Natural gas molar composition.
\r\n\tWith the discovery of more unconventional heavier crude and alternative hydrocarbon sources, primary upgrading or cracking of the oil into lighter liquid fuel is critical. With increasing concern for environmental sustainability, the regulations on fuel specifications are becoming more stringent. Processing and treating crude oil into a cleaner oil with better quality is equally important. Hence, there has been a relentless and continuous effort to develop new crude upgrading and treating technologies, such as various catalytic systems for more economical and better system performance, as well as cleaner and higher-quality oil.
\r\n\r\n\tThis edited book aims to provide the reader with an overview of the state-of-the-art technologies of crude oil downstream processing which include the primary and secondary upgrading or treating processes covering desulfurization, denitrogenation, demetallation, and evidence-based developments in this area.
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While tutoring plays an important role in student learning, thus improving throughput and helping students to achieve their professional goals [1, 2, 3], the majority of the tutors who engage in tutoring do not receive any formal training [4, 5, 6]. This chapter, which is research-based, proposes the use of the research tutorial as a training strategy for TPD in higher education courses. The process of tutoring embodies broad features and characteristics, for instance: academic and educational dimensions; administrative issues—tracking students’ performance; classroom practices—teaching of the discipline content; peer tutoring—as observed in many universities, among others. This chapter’s focus is on the discourses of student-tutor classroom practices—in other words, what are the interaction dynamics and mathematical discourses that can be observed in student-tutor interactions during tutoring. A South African higher education context is used as an example of this model of TPD. While this chapter is based in the South African higher education teaching and learning context, international readership, particularly individuals who deal with teaching and tutoring in higher education and/or other learning institutions, including schools, will also find the contents interesting. In other words, the target readership includes both South African and international teachers and lecturers. This chapter is composed of nine sections:
A growing body of research into teaching and learning in higher education acknowledges that higher education institutions are regarded as bastions of active teaching and learning that ‘promote students’ deep learning and critical engagement’ ([2]; p. 64). However, existing research also suggests that there is a lack of active participation by students during learning activities in tutorials; one of the reasons for this is the poor quality of the interactions between tutors and students during tutorials [7, 8]. In the context of this chapter, and from a historical perspective, tutoring as a tradition has been in existence since the twelfth century, when the British schools used tutors in special pedagogical positions to assist in the academic development of individual students in schools and higher education institutions [9, 10]. In addition, tutoring was historically used in early European colleges and among the Bourgeois classes and royalty as a form of instruction within these institutions and/or classes [11, 12]. The Latin word
It is true that higher education globally is facing an increasing number of challenges due to the student body becoming more diverse in terms of age, ‘ethno-cultural, socio-economic and even linguistic backgrounds’ ([13], p. 118), motivation, learning needs, and students’ preparedness, among others [14, 15]. In addition, higher education institutions are also faced with perennial under-funding, which is exacerbated by rapid technological advancement [14]. The South African higher education context is no different from that of other countries, particularly third world countries: institutions of higher learning are mandated to address other social challenges, such as the growing demands of accessibility and equity [16, 17], including issues of student retention and throughput, particularly among undergraduate students. Throughout the world, despite universities’ efforts to retain students, only half of all students complete their studies in the regulation time [18, 19]. Comparing retention rates between countries is not an easy endeavour, because individual countries measure completion rates differently. For instance, according to [20, 21], the completion rates of the following countries were: Australia (23%), Denmark (24%), Japan (26%), and Ireland (21%); although these figures appear low, they were in fact some of the countries that experienced higher rates In the context of South African higher education, the completion rate in 2011 was 27%—meaning that only 27 out of every 100 students, on average, completed their studies within the regulation time. In other words, 27% of the students did not take an extra semester or year to complete their degree programme. In the United States of America, studies show that more than 40% of the students who enrolled in 2007 failed to complete their degrees by 2013 [22]. There are many factors that contribute to the low rates of study completion and student retention in universities; these include, but are not limited to: predominant lecturing style of teaching in a large classroom with many students—this style does not encourage students’ participation during learning; no monitoring of students’ attendance as a pre-requisite for writing or passing the final examinations; and the fact that academic staff are inundated with duties other than teaching, such as grade revision and their own research studies [14]. In recent years, the use of podcasts to record lectures, though positive in many other ways, has contributed to students’ lack of active participation in teaching and learning activities. Studies have also shown that contextual factors that hinder students’ participation have to do with how institutions allocate resources to student development and learning opportunities that encourage student participation [23, 24, 25]. All the factors contributing to low completion and retention rates, in addition to causing high levels of frustration among students and academic staff, furthermore place a huge social and financial burden on the country’s fiscus, particularly in countries with free education—such as Norway, and have a significant and negative effect on the quality of teaching and learning [26, 27, 28].
\nThe teaching and learning space in higher education is complex and challenging. As already alluded to in this chapter, the greater diversity among higher education students from different linguistic and cultural backgrounds and the creation of learning environments where high levels of student engagement are prioritised, is adding to these difficulties [2, 24, 29]. Research suggests that the introduction of cooperative learning (CL) [30, 31, 32], through the tutoring of small groups, for instance, could assist in creating conducive learning environments, which would be better able to address students’ lack of active participation and engagement [33, 34].
\nUnderstanding the interdependence between CL and tutoring is important in the context of this chapter. CL is defined as ‘the instructional use of small groups so that students work together to maximise their own and each other’s learning’ ([35], p. 3). CL represents a shift from lecturing passive big groups of students to tutoring smaller groups, where a tutor is in charge of a small group. In CL, the instruction focusses, through the guidance of a tutor, on stimulating and encouraging student-student and student-tutor interactions during tutoring [35, 36]. These interactions promote a deeper conceptual understanding among students, and foster the development of higher order, social, and critical skills, which are valuable for the students’ future life [37].
\nStudent-tutor and student-student interactions discussed in this chapter take place during peer tutoring in the higher education context. In a general sense, peer tutoring entails individuals of the same group or social standing teaching each other, when one of the group members has more expertise or is more knowledgeable than the others [4, 38]. While in higher education peer tutoring is regarded as an integral part of academic development and support programs designed to assist at-risk students, defining the construct of peer tutoring is perceived to be complex, and at times contested [9, 12]. Variations of peer tutoring include: one-to-one tutoring, tutoring small groups—where a tutor oversees a small group of students, and online tutoring—which is used to support students studying through distance education, among others. In this chapter, peer tutoring embodies cross-age tutoring, where postgraduate students in quantitative disciplines assume the role of tutors to undergraduate students in a QL course, and where each tutor deals with a small group of students [4, 39]. Hence, this chapter uses the word ‘tutoring’ to refer to peer tutoring of undergraduate students in small groups, with each group facilitated by a senior student/postgraduate student.
