Sorbent types for washing treatment.
Chapter 1: "Permanent Maxillary and Mandibular Incisors"\n
Chapter 2: "The Permanent Maxillary and Mandibular Premolar Teeth"\n
Chapter 3: "Dental Anatomical Features and Caries: A Relationship to be Investigated"\n
Chapter 4: "Anatomy Applied to Block Anaesthesia"\n
Chapter 5: "Treatment Considerations for Missing Teeth"\n
Chapter 6: "Anatomical and Functional Restoration of the Compromised Occlusion: From Theory to Materials"\n
Chapter 7: "Evaluation of the Anatomy of the Lower First Premolar"\n
Chapter 8: "A Comparative Study of the Validity and Reproducibility of Mesiodistal Tooth Size and Dental Arch with the iTero Intraoral Scanner and the Traditional Method"\n
Chapter 9: "Identification of Lower Central Incisors"\n
The book is aimed toward dentists and can also be well used in education and research.',isbn:"978-1-78923-511-1",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-510-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-247-8",doi:"10.5772/65542",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"dental-anatomy",numberOfPages:204,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,hash:"445cd419d97f339f2b6514c742e6b050",bookSignature:"Bağdagül Helvacioğlu Kivanç",publishedDate:"August 1st 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5814.jpg",numberOfDownloads:7214,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:3,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:4,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 4th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 25th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 16th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 16th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 16th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"178570",title:"Dr.",name:"Bağdagül",middleName:null,surname:"Helvacıoğlu Kıvanç",slug:"bagdagul-helvacioglu-kivanc",fullName:"Bağdagül Helvacıoğlu Kıvanç",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178570/images/7646_n.jpg",biography:"Bağdagül Helvacıoğlu Kıvanç is a dentist, a teacher, a researcher and a scientist in the field of Endodontics. She was born in Zonguldak, Turkey, on February 14, 1974; she is married and has two children. She graduated in 1997 from the Ankara University, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey. She aquired her PhD in 2004 from the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Endodontics, Ankara, Turkey, and she is still an associate professor at the same department. She has published numerous articles and a book chapter in the areas of Operative Dentistry, Esthetic Dentistry and Endodontics. 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Mamontov",authors:[{id:"86211",title:"Prof.",name:"Irina",middleName:null,surname:"Uspenskaya",fullName:"Irina Uspenskaya",slug:"irina-uspenskaya"},{id:"123338",title:"MSc.",name:"Natalia",middleName:null,surname:"Konstantinova",fullName:"Natalia Konstantinova",slug:"natalia-konstantinova"},{id:"123340",title:"MSc.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Veryaeva",fullName:"Elena Veryaeva",slug:"elena-veryaeva"},{id:"123342",title:"Dr.",name:"Mikhail",middleName:null,surname:"Mamontov",fullName:"Mikhail Mamontov",slug:"mikhail-mamontov"}]},{id:"24120",title:"Application of Electromotive Force Measurement in Nuclear Systems Using Lead Alloys",slug:"application-of-electromotive-force-measurement-in-nuclear-systems-using-lead-alloys",signatures:"Yuji Kurata",authors:[{id:"87068",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuji",middleName:null,surname:"Kurata",fullName:"Yuji Kurata",slug:"yuji-kurata"}]},{id:"24121",title:"Electromotive Force Measurements in High-Temperature Systems",slug:"electromotive-force-measurements-in-high-temperature-systems",signatures:"Dominika Jendrzejczyk-Handzlik and Krzysztof Fitzner",authors:[{id:"81519",title:"Dr.",name:"Dominika",middleName:null,surname:"Jendrzejczyk-Handzlik",fullName:"Dominika Jendrzejczyk-Handzlik",slug:"dominika-jendrzejczyk-handzlik"},{id:"139231",title:"Prof.",name:"Krzysztof",middleName:null,surname:"Fitzner",fullName:"Krzysztof Fitzner",slug:"krzysztof-fitzner"}]},{id:"24122",title:"Resonance Analysis of Induced EMF on Coils",slug:"resonance-analysis-of-induced-emf-on-coils",signatures:"Eduard Montgomery Meira Costa",authors:[{id:"76574",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduard Montgomery",middleName:"Meira",surname:"Costa",fullName:"Eduard Montgomery Costa",slug:"eduard-montgomery-costa"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"74624",title:"Apatite/Salt Slurry Emission Control of Post Combustion Flue Gas of Lignite and Coal in Fluidized Bed - Double Circulation Microwave Column Adsorber",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95296",slug:"apatite-salt-slurry-emission-control-of-post-combustion-flue-gas-of-lignite-and-coal-in-fluidized-be",body:'Exhaust toxic gases coming out of the chimneys in the highly industrialized locations cause hazardous environmental issue. The factories using combustion boilers pollute the fresh air in nature. The industrial development and urbanization and transportation opportunities harm the environment and living things due to combusted fuels. In many countries, power generation is the leading source of air pollution. While thermal power plants using coal make a significant contribution part of air pollution, diesel generators are also another major ecological concern. Industrial processes in the chemical and mining industries are related with use of solvents producing hazardous emissions as a result of the volatile properties of those chemicals and the combustion outputs pollute the air. In Turkey, The policies and programs that aimed to increase energy efficiency and production from renewable sources have a direct impact on a country’s air quality [1].
