IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\n
Designed to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\n
After a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\n
Our innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\n
\n\t
Topic Focused Publications - Each topic showcases high impact subject areas
\n\t
Renowned Editorial Expertise - Series Editors, Topic Editors, and a team of international Board Members that permanently support each Book Series
\n\t
Fast Publishing - quick turnaround which is unique for book publishing
\n\t
The benefit of ISSN and ISBN for increased citation and indexing possibilities
\n
\n\n\n\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\n
IntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
We invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\n
Note: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"2025",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Drug Development - A Case Study Based Insight into Modern Strategies",title:"Drug Development",subtitle:"A Case Study Based Insight into Modern Strategies",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book represents a case study based overview of many different aspects of drug development, ranging from target identification and characterization to chemical optimization for efficacy and safety, as well as bioproduction of natural products utilizing for example lichen. In the last section, special aspects of the formal drug development process are discussed. Since drug development is a highly complex multidisciplinary process, case studies are an excellent tool to obtain insight in this field. While each chapter gives specific insight and may be read as an independent source of information, the whole book represents a unique collection of different facets giving insight in the complexity of drug development.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-257-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4392-5",doi:"10.5772/2435",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"drug-development-a-case-study-based-insight-into-modern-strategies",numberOfPages:656,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:"3760006b57975d832adcd219d5e272e5",bookSignature:"Chris Rundfeldt",publishedDate:"December 7th 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2025.jpg",numberOfDownloads:88653,numberOfWosCitations:76,numberOfCrossrefCitations:19,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:77,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:2,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:172,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 14th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 14th 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 19th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 18th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 16th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"88412",title:"Dr.",name:"Chris",middleName:null,surname:"Rundfeldt",slug:"chris-rundfeldt",fullName:"Chris Rundfeldt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/88412/images/1780_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Chris Rundfeldt looks back on 22 years of experience in drug development, with more than 13 years in pharmaceutical industry. He gained hands on experience in different fields of pharmacology including target validation, drug development, toxicology, and early clinical development.\nAs co-founder and vice president pharmacology, he actively participated in the management buyout of Elbion AG, a biopharmaceutical company dedicated to the development of CNS active drugs and immune modulators. He was responsible for translation of pharmacological results and safety data into clinical study programs.\nIn 1996 he obtained the German Board certification for Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology. In 2000, he was granted the venia legendi (Assistant Professor) for Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology at the Free University of Berlin. Since 2007, he has been working as independent drug development consultant and partner at DrugConsult.Net, a German development expert partnership.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1188",title:"Pharmacokinetics",slug:"drug-discovery-pharmacokinetics"}],chapters:[{id:"24626",title:"Discovery and Optimization of Inhibitors of DNA Methyltransferase as Novel Drugs for Cancer Therapy",doi:"10.5772/27742",slug:"discovery-and-optimization-of-inhibitors-of-dna-methyltransferase-as-novel-drugs-for-cancer-therapy",totalDownloads:3958,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:11,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Jakyung Yoo and José L. Medina-Franco",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24626",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24626",authors:[{id:"71346",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",surname:"Medina-Franco",slug:"jose-medina-franco",fullName:"Jose Medina-Franco"},{id:"110672",title:"Dr.",name:"Jakyung",surname:"Yoo",slug:"jakyung-yoo",fullName:"Jakyung Yoo"}],corrections:null},{id:"24627",title:"Development of Novel Secondary Hormonal Therapies for Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer",doi:"10.5772/27881",slug:"development-of-novel-secondary-hormonal-therapies-for-castrate-resistant-prostate-cancer",totalDownloads:2323,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Rahul Aggarwal and Charles J. Ryan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24627",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24627",authors:[{id:"71942",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",surname:"Ryan",slug:"charles-ryan",fullName:"Charles Ryan"},{id:"79984",title:"Dr.",name:"Rahul",surname:"Aggarwal",slug:"rahul-aggarwal",fullName:"Rahul Aggarwal"}],corrections:null},{id:"24628",title:"Inhibitors of Proteinases as Potential Anti-Cancer Agents",doi:"10.5772/27713",slug:"inhibitors-of-proteinases-as-potential-anti-cancer-agents",totalDownloads:2745,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Karolina Gluza and Paweł Kafarski",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24628",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24628",authors:[{id:"71234",title:"Dr.",name:"Pawel",surname:"Kafarski",slug:"pawel-kafarski",fullName:"Pawel Kafarski"},{id:"77536",title:"Mrs.",name:"Gluza",surname:"Karolina",slug:"gluza-karolina",fullName:"Gluza Karolina"}],corrections:null},{id:"24629",title:"Histamine Receptors as Potential Therapeutic Targets for Cancer Drug Development",doi:"10.5772/27773",slug:"histamine-receptors-as-potential-therapeutic-targets-for-cancer-drug-development",totalDownloads:4094,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Vanina A. Medina, Diego J. Martinel Lamas, Pablo G. Brenzoni, Noelia Massari, Eliana Carabajal and Elena S. Rivera",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24629",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24629",authors:[{id:"56309",title:"Prof.",name:"Elena",surname:"Rivera",slug:"elena-rivera",fullName:"Elena Rivera"}],corrections:null},{id:"24630",title:"Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors as Therapeutic Agents for Cancer Therapy: Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetic Properties",doi:"10.5772/27799",slug:"histone-deacetylase-inhibitors-as-therapeutic-agents-for-cancer-therapy-drug-metabolism-and-pharmaco",totalDownloads:5017,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ethirajulu Kantharaj and Ramesh Jayaraman",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24630",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24630",authors:[{id:"71581",title:"Dr",name:null,surname:"Kantharaj",slug:"kantharaj",fullName:"Kantharaj"},{id:"125501",title:"Mr.",name:"Ramesh",surname:"Jayaraman",slug:"ramesh-jayaraman",fullName:"Ramesh Jayaraman"}],corrections:null},{id:"24631",title:"Antimicrobial Peptides: New Frontiers in the Therapy of Infections",doi:"10.5772/29323",slug:"antimicrobial-peptides-new-frontiers-in-the-therapy-of-infections",totalDownloads:5325,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Mario Zucca, Sara Scutera and Dianella Savoia",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24631",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24631",authors:[{id:"77294",title:"Dr.",name:"Dianella",surname:"Savoia",slug:"dianella-savoia",fullName:"Dianella Savoia"}],corrections:null},{id:"24632",title:"microRNAs as Therapeutic Targets to Combat Diverse Human Diseases",doi:"10.5772/26987",slug:"micrornas-as-therapeutic-targets-to-combat-diverse-human-diseases",totalDownloads:2082,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Elizabeth Hong-Geller and Nan Li",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24632",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24632",authors:[{id:"68491",title:"Dr.",name:"Elizabeth",surname:"Hong-Geller",slug:"elizabeth-hong-geller",fullName:"Elizabeth Hong-Geller"},{id:"79196",title:"Dr.",name:"Nan",surname:"Li",slug:"nan-li",fullName:"Nan Li"}],corrections:null},{id:"24633",title:"Potentiation of Available Antibiotics by Targeting Resistance – An Emerging Trend in Tuberculosis Drug Development",doi:"10.5772/27702",slug:"potentiation-of-available-antibiotics-by-targeting-resistance-an-emerging-trend-in-tuberculosis-drug",totalDownloads:2443,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Kerstin A. Wolff, Marissa Sherman and Liem Nguyen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24633",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24633",authors:[{id:"71171",title:"Prof.",name:"Liem",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"liem-nguyen",fullName:"Liem Nguyen"},{id:"77484",title:"Ms.",name:"Marissa",surname:"Sherman",slug:"marissa-sherman",fullName:"Marissa Sherman"},{id:"77485",title:"Ms.",name:"Kerstin",surname:"Wolff",slug:"kerstin-wolff",fullName:"Kerstin Wolff"}],corrections:null},{id:"24634",title:"Antitubercular Drugs Development: Recent Advances in Selected Therapeutic Targets and Rational Drug Design",doi:"10.5772/27735",slug:"antitubercular-drugs-development-recent-advances-in-selected-therapeutic-targets-and-rational-drug-d",totalDownloads:8741,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Virgilio Bocanegra-García, Abraham