\nRecent lines of research on higher education teaching and learning have shown that institutionalised tutoring is regarded as one of the strategies of encouraging the active participation of students and fostering more proactive interventions that address students’ deficits [9]. In addition, undergraduate students need more direct learning, such as provided during tutoring, to help them with assessing their own knowledge deficits [1]. Ideally, a tutor should address undergraduate knowledge deficits by fostering greater student engagement and participation in tutorials. Morano and Riccomini [40] assert that tutoring is one of the instructional strategies that can be used to address ‘high order learning objectives including comprehension, application, and problem solving’ (p. 104) that are strongly emphasised across all higher education disciplines. It should not be deduced, however, that this chapter is suggesting that tutoring is the only solution of all learning challenges in higher education. Having said that, my position is that tutoring, as a part of university teaching-learning approach can indeed improve the throughput and retention of students and help them to achieve their professional goals [3]. By means of the example in this chapter, I argue for the use of a research tutorial as an effective training strategy of tutor professional development (TPD) in an undergraduate Quantitative Literacy (QL) intervention course. To express it as a research question: How can a research lesson be used as a training strategy for TPD in an undergraduate course?
\nHigher education studies in many disciplines concur that tutors as facilitators for student learning should be trained through workshops and/or seminars to be equipped with the necessary didactical skills [41]. By collaborating with the relevant discipline’s course convenors and/or coauthoring course materials, as part of tutor training, tutors can further develop familiarity with the instructional strategies that promote student learning [42]. Central to the debates on how tutoring improves students’ active participation and engagement in learning activities is the efficacy of the tutor training program. Academic development programmes in which tutor training is a key feature tend to contribute more to students’ success than do those without tutor training [9]. In other words, tutor training programmes enhance the facilitating of the tutorials, by providing opportunities for feedback and peer interactions that empower tutors to provide better learning experiences during tutorials [6, 43]. McFarlane [44] concurs and posits that ‘tutoring in higher education from a tutor’s perspective suggests that tutors lack training in tutoring and may lack clarity as to the purpose of the role’ (p. 77). One of the key focuses of tutor training is how to transfer the knowledge, skills and behaviours acquired by tutors to real tutoring settings [45]. It is clear that the quality of tutors is one cause for the variations in student learning during tutorials, and that the quality of tutoring programmes directly influences the quality of tutors [46]. In accordance with [47], the word ‘quality’ in the context of tutoring programmes refers to ‘both changes in the environment in which education [tutoring] takes place and the detachable gains in learners’ [students’] knowledge, skills and values’ (p. 13). Here the word detachable gains are gains that apply outside the tutorial, such as, self-regulation. Despite increase in tutor training programmes and their benefits in developing students’ higher order cognitive skills, as already illustrated in this chapter, many more studies on tutor training are emerging [15, 45, 46].
\nIn this section, an alternative tutor training model is presented. The origins of this model are based on the construct of the lesson study framework and the notion of the research lesson—both of which have been popularised in mathematics education, particularly in schools [48, 49, 50]. As a form of continuous professional development (CPD) for mathematics teachers, [50] asserts that a lesson study is an approach:
\nWithin the context of this chapter, a lesson study framework as a form of TPD for tutors is a tutor-enquiry based CPD whose specific emphasis is to reflect on tutoring classroom practices and students’ cognition, thus developing the tutor’s expertise and learning within a higher education context [49, 51]. Tutor-enquiry based training using a lesson study, and more specifically a research tutorial, is a possible solution for the TPD of tutors in higher education. A research tutorial is a tutorial that is jointly planned (prepared), implemented, and evaluated through reflections by both tutors and researchers within a discipline and/or degree programme. This chapter uses the term ‘researchers’ to refer to: academics, such as lecturers and convenors of higher education courses, as well as other higher education stakeholders in higher education, whose interests lie in tutor development. As such, the research tutorial is examined through three lenses [52]: The first is
Considering what has been said earlier, this chapter discusses tutoring in an undergraduate course—viz. the QL course, so the context presented is very specific to this course. While tutors have many different roles, the focus in this chapter is on classroom practice and discourse, in other words, on facilitating the discipline content. Only postgraduate students from quantitative disciplines are interviewed and, if selected, are eligible to be tutors for this course. Successful candidates are required to attend a compulsory orientation seminar before assuming their tutoring duties, and before being subjected to further training, as defined by the research tutorial framework. It is during the orientation seminar that tutors, and researchers discuss the learning needs of the students in the course, as well as the curricular goals of the course. In addition, the orientation seminar is used to assess the developmental needs of tutors before they engage in tutoring.
\nThe research tutorial framework that the chapter is proposing consists of four phases. The characteristics of this framework make it an effective tool for TPD, because ‘it is site-based, practice-oriented, focussed on student learning, collaboration-based, and research-oriented’ ([57], p. 2). In other words, the framework can be adapted to address the needs of the tutors and student learning in a variety of contexts. Figure 1 shows the four phases of the research tutorial framework, viz.
Phases of a research tutorial.
Firstly, in the
Secondly, in the
As defined in this chapter, case students are, for example, three students known to the tutors and the researchers, around whom the tutorial is planned. In other words, the planning phase looks at specific named students in a tutorial in each of the three categories: low, average, and high performers, and designs the tutorial around their needs. So, each of the tutorial planning activities is focused at addressing the needs of these case students, and by extension the rest of the students in the group [48, 59].
\nPart of the emphasis of the planning stage is on creating a learning environment that promotes the construct of dialogic talk, which requires tutors to use high order questioning that promotes critical thinking [60]—for example, Socratic questioning [61], and feedback that promotes alternative discourses [62, 63]. Pertinent characteristics of dialogic talk are:
Thirdly, in the
Fourthly, during the
Having presented the research tutorial framework in the previous section, in this section the discussion centres on how the framework can be operationalised in a Humanities first year undergraduate QL course with a specific research tutorial on the
Students enrolled in this QL course mainly do Psychology as a major; however, students from other social sciences disciplines, such as social work, are also admitted to the course. Readers need to note that the majority of the students who enrolled in the QL course obtained low grades in their final year of high school and are characterised by their low interest in mathematics or learning activities that require an understanding of numbers and their applications. The construct of QL embodies ‘the ability to understand, interpret, evaluate, and apply numerical [mathematical and statistical] data, as well as the ability to communicate mathematical ideas in various formats’ [68]. On a practical level, QL promotes quantitative reasoning and logical thinking that assist students when dealing with quantitative issues, both in their discipline and in the real world, as informed, literate, and democratic citizens. Using the research tutorial shown in the appendix as an example, the following section illustrates how the four research tutorial phases—setting goals, planning, implementation, and debriefing—can be used for tutor training or TPD.