In environmental impact assessment processes since 2012, the Turkish Ministry of Environment and Urbanization request risk assasment supported financially the project owners to make calculations using owning and operating modeling programs that take into account the long-range and cumulative reducing effects on air pollution in the country [2].
Privatized owning resources for 50 years period income owing and tax free ıncome quarentee for renewable resource use was eliminating incentive uses for fossil fuels, especially coal, and developing policies and incentive mechanisms to prioritize other alternative energy sources instead of fossil fuels.
Conventional coal combustion systems using Stokers or grate chambers are not designed to treat potentially low quality coal and waste in combustion [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. In order to prevent air pollution, combusted boilers with post combustion was become the potential choice eliminate to spread of toxic emissions of coal and wastes [13, 14, 15]. The polluting matter of combusted emissions in stack should be controlled for Pb and Hg flue emissions, even as radioactive dust control. Sorbent use as the charcoal was offered and the sorptive property on porosity and the effect of char content was advantageous. The toxic waste and the reactive washing solutions utilized active carbon which resulted in the followed washing equations as below: [6, 7, 8].
The dissolution kinetics of sludge/mud particle for Pb heavy metal is followed by equation
Where cPb Lead contamination mg/l, k the rate of dissolution of lead, i is the reaction style, t is time, Lead matter of coal would affect mainly emission increase pressure content.
The different type of solid sorbents such as Tatvan Pumice, salted pumice and borax, the popped borax soaked CaO were studied in elimination of toxic emissions in high sulfur asphaltite coal combustion [15, 16]. It was found that the reduction of toxic gas emissions can reach as high as 94.52% with soaking CaO and 90% with soaking CaO and oil slurry after 1 h combustion at 750°C, with a 100:1 weight ratio of clay pellet to fuel, 21 wt. % CaO/borax.
The large surface used for industrial purposes natural materials [17, 18, 19, 20]. Absorbents and adsorbents generally used bentonite; Simectite, Atapulgite, Sepiolite. It can be classified as montmorillonite. The smectite group is one of clay minerals or fire clay activated more called bentonite. Bentonite base mineral montmorillonite is common for the killer and is a commercially used term, at least soft, containing 85% montmorillonite, is an aluminum hydrosilicate with a colloidal property. When mixed with water, density of a few solid swelling bentonite about 2.5 g/cm3. Montmorillonite is calcium clay in common use. Bentonite is a given name on the main content which cation of montmorillonite change mainly with Ca; Atapulgite, 2MgSi8O20 4(H2O) (OH). The palygorskite expressed by the formula 4H2O aqueous magnesium, aluminum silicate. Sepiolite is (OH) 6 Mg9 Si12 O30(OH)4 6H2O group is aqueous Mg silicate. In these clay minerals, the channel-shaped pore water bound to crystal structure with layered silicate molecules. The activated clay minerals by deydrated crystal cavities contain micropores and channels and large surface area due to the possession of various cavity surfaces adsorbing heavy metals and high adsorbing capacities [20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30].
The diffusion rate of combustion gases with solid sorbents may influence the adsorption of toxic emissions amount. Especially, increased combustion temperature will reduce the time of solid sorbent diffusion [13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20].