García, Jose Prisco Palma-Nicolás, Isidro Palos and Gildardo Rivera",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24634",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24634",authors:[{id:"71323",title:"Prof.",name:"Gildardo",surname:"Rivera",slug:"gildardo-rivera",fullName:"Gildardo Rivera"},{id:"80629",title:"Dr.",name:"Virgilio",surname:"Bocanegra-Garcia",slug:"virgilio-bocanegra-garcia",fullName:"Virgilio Bocanegra-Garcia"},{id:"80631",title:"Prof.",name:"Abraham",surname:"Garcia",slug:"abraham-garcia",fullName:"Abraham Garcia"},{id:"80632",title:"Dr.",name:"Isidro",surname:"Palos",slug:"isidro-palos",fullName:"Isidro Palos"},{id:"125606",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Prisco",surname:"Palma-Nicolas",slug:"jose-prisco-palma-nicolas",fullName:"Jose Prisco Palma-Nicolas"}],corrections:null},{id:"24635",title:"Insight into the Key Structural Features of Potent Enoyl Acyl Carrier Protein Reductase Inhibitors Based on Computer Aided Molecular Design",doi:"10.5772/27931",slug:"insight-into-the-key-structural-features-of-potent-enoyl-acyl-carrier-protein-reductase-inhibitors-b",totalDownloads:2322,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Auradee Punkvang, Pharit Kamsri, Kodchakon Kun-asa, Patchreenart Saparpakorn, Supa Hannongbua, Peter Wolschann and Pornpan Pungpo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24635",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24635",authors:[{id:"72104",title:"Dr.",name:"Pornpan",surname:"Pungpo",slug:"pornpan-pungpo",fullName:"Pornpan Pungpo"},{id:"80007",title:"Dr.",name:"Auradee",surname:"Punkvang",slug:"auradee-punkvang",fullName:"Auradee Punkvang"},{id:"80008",title:"Mr.",name:"Parit",surname:"Khumsri",slug:"parit-khumsri",fullName:"Parit Khumsri"},{id:"80011",title:"Dr.",name:"Patchreenart",surname:"Saparpakorn",slug:"patchreenart-saparpakorn",fullName:"Patchreenart Saparpakorn"},{id:"80012",title:"Prof.",name:"Supa",surname:"Hannongbua",slug:"supa-hannongbua",fullName:"Supa Hannongbua"},{id:"80013",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",surname:"Wolschann",slug:"peter-wolschann",fullName:"Peter Wolschann"},{id:"123205",title:"Ms.",name:"Kodchakon",surname:"Kun-Asa",slug:"kodchakon-kun-asa",fullName:"Kodchakon Kun-Asa"}],corrections:null},{id:"24636",title:"RNA Interference-Based Therapeutics: Harnessing the Powers of Nature",doi:"10.5772/29576",slug:"rna-interference-based-therapeutics-harnessing-the-powers-of-nature",totalDownloads:2660,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Tamara Martinez, Natalia Wright, Covadonga Paneda, Ana I. Jimenez and Marta Lopez-Fraga",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24636",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24636",authors:[{id:"78427",title:"Dr.",name:"Marta",surname:"Lopez-Fraga",slug:"marta-lopez-fraga",fullName:"Marta Lopez-Fraga"},{id:"104927",title:"Dr.",name:"Covadonga",surname:"Paneda",slug:"covadonga-paneda",fullName:"Covadonga Paneda"},{id:"104929",title:"Dr.",name:"Natalia",surname:"Wright",slug:"natalia-wright",fullName:"Natalia Wright"},{id:"104931",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamara",surname:"Martinez",slug:"tamara-martinez",fullName:"Tamara Martinez"},{id:"104934",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana I.",surname:"Jimenez",slug:"ana-i.-jimenez",fullName:"Ana I. Jimenez"}],corrections:null},{id:"24637",title:"P2X Receptors as New Therapeutic Targets",doi:"10.5772/27012",slug:"p2x-receptors-as-new-therapeutic-targets",totalDownloads:4258,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Liang Xin, Xiao Yanjuan and Li Zhiyuan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24637",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24637",authors:[{id:"68562",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhiyuan",surname:"Li",slug:"zhiyuan-li",fullName:"Zhiyuan Li"},{id:"120654",title:"Dr.",name:"Xin",surname:"Liang",slug:"xin-liang",fullName:"Xin Liang"},{id:"120655",title:"MSc.",name:"Yajuan",surname:"Xiao",slug:"yajuan-xiao",fullName:"Yajuan Xiao"}],corrections:null},{id:"24638",title:"Pregnane X Receptor in Drug Development",doi:"10.5772/27753",slug:"pregnane-x-receptor-in-drug-development",totalDownloads:4453,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Su Sien Ong, Yue-Ming Wang, Sergio C. Chai and Taosheng Chen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24638",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24638",authors:[{id:"71406",title:"Dr.",name:"Taosheng",surname:"Chen",slug:"taosheng-chen",fullName:"Taosheng Chen"},{id:"120802",title:"Dr.",name:"Su Sien",surname:"Ong",slug:"su-sien-ong",fullName:"Su Sien Ong"},{id:"120803",title:"Dr.",name:"Yue-Ming",surname:"Wang",slug:"yue-ming-wang",fullName:"Yue-Ming Wang"},{id:"120804",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio",surname:"Chai",slug:"sergio-chai",fullName:"Sergio Chai"}],corrections:null},{id:"24639",title:"Crosstalk Between the Immune and Central Nervous Systems with Special Reference to Drug Development",doi:"10.5772/29057",slug:"crosstalk-between-the-immune-and-central-nervous-systems-with-special-reference-to-drug-development",totalDownloads:2132,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Takekazu Kubo, Shigeru Tokita and Toshihide Yamashita",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24639",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24639",authors:[{id:"76368",title:"Dr.",name:"Takekazu",surname:"Kubo",slug:"takekazu-kubo",fullName:"Takekazu Kubo"}],corrections:null},{id:"24640",title:"Liquiritigenin Attenuates Alzheimer’s-Like Neuropathology in an Amyloid Protein Precursor Transgenic Mouse Model and the Underlying Mechanisms",doi:"10.5772/27934",slug:"liquiritigenin-attenuates-alzheimer-s-like-neuropathology-in-an-amyloid-protein-precursor-transgenic",totalDownloads:2104,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Rui Ting Liu, Jin Tian Tang, Li Bo Zou, Jie Ying Fu and Qiu Jun Lu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24640",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24640",authors:[{id:"72120",title:"Dr",name:null,surname:"Lu",slug:"lu",fullName:"Lu"},{id:"73305",title:"Dr.",name:"Ruiting",surname:"Liu",slug:"ruiting-liu",fullName:"Ruiting Liu"}],corrections:null},{id:"24641",title:"Novel Therapeutic Strategies for Chagas` Disease",doi:"10.5772/30008",slug:"novel-therapeutic-strategies-for-chagas-disease",totalDownloads:3239,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Alane Beatriz Vermelho, Carlos Alberto Manssour Fraga, Samir Aquino Carvalho, Edson Ferreira da Silva, Solange Lisboa de Castro, Igor de Almeida Rodrigues, Maria do Socorro dos Santos Rosa, Ana Claudia Fernandes Amaral and Giseli Capaci Rodrigues",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24641",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24641",authors:[{id:"80376",title:"Dr.",name:"Alane Beatriz",surname:"Vermelho",slug:"alane-beatriz-vermelho",fullName:"Alane Beatriz Vermelho"}],corrections:null},{id:"24642",title:"The Gut Microbiota as Target for Innovative Drug Development: Perspectives and a Case Study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases",doi:"10.5772/27905",slug:"the-gut-microbiota-as-target-for-innovative-drug-development-perspectives-and-a-case-study-of-inflam",totalDownloads:3321,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Joan Vermeiren, Sam Possemiers, Massimo Marzorati and Tom Van de Wiele",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24642",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24642",authors:[{id:"72020",title:"Dr.",name:"Sam",surname:"Possemiers",slug:"sam-possemiers",fullName:"Sam Possemiers"},{id:"119656",title:"MSc.",name:"Joan",surname:"Vermeiren",slug:"joan-vermeiren",fullName:"Joan Vermeiren"},{id:"120348",title:"Dr.",name:"Massimo",surname:"Marzorati",slug:"massimo-marzorati",fullName:"Massimo Marzorati"},{id:"120350",title:"Prof.",name:"Tom",surname:"Van De Wiele",slug:"tom-van-de-wiele",fullName:"Tom Van De Wiele"}],corrections:null},{id:"24643",title:"Endophytic Fungi of Tropical Forests: A Promising Source of Bioactive Prototype Molecules for the Treatment of Neglected Diseases",doi:"10.5772/27783",slug:"endophytic-fungi-of-tropical-forests-a-promising-source-of-bioactive-prototype-molecules-for-the-tre",totalDownloads:4741,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:19,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Luiz H. Rosa, Mariana L.A. Vieira, Betania B. Cota, Susana Johann,Tânia M.A. Alves, Carlos L. Zani and Carlos A. Rosa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24643",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24643",authors:[{id:"62658",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Rosa",slug:"carlos-rosa",fullName:"Carlos Rosa"},{id:"71522",title:"Dr.",name:"Luiz",surname:"Rosa",slug:"luiz-rosa",fullName:"Luiz Rosa"},{id:"79635",title:"MSc.",name:"Mariana",surname:"Marianalavieira",slug:"mariana-marianalavieira",fullName:"Mariana Marianalavieira"},{id:"79636",title:"Dr.",name:"Susana",surname:"Johann",slug:"susana-johann",fullName:"Susana Johann"},{id:"79637",title:"Dr.",name:"Tania",surname:"Alves",slug:"tania-alves",fullName:"Tania Alves"},{id:"79638",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Zani",slug:"carlos-zani",fullName:"Carlos Zani"}],corrections:null},{id:"24644",title:"Bioproduction of Depsidones for Pharmaceutical Purposes",doi:"10.5772/27051",slug:"bioproduction-of-depsidones-for-pharmaceutical-purposes",totalDownloads:3248,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"María Estrella Legaz, Roberto de Armas and Carlos Vicente",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24644",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24644",authors:[{id:"68681",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Vicente",slug:"carlos-vicente",fullName:"Carlos Vicente"}],corrections:null},{id:"24645",title:"Multi-Dose Container for Nasal and Ophthalmic Drugs: A Preservative Free Future?",doi:"10.5772/27767",slug:"multi-dose-container-for-nasal-and-ophthalmic-drugs-a-preservative-free-future-",totalDownloads:5908,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Degenhard Marx and Matthias