards innovative and “green” wood products such as adhesive- and metal fastener-free dovetail wood board elements (Figure 5) seem to shape the future of the Finnish construction industry [29, 30].
Figure 5.
Test specimen of adhesive- and metal fastener-free dovetail wood board element (photo by Hüseyin Emre Ilgın).
Overall, this chapter examines massive wood construction in Finland from past, present, and future perspectives. It is thought that this study will assist and guide key professionals in the design and implementation of timber buildings in Finland.
The chapter is structured as follows. The next section presents Finnish massive wood construction by detailing the history of log-based wood construction, the current state of the art, and finally the future of the Finnish wood construction industry. The last section provides our concluding remarks.
2. Massive wood construction in Finland
2.1 Past
The entire Finnish wooden building tradition is based on the use of logs (Figure 6a). The art of building logs has been developing in the northern coniferous region for more than a thousand years. The log structure is a traditional wooden construction method in which load-bearing walls are made of logs. In Finland, logs are usually arranged horizontally and joined by special corner joints (Figure 6) [31]. The horizontal log technique, which resulted in simple rectangular building volumes with scale uniformity relative to the length of the log, has been used in Finland for over a thousand years. Due to the always availability of trees, logs have become a natural building material in Finland.
Figure 6.
Log construction (a) earlier corner detail (photo courtesy of Lotta Häkkänen) and (b) modern corner detail (photo by Hüseyin Emre Ilgın).
In the first decades of the twentieth century, a new American-style lightweight timber-frame construction system began to be used in Finland [32] and log construction was the most used practice for residential buildings until the 1930s before the dominance of the American light frame in Finnish wooden construction industry [33].
In the 1930s, the Finnish forest, used for the paper and timber market, contributed to the industrialization of the country. In this period, when the international style influenced Finnish architects, the Finnish wooden building tradition was heavily applied [34]. Rising labor costs spurred single-home builders to seek alternatives for industrial-scale housing solutions. The American-style urbanization and industrialization at the time gave architects like Alvar Aalto, designing numerous multi-dwelling accommodation facilities, enough inclination to explore possibilities including prefabricated solutions [35]. The focus of the construction was solely derived from natural resources, for example, the abundance of Finnish forests. Single houses were built utilizing massive wood logs harvested directly on the site [36].
In the 1940s, World War II led to a shortage of building materials and a demand for community and residential construction in a timely and cost-effective way. It’s worth noting here that Alvar Aalto’s approach relied on the use of prefabricated elements specifically to maximize Finland’s use of forest resources, as a continuation of the framing system experiment Finland modeled on its previous American predecessor [34]. Nevertheless, despite heavy investments and the overall positive impact of the practice on Finland’s architectural development, adverse weather conditions, and high labor costs resulted in low participation in this practice.
The arrival of wooden facades coincided with the end of World War II. The peculiarities of prefabrication during the war, especially due to the fast pace of construction, cemented the position of this private residential solution in Finnish construction history. Prefabrication provided an effective solution to the population boom, rapid urbanization, and migration from more rural areas to urban centers in Finland. Finnish log construction took on new vitality in the early 1950s, with the industrial production of log houses (Figure 6b). Due to their nail-free structure and good availability of timber, logs were again a beneficial building material, which was mostly used in single-family houses. On the other hand, with the emerging modernist movement internationally, concrete flourished on the construction scene in the late 1960s and became a generally common material for medium to large-scale building designs.
In the early 1990s, Finland started a piloting effort to explore the potential to return to wood construction, which was a background indicator of the relevance of Finnish buildings to traditional Finnish cultural values and the return to deindustrialization. However, although this effort was reflected in several pioneering projects that promoted the validity of wood as the next major building material, it later lost power due to the general economic fluctuation at the national level. Even though the economic boom of the late 1990s greatly boosted development in the construction industry, the American platform framing technique had a chance to enter the timber construction market as the forestry industry did not have a vision of collaborating particularly with architectural and structural designers to compete with concrete practices in Finland.
While the resulting pilot projects were successful, regulatory, and labor issues and logistical challenges combined with the disconnect between engineers and product manufacturers, the forestry industry’s inability to provide the necessary technical assistance towards wood construction standards, and the lack of funding for further research and development, reduced the chance of wood to compete with the mature concrete industry [35].
The second wave of timber booms began in 2011 when an amendment to the Finnish fire code allowed wooden structures and facades to be used in projects, increasing the maximum allowable height of the building for wooden structures to 8-story.
2.2 Present
Regarding the log construction mentioned in the previous section, as is known, traditionally logs have been handcrafted from a single tree trunk, while modern logs are precise industrial products manufactured in plants by bonding together multiple parallels or cross lamellas of timber. As part of the global development of massive wooden construction, the use of industrial log construction has become more and more popular in Finland over the past decade (see Figure 7) [37] such that from just over 10% a decade ago, now about 30% of all new single-family homes have log structure [38].
Figure 7.
A four-story log apartment, Finland (photo by Hüseyin Emre Ilgın).
Recent buildings using industrial logs show that this reputation also applies to larger construction, for example, school campuses (Figure 8). Additionally, in the early 2000s, due to the poor architectural quality of industrially produced log buildings, there were attitudes among designers and construction officials towards the use of logs in urban or suburban contexts, however, particularly in the last decade, the perception that log structures have an untapped potential for architectural expression has positively changed the perspective of professionals [39].
Figure 8.
Pudasjärvi log school campus, Finland (photo by Hüseyin Emre Ilgın).
Wooden multi-story construction has been on the Finnish national policy agenda since the 1990s and there are high expectations for its potential market growth [40]. Additionally, in particular, due to the revision made in the Finnish fire code in 2018, it has been possible to design and construct residences, dormitories, hotels, nursing homes, offices with wooden structural systems up to 8-story, and buildings with more than 8-story, functional fire design analysis is applied in Finland.
Finland has the second-highest proportion of multi-story buildings in Europe after Spain, and about 47% of Finnish housing units are located in multi-story buildings [41]. However, the market share of timber multi-story apartments constructed was only 1% in 2010, and the share increased to 10% by 2015 [42]. By March of 2022, 130 two-story timber apartment buildings have been built in Finland, a total of 4150 apartments [43, 44].
The American platform-frame system, based on floor-by-floor stud frame construction, was mostly used for the construction of Finland’s earliest residential buildings. Nowadays, in Finland, timber apartments are executed with three different structural solutions: a volumetric modular system, a load-bearing large element system, and a post-beam system, and among them, the most popular way of building wooden apartments is to use of volumetric modular element designs based on CLT [45]. On the other hand, these elements can also be applied as a rigid structure. Furthermore, timber-concrete composite board structures are primarily utilized on the intermediate floors due to their advantage in sound insulation.
Besides wooden construction in Finland, interest in high-rise construction has also risen over the past decade, which is mostly related to the urbanization trend in Finnish major cities as in other metropolises of the world [46, 47, 48, 49, 50]. In this sense, multi-story timber construction has been endorsed in Finland since the 1990s [51], and multi-story and tall buildings are considered the biggest opportunity for growth in wooden construction [52] with national policy support [53], as in the 14-story Lighthouse Joensuu (Figure 3) and 13-story HOAS Tuuliniitty (Figure 4), and the 8-story high Puukuokka 1.