The gas stream amendments, such as shale char carbonized from Şırnak asphaltite containing 52–60% shale by columns under microwave radiation as geo material composted for waste gas treatment should control contaminated effluents concentration. The field studies to evaluate the stability of heavy Hg and Pb SOx concentrations and salts were balanced as weight increase. The initial objective of this study was to determine the effects of gas flow to sorbent column from the industrial discharge under certain pressure and temperature. In this study, important investigations have been made on composite granules production with Şırnak shale char and apatite ore of Mazıdağ, Mardin, as Ca phosphate feed in order to salt slurry shower in microwave oven 2 M HCl dissolution. The double stage compost sorbent for high level high gas sorption in laboratory water packed bed column adsorption compost system. Although the changes in the structural properties of bentonite after acid activation have been studied extensively in the literature, the studies on Pb adsorption of these samples are rather limited [30, 31, 32, 33]. For this reason, the aim of this study is to investigate the thermal Pb and Hg washed adsorption properties of shale after acid modification and microwave activation.
In this study, bentonite and other clays, shale and marly shale of Şırnak utilized regarding absorbance properties, areas of use, production and market conditions. The bulk density of absorbent apatite phosphate changed the amount of moisture and the absorbent capacity. Bentonite and atapulgite absorbance by passing through certain processes was performed and the absorbance was measured at the mechanical strength change has been studied [25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30].
Bentonite with desired surface properties, porosity and hence retention capacity was mainly produced by dry or wet acid activation using mineral acids such as H2SO4 and HCl [31, 32, 33, 34]. The main purpose in acid activation is to reach the desired structure without disrupting the layered crystal structure of the clay. For this reason, the acid/clay ratio, temperature, acidity, acid concentration, type and duration of activation, clay type and physical properties and amount of activation were important considerations to be taken into account when performing the appropriate activation [35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40].
The Mazıdağı phosphate waste was Ca salt form of the phosphate mineral and lımestones with even fluorine apatite [41, 42, 43, 44, 45]. The dust waste of calcinations was utilized as necessary to prevent the joint reactive of CaO and F in order to sorptive washing process The obtained slurries at 10% waste dust by using such as CaO 2HPO4 5OH. xP2O5 and NaCO3. The calcinations product is subjected to acid treatment for artificial fertilizer fabrication. The acid dissolution characteristics after calcinations, Mazıdağı apatite phosphate was mostly acid-soluble in their natural state compared to other phosphate minerals. The study utilized the fine waste, compost 32.81% P2O5–30.98% P2O5, soluble% P2O5 27.16%% P2O5 parts - calcination at 625°C at last 1/2 hour [38, 39, 40].
In this study, bentonite type clay is used as salt slurry with char fine for emission control. The substrate fine of the bentonite/P2O5 granules use as absorbent in 2020s show improved treatment [24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30]. The industrial waste sludges in some tanning and wood board plants, airplane hangars, ship building bench, other production facilities required neutralization and further treatment. In the workshops, grease, oil, water, chemicals and other undesirable substances absorbed by compost of apatite waste/zeolite and char and cleaned [31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37].
Washing of hazardous waste waters by microwave action efficiencies exceeding the total Fe Pb and Hg contents of sludge increased fast on coal char and wood char were also reported by Tosun [6, 7, 8, 9, 10]. Material to be used as powder at porous granule at ultrafine grain size, basic as absorption capacity by the gas emission and other fluids reactive and solvents. High absorption capacity having clay, only to absorb the urea not ventilated, but bad reduce smell and bacteria should avoid. The packed grain size distribution of clay granules it is important that it is usually between 1 and 6 mm is required.
BET specifıc surface areas of sorbent as tested by N2 gas permeability. The sorbent was critical on the base of surface properties such as total surface activity, oxygen functional groups, total surface impurities, metal concentrations, dielectric value, free radical concentration and reactivity. The main chemical texture was related to the stimulation of oxidation reactivity. However, in some investigations, the pore size distribution of activated carbon is also likely to affect desorption kinetics.
The salt slurries were mixed with activated clay bentonite at weight rates of 1/8. The head tests are caried out by CaCl2 adde 10000ppm slurries to 80 gr bentonite solid. The suspension of 80 gr slurry of clay and apatite was mixed in 1lt water as slurry and give through shower in 5 cm diameter glass columns. Finally microwave radiated glass showered to flue gas compressed at 2 bar retained by exposure to at 160 °C for 4 hours. In addition, these samples were further dried at the same temperature for 1 hour to remove vapor species. The experimentation unit as shown in Figure 1. The microwave salt slurry washing tests are followed by flowsheet as seen in Figure 2. The surface areas of the apatite, coal char, activated compost and shale clay samples were measured with a Quanta Chromosorb surface analyzer. The surface area was determined by measuring the thermal conductivity using a gas mixture prepared in N2 and Ar composition and taking into account the BET equation. The sorbent solids compositions and physical quality are given in Tables 1 and 2.