\nFirstly, in the
Secondly, in the
Thirdly, in the
Lastly, the
From this illustrative example of a specific QL-based research tutorial on percentage changes, the cyclical characteristic of the research tutorial can be observed. While this example is based on a research tutorial, the framework can also be applied to subsequent tutorials, thus adding to continuity within the TPD. The author is not claiming that the research tutorial framework proposed in this chapter addresses all the challenges associated with students’ lack of engagement during tutorials but does posit that it provides an alternative approach to tutor training, an area that is under-researched in higher education disciplines.
\nTutoring and tutor training by using a research tutorial framework, as proposed in this chapter, are critical components of higher education learning and teaching that are intrinsically linked to the students’ deep learning strategies, in other words, meaning-making and development of complex conceptualisation of discipline content, which lead to enhanced student engagements and interactions during learning, improved throughputs, and greater access [77, 78]. The tutor training discussed in this study, through the use of a research tutorial, seeks to address discipline-specific skills development of tutors in an undergraduate QL course, and does not address ‘generic tutoring skills such as presentation skills, taking control of a tutorial session and responding in an emotionally responsible and mature manner to students’ requests and actions’ ([79], p. 29). Discipline-specific skills development includes but is not limited to: mastery of disciplinary content knowledge—QL content; supporting students’ productive struggles within the discipline content; designing and implementing new instructional strategies during tutorials; and promoting mathematical and statistical classroom discourses during tutorials. As demonstrated in this chapter, TPD by means of an evidence-driven research tutorial can have huge implications for promoting students’ active engagements and supporting their productive struggles during learning. The author argues that the role of tutors has become more complex, given the diversity and unpreparedness of the students enrolled in higher education institutions. Given also that there is an expectation for tutors to use student-centred alternative approaches, and that most of the tutors are postgraduate students without formal tutor training, there is a strong need for university departments to develop TPD, like the one described in this chapter. In conclusion, there is a need to research the effectiveness of the research tutorial as an alternative TPD method, with a focus on disciplinary content and classroom discourses. In addition, future research should include focussing on how tutors notice, and attend to the students’ productive struggles during an undergraduate QL tutorial through deep questioning.
\nThe contents of this book chapter have been developed under the Centre for Higher Education Development (CHED), University of Cape Town—Research Development Grant. However, the contents of the chapter do not necessarily represent the views of CHED.
\nThe author declares that no conflict of interest exists.
The chart below has been adapted from data in \n
\n
Describe in full the meaning of the number 14 in the bar on the chart.
Consider the following statements based on the chart and select the one that best describes the value for the Western Cape:
The percentage change in murder figures in the Western Cape from 2005/6 to 2006/7 was more than 4%.
The percentage change in murder figures in the Western Cape from 2005/6 to 2006/7 was almost 5%.
What was the percentage change in murder figures from 2005/6 to 2006/7 for Mpumalanga and Northern Cape?
In each case say what this means about how the number of murders has changed in the province.
Can you use the answer in (i) to conclude that there were more murders in the Northern Cape than in Mpumalanga?
Which province had the smallest percentage change (irrespective of the sign) in murders? What is the percentage change for this province?
It is known that the number of murders in the Free State in 2005/6 was 876. How many murders were there in 2006/7?
It is known that the number of murders in Mpumalanga in 2005/6 was 874. How many murders were there in 2006/7?
How many murders were there in Gauteng in 2005/6?
The percentage change for RSA is given as 3.6%. Is this value the average for the percentage change values for the nine provinces?
If yes, confirm the calculation of the value. If no, say how the figure of 3.6% would have been calculated.
What proportion of all murders in 2006/7 was committed in the Western Cape? Express the answer as a percentage.
In 2006/7 how many times as big was the number of murders in South Africa as the number of murders in the Northern Cape? Write your answer as a whole number.
Complete the proportion in the following sentence:
The Northern Cape had only \n
By how many orders of magnitude was the Eastern Cape’s number of murders in 2006/7 bigger than that of the Northern Cape?
Power generation with high efficiency and low emissions becomes a serious research topic. Fuel cells are considered as an appropriate technology. Among several fuel cells, Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) is characterized by special advantages that make its coupling with different power cycles especially with Gas Turbine (GT) an attractive proposal to achieve high electrical and thermal efficiencies. Many papers studied SOFC/GT hybrid systems. This integration shows a high electrical efficiency [1]. Parametric, economic, energetic, and exergetic studies are established to optimize SOFC/GT systems [2, 3]. Also, the advancement in material technology and its application on SOFC [4], the use of different fuels, modeling techniques, various designs, techniques, and configurations have been proposed and studied [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13]. Additional electrochemical systems, bottoming cycles, and chemical processes can be integrated in SOFC-Turbine hybrid system to enhance its efficiency such as the organic Rankine bottom cycle with cryogenic nitrogen assisting in CO2 recovery used by Yang et al. [14]. A multi-generation system power investigated by Haghghi et al. gave 47.14% as an overall system exergy efficiency [15]. The solar array, the proton exchange membrane electrolyzer, and digester are added by Inac et al. to develop a highly renewable hybrid concept [16]. Gholamian et al. [17] found that ORC integrated with thermoelectric generator is having high exergy efficiency in comparison of the basic ORC by 21.9%. Malico et al. [18] studied the integrated SOFC-absorption chiller system for cooling, heating, and power by utilizing waste heat from SOFC and found 68% thermal efficiency. Mehrpooya et al. [19] investigated SOFC-Ammonia water single effect absorption system with ORC combination and they found an efficiency of 62.4%.