On the other hand, due to the separation of the market by construction systems, difficulties arose when potential industry partners tried to enter the market, as the solution for each construction system was often different from the others. This challenge hindered the progress of the industry by discouraging potential competitors. Various strategies have been documented and introduced concerning the current market situation, both from a national programming perspective and as an internal review of possible policies.
Running various programs across the country to focus on the use of natural resources, from micro to macro scale, the Finnish government has been a supporter of the timber industry in general, putting wooden apartments on the national programming agenda. Alongside efforts to standardize construction systems, supporting activities in the industry have been undertaken by individual and government agencies.
Moreover, according to studies such as policy gap analysis of programs promoting the use of timber in construction in the Finnish context [54], the following are considered among the main obstacles and challenges: (i) demand for stricter fire safety measures compared to traditional building materials; (ii) lack of support from municipalities on tenures for new buildings; (iii) different practices and additional fee demands of insurance companies for timber structures; (iv) lack of knowledge about carbon footprint calculation methods, evaluation of operating and maintenance costs; (v) lack of suitable tools for implementing wood construction projects in BIM; (vi) training offer gap causing a shortage of available experts in the field; and (vii) skepticism about the durability of the material.
Overall, in the rapidly and constantly changing building construction industry, sustainable approaches often use specific materials and technologies to support architectural design. These strategies are also significantly influenced by the characteristics of the available market margin. Every major component in the market value chain must be scrutinized to give a healthy impetus to practical and profitable solutions in the industry. While Finland leads the way in joining the world race in environmentally-friendly applications, certain conditions in the Finnish construction sector tend to aggressively hinder progress. More specifically, the targeted level of using wood as the main building material in medium and large-scale projects has not been reached yet [35].
2.3 Future
As noted earlier, there is strong governmental support for timber construction in Finland, which is also defined in various national strategies and programs such as the Government Programme, the National Energy and Climate Strategy, the National Forest Programme, and the Finnish Bioeconomy Strategy, which aimed at increasing the share of long-term carbon storage products and applications. For example, The Wood Building Programme, which sets one of its goals as rising the market share of timber structures in public buildings to 30% in 2022 and 45% in 2025, has five focus areas: increasing the use of timber in urban development, endorsing the use of timber in public buildings, increasing the construction of large timber structures, reinforcing local skill bases, and encouraging exports [55].
In line with the government policy mentioned above, by focusing on the impact of business activities, for example, building construction industry, on climate and natural sources, ecological awareness has increased significantly in the last two decades and environmental degradation has been defined as a global problem (e.g., [56, 57, 58]). This important global rising awareness has led to the development of new and more environmentally friendly timber-based solutions, especially in the Finnish wood construction industry as the future vision. In this context, many research projects (e.g., the DoMWoB project/Dovetailed Massive Wood Board Elements for Multi-Story Buildings—see Acknowledgments and Funding) (Figure 9) [42, 59] are being carried out as in other EU countries (e.g., [60]).
Figure 9.
Manufacture of dovetail massive wood board element at Vocational College Lapland (Ammattiopisto Lappia), Kemi, Finland (photo by Hüseyin Emre Ilgın).
In addition, as in other Scandinavian countries, the rise of wooden multi-story construction in Finland has become the most prominent new construction-related business opportunity in the emerging bio-economy. Similarly, the construction of tall timber buildings (≥9-story) seems to be gaining momentum, driven by decarbonization, forest management and timber life cycle, urbanization and densification, productivity in the construction industry, and benefits of using timber indoors [61, 62]. Moreover, in Finland, as part of the rise of the environmentally friendly building concept, the future of wooden construction can be shown as hybrid buildings, where other materials are used together and benefit most, either structural members (such as wood and steel or concrete combinations) or cross-section-based level (such as wood and plastic) [63]. As in the cases of the 25-story and 87 m high Ascent (Milwaukee, under construction), the 24-story and 84 m high HoHo (Vienna, 2020), and the 18-story and 58 m high Brock Commons Tallwood House (Vancouver, 2017), hybridization using a reinforced concrete core target better structural safety and performance, which becomes more and more important with increasing building height.
3. Conclusions
This study identifies, combines, and consolidates information about massive wood construction in Finland from past, present, and future perspectives. Finland has a long history of using massive wood in construction, starting with thousands of years of log building techniques. Wood-based solutions have traditionally held a strong position in Finland’s construction industry and account for approx. 40% of all building materials. Today almost 90% of Finland’s detached houses are timber-framed, and a quarter of them are made from industrial glue logs. Wood is also used on construction sites in structures, windows, doors, and finished surfaces, as well as in formwork construction, among other uses. Apartment buildings began to be made of wood, especially CLT and LVL mostly with volumetric elements. In addition, the possibilities of using wood have been expanded to include renovations and extensions of suburban concrete apartments. There are significant activities, initiatives, and legalization in support of wooden structures concerning current European regulations emphasizing the use of wood as a sustainable architectural building material for the future in Finland.
Overall, the global economy engine naturally shifted the focus of Finnish construction technology to viable solutions, which means that concrete’s low return on value hinders the use of one of the defining features of Finland’s global image—the vast forest resources are not fully utilized internally as they should be. In this sense, because of environmental considerations, there is a rising interest in the use of timber and the advancement of wooden structural elements. This has led to a wide variety of EWPs used in advanced ways to replace conventional construction materials, for example, steel and reinforced concrete, and enhance the appeal of wood construction, thus leading to the quest for groundbreaking and environmentally friendly EWP solutions (e.g., dovetail massive wood board elements) (Figure 10) for the future of timber in Finland. Currently, although the uptake of for example dovetail massive wood board elements for industrial applications is very limited, with new projects to be developed, it can be used more in the construction of multi-story and even tall buildings. In order to contribute to environmentally friendly construction and low embodied energy and carbon buildings, more research is needed to develop innovative and sustainable EWPs that are nontoxic, low-cost, recyclable with well-designed structural features and life cycle assessments.
Figure 10.
Preparation of dovetail specimens for fire resistance test at Tampere University Fire Laboratory, Tampere, Finland. (a) Drilling and (b) thermocouple insertion (photos by Hüseyin Emre Ilgın).
This study will assist and guide Finnish key professionals in the design and implementation of timber buildings, highlighting the status and future directions of massive timber construction.
Acknowledgments
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No [101024593].
Funding
This project has also received funding (60,000 EUR) from the Marjatta and Eino Kolli Foundation for funding the technical performance tests including fire safety, structural, moisture transfer resistance and air-tightness, and sound insulation.