The schematic view of an washing with microwave recycled by microwave sorption technique.
Studied washing by microwave sorption technique.
During the experimental studies bentonite and phosphate samples, Ünye region, was investigated with intermediate type bentonite; pure, purified, tap water and CaCl2.2H2O, NaCl, MgCl2, KCl, FeCl3 at concentrations ranging from 125 mg to 1000 ppm. Bentonite suspensions prepared by adding waters such as suspensions decanted by sedimentation method for 30 minutes in a 2 lt scale and bentonite slurries were obtained and then necessary test and characterization procedures were applied afterwards.
SiO2 | Al2O2 | Fe2O2 | MgO | K2O | CaO | P2O5 | TiO2 | LOI* | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kaolin (%) | 47.85 | 37.60 | 0.83 | 0.17 | 0.97 | 0.57 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 11.27 |
Şırnak Asphaltite Char Shale | 27,4 | 7.70 | 10.83 | 2.17 | 1.97 | 10.5 | 1.4 | 1.74 | 5.47 |
Bentonite | 50.45 | 17.80 | 6.83 | 12.17 | 4.97 | 3.57 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 7.37 |
Marly Shale | 17.85 | 11.60 | 0.83 | 5.17 | 3.97 | 20.57 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 5.27 |
Fly ash | 27.8 | 13.60 | 17.83 | 4.17 | 2.97 | 10.7 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 17.27 |
Apatite Phosphate | 0,2 | 0,1 | 2,3 | 2,3 | 4,3 | 11,3 | 23,5 | 0,1 | 6,5 |
Sorbent types for washing treatment.
LOI: Loss on Ignition at 1000°.
Waste Sorbent Granule | Active Matter,% | BET Area, density |
---|---|---|
Bentonite | CaO, 23 | 122, 800–980 kg/cm3 |
Sepiolite | NaO, 12 | 45, 400–700 |
Apatite Phosphate | P2O5, 16 | 23, 700 |
Phosphate, shale and Marly shale granules, physical packed properties.
Decantation was carried out in 2000 ml mills by adding 75 gr bentonite to 1900 ml of water. For a homogeneous suspension mortar, the bentonite water mixture was first subjected to salt slurry mixing cell for 5 minutes.
After the scurvy, the suspension was allowed to stand for 30 minutes after being agitated so that the impurities were precipitated. At the end of the period, suspended bentonite concentrate was removed by titration method and etch was dried.
The same procedure was repeated with synthetic waters prepared by adding salts at concentrations ranging from 125 ppm to 1000 ppm, until the bentonite slurry were obtained in sufficient quantities with salt slurry mixing water.
The layout of the washing cycle is somewhat simpler than that of the lime slurry: there was no water–compost washing column towers connected to the waste sludge, and the washing unit contained one single microwave radiation column can be used to perform the three decantation washing phases: roughing, scraping and cleaning. The variation of the third cycle washing was also more limited recycled by decantation.
The simple production presented as adapted and optimized depending on the target application. The main applications are briefly described in the following sections. Although this review only focuses on state-of-the art commercially available pellet plants, it should be noted that some prospective advanced applications for heat melting of binder are currently being studied, mainly in the form of prototypes proposed as seen in Figure 3. These innovative applications include:
Compost systems, in which the extrusion mold system takes advantage of temperature gradients in wet gradient.
Compression press systems, where the high load press is used to drive the forming sludge in plant.
Continuous conversion systems, utilizing the high temperature binding gradients and amounts (of at least 20 C) in slurries to drive a recycle.
Hot production, where the scraping power of the load system is used to drive the compressive form of hot system.
Apatite and salt slurry gas washing plant for emission control of flue gas, proposed for silopi power plant.
For an overview of these more innovative and prospective applications, the general common method can be given in first order linear concentration change. However sequential sorption cycles changed that trend in sorption of heavy metal contents of gases.