Birkhoff",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24645",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24645",authors:[{id:"71452",title:"Dr.",name:"Degenhard",surname:"Marx",slug:"degenhard-marx",fullName:"Degenhard Marx"},{id:"72854",title:"Mr.",name:"Matthias",surname:"Birkhoff",slug:"matthias-birkhoff",fullName:"Matthias Birkhoff"}],corrections:null},{id:"24646",title:"Microneedle-Assisted Transdermal Delivery of Opioid Antagonists for the Treatment of Alcoholism",doi:"10.5772/31694",slug:"microneedle-assisted-transdermal-delivery-of-opioid-antagonists-for-the-treatment-of-alcoholism",totalDownloads:2662,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Stan L. Banks, Audra L. Stinchcomb and Kalpana S. Paudel",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24646",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24646",authors:[{id:"88287",title:"Dr.",name:"Kalpana",surname:"Paudel",slug:"kalpana-paudel",fullName:"Kalpana Paudel"},{id:"88295",title:"Dr.",name:"Stan",surname:"Banks",slug:"stan-banks",fullName:"Stan Banks"},{id:"88297",title:"Dr.",name:"Audra",surname:"Stinchcomb",slug:"audra-stinchcomb",fullName:"Audra Stinchcomb"}],corrections:null},{id:"24647",title:"Innovative Proposals for Incentivizing Drug Development",doi:"10.5772/29208",slug:"innovative-proposals-for-incentivizing-drug-development",totalDownloads:2219,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Kristina M. Lybecker",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24647",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24647",authors:[{id:"76892",title:"Dr.",name:"Kristina",surname:"Lybecker",slug:"kristina-lybecker",fullName:"Kristina Lybecker"}],corrections:null},{id:"24648",title:"Drug Experimentation in Healthy Volunteers",doi:"10.5772/27919",slug:"drug-experimentation-in-healthy-volunteers",totalDownloads:5445,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Giovanni Gori, Giuseppe Pasqualetti, Catia Castiglioni, Corrado Blandizzi and Mario Del Tacca",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24648",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24648",authors:[{id:"72070",title:"Prof.",name:"Mario",surname:"Del Tacca",slug:"mario-del-tacca",fullName:"Mario Del Tacca"},{id:"80278",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanni",surname:"Gori",slug:"giovanni-gori",fullName:"Giovanni Gori"},{id:"80280",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppe",surname:"Pasqualetti",slug:"giuseppe-pasqualetti",fullName:"Giuseppe Pasqualetti"},{id:"80283",title:"Prof.",name:"Corrado",surname:"Blandizzi",slug:"corrado-blandizzi",fullName:"Corrado Blandizzi"},{id:"122001",title:"Dr.",name:"Catia",surname:"Castiglioni",slug:"catia-castiglioni",fullName:"Catia Castiglioni"}],corrections:null},{id:"24649",title:"Changes in Research and Development of Medicinal Products since the Paediatric Regulation",doi:"10.5772/28797",slug:"changes-in-research-and-development-of-medicinal-products-since-the-paediatric-regulation",totalDownloads:3214,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Adriana Ceci, Mariana Catapano, Cristina Manfredi, Ian Wong, Mine Orlu-Gul, Annarita Meneguz, Paola Baiardi, Oscar Della Pasqua, Achille Iolascon, Maurizio Scarpa and Antje Neubert",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24649",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24649",authors:[{id:"75385",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriana",surname:"Ceci",slug:"adriana-ceci",fullName:"Adriana Ceci"},{id:"80175",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariana",surname:"Catapano",slug:"mariana-catapano",fullName:"Mariana Catapano"},{id:"80178",title:"Prof.",name:"Ian",surname:"Wong",slug:"ian-wong",fullName:"Ian Wong"},{id:"80182",title:"Prof.",name:"Annarita",surname:"Meneguz",slug:"annarita-meneguz",fullName:"Annarita Meneguz"},{id:"80184",title:"Dr.",name:"Paola",surname:"Baiardi",slug:"paola-baiardi",fullName:"Paola Baiardi"},{id:"80186",title:"Dr.",name:"Oscar",surname:"Della Pasqua",slug:"oscar-della-pasqua",fullName:"Oscar Della Pasqua"},{id:"120441",title:"Dr.",name:"Achille",surname:"Iolascon",slug:"achille-iolascon",fullName:"Achille Iolascon"},{id:"120442",title:"Dr.",name:"Antje",surname:"Neubert",slug:"antje-neubert",fullName:"Antje Neubert"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6192",title:"Pharmacokinetics and Adverse Effects of Drugs",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Risks Factors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9fd7489523195c8182a8b61caf9141b3",slug:"pharmacokinetics-and-adverse-effects-of-drugs-mechanisms-and-risks-factors",bookSignature:"Ntambwe Malangu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6192.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84773",title:"Prof.",name:"Ntambwe",surname:"Malangu",slug:"ntambwe-malangu",fullName:"Ntambwe Malangu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5360",title:"Special Topics in Drug Discovery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7d4ff92690f87b26f5585c8999ce20",slug:"special-topics-in-drug-discovery",bookSignature:"Taosheng Chen and Sergio C. Chai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5360.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"71406",title:"Dr.",name:"Taosheng",surname:"Chen",slug:"taosheng-chen",fullName:"Taosheng Chen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8331",title:"Pharmaceutical Formulation Design",subtitle:"Recent Practices",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e7b436a5e31db5f48ba1b6220a11848f",slug:"pharmaceutical-formulation-design-recent-practices",bookSignature:"Usama Ahmad and Juber Akhtar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8331.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"255360",title:"Dr.",name:"Usama",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"usama-ahmad",fullName:"Usama Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6491",title:"Anticoagulant Drugs",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f0d9e439a975c1de28b8a02e20722a8f",slug:"anticoagulant-drugs",bookSignature:"Mojca Božič-Mijovski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6491.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"72261",title:"Dr.",name:"Mojca",surname:"Božič-Mijovski",slug:"mojca-bozic-mijovski",fullName:"Mojca Božič-Mijovski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"corrigendum-graves-disea-1",title:"Corrigendum: Graves’ Disease",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/79789.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79789",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79789",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/79789",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/79789",chapter:{id:"76577",slug:"autoimmune-mechanism-and-recurrence-risk-in-graves-disease",signatures:"Vasudha Bakshi and Gollapalli Rajeev Kumar",dateSubmitted:"December 8th 2020",dateReviewed:"April 8th 2021",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"December 1st 2021",book:{id:"10312",title:"Graves' Disease",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Graves' Disease",slug:"graves-disease",publishedDate:"December 1st 2021",bookSignature:"Robert Gensure",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10312.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16515",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Gensure",slug:"robert-gensure",fullName:"Robert Gensure"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"291193",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Vasudha",middleName:null,surname:"Bakshi",fullName:"Vasudha Bakshi",slug:"vasudha-bakshi",email:"vasudhapharmacy@cvsr.ac.in",position:null,institution:null},{id:"335131",title:"Dr.",name:"Gollapalli Rajeev",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",fullName:"Gollapalli Rajeev Kumar",slug:"gollapalli-rajeev-kumar",email:"rajeevpharmacy@cvsr.ac.in",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"76577",slug:"autoimmune-mechanism-and-recurrence-risk-in-graves-disease",signatures:"Vasudha Bakshi and Gollapalli Rajeev Kumar",dateSubmitted:"December 8th 2020",dateReviewed:"April 8th 2021",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"December 1st 2021",book:{id:"10312",title:"Graves' Disease",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Graves' Disease",slug:"graves-disease",publishedDate:"December 1st 2021",bookSignature:"Robert Gensure",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10312.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16515",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Gensure",slug:"robert-gensure",fullName:"Robert Gensure"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"291193",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Vasudha",middleName:null,surname:"Bakshi",fullName:"Vasudha Bakshi",slug:"vasudha-bakshi",email:"vasudhapharmacy@cvsr.ac.in",position:null,institution:null},{id:"335131",title:"Dr.",name:"Gollapalli Rajeev",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",fullName:"Gollapalli Rajeev Kumar",slug:"gollapalli-rajeev-kumar",email:"rajeevpharmacy@cvsr.ac.in",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"10312",title:"Graves' Disease",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Graves' Disease",slug:"graves-disease",publishedDate:"December 1st 2021",bookSignature:"Robert Gensure",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10312.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16515",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Gensure",slug:"robert-gensure",fullName:"Robert Gensure"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11698",leadTitle:null,title:"Pigmentation Disorders",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tThis book is intended to be about pigmentation disorders and will aim to include several topics: the first topic is “common hyperpigmentation disorders”. This includes lesions such as melasma, sun-induced lentigo, café-au-lait macules, moles, and malignant melanoma. In the second category “congenital hypopigmented disorders”, diseases such as albinism, piebaldism, hypomelanosis of Ito, and tuberous sclerosis are placed. The third topic is “common and acquired disorders of hypopigmentation”, where diseases such as vitiligo, tinea versicolor, and tinea alba are discussed. The fourth topic is the “treatment of hyper- and hypopigmented disorders”. Types of treatment include sunscreens, hydroquinone, skin peels, retinoids, azelaic acid, laser and IPL therapy, skin surgery, and depigmentation therapy. \r\n\tThe fifth topic is “complications and drug side effects in the treatment of pigmentation disorders”. These include drug allergies, hyper- and hypopigmentation, persistent skin depigmentation, scars, skin burns, and the potential for skin cancer and skin lymphoma. The last topic is called “coping and support along with skin pigmentation diseases”. Increase the quality of life, psychotherapy, team therapy, and asking for understanding and support from family members.