\n',keywords:"timber/wood, construction, log construction, engineered wood products, sustainability, dovetail massive wooden board elements, Finland",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/81864.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/81864.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/81864",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/81864",totalDownloads:17,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"March 27th 2022",dateReviewed:"April 19th 2022",datePrePublished:"June 1st 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"May 19th 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Finland has a long history of massive wood construction such that the log construction technique has been used as a traditional method of Finnish residential construction for thousands of years, and the entire history of Finnish architecture is based on this technique. Today, almost all leisure buildings, for example, cottages in Finland are made of wood and mostly log construction. Also, today 90% of Finland’s detached houses have timber frames, and a quarter of them are made from industrial glue logs. Apartment buildings began to be made of wood, especially cross-laminated timber (CLT) and laminated veneer lumber (LVL). The most common way of constructing wooden apartments is to use volumetric elements as compared to load-bearing large elements and post-beam systems. The increase in environmental awareness in Finland, as in many European countries today, strengthens the popularity of wood construction, and this brings the search for innovative and environmentally friendly engineered wood product solutions (e.g., dovetail massive wood board elements) as a future vision. The chapter aims to identify, combine, and consolidate information about massive wood construction in Finland from past, present, and future perspectives. This study will assist and guide Finnish key professionals in the design and implementation of timber buildings.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/81864",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/81864",signatures:"Hüseyin Emre Ilgın and Markku Karjalainen",book:{id:"11525",type:"book",title:"Wood Industry - Past, Present and Future Outlook",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Wood Industry - Past, Present and Future Outlook",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Guanben Du and Dr. Xiaojian Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11525.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80356-450-0",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-449-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-451-7",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"291315",title:"Prof.",name:"Guanben",middleName:null,surname:"Du",slug:"guanben-du",fullName:"Guanben Du"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"349066",title:"Dr.",name:"Hüseyin Emre",middleName:null,surname:"Ilgın",fullName:"Hüseyin Emre Ilgın",slug:"huseyin-emre-ilgin",email:"hemreilgin@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Tampere University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Finland"}}},{id:"350083",title:"Prof.",name:"Markku",middleName:null,surname:"Karjalainen",fullName:"Markku Karjalainen",slug:"markku-karjalainen",email:"markku.karjalainen@tuni.fi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Tampere University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Finland"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Massive wood construction in Finland",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Past",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Present",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3 Future",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6",title:"3. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"Funding",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Soikkeli A, Koiso-Kanttila J. Kärsämäki church in Finland—Modern language of form combined with old techniques and craftsmanship. In: Lourenço P, Roca P, Modena C, editors. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference [on] Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions: Possibilities of Numerical and Experimental Techniques, New Delhi. New York City: Macmillan; 2006. pp. 479-486'},{id:"B2",body:'Heikkilä J, editor. Massive Wood Architecture. Oulu: Department of Architecture, Oulu University Press Publication B21; 2002'},{id:"B3",body:'Häkkänen L, Ilgın HE, Karjalainen M. 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Haridwar, India: Agro Environ Media, Agriculture and Environmental Science Academy; 2020'},{id:"B60",body:'Rinne R, Ilgın HE, Karjalainen M. Comparative study on life-cycle assessment and carbon footprint of hybrid, concrete and timber apartment buildings in Finland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022;19:774'},{id:"B61",body:'Sijakovic M, Peric A. Sustainable architectural design: Towards climate change mitigation. Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research. 2021;15(2):385-400'},{id:"B62",body:'Ilgın HE, Karjalainen M. Preliminary design proposals for dovetail wood board elements in multi-story building construction. Architecture. 2021;1:56-68'},{id:"B63",body:'Ilgın HE, Karjalainen M, Koponen O. Various Geometric Configuration Proposals for Dovetail Wooden Horizontal Structural Members in Multistory Building Construction. London, UK: IntechOpen; 2022'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Hüseyin Emre Ilgın",address:"emre.ilgin@tuni.fi",affiliation:'
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IntechOpen has always supported new and evolving ideas in scholarly publishing. We understand the community we serve, but to provide an even better service for our IntechOpen Authors and Academic Editors, we have partnered with leading companies and associations in the scientific field and beyond.
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ALPSP
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The Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers (ALPSP) is the largest association of scholarly and professional publishers in the world. Its mission is to connect, inform, develop and represent the international scholarly and professional publishing community. IntechOpen has been a member of ALPSP since 2016 and has consequently stayed informed about industry trends through connecting with peers and developing jointly.
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OASPA
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The Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA) was established in 2008 to represent the interests of Open Access (OA) publishers globally in all scientific, technical and scholarly disciplines. Its mission is carried out through exchange of information, the setting of standards, advancing models, advocacy, education, and the promotion of innovation.
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STM
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The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers (STM) is the leading global trade association for academic and professional publishers. As a member, IntechOpen has not only made a commitment to STM's Ethical Principles.
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COPE
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The Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) provides advice to editors and publishers on all aspects of publication ethics and, in particular, how to handle cases of misconduct in research and publication. IntechOpen has been a member of COPE since 2013 and adheres to the COPE Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines, ensuring that we maintain the highest ethical standards.
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Creative Commons
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Creative Commons (CC) is a nonprofit organization that enables the sharing and use of creativity and knowledge through free legal tools. IntechOpen uses the CC BY 3.0 license for chapters, meaning Authors retain copyright and their work can be reused and adapted as long as the source is properly cited and Authors are acknowledged.
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Crossref
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Crossref is the official Digital Object Identifier (DOI) Registration Agency for scholarly and professional publications with a goal of making scholarly communications more effective. IntechOpen deposits metadata and registers DOIs for all content using the Crossref System. IntechOpen also deposits its references and uses the Crossref Cited-by service that enables researchers to track citation statistics.
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Altmetric and Dimensions from Digital Science
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Digital Science is a technology company serving the needs of scientific and research communities at key points along the full cycle of research. They support innovative businesses and technologies that make all parts of the research process more open, efficient and effective. IntechOpen integrates tools such as Altmetric to enable our researchers to track and measure the activity around their academic research and Dimensions, to ease access to the most relevant information and better understand and analyze the global research landscape.
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CLOCKSS
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CLOCKSS preserves scholarly publications in original formats, ensuring that they always remain available and openly accessible to everyone.
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Counter
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COUNTER provides the Code of Practice that enables publishers and vendors to report usage of their electronic resources in a consistent way. This enables libraries to compare data received from different publishers and vendors.
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DORA
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DORA is a worldwide initiative covering all scholarly disciplines which recognizes the need to improve the ways in which the outputs of scholarly research are evaluated and seeks to develop and promote best practice. To date it has been signed by over 1500 organizations and around 14,700 individuals.
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iThenticate
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Enago
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IntechOpen collaborates with Enago, through its sister brand, Ulatus, one of the world’s leading providers of book translation services. Their services are designed to convey the essence of your work to readers from across the globe in the language they understand.
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IntechOpen Authors that wish to use this service will receive a 20% discount on all translation services. To find out more information or obtain a quote, please visit https://www.enago.com/intech
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Straive
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Straive is the market leader in technology-driven solutions for the extraction, enrichment and transformation of content assets. IntechOpen publishing services are designed to meet the unique needs of Authors. As part of our commitment to that objective, we have an ongoing partnership agreement for production solutions.
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Amazon
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Amazon is the world’s largest online retailer and cloud services provider. IntechOpen books have been available on Amazon since 2017, guaranteeing more visibility for our Authors and Academic Editors.
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DHL
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IntechOpen has partnered with DHL since 2011 to ensure the fastest delivery of Print on Demand books.
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United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact
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The Compact is designed to inspire action among publishers. Launched in collaboration with the International Publishers Association, the Compact aims to accelerate progress to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. Signatories aspire to develop sustainable practices and act as champions of the SDGs during the Decade of Action (2020-2030), publishing books and journals that will help inform, develop, and inspire action in that direction. Learn more here
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River Valley Technology
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Figshare
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Figshare is an online open access repository where researchers can preserve and share their research outputs, including figures, datasets, images, and videos. It is free to upload content and free to access, in adherence to the principle of open data.
The Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers (ALPSP) is the largest association of scholarly and professional publishers in the world. Its mission is to connect, inform, develop and represent the international scholarly and professional publishing community. IntechOpen has been a member of ALPSP since 2016 and has consequently stayed informed about industry trends through connecting with peers and developing jointly.
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OASPA
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\n\t
The Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA) was established in 2008 to represent the interests of Open Access (OA) publishers globally in all scientific, technical and scholarly disciplines. Its mission is carried out through exchange of information, the setting of standards, advancing models, advocacy, education, and the promotion of innovation.
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\n\n
STM
\n\n
\n\t
The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers (STM) is the leading global trade association for academic and professional publishers. As a member, IntechOpen has not only made a commitment to STM's Ethical Principles.
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\n\n
COPE
\n\n
\n\t
The Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) provides advice to editors and publishers on all aspects of publication ethics and, in particular, how to handle cases of misconduct in research and publication. IntechOpen has been a member of COPE since 2013 and adheres to the COPE Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines, ensuring that we maintain the highest ethical standards.
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Creative Commons
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Creative Commons (CC) is a nonprofit organization that enables the sharing and use of creativity and knowledge through free legal tools. IntechOpen uses the CC BY 3.0 license for chapters, meaning Authors retain copyright and their work can be reused and adapted as long as the source is properly cited and Authors are acknowledged.
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Crossref
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Crossref is the official Digital Object Identifier (DOI) Registration Agency for scholarly and professional publications with a goal of making scholarly communications more effective. IntechOpen deposits metadata and registers DOIs for all content using the Crossref System. IntechOpen also deposits its references and uses the Crossref Cited-by service that enables researchers to track citation statistics.
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Altmetric and Dimensions from Digital Science
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\n\t
Digital Science is a technology company serving the needs of scientific and research communities at key points along the full cycle of research. They support innovative businesses and technologies that make all parts of the research process more open, efficient and effective. IntechOpen integrates tools such as Altmetric to enable our researchers to track and measure the activity around their academic research and Dimensions, to ease access to the most relevant information and better understand and analyze the global research landscape.
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CLOCKSS
\n\n
\n\t
CLOCKSS preserves scholarly publications in original formats, ensuring that they always remain available and openly accessible to everyone.
\n
\n\n
Counter
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\n\t
COUNTER provides the Code of Practice that enables publishers and vendors to report usage of their electronic resources in a consistent way. This enables libraries to compare data received from different publishers and vendors.
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DORA
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\n\t
DORA is a worldwide initiative covering all scholarly disciplines which recognizes the need to improve the ways in which the outputs of scholarly research are evaluated and seeks to develop and promote best practice. To date it has been signed by over 1500 organizations and around 14,700 individuals.
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iThenticate
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\n\t
iThenticate is the leading provider of professional plagiarism detection and prevention technology and is used worldwide by scholarly publishers and research institutions to ensure the originality of written work before publication. IntechOpen uses the iThenticate plagiarism software to ensure content originality and the research integrity of our published work.
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Enago
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IntechOpen collaborates with Enago, through its sister brand, Ulatus, one of the world’s leading providers of book translation services. Their services are designed to convey the essence of your work to readers from across the globe in the language they understand.
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IntechOpen Authors that wish to use this service will receive a 20% discount on all translation services. To find out more information or obtain a quote, please visit https://www.enago.com/intech
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\n\n
Straive
\n\n
\n\t
Straive is the market leader in technology-driven solutions for the extraction, enrichment and transformation of content assets. IntechOpen publishing services are designed to meet the unique needs of Authors. As part of our commitment to that objective, we have an ongoing partnership agreement for production solutions.
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Amazon
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\n\t
Amazon is the world’s largest online retailer and cloud services provider. IntechOpen books have been available on Amazon since 2017, guaranteeing more visibility for our Authors and Academic Editors.
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DHL
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IntechOpen has partnered with DHL since 2011 to ensure the fastest delivery of Print on Demand books.
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United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact
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The Compact is designed to inspire action among publishers. Launched in collaboration with the International Publishers Association, the Compact aims to accelerate progress to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. Signatories aspire to develop sustainable practices and act as champions of the SDGs during the Decade of Action (2020-2030), publishing books and journals that will help inform, develop, and inspire action in that direction. Learn more here
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River Valley Technology
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River Valley Technology is the world’s first XML-based publishing solution from submission to peer review to production and to final hosting, giving full control to publishers, with full transparency of data.
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Figshare
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Figshare is an online open access repository where researchers can preserve and share their research outputs, including figures, datasets, images, and videos. It is free to upload content and free to access, in adherence to the principle of open data.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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Due to its ability of capturing essential nonlinearities and interactions, MARSP method helps to achieve significant accuracy improvement.",book:{id:"6230",slug:"topics-in-splines-and-applications",title:"Topics in Splines and Applications",fullTitle:"Topics in Splines and Applications"},signatures:"Taizhi Liu",authors:[{id:"209988",title:"Dr.",name:"Taizhi",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"taizhi-liu",fullName:"Taizhi Liu"}]},{id:"73445",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92863",title:"Estimation for Motion in Tracking and Detection Objects with Kalman Filter",slug:"estimation-for-motion-in-tracking-and-detection-objects-with-kalman-filter",totalDownloads:569,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"The Kalman filter has long been regarded as the optimal solution to many applications in computer vision for example the tracking objects, prediction and correction tasks. Its use in the analysis of visual motion has been documented frequently, we can use in computer vision and open cv in different applications in reality for example robotics, military image and video, medical applications, security in public and privacy society, etc. In this paper, we investigate the implementation of a Matlab code for a Kalman Filter using three algorithm for tracking and detection objects in video sequences (block-matching (Motion Estimation) and Camshift Meanshift (localization, detection and tracking object)). The Kalman filter is presented in three steps: prediction, estimation (correction) and update. The first step is a prediction for the parameters of the tracking and detection objects. The second step is a correction and estimation of the prediction parameters. The important application in Kalman filter is the localization and tracking mono-objects and multi-objects are given in results. This works presents the extension of an integrated modeling and simulation tool for the tracking and detection objects in computer vision described at different models of algorithms in implementation systems.",book:{id:"9966",slug:"dynamic-data-assimilation-beating-the-uncertainties",title:"Dynamic Data Assimilation",fullTitle:"Dynamic