The first order sorption concentration at three stage cycling counted as t time depended by the Eq. 3 below:
Qe: Equilibrium adsorption capacity (mg/g)
Q: Time adsorption capacity (mg/g)
t: Time (min)
k1: First-order rate coefficient (l/min)
Apatite phosphate was known to react easily at low pH of 5–6 by a considerable dependence on the layer charge and edge charge pH. Therefore, a decrease in the cation exchange capacity should be expected in locked cavity texture of char with the decrease in pH. Acidic washing was so efficient reaching by Fe holdup of 70 ppm and Lead holdup of 65 ppm with 55% highest yield at 18 hours (Figure 4).
The change in metal sorption depending on the metal concentration incorporated in the phosphate char suspensions.
Cation exchange ability was so effective in metal sorption manner. The acidic pH was efficient at criteria in the washing column sorption. It can be seen in the above graph, the pH decreases inversely proportional to the amount of salt added to bentonite suspension, which is much more noticeable when FeCl3 as activation cavity sites developed.
Bentonite is known to have a considerable dependence on the layer charge and edge charge pH. Therefore, a decrease in the cation exchange capacity should be expected in parallel with the decrease in pH. Acidic washing was so efficient reaching by Fe holdup of 60 ppm and Lead holdup of 41 ppm with 45% highest yield at 18 hours (Figure 5).
The change in metal sorption depending on the metal concentration incorporated in the bentonite char suspensions.
The FeCl3 20 mg added bentonite solutions showed the change in cation exchange capacity (CEC, milliequivalent gram/100gr) found in the bentonite concentrates and suspensions obtained using the precipitation-siphoning technique, depending on the salt concentration added.
Zeolite exchange ability was so effective in metal sorption manner. The pH was efficient criteria in the washing column sorption. It can be seen in the above graph, the pH decrease improved the amount of lead and Hg char suspension, pH 4 was more noticeable when Pb 65 ppm at high cavity sites developed (Figure 6).
The change in metal sorption depending on the metal concentration incorporated in the zeolite char suspensions.
Zeolite was known to have a considerable dependence on the layer charge and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity should be expected in parallel with the decrease in pH. Acidic washing was so efficient reaching by Fe holdup of 60 ppm and Lead holdup of 65 ppm with 45% yield at 18 hours.
The bentonite sample was sieved and a small part of 45 μm was used for the operation. Bentonite samples were activated with 1 and 2 M HCl solutions for 2 h at 90° C using the Batch method (using 100 ml acid solution for 5 g sample). The acid-treated samples were washed with hot deionized water to remove Cl-ions and dried in room condition. 125-1000 ppm salt CaOH2, CaCl2, NaOH, NaCl, KCl, FeCl3 was mixed by activated clay samples are mixed in 2 lt slurry mixing cells by tap water.
The current use of absorbent bentonite and new areas of use increase in demand due to outflow. The phosphate resources of Mazıdağı Mardin was gaining in sorbent production and phosphoric acid use in copper ore leaching recently inTurkey, The local sobent alkali and reactive alkali matters is limited due to instead of clay consumption. For this purpose, apathite resources as high rock salt reserves existing in Turkey provided high advantage in use as absorbent and waste mixtures with clay beds. These phosphate waste materials must be fully identified, potential sources should be determined, absorbent purpose should be investigated. In this market, the country economy will provide significant benefits in desulphurization and air pollution control in terms of apathite phosphate instead of fertilizer acid production.
Effective sorptive char in pyrolysis process depend on numerous factors including coal rank in carbonization, the volatile gaseous matter of coal such as presence of hydrogen, carbonyl gas. Char oxidation rate was so stabilizing the desorbence, the settings of optimal diffusion conditions including structure defects (nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, etc.), temperature, oxygen content of coal. The optimization of reactivity and cavity concentration ratios improved the adsorption–desorption balance, the residence time and the reactive spatial distribution of sorbent molecules in coal amorph texture. The acidified washing was other parameter determining the sorbent effıciency of carbonized char. The extent of carbonization was much dependent on the site activation affecting sorption rate, its desorption properties and bed meso porosity. As seen in Figures 3–5, the carbonized char was a prerequisite step for sorption substrate.
The apathite content rate was widely used to improve the adsorption and catalytic properties of natural bentonites. The impurities, such as calcite and dolomite, are removed from the structure by the treatment of montmorillonite with inorganic acids, the interchangeable cations are replaced by hydrogen ions, and some of the Al ions in the tetrahedral layer dissolve certain cations of Fe, Al and Mg in the octahedral layer.