Different architectures of hybrid systems are described in previous research. Coupling SOFCs thermally or chemically with bottoming power cycles and renewable energy conversion and storage devices achieves an important efficiency reaching 80% [20, 21, 22, 23]. Valerie et al. [24] assessed a thermo-economic study of an indirect integration of a standard gas turbine cycle with an internal reforming SOFC system and bottoming Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC). They concluded that with toluene as working fluid an energy efficiency of about 4% and an exergy efficiency of about 62% are obtained. A supercritical CO2 bottoming cycle was added by Meng et al. to operate the SOFC at higher power density with 70% system efficiency [25]. Many combinations show an important efficiency. Liu et al. found that 62.29% exergy efficiency was obtained using SOFC-GT-ORG-CO2 CAPTURE [26]. An overall exergy efficiency of 47.14% was obtained by a multi-generation system for power, cooling, and hydrogen and water production. [27]. An electrical efficiency of about 75.8% is obtained by Yi et al. [28]. An improvement of the exergy and the energy performances by 26.6 and 27.8% of SOFC-GT hybrid system compared to traditional gas turbine performances, respectively, is demonstrated by Haseli et al. [29]. A thermodynamic and exergo-economic analysis of a SOFC-GT cogeneration system were conducted by Mahmoudi and Khani [2]. They found that the economic and thermodynamic performances increase with the TIT and steam to carbon ratio. Harvey and Richter [30] used ASPEN plus simulator to study pressurized SOFC system, initially developed in Argonne National Laboratory. Later on in the 1997, Siemens Westinghouse delivered the first prototype for producing 220 kW via pressurized SOFC-GT. Santhanam et al. [6] studied an SOFC-GT system integrated to a bio-mass gasifier while integrating a heat pipe within the SOFC stack. They found reduction in exergy destruction and improvement in efficiency of the proposed system. The electric efficiency achieved for the proposed plant exceeds 72%. Ji et al. [10] compared performance assessment of integration of hybrid SOFC-GT cycle with different bottoming Rankine cycle alternatives. They concluded that triple combined cycle yields 3% higher efficiency as compared to dual combined cycle.
The studied power plant is represented by Figure 1. It is mainly composed by a gas turbine cycle GT, a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell SOFC system, and an ammonia water absorption refrigerating system; also heat exchangers HE is used to recover and valorize the heat fluxes from the Gas Turbine and SOFC exhausts. Before feeding the SOFC, the fuel is pre-reformed for a specific portion. The required steam for pre-reforming is produced by the steam generator working with the exhaust heat 43 g from HE1. The outlet of the performing 3C will be completely reformed in the SOFC. After the compression through CA2 the ambient air 3a will be heated in HE1 to obtain 4C. Inside the SOFC, the chemical energy will be converted to electricity due to electrochemical reaction that occurs in the SOFC. Fuel cell exhaust 43a is compressed to 43c to be used to heat the air compressed by CA1 in the heat exchanger HE2. The fuel mixture (the gas 43d and the fresh fuel 2c) will feed the combustion chamber with the compressed heated air 1c. The exhaust flow from the combustion chamber 21a is expanded by the gas turbine GT to generate mechanical power which is converted in electrical generator to electricity. In addition, the flux 43f is used to activate the ammonia water absorption refrigerating system. The exhaust flux from the GT is transferred to the refrigerating system or to the stack.
SOFC-GT hybrid system power plant diagram.
The purpose of exergy analysis is to determine the performance and identify the sources of irreversibility of the hybrid system.
Characteristics of the fuel cell are selected according to ref. [31]. The SOFC is the seat of reforming, shifting, and electrochemical reactions. The used fuel composition is reported in Table 1. Developed SOFC model calculates voltages, power, and outlet flow parameters.
Compound | Molar composition (%) |
---|---|
N2 | 3.04 |
CO2 | 0.64 |
CH4 | 78.95 |
C2H6 | 13.5 |
C3H8 | 3.87 |
Natural gas molar composition.
The power delivered by the SOFC is given by:
The exergy balance and the exergetic efficiency of the SOFC can be expressed as:
The gas turbine outlet temperature is given by
Where R is the gas turbine expansion ratio
The power produced by the GT is calculated as follows:
The exergy balance and the exergetic efficiency of the GT can be expressed as:
The exergy balance and the exergetic efficiency of the combustion chamber can be expressed as:
Multiple gas-to-gas heat exchangers are proposed to recover heat. It is assumed that there is no heat transfer between these elements and the surrounding environment. The effectiveness- NTU method is used to determine the actual temperature changes for both cold and hot fluids, based on the heat exchanger type, effective heat transfer coefficient, and surface area. For a cross flow and unmixed fluid type heat exchanger, the effectiveness is expressed as [1]:
The exergy balance and the exergetic efficiency of the heat exchangers are determined using the following equations:
The outlet temperatures of used compressors are calculated using the following equations:
The power consumed by different compressors can be calculated using the following equations:
The compressors’ exergy balance and the exergetic efficiency are determined using following equations:
The net system power of hybrid system is given by
The energetic efficiency of gas turbine cycle is
The energetic efficiency of SOFC is
The energetic efficiency of the hybrid system is
Effect of pressure
The air compressor consumes a lot of energy. The more the compression ratio increases, the more the energy requirement of this component increases. So, as the cell pressure increases, the compressor exergy decreases. Moreover, the pressure has a negative effect on the exergy efficiency of the fuel cell and the gas turbine as shown in Figures 2 and 3. Operating at a pressure equal to 200 kPa, the cell and the turbine exhibit exergy efficiencies of approximately 57.3 and 80.7%, respectively. Whereas for a pressure
Effect of the extraction fraction
The increase in the extraction fraction implies a decrease in the useful power. The turbine loses part of the load to be expanded by the extraction leading to a decrease in the power generated as illustrated in Figure 5. An extraction of 4.5% leads to an efficiency of 67.4%, while a 65.8% yield is obtained if the extraction is doubled. The effect of the extracted fraction on the exergy of the stack heat exchanger was also studied as shown in Figure 6. By increasing the extracted fraction, the exergy of the exchanger decreases. This decrease is due to the increase in energy flows due to the increase in fluid mass flow. The more the mass flow increases, the greater the irreversibility. For extracted fractions of 0.45 and 0.8, the exergy yields obtained are 82% and 79%, respectively. Furthermore, a practically negligible negative effect of the extracted fraction on the fuel cell is observed, as shown in Figure 7. Indeed, by increasing from a 5% extraction fraction to 10%, the destruction of exergy increases by only 2%. However, this parameter has a positive effect on the pre-reformer. Figure 8 shows the variation of the exergy yield of the pre-reformer as a function of the extraction fraction. This yield increases with the indicated fraction. For an extraction fraction equal to 0.05, the pre-reformer has an exergy yield equal to 23.9% while for a fraction fs equal to 0.1, this yield reaches 25.3%.