Data Assimilation - Beating the Uncertainties"},signatures:"Afef Salhi, Fahmi Ghozzi and Ahmed Fakhfakh",authors:[{id:"315126",title:"Dr.",name:"Afef",middleName:null,surname:"Salhi",slug:"afef-salhi",fullName:"Afef Salhi"},{id:"330600",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Fakhfakh",slug:"ahmed-fakhfakh",fullName:"Ahmed Fakhfakh"},{id:"330601",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmi",middleName:null,surname:"Ghozzi",slug:"fahmi-ghozzi",fullName:"Fahmi Ghozzi"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"71673",title:"Data Processing Using Artificial Neural Networks",slug:"data-processing-using-artificial-neural-networks",totalDownloads:1542,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"The artificial neural network (ANN) is a machine learning (ML) methodology that evolved and developed from the scheme of imitating the human brain. Artificial intelligence (AI) pyramid illustrates the evolution of ML approach to ANN and leading to deep learning (DL). Nowadays, researchers are very much attracted to DL processes due to its ability to overcome the selectivity-invariance problem. In this chapter, ANN has been explained by discussing the network topology and development parameters (number of nodes, number of hidden layers, learning rules and activated function). The basic concept of node and neutron has been explained, with the help of diagrams, leading to the ANN model and its operation. All the topics have been discussed in such a scheme to give the reader the basic concept and clarity in a sequential way from ANN perceptron model to deep learning models and underlying types.",book:{id:"9966",slug:"dynamic-data-assimilation-beating-the-uncertainties",title:"Dynamic Data Assimilation",fullTitle:"Dynamic Data Assimilation - Beating the Uncertainties"},signatures:"Wesam Salah Alaloul and Abdul Hannan Qureshi",authors:[{id:"316063",title:"Dr.",name:"Wesam Salah",middleName:null,surname:"Alaloul",slug:"wesam-salah-alaloul",fullName:"Wesam Salah Alaloul"}]},{id:"72663",title:"The Monte Carlo Techniques and the Complex Probability Paradigm",slug:"the-monte-carlo-techniques-and-the-complex-probability-paradigm",totalDownloads:1958,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The concept of mathematical probability was established in 1933 by Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov by defining a system of five axioms. This system can be enhanced to encompass the imaginary numbers set after the addition of three novel axioms. As a result, any random experiment can be executed in the complex probabilities set C which is the sum of the real probabilities set R and the imaginary probabilities set M. We aim here to incorporate supplementary imaginary dimensions to the random experiment occurring in the “real” laboratory in R and therefore to compute all the probabilities in the sets R, M, and C. Accordingly, the probability in the whole set C=R+M is constantly equivalent to one independently of the distribution of the input random variable in R, and subsequently the output of the stochastic experiment in R can be determined absolutely in C. This is the consequence of the fact that the probability in C is computed after the subtraction of the chaotic factor from the degree of our knowledge of the nondeterministic experiment. We will apply this innovative paradigm to the well-known Monte Carlo techniques and to their random algorithms and procedures in a novel way.",book:{id:"10062",slug:"forecasting-in-mathematics-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",title:"Forecasting in Mathematics",fullTitle:"Forecasting in Mathematics - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications"},signatures:"Abdo Abou Jaoude",authors:[{id:"248271",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdo",middleName:null,surname:"Abou Jaoudé",slug:"abdo-abou-jaoude",fullName:"Abdo Abou Jaoudé"}]},{id:"66652",title:"Analysis of Financial Time Series in Frequency Domain Using Neural Networks",slug:"analysis-of-financial-time-series-in-frequency-domain-using-neural-networks",totalDownloads:1574,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Developing new methods for forecasting of time series and application of existing techniques in different areas represents a permanent concern for both researchers and companies that are interested to gain competitive advantages. Financial market analysis is an important thing for investors who invest money on the market and want some kind of security in multiplying their investment. Between the existing techniques, artificial neural networks have proven to be very good in predicting financial market performance. In this chapter, for time series analysis and forecasting of specific values, nonlinear autoregressive exogenous (NARX) neural network is used. As an input to the network, both data in time domain and those in the frequency domain obtained using the Fourier transform are used. After the experiment was performed, the results were compared to determine the potentially best time series for predicting, as well as the convenience of the domain in which better results are obtained.",book:{id:"7614",slug:"fourier-transforms-century-of-digitalization-and-increasing-expectations",title:"Fourier Transforms",fullTitle:"Fourier Transforms - Century of Digitalization and Increasing Expectations"},signatures:"Stefan Nikolić and Goran Nikolić",authors:[{id:"23261",title:"Prof.",name:"Goran",middleName:"S.",surname:"Nikolic",slug:"goran-nikolic",fullName:"Goran Nikolic"},{id:"280401",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Stefan",middleName:null,surname:"Nikolić",slug:"stefan-nikolic",fullName:"Stefan Nikolić"}]},{id:"79518",title:"Matlab Program Library for Modeling and Simulating Control Systems for Electric Drives Based on Fuzzy Logic",slug:"matlab-program-library-for-modeling-and-simulating-control-systems-for-electric-drives-based-on-fuzz",totalDownloads:362,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Fuzzy control of the speed of electric drives is an alternative in the field of the control system. Modeling and simulation of electric drive control systems based on fuzzy logic is an important step in design and development. This chapter provides a complete means of modeling and simulation of fuzzy control systems for DC motors, induction motors, and permanent magnet synchronous motors, made in the Matlab/Simulink program environment, useful for performing complex analyzes. The functioning of the programs is demonstrated by an example of characteristics obtained practically, with a functioning regime often encountered in practice.",book:{id:"10402",slug:"matlab-applications-in-engineering",title:"MATLAB Applications in Engineering",fullTitle:"MATLAB Applications in Engineering"},signatures:"Constantin Volosencu",authors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu"}]},{id:"59783",title:"Application of Cubic Spline Interpolation Technique in Power Systems: A Review",slug:"application-of-cubic-spline-interpolation-technique-in-power-systems-a-review",totalDownloads:1463,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"In this chapter, a comprehensive review is made on the application of cubic spline interpolation techniques in the field of power systems. Domains like available transfer capability (ATC), electric arc furnace modeling, static var. compensation, voltage stability margin, and market power determination in deregulated electricity market are taken as samples to illustrate the significance of cubic spline interpolation.",book:{id:"6230",slug:"topics-in-splines-and-applications",title:"Topics in Splines and Applications",fullTitle:"Topics in Splines and Applications"},signatures:"Akhil Prasad, Atul Manmohan, Prabhakar Karthikeyan Shanmugam\nand Kothari D.P.",authors:[{id:"30630",title:"Prof.",name:"Prabhakar",middleName:null,surname:"Karthikeyan Shanmugam",slug:"prabhakar-karthikeyan-shanmugam",fullName:"Prabhakar Karthikeyan Shanmugam"},{id:"209237",title:"Mr.",name:"Akhil",middleName:null,surname:"Prasad",slug:"akhil-prasad",fullName:"Akhil Prasad"},{id:"209238",title:"Mr.",name:"Atul",middleName:null,surname:"Manmohan",slug:"atul-manmohan",fullName:"Atul Manmohan"},{id:"217443",title:"Dr.",name:"Kothari",middleName:null,surname:"D.P",slug:"kothari-d.p",fullName:"Kothari D.P"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1407",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:"2753-6580",scope:"
\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
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\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
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\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
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\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
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\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
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\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
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\r\n\t
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\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