As a result, acid activation increases the pore diameters of the bentonite surface and the surface area and adsorption capacity up to a certain amount of this application. If the amount of acid used during the acid activation process is excessively high, the Al ions found in the octahedral layer dissolve more and as a result, the mineral structure collapses, leaving a skeleton structure composed of silica solids. This reduces the adsorption capacity of the clay and disrupts its selectivity. Pb is a colorless and Hg. The main sources are fossil fuels such as Pb, acidic mine waters and toxic metal sludges, which are industrial plants and industrial steel washings. During the metal smelting processes and other industrial processes.
The compost of apatite, char and salts has substantially oxidized, resistant to forming crystal crack underway service. This pressurized fluid provides precise, uniform temperature control to 500°C in closed-loop microwave systems where the heat transfer fluid is more than occasionally exposed to air. The fluid is comprised of a unique high-stability base plus high-performance oxidation inhibitor/stabilizer.
In the sorbent size distribution, 80% of weights of samples were less than 3 mm. The lignite samples were mainly distributed between 1 mm and 3 mm size fractions. The effect of particle size of solid sorbents were investigated over the combustion of Şırnak Asphaltite char shale and bentonite carried out well on acidic mine water of copper mine in Siirt substance subjected to reaction with salt/char slurry in sorption, as shown in Figure 7.
Apatite and salt act on emission control for flue gas.
Although metal diffusion on sorbent from salt slurry was believed to be the primary mass transport process in the absorption chamber, complex reactions proliferated the alkali clusters below 1-2 mm size and exothermic oxidation reactions increased toxic substances in the effluent form, a relatively porous structure of bentonite clay interstitial spaces and cracks reduced below 1 mm size. The hazardous heavy metal concentrations reacted adsorbate then adsorbs to the sorbent in a certain amount that is equal to the amount of previous adsorbate that was partially degraded on the surface of the bentonite clay and stuck covered toxins, along with avoiding chelating organic matter related carbonyl and amine.
Initially, most of the toxin removal occurs through chemical adsorption of the toxins to the apatite fine at weight rate of 5 % in fluidized bed where the combustion temperature was in the combustion phase below 750°C that lasts approximately 2–3 mins.The removal efficiency of 40–90% were reported during this temperature range. Total organic toxin substances were completely slightly at efficiencies of 75–90% in the late combustion phase. A common industrial combustion to control the emissions pro combustion stage lime washing involves backwashing with air and hydrated lime water rinse. Process variables include the control backwash rate, surface wash rate/duration, time sequence and duration of backwash. Clean filtrate is pumped back into the bottom of the column during backwashing.
The stack gas washed and ESP dust controlled exhaust gas given to vertical column washing by the slurry salt providing toxic metal washing on based acidified digestive mass transfer. This was provided by microwave heating on reactivity of different absorbent materials and amount conditions on activated cavity at Langmuir linear trend. The same situation was also available in the case of other sorbent char lead and CS, COS gas. The apathite material improved packed bed sorption reaction rate. The zeolite activated cage was influenced by the unit surface area, which varied with the internal pore type of the zeolite sorption reaction and the adsorption metal washing cycle.
The power plants using Şırnak asphaltite in fluidized bed combustion chamber produced fly ash slurries contaminated water control, management practices and emission control water washings and metal solutions in treatment system.
The column activated by microwave dissolved washing of exhaust gas at atmospheric pressure happened in porous basket column. The insoluble consists of metal outputs, such as Pb, Zn, Cu. In this study, there have been very few transport studies of apatite char salt slurry (exhaust gas- salt mixtures. There is a great green concern prompting clean air in order to control air and washing waters so that the research study controlled and avoided hazardous toxicity limits of residual gas streams and contaminants of heavy streams by sorption local clay and Ca phosphate compost. The contamination rate changes to those based on weight concentrations and wetness.
In the pH measurements made, the pH value of 5–3 in washing hazardous waste water finally at the last washing column decreased to 5, depending on the concentration of salt content of sorbents in the water.
In the three cycled stage microwave activated washing test measurements made with tap water, it was found that 73 mg/l(ppm) in apatite salt slurries/asphaltite char shale decreased to 53 mg/l(ppm)/in last column output. Likewise, the washed waste waters obtained after 100 min washing by microwave activity using sodium salts softened flow with below 1 mm sized sorbent packages showed reductions in Pb,Hg and Fe at 47% performance.