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-900-0",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-899-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-901-7",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"2ac6c9f424eec37ed85232c2c97ef6f6",bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Shahin Aghaei",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11698.jpg",keywords:"Melanoma, Post-inflammatory Hyperpigmentation, Albinism, Piebaldism, Vitiligo, Pityriasis Alba, Laser Therapy, Cosmetic Coverage, Drug Reactions, Skin Sensitivity, Quality of Life, Team Therapy",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 5th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 14th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 13th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 1st 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 31st 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Associate Professor of Clinical Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, lead author or contributor to nearly 60 articles published in international dermatology journals, and editor-in-chief of the Journal of Surgical Dermatology in Singapore.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"64024",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Shahin",middleName:null,surname:"Aghaei",slug:"shahin-aghaei",fullName:"Shahin Aghaei",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64024/images/system/64024.jpg",biography:"Shahin Aghaei, MD, graduated from Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran, in 2004. He was awarded a fellowship from the International Society of Dermatopathology (ISD) from Charles University, Czech Republic, in 2008 and a fellowship in Dermatologic Surgery from the Medical University of Graz, Austria, in 2010. He is currently editor in chief of the Journal of Surgical Dermatology in Singapore and Associate Professor of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery at Iran University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine. He is also a member of the American Academy of Dermatology, European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, American Society for Laser Medicine and Surgery, International Society of Dermatology, International Hyperhidrosis Society, and Iranian Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:"Iran University of Medical Sciences",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Iran University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"225753",firstName:"Marina",lastName:"Dusevic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225753/images/7224_n.png",email:"marina.d@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9076",title:"Recent Advances in Wound Healing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e10a897612bf74c88669ab634de6459",slug:"recent-advances-in-wound-healing",bookSignature:"Shahin Aghaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9076.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64024",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Shahin",surname:"Aghaei",slug:"shahin-aghaei",fullName:"Shahin Aghaei"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7045",title:"Tailored Treatments in Psoriatic Patients",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"47c94f1f1740252164bb2e5ad5c75424",slug:"tailored-treatments-in-psoriatic-patients",bookSignature:"Shahin Aghaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7045.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64024",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Shahin",surname:"Aghaei",slug:"shahin-aghaei",fullName:"Shahin Aghaei"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9500",title:"Recent Advances in Bone Tumours and Osteoarthritis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea4ec0d6ee01b88e264178886e3210ed",slug:"recent-advances-in-bone-tumours-and-osteoarthritis",bookSignature:"Hiran Amarasekera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9500.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67634",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiran",surname:"Amarasekera",slug:"hiran-amarasekera",fullName:"Hiran Amarasekera"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"21736",title:"Response, Tolerance and Adaptation to Abiotic Stress of Olive, Grapevine and Chestnut in the Mediterranean Region: Role of Abscisic Acid, Nitric Oxide and MicroRNAs",doi:"10.5772/24719",slug:"response-tolerance-and-adaptation-to-abiotic-stress-of-olive-grapevine-and-chestnut-in-the-mediterra",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/21736.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21736",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21736",totalDownloads:5654,totalViews:94,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,introChapter:null,impactScore:1,impactScorePercentile:59,impactScoreQuartile:3,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"December 10th 2010",dateReviewed:"May 19th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"October 21st 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/21736",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/21736",book:{id:"1489",slug:"plants-and-environment"},signatures:"Changhe Zhang, José Gomes-Laranjo, Carlos M. Correia, José M. Moutinho-Pereira, Berta M. Carvalho Gonçalves, Eunice L. V. A. Bacelar, Francisco P. Peixoto and Victor Galhano",authors:[{id:"13774",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Peixoto",fullName:"Francisco Peixoto",slug:"francisco-peixoto",email:"fpeixoto@utad.pt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"15172",title:"Dr.",name:"Victor",middleName:"Manuel Fernandes",surname:"Galhano",fullName:"Victor Galhano",slug:"victor-galhano",email:"vgalhano@utad.pt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"15173",title:"Dr.",name:"José",middleName:null,surname:"Gomes-Laranjo",fullName:"José Gomes-Laranjo",slug:"jose-gomes-laranjo",email:"jlaranjo@utad.pt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"59063",title:"Dr.",name:"Changhe",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Changhe Zhang",slug:"changhe-zhang",email:"zhang@itqb.unl.pt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"60332",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Correia",fullName:"Carlos Correia",slug:"carlos-correia",email:"ccorreia@utad.pt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"60333",title:"Prof.",name:"José",middleName:"Manuel",surname:"Moutinho-Pereira",fullName:"José Moutinho-Pereira",slug:"jose-moutinho-pereira",email:"moutinho@utad.pt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"60559",title:"Prof.",name:"Berta",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Berta Gonçalves",slug:"berta-goncalves",email:"bertag@utad.pt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"60560",title:"Dr.",name:"Eunice",middleName:null,surname:"Bacelar",fullName:"Eunice Bacelar",slug:"eunice-bacelar",email:"areale@utad.pt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"1489",type:"book",title:"Plants and Environment",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Plants and Environment",slug:"plants-and-environment",publishedDate:"October 21st 2011",bookSignature:"Hemanth KN. Vasanthaiah and Devaiah Kambiranda",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1489.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-779-6",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5192-0",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:46,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"65633",title:"Dr.",name:"Hemanth",middleName:"Kn",surname:"Vasanthaiah",slug:"hemanth-vasanthaiah",fullName:"Hemanth Vasanthaiah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"136830",title:"Dr.",name:"Devaiah",middleName:null,surname:"Kambiranda",slug:"devaiah-kambiranda",fullName:"Devaiah Kambiranda"},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"351"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"21729",type:"chapter",title:"Enhancing Phytoremediation Efficiency in Response to Environmental Pollution Stress",slug:"enhancing-phytoremediation-efficiency-in-response-to-environmental-pollution-stress",totalDownloads:5473,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Mohsen Soleimani, Samira Akbar and Mohammad Ali Hajabbasi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"46999",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohsen",middleName:null,surname:"Soleimani",fullName:"Mohsen Soleimani",slug:"mohsen-soleimani"},{id:"99967",title:"MSc.",name:"Samira",middleName:null,surname:"Akbar",fullName:"Samira Akbar",slug:"samira-akbar"},{id:"112140",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Hajabbasi",fullName:"Mohammad Ali Hajabbasi",slug:"mohammad-ali-hajabbasi"}]},{id:"21730",type:"chapter",title:"Morphophysiological Investigations in Some Dominant Alien Invasive Weeds",slug:"morphophysiological-investigations-in-some-dominant-alien-invasive-weeds",totalDownloads:4736,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Nivedita Ghayal and Kondiram Dhumal",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"47677",title:"Dr.",name:"Nivedita",middleName:null,surname:"Ghayal",fullName:"Nivedita Ghayal",slug:"nivedita-ghayal"},{id:"114655",title:"Dr.",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Dhumal",fullName:"Dhumal",slug:"dhumal"}]},{id:"21731",type:"chapter",title:"Alteration of Abiotic Stress Responsive Genes in Polygonum minus Roots by Jasmonic Acid Elicitation",slug:"alteration-of-abiotic-stress-responsive-genes-in-polygonum-minus-roots-by-jasmonic-acid-elicitation",totalDownloads:3810,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Ismanizan