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\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/24.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 2nd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"262440",title:"Prof.",name:"Usha",middleName:null,surname:"Iyer-Raniga",slug:"usha-iyer-raniga",fullName:"Usha Iyer-Raniga",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRYSXQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:55:36.jpeg",biography:"Usha Iyer-Raniga is a professor in the School of Property and Construction Management at RMIT University. Usha co-leads the One Planet Network’s Sustainable Buildings and Construction Programme (SBC), a United Nations 10 Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production (UN 10FYP SCP) aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 12. The work also directly impacts SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities. She completed her undergraduate degree as an architect before obtaining her Masters degree from Canada and her Doctorate in Australia. Usha has been a keynote speaker as well as an invited speaker at national and international conferences, seminars and workshops. Her teaching experience includes teaching in Asian countries. She has advised Austrade, APEC, national, state and local governments. She serves as a reviewer and a member of the scientific committee for national and international refereed journals and refereed conferences. She is on the editorial board for refereed journals and has worked on Special Issues. Usha has served and continues to serve on the Boards of several not-for-profit organisations and she has also served as panel judge for a number of awards including the Premiers Sustainability Award in Victoria and the International Green Gown Awards. Usha has published over 100 publications, including research and consulting reports. Her publications cover a wide range of scientific and technical research publications that include edited books, book chapters, refereed journals, refereed conference papers and reports for local, state and federal government clients. She has also produced podcasts for various organisations and participated in media interviews. She has received state, national and international funding worth over USD $25 million. Usha has been awarded the Quarterly Franklin Membership by London Journals Press (UK). Her biography has been included in the Marquis Who's Who in the World® 2018, 2016 (33rd Edition), along with approximately 55,000 of the most accomplished men and women from around the world, including luminaries as U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. In 2017, Usha was awarded the Marquis Who’s Who Lifetime Achiever Award.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"RMIT University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11975,editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo, Ph.D., is a professor in the Department of Engineering, University of Naples “Parthenope,” Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plants, logistics, manufacturing, and safety. She serves as an associate editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process and is an editorial board member for several other journals. She is also a member of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Academy.",institutionString:"Parthenope University of Naples",institution:{name:"Parthenope University of Naples",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"92",title:"Health and Wellbeing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/92.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11976,editor:{id:"348225",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Hemingway",slug:"ann-hemingway",fullName:"Ann Hemingway",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035LZFoQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-11T14:55:40.jpg",biography:"Professor Hemingway is a public health researcher, Bournemouth University, undertaking international and UK research focused on reducing inequalities in health outcomes for marginalised and excluded populations and more recently focused on equine assisted interventions.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bournemouth University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"93",title:"Inclusivity and Social Equity",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/93.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11977,editor:{id:"210060",title:"Prof. Dr.",name:"Ebba",middleName:null,surname:"Ossiannilsson",slug:"ebba-ossiannilsson",fullName:"Ebba Ossiannilsson",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6LkBQAU/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:31:48.png",biography:"Professor Dr. Ebba Ossiannilsson is an independent researcher, expert, consultant, quality auditor and influencer in the fields of open, flexible online and distance learning (OFDL) and the 'new normal'. Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. She is regularly invited as a keynote speaker at conferences. She is a guest editor for several special issues and a member of the editorial board of several scientific journals. She has published more than 200 articles and is currently working on book projects in the field of OFDL. Ossiannilsson is a visiting professor at several international universities and was recently appointed Professor and Research Fellow at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ. Ossiannilsson has been awarded the following fellowships: EDEN Fellows, EDEN Council of Fellows, and Open Education Europe. She is a ICDE OER Ambassador, Open Education Europe Ambassador, GIZ Ambassador for Quality in Digital Learning, and part of the Globe-Community of Digital Learning and Champion of SPARC Europe. On a national level, she is a quality developer at the Swedish Institute for Standards (SIS) and for ISO. She is a member of the Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition Sweden and Vice President of the Swedish Association for Distance Education. She is currently working on a government initiative on quality in distance education at the National Council for Higher Education. She holds a Ph.D. from the University of Oulu, Finland.",institutionString:"Swedish Association for Distance Education, Sweden",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/94.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11978,editor:{id:"61855",title:"Dr.",name:"Yixin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yixin-zhang",fullName:"Yixin Zhang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYWJgQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-06-09T11:36:35.jpg",biography:"Professor Yixin Zhang is an aquatic ecologist with over 30 years of research and teaching experience in three continents (Asia, Europe, and North America) in Stream Ecology, Riparian Ecology, Urban Ecology, and Ecosystem Restoration and Aquatic Conservation, Human-Nature Interactions and Sustainability, Urbanization Impact on Aquatic Ecosystems. He got his Ph.D. in Animal Ecology at Umeå University in Sweden in 1998. He conducted postdoc research in stream ecology at the University of California at Santa Barbara in the USA. After that, he was a postdoc research fellow at the University of British Columbia in Canada to do research on large-scale stream experimental manipulation and watershed ecological survey in temperate rainforests of BC. He was a faculty member at the University of Hong Kong to run ecological research projects on aquatic insects, fishes, and newts in Tropical Asian streams. He also conducted research in streams, rivers, and caves in Texas, USA, to study the ecology of macroinvertebrates, big-claw river shrimp, fish, turtles, and bats. Current research interests include trophic flows across ecosystems; watershed impacts of land-use change on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning; ecological civilization and water resource management; urban ecology and urban/rural sustainable development.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Soochow University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"95",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/95.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11979,editor:{id:"181079",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Lüthi",slug:"christoph-luthi",fullName:"Christoph Lüthi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHSqQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-12T15:51:33.png",biography:"Dr. Christoph Lüthi is an urban infrastructure planner with over 25 years of experience in planning and design of urban infrastructure in middle and low-income countries. He holds a Master’s Degree in Urban Development Planning from the University College of London (UCL), and a Ph.D. in Urban Planning & Engineering from TU Berlin. He has conducted applied research on urban planning and infrastructure issues in over 20 countries in Africa and Asia. In 2005 he joined Eawag-Sandec as Leader of the Strategic Environmental Sanitation Planning Group. 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In 1992, Dr. Babinszky obtained a Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition from the University of Wageningen. His main research areas are swine and poultry nutrition. He has authored more than 300 publications (papers, book chapters) and edited four books and fourteen international conference proceedings.",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"201830",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:"Sanchez",surname:"Davila",slug:"fernando-davila",fullName:"Fernando Davila",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201830/images/5017_n.jpg",biography:"I am a professor at UANL since 1988. My research lines are the development of reproductive techniques in small ruminants. We also conducted research on sexual and social behavior in males.\nI am Mexican and study my professional career as an engineer in agriculture and animal science at UANL. Then take a masters degree in science in Germany (Animal breeding). Take a doctorate in animal science at the UANL.