Effect of H2 flow
The variation in the flow of H2 with constant oxidant flow represents in other words the variation of the fuel/oxygen ratio. This ratio affects the electrochemical reaction, temperature, and combustion reaction.
At a given air flow and precisely at a given oxygen flow, corresponds a maximum flow rate of H2 which could be oxidized without heating the cell to a temperature that damages the materials constituting the cell.
Figures 9 and 10 illustrate the influence of H2 flow rate on the exergy efficiency of the fuel cell and gas turbine, respectively. It can be seen that for the SOFC, the efficiency increases significantly with the H2 flow, reaching a limit value of about 53.4% as shown in Figure 9. For a variation in the H2 flow rate from 101.1 to 203.3 mol/s, the exergy efficiency of the cell increases by approximately 8%. Likewise, the exergy efficiency of the gas turbine is improved with increasing H2 flow rate. For the same range of H2 flow rate variation, the exergy efficiency of the gas turbine increases by approximately 3.2% as shown in Figure 10.
A positive effect was observed for the pre-reformer as shown in Figure 11. For the same variation in flow, the exergy efficiency obtained respectively are 14.4 and 24.4%.
We therefore find that irreversibility can be reduced by increasing fuel flow. This is due to the increasing of the cell temperature which decreases cell polarizations and to the increasing of the temperature and inlet flow of the gas turbine. We also note that the more the H2 flow rate increases, the more the fuel flow rate increases and then more chemical exergy is available to the reformer.
Effect of air flow
The SOFC intake air flow affects cell, heat exchanger, and turbine performances. Figure 12 shows the evolution of the SOFC exergetic efficiency as a function of the air flow. It is observed that the exergetic efficiency reaches a maximum value of approximately 53% for an optimum air flow rate equal to 362.2 mol/s. A higher air flow leads to a lower exergetic efficiency. This is explained by the fact that excess air cools the cell.
In addition, the more the molar air flow increases, the more the energy supplied to the cell increases, which leads to a higher exergy destruction.
In addition, the increase in the air flow leads to an improvement in the exergetic efficiency of the turbine as shown in Figure 13. For the same flow rate range, the gas turbine efficiency increases from 66.87 to 68.01% due to the increase in mass flow rate at the feed.
Exergetic efficiencies of principal components in optimal conditions
The exergetic efficiencies of the various components operating under optimal conditions are shown in Figure 14. It is noted that the combustion chamber, the pre-reformer, and the fuel cell have the lowest values of the exergetic efficiency. Indeed, the combustion chamber has the lowest exergetic efficiency. It virtually destroys 83.3% of the exergy that is received. The irreversibility of combustion is due to heat transfer, friction of fluids, mixing, and chemical reaction. It is difficult to assess the contribution of each process to the total rate of irreversibility. In reality, we can assimilate that the irreversibility due to friction and mixing is negligible compared to other irreversibilities. The destruction of exergy at the SOFC is also significant. Its exergetic efficiency is in the order of 53.56% under optimal conditions. It is attributed to thermodynamic and electrochemical irreversibilities. Besides thermal transfer, SOFC is the location of various chemical reactions. It should also be noted that the reformer is a source of significant degradation of exergy since it is fed by material flows at different temperatures and it is the location of chemical reactions. While the destruction of exergy at the heat exchangers is explained by the difference in temperatures between the various circulating flows.
Effect of pressure on SOFC exergetic efficiency.
Effect of pressure on gas turbine exergetic efficiency.
Effect of pressure on heat exchangers’ exergetic efficiencies.
Effect of extraction fraction on the gas turbine exergetic efficiency.
Effect of the extraction fraction on the exergetic efficiency of SOFC-Heat exchanger.
Effect of the extraction fraction on the SOFC exergetic efficiency.
Effect of the extraction fraction on the pre-reformer exergetic efficiency.
Effect of H2 flow on SOFC exergetic efficiency.
Effect of H2 flow on gas turbine exergetic efficiency.
Effect of H2 flow on pre-reformer exergetic efficiency.
Effect of air flow on SOFC exergetic efficiency.
Effect of air flow on the gas turbine exergetic efficiency.
Exergetic efficiencies of principal components.
An exergetic analysis of the hybrid TG/SOFC system is developed. The exergy balances are established for the various components. The results obtained show that the exergy efficiencies are improved by increasing the pre-fixing fraction of the air and fuel flows. While the ambient temperature, humidity, fuel utilization factor, SOFC pressure, and the shrinkage fraction affect negatively the exergy performance of the hybrid plant. In addition, the exergy study made it possible to locate the inefficiencies of the system studied.
An exergy analysis of the hybrid TG/SOFC system is developed. The exergy balances are established for the different components. A parametric study made it possible to highlight the effects of the operating variables on the exergy efficiency of these components. The results obtained show that the exergy efficiencies are improved by increasing the pre-reforming fraction the air and fuel flows. While the pressure at the SOFC and the extraction fraction negatively affect the exergy performance of the hybrid plant. In addition, the exergy study made it possible to locate the inefficiencies of the system studied. The combustion chamber, pre-reformer, and SOFC have proven to be the greatest exergy destroyers.
The author is extremely grateful to the head of Applied Thermodynamic Research Unit, National Engineering School of Gabes, Tunisia, Prof. Tahar Khir for his encouragement and technical support.