Ismail, Mian-Chee Gor, Zeti-Azura Mohamed-Hussein, Zamri Zainal and Normah Mohd Noor",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"51910",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismanizan",middleName:null,surname:"Ismail",fullName:"Ismanizan Ismail",slug:"ismanizan-ismail"},{id:"60284",title:"Ms",name:"Mian Chee",middleName:null,surname:"Gor",fullName:"Mian Chee Gor",slug:"mian-chee-gor"},{id:"60285",title:"Dr",name:"Zeti-Azura",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamed-Hussein",fullName:"Zeti-Azura Mohamed-Hussein",slug:"zeti-azura-mohamed-hussein"},{id:"60286",title:"Prof.",name:"Normah",middleName:null,surname:"Mohd Noor",fullName:"Normah Mohd Noor",slug:"normah-mohd-noor"},{id:"68457",title:"Dr.",name:"Zamri",middleName:null,surname:"Zainal",fullName:"Zamri Zainal",slug:"zamri-zainal"}]},{id:"21732",type:"chapter",title:"Transcriptomics of Sugarcane Osmoprotectants Under Drought",slug:"transcriptomics-of-sugarcane-osmoprotectants-under-drought",totalDownloads:4051,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"RLO Silva, JRC Ferreira Neto, V Pandolfi, SM Chabregas, WL Burnquist, AM Benko-Iseppon and EA Kido",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"53404",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Roberta Lane Oliveira",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",fullName:"Roberta Lane Oliveira Silva",slug:"roberta-lane-oliveira-silva"},{id:"60397",title:"Prof.",name:"José Ribamar Costa",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Neto",fullName:"José Ribamar Costa Ferreira Neto",slug:"jose-ribamar-costa-ferreira-neto"},{id:"60398",title:"Dr.",name:"Valesca",middleName:null,surname:"Pandolfi",fullName:"Valesca Pandolfi",slug:"valesca-pandolfi"},{id:"60402",title:"Dr.",name:"Sabrina",middleName:"Moutinho",surname:"Chabregas",fullName:"Sabrina Chabregas",slug:"sabrina-chabregas"},{id:"60403",title:"Dr.",name:"William Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Burnquist",fullName:"William Lee Burnquist",slug:"william-lee-burnquist"},{id:"60596",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Benko-Iseppon",fullName:"Ana Maria Benko-Iseppon",slug:"ana-maria-benko-iseppon"},{id:"60597",title:"Prof.",name:"Ederson",middleName:"Akio",surname:"Kido",fullName:"Ederson Kido",slug:"ederson-kido"}]},{id:"21733",type:"chapter",title:"Effect of UV Light on Secondary Metabolite Biosynthesis in Plant Cell Cultures Elicited with Cyclodextrins and Methyl Jasmonate",slug:"effect-of-uv-light-on-secondary-metabolite-biosynthesis-in-plant-cell-cultures-elicited-with-cyclode",totalDownloads:4979,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Lorena Almagro, Ana Belén Sabater-Jara, Sarai Belchí-Navarro, Francisco Fernández-Pérez, Roque Bru and María A. Pedreño",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"56232",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria A.",middleName:null,surname:"Pedreño",fullName:"Maria A. Pedreño",slug:"maria-a.-pedreno"},{id:"59577",title:"MSc",name:"Lorena",middleName:null,surname:"Almagro",fullName:"Lorena Almagro",slug:"lorena-almagro"},{id:"59578",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana-Belen",middleName:null,surname:"Sabater-Jara",fullName:"Ana-Belen Sabater-Jara",slug:"ana-belen-sabater-jara"},{id:"59579",title:"Dr.",name:"Sarai",middleName:null,surname:"Belchi-Navarro",fullName:"Sarai Belchi-Navarro",slug:"sarai-belchi-navarro"},{id:"59580",title:"Dr.",name:"Roque",middleName:null,surname:"Bru-Martinez",fullName:"Roque Bru-Martinez",slug:"roque-bru-martinez"},{id:"94796",title:"MSc.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Fernández-Pérez",fullName:"Francisco Fernández-Pérez",slug:"francisco-fernandez-perez"}]},{id:"21734",type:"chapter",title:"Drought Tolerance and Stress Hormones: From Model Organisms to Forage Crops",slug:"drought-tolerance-and-stress-hormones-from-model-organisms-to-forage-crops",totalDownloads:7731,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Aimar D., Calafat M., Andrade A.M., Carassay L., Abdala G.I. and Molas M.L.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"56462",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:"Lia",surname:"Molas",fullName:"Maria Molas",slug:"maria-molas"},{id:"60280",title:"Mr.",name:"Dario",middleName:null,surname:"Aimar",fullName:"Dario Aimar",slug:"dario-aimar"},{id:"60281",title:"Prof.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Calafat",fullName:"Mario Calafat",slug:"mario-calafat"},{id:"60282",title:"Mr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Andrea Andrade",slug:"andrea-andrade"},{id:"60283",title:"Mr.",name:"Guillermina",middleName:null,surname:"Abdala",fullName:"Guillermina Abdala",slug:"guillermina-abdala"},{id:"136640",title:"Dr.",name:"L.",middleName:null,surname:"Carassay",fullName:"L. Carassay",slug:"l.-carassay"}]},{id:"21735",type:"chapter",title:"Iron Stress in Citrus",slug:"iron-stress-in-citrus",totalDownloads:3083,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Maria Angeles Forner-Giner and Gema Ancillo",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"57937",title:"Dr.",name:"Gema",middleName:null,surname:"Ancillo",fullName:"Gema Ancillo",slug:"gema-ancillo"},{id:"62152",title:"Dr.",name:"María Angeles",middleName:null,surname:"Forner-Giner",fullName:"María Angeles Forner-Giner",slug:"maria-angeles-forner-giner"}]},{id:"21736",type:"chapter",title:"Response, Tolerance and Adaptation to Abiotic Stress of Olive, Grapevine and Chestnut in the Mediterranean Region: Role of Abscisic Acid, Nitric Oxide and MicroRNAs",slug:"response-tolerance-and-adaptation-to-abiotic-stress-of-olive-grapevine-and-chestnut-in-the-mediterra",totalDownloads:5654,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Changhe Zhang, José Gomes-Laranjo, Carlos M. Correia, José M. Moutinho-Pereira, Berta M. Carvalho Gonçalves, Eunice L. V. A. Bacelar, Francisco P. Peixoto and Victor Galhano",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"13774",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Peixoto",fullName:"Francisco Peixoto",slug:"francisco-peixoto"},{id:"15172",title:"Dr.",name:"Victor",middleName:"Manuel Fernandes",surname:"Galhano",fullName:"Victor Galhano",slug:"victor-galhano"},{id:"15173",title:"Dr.",name:"José",middleName:null,surname:"Gomes-Laranjo",fullName:"José Gomes-Laranjo",slug:"jose-gomes-laranjo"},{id:"59063",title:"Dr.",name:"Changhe",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Changhe Zhang",slug:"changhe-zhang"},{id:"60332",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Correia",fullName:"Carlos Correia",slug:"carlos-correia"},{id:"60333",title:"Prof.",name:"José",middleName:"Manuel",surname:"Moutinho-Pereira",fullName:"José Moutinho-Pereira",slug:"jose-moutinho-pereira"},{id:"60559",title:"Prof.",name:"Berta",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Berta Gonçalves",slug:"berta-goncalves"},{id:"60560",title:"Dr.",name:"Eunice",middleName:null,surname:"Bacelar",fullName:"Eunice Bacelar",slug:"eunice-bacelar"}]},{id:"21737",type:"chapter",title:"Molecular and Genetic Analysis of Abiotic Stress Resistance of Forage Crops",slug:"molecular-and-genetic-analysis-of-abiotic-stress-resistance-of-forage-crops",totalDownloads:3901,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Xuemin Wang, Hongwen Gao, Jun Li and Zan Wang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"59856",title:"Dr.",name:"Xuemin",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Xuemin Wang",slug:"xuemin-wang"},{id:"62266",title:"Dr.",name:"Hongwen",middleName:null,surname:"Gao",fullName:"Hongwen Gao",slug:"hongwen-gao"},{id:"97428",title:"Mr.",name:"Jun",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Jun Li",slug:"jun-li"}]},{id:"21738",type:"chapter",title:"Salt Stress in Vascular Plants and Its Interaction with Boron Toxicity",slug:"salt-stress-in-vascular-plants-and-its-interaction-with-boron-toxicity",totalDownloads:3766,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Ildefonso Bonilla and Agustín González-Fontes",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"60214",title:"Prof.",name:"Agustín",middleName:null,surname:"González-Fontes",fullName:"Agustín González-Fontes",slug:"agustin-gonzalez-fontes"},{id:"60218",title:"Prof.",name:"Ildefonso",middleName:null,surname:"Bonilla",fullName:"Ildefonso Bonilla",slug:"ildefonso-bonilla"}]},{id:"21739",type:"chapter",title:"An Efficient Method to Screen for Salt Tolerance Genes in Salt Cress",slug:"an-efficient-method-to-screen-for-salt-tolerance-genes-in-salt-cress",totalDownloads:3520,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Huawei Zhang, Gang Li, Yiyue Zhang, Ran Xia, Jing Wang and Qi Xie",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"62307",title:"Prof.",name:"Qi",middleName:null,surname:"Xie",fullName:"Qi Xie",slug:"qi-xie"}]},{id:"21740",type:"chapter",title:"Impact of Drought Stress on Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Productivity and Food Safety",slug:"impact-of-drought-stress-on-peanut-arachis-hypogaea-l-productivity-and-food-safety",totalDownloads:7108,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Devaiah M. Kambiranda, Hemanth KN. Vasanthaiah, Ramesh Katam Athony Ananga, Sheikh M. Basha and Karamthotsivasankar Naik",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"65633",title:"Dr.",name:"Hemanth",middleName:"Kn",surname:"Vasanthaiah",fullName:"Hemanth Vasanthaiah",slug:"hemanth-vasanthaiah"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"596",title:"Crop Plant",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8f6c77633a473d10f044598b3768e23f",slug:"crop-plant",bookSignature:"Aakash Goyal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/596.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"97604",title:"Dr.",name:"Aakash K.",surname:"Goyal",slug:"aakash-k.