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"309250",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Quaresma",slug:"miguel-quaresma",fullName:"Miguel Quaresma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309250/images/9059_n.jpg",biography:"Miguel Nuno Pinheiro Quaresma was born on May 26, 1974 in Dili, Timor Island. He is married with two children: a boy and a girl, and he is a resident in Vila Real, Portugal. He graduated in Veterinary Medicine in August 1998 and obtained his Ph.D. degree in Veterinary Sciences -Clinical Area in February 2015, both from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. He is currently enrolled in the Alternative Residency of the European College of Animal Reproduction. He works as a Senior Clinician at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of UTAD (HVUTAD) with a role in clinical activity in the area of livestock and equine species as well as to support teaching and research in related areas. He teaches as an Invited Professor in Reproduction Medicine I and II of the Master\\'s in Veterinary Medicine degree at UTAD. Currently, he holds the position of Chairman of the Portuguese Buiatrics Association. He is a member of the Consultive Group on Production Animals of the OMV. He has 19 publications in indexed international journals (ISIS), as well as over 60 publications and oral presentations in both Portuguese and international journals and congresses.",institutionString:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"283019",title:"Dr.",name:"Oudessa",middleName:null,surname:"Kerro Dego",slug:"oudessa-kerro-dego",fullName:"Oudessa Kerro Dego",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/283019/images/system/283019.png",biography:"Dr. Kerro Dego is a veterinary microbiologist with training in veterinary medicine, microbiology, and anatomic pathology. Dr. Kerro Dego is an assistant professor of dairy health in the department of animal science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. He received his D.V.M. (1997), M.S. (2002), and Ph.D. (2008) degrees in Veterinary Medicine, Animal Pathology and Veterinary Microbiology from College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; College of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands and Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada respectively. He did his Postdoctoral training in microbial pathogenesis (2009 - 2015) in the Department of Animal Science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. Dr. Kerro Dego’s research focuses on the prevention and control of infectious diseases of farm animals, particularly mastitis, improving dairy food safety, and mitigation of antimicrobial resistance. Dr. Kerro Dego has extensive experience in studying the pathogenesis of bacterial infections, identification of virulence factors, and vaccine development and efficacy testing against major bacterial mastitis pathogens. Dr. Kerro Dego conducted numerous controlled experimental and field vaccine efficacy studies, vaccination, and evaluation of immunological responses in several species of animals, including rodents (mice) and large animals (bovine and ovine).",institutionString:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",institution:{name:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón Poggi",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon-poggi",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",biography:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi received University degree from the Faculty of Agrarian Science in Argentina, in 1983. Also he received Masters Degree and PhD from Córdoba University, Spain. He is currently a Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery. He teaches diverse courses in the field of Animal Reproduction and he is the Director of the Veterinary Farm. He also participates in academic postgraduate activities at the Veterinary Faculty of Murcia University, Spain. His research areas include animal physiology, physiology and biotechnology of reproduction either in males or females, the study of gametes under in vitro conditions and the use of ultrasound as a complement to physiological studies and development of applied biotechnologies. Routinely, he supervises students preparing their doctoral, master thesis or final degree projects.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"309529",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Rizvanov",slug:"albert-rizvanov",fullName:"Albert Rizvanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309529/images/9189_n.jpg",biography:'Albert A. Rizvanov is a Professor and Director of the Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University (KFU), Russia. He is the Head of the Center of Excellence “Regenerative Medicine” and Vice-Director of Strategic Academic Unit \\"Translational 7P Medicine\\". Albert completed his Ph.D. at the University of Nevada, Reno, USA and Dr.Sci. at KFU. He is a corresponding member of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation. Albert is an author of more than 300 peer-reviewed journal articles and 22 patents. He has supervised 11 Ph.D. and 2 Dr.Sci. dissertations. Albert is the Head of the Dissertation Committee on Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Genetics at KFU.\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-5739\nWebsite https://kpfu.ru/Albert.Rizvanov?p_lang=2',institutionString:"Kazan Federal University",institution:{name:"Kazan Federal University",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"210551",title:"Dr.",name:"Arbab",middleName:null,surname:"Sikandar",slug:"arbab-sikandar",fullName:"Arbab Sikandar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210551/images/system/210551.jpg",biography:"Dr. Arbab Sikandar, PhD, M. Phil, DVM was born on April 05, 1981. He is currently working at the College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences as an Assistant Professor. He previously worked as a lecturer at the same University. \nHe is a Member/Secretory of Ethics committee (No. CVAS-9377 dated 18-04-18), Member of the QEC committee CVAS, Jhang (Regr/Gen/69/873, dated 26-10-2017), Member, Board of studies of Department of Basic Sciences (No. CVAS. 2851 Dated. 12-04-13, and No. CVAS, 9024 dated 20/11/17), Member of Academic Committee, CVAS, Jhang (No. CVAS/2004, Dated, 25-08-12), Member of the technical committee (No. CVAS/ 4085, dated 20,03, 2010 till 2016).\n\nDr. Arbab Sikandar contributed in five days hands-on-training on Histopathology at the Department of Pathology, UVAS from 12-16 June 2017. He received a Certificate of appreciation for contributions for Popularization of Science and Technology in the Society on 17-11-15. He was the resource person in the lecture series- ‘scientific writing’ at the Department of Anatomy and Histology, UVAS, Lahore on 29th October 2015. He won a full fellowship as a principal candidate for the year 2015 in the field of Agriculture, EICA, Egypt with ref. to the Notification No. 12(11) ACS/Egypt/2014 from 10 July 2015 to 25th September 2015.; he received a grant of Rs. 55000/- as research incentives from Director, Advanced Studies and Research, UVAS, Lahore upon publications of research papers in IF Journals (DR/215, dated 19-5-2014.. He obtained his PhD by winning a HEC Pakistan indigenous Scholarship, ‘Ph.D. fellowship for 5000 scholars – Phase II’ (2av1-147), 17-6/HEC/HRD/IS-II/12, November 15, 2012. \n\nDr. Sikandar is a member of numerous societies: Registered Veterinary Medical Practitioner (life member) and Registered Veterinary Medical Faculty of Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council. The Registration code of PVMC is RVMP/4298 and RVMF/ 0102.; Life member of the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Alumni Association with S# 664, dated: 6-4-12. ; Member 'Vets Care Organization Pakistan” with Reference No. VCO-605-149, dated 05-04-06. :Member 'Vet Crescent” (Society of Animal Health and Production), UVAS, Lahore.",institutionString:"University of Veterinary & Animal Science",institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"311663",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanna",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",slug:"prasanna-pal",fullName:"Prasanna Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311663/images/13261_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Dairy Research Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"283315",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"El-Gendy",slug:"samir-el-gendy",fullName:"Samir El-Gendy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRduYQAS/Profile_Picture_1606215849748",biography:"Samir El-Gendy is a Professor of anatomy and embryology at the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt. Samir obtained his PhD in veterinary science in 2007 from the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University and has been a professor since 2017. Samir is an author on 24 articles at Scopus and 12 articles within local journals and 2 books/book chapters. His research focuses on applied anatomy, imaging techniques and computed tomography. Samir worked as a member of different local projects on E-learning and he is a board member of the African Association of Veterinary Anatomists and of anatomy societies and as an associated author at local and international journals. Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6180-389X",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"246149",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Kubale",slug:"valentina-kubale",fullName:"Valentina Kubale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246149/images/system/246149.jpg",biography:"Valentina Kubale is Associate Professor of Veterinary Medicine at the Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Since graduating from the Veterinary faculty she obtained her PhD in 2007, performed collaboration with the Department of Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. She continued as a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Copenhagen with a Lundbeck foundation fellowship. She is the editor of three books and author/coauthor of 23 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, 16 book chapters, and 68 communications at scientific congresses. Since 2008 she has been the Editor Assistant for the Slovenian Veterinary Research journal. She is a member of Slovenian Biochemical Society, The Endocrine Society, European Association of Veterinary Anatomists and Society for Laboratory Animals, where she is board member.",institutionString:"University of Ljubljana",institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",biography:"Dr. Fonseca-Alves earned his DVM from Federal University of Goias – UFG in 2008. He completed an internship in small animal internal medicine at UPIS university in 2011, earned his MSc in 2013 and PhD in 2015 both in Veterinary Medicine at Sao Paulo State University – UNESP. Dr. Fonseca-Alves currently serves as an Assistant Professor at Paulista University – UNIP teaching small animal internal medicine.