In water aliquate had the 24 ppm Pb,5 ppm Hg and 57 Fe values, which Pb reduction rates of sorption at Langmuir model with nitrate washing rate was 0,73 ppm/min.l, Hg and total Fe reduction rate decreased to 0,43 ppm/min.l and 0,23 ppm/min.l,respectively.
The pH increased at washing was efficient in heavy metal sorption, the swelling index decreased, the loss of filtration increased negatively, and viscosity decreased by the addition of sodium. In the obtained data, it was observed that sorption manner of bentonite negatively affected by foreign ions in washing water for the activation especially total iron ion.
a | affinity parameter of the Langmuir isotherm (L mg−1) |
b | stoichiometric constant defined by |
B | reactant solid defined |
Bim | Biot number for mass transfer |
Ci | concentration of manganese in the bulk external phase of stage i (mg L−1) |
C0 | feed concentration of manganese in the column (mg L−1) |
Def | effective diffusion coefficient (m2 s−1) |
F | objective function |
h | fixed bed height (m) |
ke | mass transfer coefficient in the bulk external phase (m s−1) |
kr | reaction rate constant for heterogeneous systems (m s−1) |
N | number of stages |
Q | volumetric flowrate (m3 s−1) |
qi | concentration of immobilized manganese within the adsorbent particle at stage i (mg g−1) |
qm | theoretical maximum adsorption capacity of the Langmuir isotherm (mg g−1) |
r | radial distance from the center of the particle, 0 < r < Rp(m) |
R | radius of column (m) |
Rp | radius of adsorbent particle (m) |
R2 | determination coefficient (−) |
rc,i | unreacted core radius at stage i (m) |
t | time (s) |
Vi | volume of stage i (L) |
α | backmixing coefficient (−) |
φ | column hold-up (−) |
ρ | density of adsorbent particle (g m−3) |
τ | mean residence time of fluid in the column (s) |
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\\n\\nThe aforementioned licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Agreement for any reason.
\\n\\n2.2 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of any Co-Author) reserves the following rights to the Chapter but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Chapter as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author confirms that they (and any Co-Author) are and will remain a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\\n\\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Chapter and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process (including the published version) is retained by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\\n\\nSubject to the license granted above, the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author retains patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Chapter.
\\n\\n2.3 All rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the Corresponding Author's or any Co-Author’s specific approval.
\\n\\n2.4 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author) will not assert any rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to object to derogatory treatment of the Chapter as a consequence of IntechOpen's changes to the Chapter arising from translation of it, corrections and edits for house style, removal of problematic material and other reasonable edits.
\\n\\n3. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S DUTIES
\\n\\n3.1 When distributing or re-publishing the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Corresponding Author warrants that each Co-Author will also credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re-publishing the Chapter.
\\n\\n3.2 When submitting the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to:
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author will be held responsible for the payment of the Open Access Publishing Fees.
\\n\\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of the issued invoice. The Corresponding Author or the payer on the Corresponding Author's and Co-Authors' behalf will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
\\n\\n3.3 The Corresponding Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Chapter worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen upon request the original copies of such consents for inspection (at IntechOpen's option) or photocopies of such consents.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from people who might recognize themselves or be identified by others (e.g. from case reports or photographs).
\\n\\n3.4 The Corresponding Author and any Co-Author shall respect confidentiality rights during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author are confidential and are intended only for the recipient. The contents may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\\n\\n4. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\\n\\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Chapter does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Chapter contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Chapter is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Chapter has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a book or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication Agreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author also warrants and represents that: (i) they have the full power to enter into this Publication Agreement on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) they have the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Chapter to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licenses expressed to be granted in this Publication Agreement. If the Chapter was prepared jointly by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, the Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) each Co-Author agrees to the submission, license and publication of the Chapter on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) they have the authority to enter into this Publication Agreement on behalf of and bind each Co-Author. The Corresponding Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each such Co-Author.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author agrees to indemnify and hold IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses and all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of or in connection with any breach of the aforementioned representations and warranties. This indemnity shall not cover IntechOpen to the extent that a claim under it results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\\n\\n4.2 Nothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\\n\\n5. TERMINATION
\\n\\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\\n\\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
\\n\\n6. INTECHOPEN’S DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\\n\\n6.1 Unless prevented from doing so by events outside its reasonable control, IntechOpen, in its discretion, agrees to publish the Chapter attributing it to the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\\n\\n6.2 IntechOpen has the right to use the Corresponding Author’s and any Co-Author’s names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Chapter and has the right to contact the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author until the Chapter is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\\n\\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Chapter, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\\n\\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\\n\\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\\n\\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\\n\\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\\n\\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
\\n\\n7.6 Severance: If any provision or part-provision of this Publication Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted.