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However, it can only be activated under ultraviolet light irradiation due to its wide bandgap, high recombination, and weak separation efficiency of carriers. Doping is an effective method to extend the light absorption to the visible light region. In this chapter, we will address the importance of doping, different doping modes, preparation method, and photocatalytic mechanism in TiO2 photocatalysts. Thereafter, we will concentrate on Ti3+ self‐doping, nonmetal doping, metal doping, and codoping. Examples of progress can be given for each one of these four doping modes. The influencing factors of preparation method and doping modes on photocatalytic performance (spectrum response, carrier transport, interfacial electron transfer reaction, surface active sites, etc.) are summed up. The main objective is to study the photocatalytic processes, to elucidate the mechanistic models for a better understanding the photocatalytic reactions, and to find a method of enhancing photocatalytic activities.",book:{id:"5139",slug:"semiconductor-photocatalysis-materials-mechanisms-and-applications",title:"Semiconductor Photocatalysis",fullTitle:"Semiconductor Photocatalysis - Materials, Mechanisms and Applications"},signatures:"Fei Huang, Aihua Yan and Hui Zhao",authors:[{id:"178389",title:"Dr.",name:"Fei",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",slug:"fei-huang",fullName:"Fei Huang"},{id:"185126",title:"Dr.",name:"Aihua",middleName:null,surname:"Yan",slug:"aihua-yan",fullName:"Aihua Yan"},{id:"185127",title:"Ms.",name:"Hui",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",slug:"hui-zhao",fullName:"Hui Zhao"}]},{id:"17184",doi:"10.5772/17039",title:"Polymer Nanocomposites: From Synthesis to Applications",slug:"polymer-nanocomposites-from-synthesis-to-applications",totalDownloads:17312,totalCrossrefCites:33,totalDimensionsCites:70,abstract:null,book:{id:"1045",slug:"nanocomposites-and-polymers-with-analytical-methods",title:"Nanocomposites and Polymers with Analytical Methods",fullTitle:"Nanocomposites and Polymers with Analytical Methods"},signatures:"S. 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This chapter aimed at providing some basic and fundamental properties of ceria, the importance of oxygen vacancies in this material, nano‐size effects and various synthesis strategies to form diverse structural morphologies. Finally, some key applications of ceria‐based nanostructures are reviewed. We conclude this chapter by expressing personal perspective on the probable challenges and developments of the controllable synthesis of CeO2 nanomaterials for various applications.",book:{id:"5510",slug:"functionalized-nanomaterials",title:"Functionalized Nanomaterials",fullTitle:"Functionalized Nanomaterials"},signatures:"Adnan Younis, Dewei Chu and Sean Li",authors:[{id:"191574",title:"Dr.",name:"Adnan",middleName:null,surname:"Younis",slug:"adnan-younis",fullName:"Adnan Younis"}]},{id:"17194",doi:"10.5772/21694",title:"Properties of Nanofillers in Polymer",slug:"properties-of-nanofillers-in-polymer",totalDownloads:20408,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:56,abstract:null,book:{id:"1045",slug:"nanocomposites-and-polymers-with-analytical-methods",title:"Nanocomposites and Polymers with Analytical Methods",fullTitle:"Nanocomposites and Polymers with Analytical Methods"},signatures:"Damien M. 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The two physical effects are the quantization of electronic states apparent leading to very sensitive size-dependent effects such as optical and magnetic properties and the high surface-to-volume ratio modifies the thermal, mechanical, and chemical properties of materials. The nanoparticles’ unique physical and chemical properties render them most appropriate for a number of specialist applications.",book:{id:"9109",slug:"engineered-nanomaterials-health-and-safety",title:"Engineered Nanomaterials",fullTitle:"Engineered Nanomaterials - Health and Safety"},signatures:"Takalani Cele",authors:[{id:"305934",title:"Dr.",name:"Takalani",middleName:null,surname:"Cele",slug:"takalani-cele",fullName:"Takalani Cele"}]},{id:"72636",title:"Nanocomposite Materials",slug:"nanocomposite-materials",totalDownloads:2197,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Nanocomposites are the heterogeneous/hybrid materials that are produced by the mixtures of polymers with inorganic solids (clays to oxides) at the nanometric scale. Their structures are found to be more complicated than that of microcomposites. They are highly influenced by the structure, composition, interfacial interactions, and components of individual property. Most popularly, nanocomposites are prepared by the process within in situ growth and polymerization of biopolymer and inorganic matrix. With the rapid estimated demand of these striking potentially advanced materials, make them very much useful in various industries ranging from small scale to large to very large manufacturing units. With a great deal to mankind with environmental friendly, these offer advanced technologies in addition to the enhanced business opportunities to several industrial sectors like automobile, construction, electronics and electrical, food packaging, and technology transfer.",book:{id:"10072",slug:"nanotechnology-and-the-environment",title:"Nanotechnology and the Environment",fullTitle:"Nanotechnology and the Environment"},signatures:"Mousumi Sen",authors:[{id:"310218",title:"Dr.",name:"Mousumi",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"mousumi-sen",fullName:"Mousumi Sen"}]},{id:"38951",title:"Carbon Nanotube Transparent Electrode",slug:"carbon-nanotube-transparent-electrode",totalDownloads:4028,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"3077",slug:"syntheses-and-applications-of-carbon-nanotubes-and-their-composites",title:"Syntheses and Applications of Carbon Nanotubes and Their Composites",fullTitle:"Syntheses and Applications of Carbon Nanotubes and Their Composites"},signatures:"Jing Sun and Ranran Wang",authors:[{id:"153508",title:"Prof.",name:"Jing",middleName:null,surname:"Sun",slug:"jing-sun",fullName:"Jing Sun"},{id:"153596",title:"Ms.",name:"Ranran",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"ranran-wang",fullName:"Ranran Wang"}]},{id:"49413",title:"Electrodeposition of Nanostructure Materials",slug:"electrodeposition-of-nanostructure-materials",totalDownloads:3753,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"We are conducting a multi-disciplinary research work that involves development of nanostructured thin films of semiconductors for different applications. Nanotechnology is widely considered to constitute the basis of the next technological revolution, following on from the first Industrial Revolution, which began around 1750 with the introduction of the steam engine and steelmaking. Nanotechnology is defined as the design, characterization, production, and application of materials, devices and systems by controlling shape and size of the nanoscale. The nanoscale itself is at present considered to cover the range from 1 to 100 nm. All samples prepared in thin film forms and the characterization revealed their nanostructure. The major exploitation of thin films has been in microelectronics, there are numerous and growing applications in communications, optical electronics, coatings of all kinds, and in energy generation. A great many sophisticated analytical instruments and techniques, largely developed to characterize thin films, have already become indispensable in virtually every scientific endeavor irrespective of discipline. Among all these techniques, electrodeposition is the most suitable technique for nanostructured thin films from aqueous solution served as samples under investigation. The electrodeposition of metallic layers from aqueous solution is based on the discharge of metal ions present in the electrolyte at a cathodic surface (the substrate or component.) The metal ions accept an electron from the electrically conducting material at the solid- electrolyte interface and then deposit as metal atoms onto the surface. The electrons necessary for this to occur are either supplied from an externally applied potential source or are surrendered by a reducing agent present in solution (electroless reduction). The metal ions themselves derive either from metal salts added