-goyal",fullName:"Aakash K. Goyal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"35606",title:"Progression of DNA Marker and the Next Generation of Crop Development",slug:"progression-of-dna-marker-and-the-next-generation-of-crop-development",signatures:"Herry S. Utomo, Ida Wenefrida and Steve D. Linscombe",authors:[{id:"78863",title:"Dr.",name:"Herry",middleName:null,surname:"Utomo",fullName:"Herry Utomo",slug:"herry-utomo"},{id:"86803",title:"Prof.",name:"Ida",middleName:null,surname:"Wenefrida",fullName:"Ida Wenefrida",slug:"ida-wenefrida"},{id:"86805",title:"Prof.",name:"Steve",middleName:null,surname:"Linscombe",fullName:"Steve Linscombe",slug:"steve-linscombe"}]},{id:"35608",title:"Silicon the Non-Essential Beneficial Plant Nutrient to Enhanced Drought Tolerance in Wheat",slug:"silicon-the-non-essential-beneficial-plant-nutrient-to-enhanced-drought-tolerance-in-wheat",signatures:"Mukhtar Ahmed, Muhammad Asif and Aakash Goyal",authors:[{id:"153188",title:"Mr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Asif",fullName:"Muhammad Asif",slug:"muhammad-asif"}]},{id:"35609",title:"Impacts of Ozone (O3) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Environmental Pollutants on Crops: A Transcriptomics Update",slug:"impacts-of-rising-co2-and-o3-environmental-pollutants-on-crops-a-transcriptomics-update",signatures:"Abhijit Sarkar, Ganesh Kumar Agrawal, Kyoungwon Cho, Junko Shibato and Randeep Rakwal",authors:[{id:"107134",title:"Prof.",name:"Randeep",middleName:null,surname:"Rakwal",fullName:"Randeep Rakwal",slug:"randeep-rakwal"}]},{id:"35611",title:"Phenomenal RNA Interference: From Mechanism to Application",slug:"phenomenal-rna-interference-from-mechanism-to-application-",signatures:"Pallavi Mittal, Rashmi Yadav, Ruma Devi, Shubhangini Sharma and Aakash Goyal",authors:[{id:"97604",title:"Dr.",name:"Aakash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Goyal",fullName:"Aakash K. Goyal",slug:"aakash-k.-goyal"}]},{id:"35614",title:"Boron Deficiency in Soils and Crops: A Review",slug:"boron-deficiency-in-soils-and-crops-a-review",signatures:"Waqar Ahmad, Munir H. Zia, Sukhdev S. Malhi, Abid Niaz and Saifullah",authors:[{id:"109417",title:"Dr.",name:"Sukhdev",middleName:null,surname:"Malhi",fullName:"Sukhdev Malhi",slug:"sukhdev-malhi"}]},{id:"35616",title:"Leaves Material Decomposition from Leguminous Trees in an Enriched Fallow",slug:"leaves-material-decomposition-from-leguminous-trees-in-an-enriched-fallow",signatures:"José Henrique Cattanio",authors:[{id:"103088",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Henrique",middleName:null,surname:"Cattanio",fullName:"Jose Henrique Cattanio",slug:"jose-henrique-cattanio"}]},{id:"35618",title:"Comparative Analyses of Extracellular Matrix Proteome: An Under-Explored Area in Plant Research",slug:"comparative-analyses-of-extracellular-matrix-proteome-an-under-explored-area-in-plant-research",signatures:"Kanika Narula, Eman Elagamey, Asis Datta, Niranjan Chakraborty and Subhra Chakraborty",authors:[{id:"113003",title:"Dr.",name:"Subhra",middleName:null,surname:"Chakraborty",fullName:"Subhra Chakraborty",slug:"subhra-chakraborty"},{id:"139392",title:"Ms.",name:"Kanika",middleName:null,surname:"Narula",fullName:"Kanika Narula",slug:"kanika-narula"},{id:"139395",title:"Ms.",name:"Eman",middleName:null,surname:"Elagamy",fullName:"Eman Elagamy",slug:"eman-elagamy"},{id:"139396",title:"Prof.",name:"Asis",middleName:null,surname:"Datta",fullName:"Asis Datta",slug:"asis-datta"},{id:"139397",title:"Dr.",name:"Niranjan",middleName:null,surname:"Chakraborty",fullName:"Niranjan Chakraborty",slug:"niranjan-chakraborty"}]},{id:"35621",title:"The Shade Avoidance Syndrome Under the Sugarcane Crop",slug:"the-shade-avoidance-syndrome-under-the-sugarcane-crop",signatures:"Jocelyne Ascencio and Jose Vicente Lazo",authors:[{id:"106601",title:"Dr.",name:"Jocelyne",middleName:null,surname:"Ascencio",fullName:"Jocelyne Ascencio",slug:"jocelyne-ascencio"},{id:"137597",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Vicente",middleName:null,surname:"Lazo",fullName:"Jose Vicente Lazo",slug:"jose-vicente-lazo"}]},{id:"35623",title:"Molecular Genetics of Glucosinolate Biosynthesis in Brassicas: Genetic Manipulation and Application Aspects",slug:"molecular-genetics-of-glucosinolate-biosynthesis-in-brassicas",signatures:"Arvind H. Hirani, Genyi Li, Carla D. Zelmer, Peter B.E. McVetty, M. Asif and Aakash Goyal",authors:[{id:"97604",title:"Dr.",name:"Aakash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Goyal",fullName:"Aakash K. Goyal",slug:"aakash-k.-goyal"}]},{id:"35625",title:"Legume Crops, Importance and Use of Bacterial Inoculation to Increase Production",slug:"legume-crops-importance-and-use-of-bacterial-inoculation-to-increase-production",signatures:"María A. Morel, Victoria Braña and Susana Castro-Sowinski",authors:[{id:"112646",title:"Prof.",name:"Susana",middleName:null,surname:"Castro-Sowinski",fullName:"Susana Castro-Sowinski",slug:"susana-castro-sowinski"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1489",title:"Plants and Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"612a067a1255855ede4af6c7837d4353",slug:"plants-and-environment",bookSignature:"Hemanth KN. Vasanthaiah and Devaiah Kambiranda",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1489.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65633",title:"Dr.",name:"Hemanth",surname:"Vasanthaiah",slug:"hemanth-vasanthaiah",fullName:"Hemanth Vasanthaiah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1956",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"Bioactivities and Impact on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bca0d717264e92e4863937bdcf16e06b",slug:"phytochemicals-bioactivities-and-impact-on-health",bookSignature:"Iraj Rasooli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1956.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"61446",title:"Prof.",name:"Iraj",surname:"Rasooli",slug:"iraj-rasooli",fullName:"Iraj Rasooli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2032",title:"Applied Photosynthesis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eae1ef7b02301a595a17071b934bb94b",slug:"applied-photosynthesis",bookSignature:"Mohammad Mahdi Najafpour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2032.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65280",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",surname:"Najafpour",slug:"mohammad-najafpour",fullName:"Mohammad Najafpour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2969",title:"Protected Area Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"70efb527b6cd48bf087444c27ac16d76",slug:"protected-area-management",bookSignature:"Barbara Sladonja",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2969.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88464",title:"Dr.",name:"Barbara",surname:"Sladonja",slug:"barbara-sladonja",fullName:"Barbara Sladonja"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"901",title:"Transgenic Plants",subtitle:"Advances and Limitations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eaa4d0024fab56af74d9e3d0624bec11",slug:"transgenic-plants-advances-and-limitations",bookSignature:"Yelda Özden Çiftçi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/901.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"95553",title:"Prof.",name:"Yelda",surname:"Ozden Çiftçi",slug:"yelda-ozden-ciftci",fullName:"Yelda Ozden Çiftçi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"17",title:"Herbicides and Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"herbicides-and-environment",bookSignature:"Andreas Kortekamp",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/17.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14108",title:"Dr.",name:"Andreas",surname:"Kortekamp",slug:"andreas-kortekamp",fullName:"Andreas Kortekamp"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1489",title:"Plants and Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"612a067a1255855ede4af6c7837d4353",slug:"plants-and-environment",bookSignature:"Hemanth KN. Vasanthaiah and Devaiah Kambiranda",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1489.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65633",title:"Dr.",name:"Hemanth",surname:"Vasanthaiah",slug:"hemanth-vasanthaiah",fullName:"Hemanth Vasanthaiah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"82979",title:"Lupus Genetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106372",slug:"lupus-genetics",body:'
1. Introduction
Autoimmunity occurs when a component of a certain tissue of the human body becomes immunogenic with consequent production of autoantibodies against it.
For induction of autoimmunity three conditions are required.
Self-antigen.
An inflammatory environment.
A genetic predisposition.
For the production of a self-antigen, two mechanisms are implicated. A part of an inflammatory agent, a virus, for instance, may have similarities with a component of human tissue and in this way it becomes immunogenic; this mechanism is called molecular mimicry – a mechanism quite commonly encountered in nature. Another mechanism is epitope spreading when fragments of damaged tissue during the inflammatory process become immunogenic. Stimuli that may induce an inflammation are multiple: microbes, viruses, chemicals, stress, etc. As all human beings are exposed to various agents very frequently, it is quite difficult to identify the initial moment autoimmunity occurs and the responsible factor [1].
2. Lupus erythematosus
Lupus is the prototype of autoimmune diseases with B-cell hyperactivity resulting in the production of anti-DNA autoantibodies and manifests with abnormalities of internal organs. Renal insufficiency, hemolytic anemia, arterial and venous thromboses are common in SLE. Skin eruptions may also be observed in patients with SLE. Females are more frequently affected with the disease female: male ratio 6-10:1. Prevalence of SLE is relatively low 1 in 2000, in general population. Despite this fact, SLE remains an important health care problem and is associated with a significant financial burden to the community because of the young age of the individuals suffering from the disease. A study of survival from 2000 to 2002 has shown that almost 4% of all patients hospitalized in New York AND Pennsylvania with lupus die [2, 3].
Lupus is a disease with a strong genetic component as it runs in families [4].
3. Genes associated with SLE
Genes associated with lupus include genes of the HLA of the MHC group of genes and non-HLA genes such as interferon genes, autophagy genes and the X-linked group genes and others. Among them, the HLA genes are those that play the most important role in the pathogenesis of lupus erythematosus. The different groups of these genes will be discussed in detail below [5].