\\n\\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\\n\\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
\\n\\nLast updated: 2020-11-27
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The Corresponding Author (acting on behalf of all Authors) and INTECHOPEN LIMITED, incorporated and registered in England and Wales with company number 11086078 and a registered office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2QJ conclude the following Agreement regarding the publication of a Book Chapter:
\n\n1. DEFINITIONS
\n\nCorresponding Author: The Author of the Chapter who serves as a Signatory to this Agreement. The Corresponding Author acts on behalf of any other Co-Author.
\n\nCo-Author: All other Authors of the Chapter besides the Corresponding Author.
\n\nIntechOpen: IntechOpen Ltd., the Publisher of the Book.
\n\nBook: The publication as a collection of chapters compiled by IntechOpen including the Chapter. Chapter: The original literary work created by Corresponding Author and any Co-Author that is the subject of this Agreement.
\n\n2. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\n\n2.1 Subject to the following Article, the Corresponding Author grants and shall ensure that each Co-Author grants, to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright and any extensions or renewals of that term the following:
\n\nThe aforementioned licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Agreement for any reason.
\n\n2.2 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of any Co-Author) reserves the following rights to the Chapter but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Chapter as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author confirms that they (and any Co-Author) are and will remain a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Chapter and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process (including the published version) is retained by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author retains patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Chapter.
\n\n2.3 All rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the Corresponding Author's or any Co-Author’s specific approval.
\n\n2.4 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author) will not assert any rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to object to derogatory treatment of the Chapter as a consequence of IntechOpen's changes to the Chapter arising from translation of it, corrections and edits for house style, removal of problematic material and other reasonable edits.
\n\n3. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S DUTIES
\n\n3.1 When distributing or re-publishing the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Corresponding Author warrants that each Co-Author will also credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re-publishing the Chapter.
\n\n3.2 When submitting the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to:
\n\nThe Corresponding Author will be held responsible for the payment of the Open Access Publishing Fees.
\n\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of the issued invoice. The Corresponding Author or the payer on the Corresponding Author's and Co-Authors' behalf will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
\n\n3.3 The Corresponding Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Chapter worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen upon request the original copies of such consents for inspection (at IntechOpen's option) or photocopies of such consents.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from people who might recognize themselves or be identified by others (e.g. from case reports or photographs).
\n\n3.4 The Corresponding Author and any Co-Author shall respect confidentiality rights during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author are confidential and are intended only for the recipient. The contents may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\n\n4. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\n\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Chapter does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Chapter contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Chapter is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Chapter has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a book or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication Agreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author also warrants and represents that: (i) they have the full power to enter into this Publication Agreement on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) they have the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Chapter to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licenses expressed to be granted in this Publication Agreement. If the Chapter was prepared jointly by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, the Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) each Co-Author agrees to the submission, license and publication of the Chapter on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) they have the authority to enter into this Publication Agreement on behalf of and bind each Co-Author. The Corresponding Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each such Co-Author.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author agrees to indemnify and hold IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses and all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of or in connection with any breach of the aforementioned representations and warranties. This indemnity shall not cover IntechOpen to the extent that a claim under it results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\n\n4.2 Nothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\n\n5. TERMINATION
\n\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\n\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
\n\n6. INTECHOPEN’S DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\n\n6.1 Unless prevented from doing so by events outside its reasonable control, IntechOpen, in its discretion, agrees to publish the Chapter attributing it to the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\n6.2 IntechOpen has the right to use the Corresponding Author’s and any Co-Author’s names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Chapter and has the right to contact the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author until the Chapter is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\n\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Chapter, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\n\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\n\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\n\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\n\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\n\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
\n\n7.6 Severance: If any provision or part-provision of this Publication Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted.
\n\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\n\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
\n\nLast updated: 2020-11-27
\n\n\n\n
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I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. 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