to solution, or by the anodic dissolution of the so-called sacrificial anodes, made of the same metal that is to be deposited at the cathode.",book:{id:"4718",slug:"electroplating-of-nanostructures",title:"Electroplating of Nanostructures",fullTitle:"Electroplating of Nanostructures"},signatures:"Souad A. M. Al-Bat’hi",authors:[{id:"174793",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamad",middleName:null,surname:"Souad",slug:"mohamad-souad",fullName:"Mohamad Souad"}]},{id:"71346",title:"Application of Nanomaterials in Environmental Improvement",slug:"application-of-nanomaterials-in-environmental-improvement",totalDownloads:1756,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"In recent years, researchers used many scientific studies to improve modern technologies in the field of reducing the phenomenon of pollution resulting from them. In this chapter, methods to prepare nanomaterials are described, and the main properties such as mechanical, electrical, and optical properties and their relations are determined. The investigation of nanomaterials needed high technologies that depend on a range of nanomaterials from 1 to 100 nm; these are scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffractions (XRD). The applications of nanomaterials in environmental improvement are different from one another depending on the type of devices used, for example, solar cells for producing clean energy, nanotechnologies in coatings for building exterior surfaces, and sonochemical decolorization of dyes by the effect of nanocomposite.",book:{id:"10072",slug:"nanotechnology-and-the-environment",title:"Nanotechnology and the Environment",fullTitle:"Nanotechnology and the Environment"},signatures:"Ali Salman Ali",authors:[{id:"313275",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Salman",slug:"ali-salman",fullName:"Ali Salman"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"208",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"79274",title:"Molecular Simulation of Cholesteric Liquid-Crystal Polyesteramides: Conformational and Structure Analysis by Rietveld Refinement",slug:"molecular-simulation-of-cholesteric-liquid-crystal-polyesteramides-conformational-and-structure-anal",totalDownloads:74,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100388",abstract:"Molecular modeling techniques are applied to polyesteramides designed as PNOBDME (C34H38N2O6)n and PNOBEE (C26H22N2O6)n, synthesized and characterized as cholesteric liquid crystals -through the condensation reaction between 4 and 4′-(terephthaloyl- diaminedibenzoic chloride (NOBC) and racemic glycol: DL-1,2 dodecanediol, or DL-1,2-butanediol, respectively, being chemical modifications of precursor multifunctional cholesteric LC polyesters, adding new properties but holding their helical macromolecular structures. Although the starting raw materials were racemic, these cholesteric LC polymers exhibit unexpected optical activity and chiral morphology. For that reason, conformational analysis is studied on the monomer models of PNOBDME and PNOBEE. Four helical conformers models, experimentally observed by NMR, are proposed for each cholesteric polyesteramide: Rgg, Rgt, Sgg, Sgt. Polymerization of the monomeric conformers, with minima energies, have been simulated and used to reproduce the crystalline fraction observed by x-ray diffraction. Three orders of chirality are observed in the structure of the polymer chains: One due to the asymmetric carbon atoms, a second chirality due to the two successive rotations of the benzene groups, along the main chain, within the monomer which implies the formation of helical molecules, for both R and S chirality and still, a third chirality corresponding to the twisting of the rigid/semirigid cholesteric LC polymer chains. All these factors contributing to the net optical activity observed in these materials. Crystal packing is simulated in triclinic primitive P1cells, with molecular chains oriented parallel to the z-axis (c lattice parameter equal to the pitch length of each simulated polymer helix) and parameters a, b, α, β and γ, obtained by Pawley refinement from the known structures of precursor polyesters. The simulated x-ray diffraction patterns of the proposed crystal models fit, after successive Pawley and Rietveld refinement cycles, the experimental WAXS. Powder Quantitative Phase Analysis applied to an ideal mixture with the four possible helical conformers, for each degree of polymerization, allows to refine their relative weight and determine the major phase relative amount. These results would confirm the theory of a preferable recrystallization, among the four possible helical diastereoisomers, depending on the synthetic conditions.",book:{id:"10957",title:"Liquid Crystals",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10957.jpg"},signatures:"Mercedes Pérez Méndez, José Fayos Alcañiz and Marc Meunier"},{id:"80636",title:"The LCD Interfacing and Programming",slug:"the-lcd-interfacing-and-programming",totalDownloads:174,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102408",abstract:"This chapter will discuss 10 subchapters that will make it more detailed and easier for the reader to master and implement them in their project. Before discussing the subchapters in detail the author discusses the wide use of LCD in various equipment that needs display and the superiority of it compared to the conventional existing displays especially in the low energy consumption of it compare to the rest of the displays, then the author ended this general discussion by mentioning the type of LCD known in the market right now (passive matrix and active matrix). After discussing the LCD in general, the author starts discussing the detailed 10 subchapters. The 10 subchapters are 1. 2 × 16 LCD; 2. LCD controller; 3. LCD instructions; 4. LCD initialization; 5. More instructions; 6. LCD initialization subroutine; 7. Displaying a character on the LCD; 8. Displaying more than 1 character on the LCD; 9. A 4-bit mode 2 × 16 LCD module. To give the readers with a succinct overview of important details or interesting information, the author provides the summary of this chapter in subchapter 10. The author also provided the glossary to enable the readers to quickly study the general terms used in this chapter. Finally, the author provides some questions to enable the reader to test their own knowledge of this chapter. The references is also provided to enable the readers to refer to some articles as the sources of this subchapter and to enable them to enrich their knowledge of this chapter.",book:{id:"10957",title:"Liquid Crystals",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10957.jpg"},signatures:"Dahlan Sitompul and Poltak Sihombing"},{id:"80473",title:"Overview of Liquid Crystal Research: Computational Advancements, Challenges, Future Prospects and Applications",slug:"overview-of-liquid-crystal-research-computational-advancements-challenges-future-prospects-and-appli",totalDownloads:82,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101417",abstract:"Liquid crystal (LC) is a fascinating state of matter that combines order and mobility at multiple hierarchical levels, spanning from nanoscale to the macroscale, or from molecular to the macroscopic, and is composed of molecules and layers as thin as of a few nanometer in size. This unique combination allows such a system to adapt to a wide range of external stimuli, including temperature, magnetic field, electric field, mechanical stress, light, chemical reaction, and electrochemical response, by determining a new lowest energy configuration. Liquid crystalline nanostructures efficiently transmit and amplify information and attributes over macroscopic sizes due to their dynamic nature. The responsiveness and diversity of LCs provide enormous potential and challenges for fundamental scientific insights as well as opening the door to countless applied applications. Recent breakthroughs in nanotechnology have boosted the discipline, both in terms of theoretical simulations and the ability to fabricate nanoscale structures such as sub-wavelength gratings, nanoporous materials, and nanoparticles. Because LC materials are switchable, a new family of active plasmonic and nanophotonic devices is emerging, describing fascinating basic research processes as well as the creation of upgraded devices. This chapter discusses