4. HLA genes of the MHC and lupus
The human MHC genes are located in a segment of chromosome 6 (6p21.3) that consists of three areas (I, II and III) encoding three major classes of proteins: class I human leukocyte antigens, HLA divided into antigens (A, B and Cw), HLA class II (DP, DQ and DR) and class III whose components are complement, tumor necrosis factor (TNFa) and heat shock proteins. The HLA genes were the first to be associated with SLE and this since 1970. Studies in the past have identified HLA A1, B8 – a weak association in some studies with other studies showing no association at all -DR2, DR3, DQW1, DRW52, C4 null ancestral haplotypes as susceptibility genes for lupus erythematosus. HLA DR2 has been found in 75% of white patients with SLE (normal subjects 24%), 75% are positive for DR3 (normal subjects 25%), 75% are positive for DQW1 (normal subjects 55%) and 65% haveDRW52 (normal subjects 46%) [6]. Data suggest that the HLA-D region is exerting its effect on certain autoantibody responses in lupus erythematosus. Recently, the DRB1 gene polymorphisms have been associated with different sub-groups of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Different groups of SLE are defined by autoantibodies status, HLA-DRB1 polymorphisms, immunological and clinical manifestations.
Recent research has identified four different groups described below:
Subgroup 1 is dominated by anti-SSA/R060/Ro52/SSB autoantibodies and is strongly associated with HLA-DRB103. Discoid lesions are more common in this subgroup.
Subgroup 2 is dominated by anti-nucleosome/SmRNP/DNA/RNPA autoantibodies and is associated with HLA-DRB115. Nephritis is most common in this subgroup.
Subgroup 3 is characterized by anti-b2GPI-IgG/ANTI-cl-IgG/IgM autoantibodies and a higher frequency of HLA-DRB104 compared with other patients with SLE. Vascular events are more common in this subgroup.
Subgroup 4 was negative for all the above-investigated autoantibodies and was not associated with HLA-DRB1 [7].
5. HLA genes and age
Recent research has shown that HLA genes are implicated differently in the pathogenesis of lupus according to age. HLA genes are more implicated in the pathogenesis of lupus in older than in younger patients. This may be due to the fact that lupus in young patients is more related to infection while in older individuals is associated with the intake of drugs administered for various other ailments such as antihypertensive drugs, for instance, captopril [8, 9].
6. Lupus erythematosus genetics and other autoimmune diseases
An association of lupus with myasthenia gravis in a male patient has been HLA investigated and found positivity for HLA DRB1602-frequent in autoimmune disorders associated with the production of autoantibodies, DRB1401 frequent in late-onset myasthenia gravis, and A1B8 found in three of seven patients with both lupus erythematosus and myasthenia gravis [10, 11, 12].
7. Interferon genes are associated with lupus
INF—is a protein produced mainly by dendritic cells and lymphocytes following a viral infection and links innate and adaptive immunity. It confers resistance to viral infection and susceptibility to autoimmunity. Previous studies showed that interferon type I is strongly associated with the pathogenesis of lupus. The primary pathogenic factor in SLE escalates IFN-a signaling, which can activate STAT4, a transcription factor [13]. Genetic variations of this transcription factor have been associated with the risk of SLE and rheumatoid arthritis. Immature pDCs are activated through innate toll receptors TLRs, TLR7 and TLR9 by immune complexes to produce inflammatory cytokines including type I INF. High levels of serum IFN type I together with overexpression of IFN inducible genes have been found in individuals with SLE. The level of IFN correlated with the severity of the disease. The top 10 genes identified, associated with excessive production of IFN in viral infection, are I STAT1, IRF7, IRF5, IRF8 MX1, OASL, ISG15, IFIT3, IFIT1, OAS2 and GBP1 [14]. Among those, all associated with SLE only GBP1 was of recent association with the disease IRF5, IRF7 and IRF8 a family of transcription factors downstream of endosomal TLRs, are required for activating transcription of IFN-a and IFN-inducible genes [15, 16, 17]. Genetic variants on these three genes but especially variants of IRF5 and IRF7 have a functional impact on increased serum IFN and such impact depends on the presence of specific autoantibodies. The type I interferon pathway is central to disease pathogenesis. Hydroxychloroquine acts therapeutically on lupus by inhibiting the interferon pathway [18].
8. Complement genes and lupus
Evidence has revealed that complement deficiencies result in a reduced ability in the clearance of apoptotic cells that increase the production of autoantibodies and therefore SLE development in susceptible individuals. The C1q component – the first component of the classical complement pathway - that plays a significant role in the apoptotic cells is associated with SLE. C1q is encoded by three genes (a, b and c genes) all located in chromosome 1. The lupus autoantigens that are located in apoptotic debris may stimulate an inappropriate immune response. C1q may inhibit IFN-gamma production and, in this way, is involved in SLE development. When hereditary homozygous deficiency in any of the three C1q genes occurs, this leads to the development of SLE in all cases. C2, C4A and C4B genes which are part of the HLA class III genes – located at chromosome 6 – constitute components of the classical complement activation pathway. Observed in 0.01–0.02% of the general population C2 deficiency is the commonest but in lupus patients its prevalence is significantly higher depending on the region, 0.4% – 2.33% of people of European origin carry C2 deficiency – caused by a deletion on the DRW2 haplotype. These individuals will eventually develop lupus in their lifetime. C4 is important as a single gene defect. About 70% of the known cases of double homozygous C4 deficiency (C40, deficient at both C4A and C4B genes) result in a lupus phenotype. The C4A null allele is associated with almost every SLE population studied to date and may have an independent HLA effect [19].
9. Fc-gamma receptor gene polymorphisms and lupus erythematosus
The receptors for the Fc portion of IgG (FcγRs) play an important role in the clearance of immune complexes. They also present the modified antigen to the different populations of lymphocytes and are implicated in the modulation of inflammatory processes within the human immune system. Pre three families of FcγRs exist, the FcγRI, is the high-affinity receptor, while FcγRII and FcγRIII are low-affinity receptors. Failure of FcγR mediated clearance of immune complexes and control of inflammatory responses are thought to be predisposing factors for the development of SLE. The FCGR2/3 locus on chromosome 1q23.3 that encodes the low-affinity FcγRs is subject to both single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and copy number variation (CNV). An SNP in the promoter region of FcγRIIb, also known as 2B.4, was found to be more frequently present in lupus [20].
10. Cytokines and SLE
IL-10 is a pivotal cytokine which inhibits T cells and antigen-presenting cells while enhancing B-cell survival and activity. IL-1β, IL-10 and TNF-a genes are important in the pathogenesis of SLE. It has been found that ILβ-511, IL-1β + 3953, IL-10-1082 and TNF-a-308 polymorphisms may be linked to the risk of lupus development and also to a specific phenotype. The high TNF alpha genotypes - 308AA - were associated with SLE independently of IL10 alleles, but the risk of developing CCLE and the prevalence of discoid lesion phenotype - in SLE - were higher in the high IL10/low TNF alpha producer group (−1082/−308GG). In addition, interaction between different cytokines modifies the appearance of autoantibodies. Patients who produce low levels of both TNF alpha and IL10 present anti-Sm-antibodies while patients who produce low IL10/high TNF alpha present more frequently antibodies to SSa and SSb. Furthermore, interleukin 23R gene polymorphisms especially the IL23Rrs10889677 confers SLE susceptibility to individuals of certain ethnicities, such as IL17 A haplotype polymorphisms. In addition, Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphism is a disease severity factor in SLE [21, 22, 23, 24].
11. Nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and lupus
NF-κB is an inflammation driving factor that mediates the release of IL-6, IL-12 and TNF. In healthy individuals, the A20 binding inhibitors of NF-κB (ABINs1–3) help keeping it in an inactive form in the cytoplasm. It is its activation followed by phosphorylation and degradation and subsequently induction of gene expression that is associated with the pathogenesis of SLE. The gene encoding the ABIN1 protein presents polymorphism that is associated with a predisposition for autoimmune disease. The TNIP1 (TNFAIP3-interacting protein 1) gene locus that encodes for the protein ABIN1 is associated with predisposition to SLE [25].
12. ITGAM gene and SLE
ITGAM produces macrophage antigen 1(MAC1), an adhesion molecule found on the surface of myeloid cells, natural killer cells and a subgroup of B cells. This is achieved when CD11b-integrin Am - encoded by ITGAM - is united to C818-integrin β2. Leucocyte adhesion and migration may be influenced by MAC1 as it binds to intercellular adhesion molecules - ICAM1 and ICAM2. In addition, MAC1 is a receptor for the cleaved complement factor IC3b. A polymorphism of this gene, particularly the R77H - a single nucleotide polymorphism -(SNP), is associated with SLE by modifying the structure of the gene products. This results in an increased production of proinflammatory cytokines and a reduced Ic3b phagocytosis and cellular adhesion. This makes this polymorphism a probable therapeutic target for lupus treatment. ITGAM gene polymorphisms result in defective clearance of immune complexes and apoptotic cells and lead to initiation and maintenance of autoimmune responses and chronic inflammation in SLE. ITGAM gene polymorphisms are associated with increased susceptibility to CCLE rather than to SLE [26].
13. PPP2CA gene and SLE
The protein phosphatase PP2A consists of three subunits but evidence reveals only the involvement of the catalytic subunit PP2Ac in the pathogenesis of SLE. PP2A controls various cellular pathways including DNA replication, gene translation and cell differentiation. The enzymatic activity of thePP2Ac is augmented in SLE. PP2Ac is dysregulated in SLE, resulting in altered transcription factor activation in T cells that affects their function by decreasing their capacity to produce IL-2 and reducing their expression of the T cell receptor (TCR) associated signaling molecule CD3ζ [27].