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"245306",title:"Dr.",name:"María Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Pardo",slug:"maria-luz-garcia-pardo",fullName:"María Luz Garcia Pardo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245306/images/system/245306.png",biography:"María de la Luz García Pardo is an agricultural engineer from Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain. She has a Ph.D. in Animal Genetics. Currently, she is a lecturer at the Agrofood Technology Department of Miguel Hernández University, Spain. Her research is focused on genetics and reproduction in rabbits. The major goal of her research is the genetics of litter size through novel methods such as selection by the environmental sensibility of litter size, with forays into the field of animal welfare by analysing the impact on the susceptibility to diseases and stress of the does. Details of her publications can be found at https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9504-8290.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"350704",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Camila",middleName:"Silva Costa",surname:"Ferreira",slug:"camila-ferreira",fullName:"Camila Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/350704/images/17280_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Veterinary Medicine at the Fluminense Federal University, specialist in Equine Reproduction at the Brazilian Veterinary Institute (IBVET) and Master in Clinical Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction at the Fluminense Federal University. She has experience in analyzing zootechnical indices in dairy cattle and organizing events related to Veterinary Medicine through extension grants. I have experience in the field of diagnostic imaging and animal reproduction in veterinary medicine through monitoring and scientific initiation scholarships. I worked at the Equus Central Reproduction Equine located in Santo Antônio de Jesus – BA in the 2016/2017 breeding season. I am currently a doctoral student with a scholarship from CAPES of the Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (Pathology and Clinical Sciences) at the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ) with a research project with an emphasis on equine endometritis.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"41319",title:"Prof.",name:"Lung-Kwang",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"lung-kwang-pan",fullName:"Lung-Kwang Pan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41319/images/84_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"125292",title:"Dr.",name:"Katy",middleName:null,surname:"Satué Ambrojo",slug:"katy-satue-ambrojo",fullName:"Katy Satué Ambrojo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125292/images/system/125292.jpeg",biography:"Katy Satué Ambrojo received her Veterinary Medicine degree, Master degree in Equine Technology and doctorate in Veterinary Medicine from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in Valencia, Spain.Dr. Satué is accredited as a Private University Doctor Professor, Doctor Assistant, and Contracted Doctor by AVAP (Agència Valenciana d'Avaluació i Prospectiva) and currently, as a full professor by ANECA (since January 2022). To date, Katy has taught 22 years in the Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery at the CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in undergraduate courses in Veterinary Medicine (General Pathology, integrated into the Applied Basis of Veterinary Medicine module of the 2nd year, Clinical Equine I of 3rd year, and Equine Clinic II of 4th year). Dr. Satué research activity is in the field of Endocrinology, Hematology, Biochemistry, and Immunology in the Spanish Purebred mare. She has directed 5 Doctoral Theses and 5 Diplomas of Advanced Studies, and participated in 11 research projects as a collaborating researcher. She has written 2 books and 14 book chapters in international publishers related to the area, and 68 scientific publications in international journals. Dr. Satué has attended 63 congresses, participating with 132 communications in international congresses and 19 in national congresses related to the area. Dr. Satué is a scientific reviewer for various prestigious international journals such as Animals, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, Reproduction in Domestic Animals, Research Veterinary Science, Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Livestock Production Science and Theriogenology, among others. Since 2014 she has been responsible for the Clinical Analysis Laboratory of the CEU-Cardenal Herrera University Veterinary Clinical Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"201721",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Funiciello",slug:"beatrice-funiciello",fullName:"Beatrice Funiciello",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201721/images/11089_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated from the University of Milan in 2011, my post-graduate education included CertAVP modules mainly on equines (dermatology and internal medicine) and a few on small animal (dermatology and anaesthesia) at the University of Liverpool. After a general CertAVP (2015) I gained the designated Certificate in Veterinary Dermatology (2017) after taking the synoptic examination and then applied for the RCVS ADvanced Practitioner status. After that, I completed the Postgraduate Diploma in Veterinary Professional Studies at the University of Liverpool (2018). My main area of work is cross-species veterinary dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"291226",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Cassel",slug:"monica-cassel",fullName:"Monica Cassel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/291226/images/8232_n.jpg",biography:'Degree in Biological Sciences at the Federal University of Mato Grosso with scholarship for Scientific Initiation by FAPEMAT (2008/1) and CNPq (2008/2-2009/2): Project \\"Histological evidence of reproductive activity in lizards of the Manso region, Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brazil\\". Master\\\'s degree in Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation at Federal University of Mato Grosso with a scholarship by CAPES/REUNI program: Project \\"Reproductive biology of Melanorivulus punctatus\\". PhD\\\'s degree in Science (Cell and Tissue Biology Area) \n at University of Sao Paulo with scholarship granted by FAPESP; Project \\"Development of morphofunctional changes in ovary of Astyanax altiparanae Garutti & Britski, 2000 (Teleostei, Characidae)\\". She has experience in Reproduction of vertebrates and Morphology, with emphasis in Cellular Biology and Histology. She is currently a teacher in the medium / technical level courses at IFMT-Alta Floresta, as well as in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Animal Science and in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Business.',institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442807",title:"Dr.",name:"Busani",middleName:null,surname:"Moyo",slug:"busani-moyo",fullName:"Busani Moyo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gwanda State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"439435",title:"Dr.",name:"Feda S.",middleName:null,surname:"Aljaser",slug:"feda-s.-aljaser",fullName:"Feda S. Aljaser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"423023",title:"Dr.",name:"Yosra",middleName:null,surname:"Soltan",slug:"yosra-soltan",fullName:"Yosra Soltan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"349788",title:"Dr.",name:"Florencia Nery",middleName:null,surname:"Sompie",slug:"florencia-nery-sompie",fullName:"Florencia Nery Sompie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sam Ratulangi University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"428600",title:"MSc.",name:"Adriana",middleName:null,surname:"García-Alarcón",slug:"adriana-garcia-alarcon",fullName:"Adriana García-Alarcón",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"428599",title:"MSc.",name:"Gabino",middleName:null,surname:"De La Rosa-Cruz",slug:"gabino-de-la-rosa-cruz",fullName:"Gabino De La Rosa-Cruz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"428601",title:"MSc.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Campuzano-Caballero",slug:"juan-carlos-campuzano-caballero",fullName:"Juan Carlos Campuzano-Caballero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"28",type:"subseries",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",keywords:"Animal Reproduction, Artificial Insemination, Embryos, Cryopreservation, Conservation, Breeding, Epigenetics",scope:"The advances of knowledge on animal reproductive biology and technologies revolutionized livestock production. Artificial insemination, for example, was the first technology applied on a large scale, initially in dairy cattle and afterward applied to other species. Nowadays, embryo production and transfer are used commercially along with other technologies to modulate epigenetic regulation. Gene editing is also emerging as an innovative tool. 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Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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