the fundamentals, computational advances, future prospects and challenges, as well as potential applications of LCs.",book:{id:"10957",title:"Liquid Crystals",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10957.jpg"},signatures:"Maria Malik, Muhammad Aamir Iqbal, Wajeehah Shahid, Syed Zaheer Ud Din, Mujtaba Ikram, Nadia Anwar, Samiah Shahid and Faryal Idrees"},{id:"80010",title:"Phase Transitions and Structure of Liquid Crystalline Cellulose Ether Solutions in a Magnetic Field and in Its Absence",slug:"phase-transitions-and-structure-of-liquid-crystalline-cellulose-ether-solutions-in-a-magnetic-field-",totalDownloads:88,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101451",abstract:"The results of research studies of a magnetic field effect on structure and phase transitions of liquid crystalline polymer systems are described. Influence of intensity of the magnetic field, molecular weight, and concentration of polymers in solutions on the phase diagrams is analyzed. The dependences of boundary curves on the chemical structure of polymers and solvents are discussed. Results of theoretical researches of the magnetic field effect on the diamagnetic macromolecule orientation in solutions are described. The shift of boundary curves of liquid crystalline cellulose derivative systems is compared with the energy of magnetic field stored by solutions.",book:{id:"10957",title:"Liquid Crystals",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10957.jpg"},signatures:"Sergey Vshivkov and Elena Rusinova"},{id:"78941",title:"High Precision Optical Wavefront Generation Using Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulator (LC-SLM)",slug:"high-precision-optical-wavefront-generation-using-liquid-crystal-spatial-light-modulator-lc-slm",totalDownloads:174,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100379",abstract:"LC-SLM provides a flexible way to modulate the phase of light with the help of a grayscale pattern loaded on it. Nevertheless, the modulated phase profile is of relatively low accuracy due to the nonlinear and nonuniform response of the liquid crystal layer in the SLM. To improve the performance of LC-SLM on the wavefront generation, the nonlinear and nonuniform phase response needs to be calibrated and compensated effectively. In this chapter, we present some state-of-art methods to measure the phase modulation curve of the LC-SLM. Some methods to measure the static aberration caused by the backplane of the LC-SLM are then presented. Last but not the least, the future development of the LC-SLM in phase modulation is also presented.",book:{id:"10957",title:"Liquid Crystals",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10957.jpg"},signatures:"Zixin Zhao"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:5},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:320,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:17,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517",scope:"Paralleling similar advances in the medical field, astounding advances occurred in Veterinary Medicine and Science in recent decades. These advances have helped foster better support for animal health, more humane animal production, and a better understanding of the physiology of endangered species to improve the assisted reproductive technologies or the pathogenesis of certain diseases, where animals can be used as models for human diseases (like cancer, degenerative diseases or fertility), and even as a guarantee of public health. Bridging Human, Animal, and Environmental health, the holistic and integrative “One Health” concept intimately associates the developments within those fields, projecting its advancements into practice. This book series aims to tackle various animal-related medicine and sciences fields, providing thematic volumes consisting of high-quality significant research directed to researchers and postgraduates. It aims to give us a glimpse into the new accomplishments in the Veterinary Medicine and Science field. 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After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"19",title:"Animal Science",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/19.jpg",editor:{id:"259298",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Narayan",slug:"edward-narayan",fullName:"Edward Narayan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Edward Narayan graduated with Ph.D. degree in Biology from the University of the South Pacific and pioneered non-invasive reproductive and stress endocrinology tools for amphibians - the novel development and validation of non-invasive enzyme immunoassays for the evaluation of reproductive hormonal cycle and stress hormone responses to environmental stressors. \nDr. Narayan leads the Stress Lab (Comparative Physiology and Endocrinology) at the University of Queensland. A dynamic career research platform which is based on the thematic areas of comparative vertebrate physiology, stress endocrinology, reproductive endocrinology, animal health and welfare, and conservation biology. \nEdward has supervised 40 research students and published over 60 peer reviewed research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Queensland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"191123",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan José",middleName:null,surname:"Valdez-Alarcón",slug:"juan-jose-valdez-alarcon",fullName:"Juan José Valdez-Alarcón",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBfcQAG/Profile_Picture_1631354558068",institutionString:"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo",institution:{name:"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"161556",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Dos Anjos",middleName:null,surname:"Pires",slug:"maria-dos-anjos-pires",fullName:"Maria Dos Anjos Pires",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS8q2QAC/Profile_Picture_1633432838418",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"209839",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Spinu",slug:"marina-spinu",fullName:"Marina Spinu",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLXpQAO/Profile_Picture_1630044895475",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"92185",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Savic",slug:"sara-savic",fullName:"Sara Savic",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/92185/images/system/92185.jfif",institutionString:'Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad"',institution:{name:'Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Serbia"}}}]},{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/20.jpg",editor:{id:"175967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",fullName:"Manuel Gonzalez Ronquillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",biography:"Dr. Manuel González Ronquillo obtained his doctorate degree from the University of Zaragoza, Spain, in 2001. He is a research professor at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. He is also a level-2 researcher. He received a Fulbright-Garcia Robles fellowship for a postdoctoral stay at the US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA in 2008–2009. He received grants from Alianza del Pacifico for a stay at the University of Magallanes, Chile, in 2014, and from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) to work in the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Animal Production and Health Division (AGA), Rome, Italy, in 2014–2015. He has collaborated with researchers from different countries and published ninety-eight journal articles. 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She is the head of the Reproduction and Embryology Laboratories and was lecturer of Reproduction and Reproductive Biotechnologies at Veterinary Medicine Faculty. She has over 25 years of experience working in reproductive biology and biotechnology areas with a special emphasis on embryo and gamete cryopreservation, for research and animal genetic resources conservation, leading research projects with several peer-reviewed papers. Rosa Pereira is member of the ERFP-FAO Ex situ Working Group and of the Management Commission of the Portuguese Animal Germplasm Bank.",institutionString:"The National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research. 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