14. SIAE gene and SLE
Cd22 - also known as SIGLEC2 - is a lectin that belongs to the sialic acid binding immunoglobulin-like lectin family. It is expressed by B cells and functions as a negative regulator of B cell activation. Accordingly, deficiencies of SIAE and CD22 produce phenotypes characterized by hyperactive B cells and spontaneous autoimmunity as in SLE in animal models. In fact, exon sequencing of the SIAE gene in a small group of patients with high titers of antinuclear antibodies (13 of whom had defined autoimmune diseases) found that 2 out of 19 had rare loss of function variants of SIAE. Loss of function alleles was found to be more common in patients with autoimmune diseases [27].
They comprise nine type I trans-membrane glycoprotein receptors that provide potent co-stimulatory signals for the TCR-CD3, complex and mediate regulatory signals between immune cells. Defective SLAMF signals result in B and T cell abnormalities and impaired antibody production. SLAMF 3 and SLAMF 6 molecules are expressed at higher levels on T cells in patients with lupus contributing to SLE pathogenesis [27].
16. PTPN22 and SLE
Protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) is a negative regulator of T cell activation associated with several autoimmune diseases and SLE. In individuals of European ancestry, The rs2476601 is the most significantly with SLE associated polymorphism expressed at higher levels on T cells from patients with lupus contributing to SLE pathophysiology [27, 28].
17. BLK and BANK1 genes and lupus
Variants of those two genes which are present alone or in combination in a substantial proportion of lupus patients impair suppression of IRF5 and type-I IFN in human B cell lines and likely contribute to genetic risk [29].
18. PD-1 gene and lupus
PD-1 (Programmed Cell Death Protein 1) discovered in 1992 and described as the rheostat of the immune reaction, because expressed in cells of the lymphoid tissue it inhibits their effector action allowing tumour development, while its blockade induces a robust anti-tumour activity and at the same time the appearance of autoimmune phenomena. Antibodies against PD-1 are currently widely used in cancer chemotherapy but are associated with induction of autoimmunity and subsequently SLE [30].
19. Genetics of chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CCLE)
CCLE in the past referred to as discoid lupus represents the papulosquamous scarring form of cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Lupus panniculitis and lupus timidus also belong to this group. Lesions similar to these of CCLE have been described in carriers of the X-linked granulomatous disease [31]. Initial research found an association of HLA-A1, B8, HLA-B15, HLA-DRB10303 and HLA-DQA1 haplotype with CCLE. HLA-B8 was more frequently found in white CCLE patients while the HLA-DRW6 was found in an increased proportion of patients with DLE of both white and black races [32]. An association of HLA-DRB116 with CCLE in Mexican mestizo patients, the HLA-DRB116 gene is associated with most immune disorders mediated by the production of autoantibodies [33]. In a homozygous C2 deficiency patient with CCLE lupus, the C2 deficiency gene was associated with HLA-A10, B18, DR2, C4A4B2, Bfs, on one chromosome and with HLA-A2, B7 DR2, C4A4B2, Bfs on the other [34]. Susceptibility to CCLE lupus was recently noticed in a high interleukin10/low TNF alpha producer genotype (−1082 gg-308GG) [35]. A variant of the gene encoding the TRAF31P2, a member of the TNF receptor pathway involved in autoimmune diseases - missense substitution Thr438Asn - has been associated with discoid lupus and folliculitis decalvans [36]. Recently studies have identified 10 hub genes associated with CCLE which are CXCL10, CCR7, FPR3, PPARGC1A, MMP9, IRF7, IL2RG, SOCS1, ISG15 andGSTM3. Although general signs may be absent from skin in CCLE, it is a site of important disease activity. Genetic mapping recently showed overlapping of regions in seven (7) chromosomes - mainly genes of interferons and tumor necrosis factor-alpha between SLE and CCLE. In conclusion, these findings indicate that a genetic risk is shared by both SLE and CCLE [37, 38]. Micro RNA associated with epigenetic processes has also been found decreased in the serum of patients with CCLE [39].
20. Genetics of subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE)
Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus represents a widespread, photosensitive, nonscarring, nonindurated form of lupus erythematosus., associated with a distinctive immunogenetic background including the production of Ro/SS-antibodies. Patients with subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus present in most cases the HLA-A1, B8 and DR3 haplotype that is also observed in approximately 25% of the North American Caucasians; this haplotype is now referred as the 8.1 ancestral haplotype. Partial or complete deficiency in C2 and C4, whose genes are located on chromosome 6, has been reported in some patients with SCLEA single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the TNF-alpha gene promoter (−308A) encoding excessive TNF-alpha expression has been associated with skin lesions in patients suffering from SCLE (the TNF, a gene is also located within the HLA region). Also, a robust association of photosensitive systemic lupus erythematosus and a complete congenital deficiency of C1q have been recently revealed. In addition, SCLE subphenotype was significantly associated with a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the second exon of the gene encoding the A chain of C1q, which is the molecule that initiates the classical pathway of complement. SCLE patients homozygous for this SNP had lower serum levels of Ciq antigen compared to SCLE patients not having this SNP. To date this C1q an SNP is the only genetic association of SCLE that lies outside the HLA region. Two recent studies are in accordance with finding that in both SCLE and CCLE IFN-pathways are increased, but CCLE does indeed express more IFN-gamma than SCLE [40, 41].
21. Genetics of neonatal lupus
Neonatal lupus erythematosus is noticed in the newborns of women suffering from SLE, and it is characterized by an erythematosus rash around the eyes similar to spectacles, a heart block and the presence of anti-Ro antibodies in the serum. Neonatal lupus has been associated with the HLA-DRB102, HLA-DRB103 and the-308A allele linked to higher TNF- alpha production; these are present in the majority of children with this rash [42].
22. Chilblain lupus erythematosus and the TREX1 gene
Chilblain lupus erythematosus is a rare subtype of chronic cutaneous lupus more frequently encountered in middle-aged women and can evolve into SLE in some cases. (18–20%) The clinical picture is characteristic of an acral distribution of bluish-red inflammatory skin lesions on upper and lower extremities following exposure to cold or damp weather. Rarely familial cases have been reported and are associated with autosomal dominant mutations in the TREX gene encoding the 3–5 DNA exonuclease. The TREX1 gene is located on chromosome 3p21. 0.5–3% of all patients with SLE carried mutations in TREX1 [43, 44].
23. Lupus and gender—X-linked genes associated with lupus
Lupus erythematosus is a disease that affects nine (9) times more frequently females than males. Females have a stronger immune system than males; this can be explained by evolutionary biology. Women are destined to be pregnant and during pregnancy their immune system is suppressed to tolerate the existence and development of the fetus. Therefore, their immune system has to be more robust than that of males to compensate for this relative deficiency during gestation - this is the compensation theory. According to the Lyon theory, women have two chromosomes, but one copy is turned off in every cell very early in embryonic development; this process is known as X inactivation. Recent research, however, revealed that 15 per cent of the genes of the supposedly inactivated X chromosome are still turned on that the number of certain proteins produced in women is an increase compared with that in men. Particularly in women with lupus, some genes are active on both X copies and this higher activity correlates with disease severity [45]. Anguera M has also recently discovered that in mice mature immune cells undergo significant dynamic changes that could make it easier for X-linked genes to get turned on when they should be off.
24. The AIRE gene
The AIRE gene was discovered in 1997 and plays an important role in autoimmune regulation. As it is expressed by cells in the thymus, it helps T cells to recognize if proteins presented to them are components of the self or non-self substances. It influences the expression of a wide variety of self-antigens in the thymus and is essential to the negative selection of self-reactive cells and the establishment of self-tolerance. The activity of AIRE is partially controlled by sex hormones, with estrogens and progesterone turning down the expression of AIRE while testosterone increasing its production. Under the influence of sex hormones, women at puberty make less AIRE than men, resulting in more self-reactive T cells escaping from the thymus and causing autoimmune disease. It has been discovered that the AIRE Ser196Ser synonymous variant is a risk factor for SLE.
Another X-linked gene is the gene for toll-like receptor7 or TLR-7 that encodes a protein that recognizes pathogens and increases the production of interferons - molecules directly implicated in the pathogenesis of lupus. The identification of TASL as the component that links endolysosomal TLRs to the IRF5 transcription factor via SLC15A4 provides a mechanistic explanation for the involvement of these proteins in systemic lupus erythematosus. Also, X-linked gene CXorf21 may contribute to sexual dimorphism in systemic lupus erythematosus [46, 47].
25. Epigenetic changes and SLE
Epigenetic processes are molecular events that affect gene expression by reorganizing the structure of chromatin without altering the DNA sequence [48]. Such mechanisms include:
CpG-DNA methylation.
Post-translational modification of histone tails.
micro RNAs (miRNAs).
Epigenetic patterns can be modified by environmental factors or internal ones such as medicines administered to the patients. SLE is one of the disorders where epigenetics plays a major role in the development of the disease. Monozygotic twins that are equipped with the same genome for SLE susceptibility present less than 50% concordance rate. This implies that other mechanisms, mostly epigenetics, are implicated in the pathogenesis of SLE.
26. CpG-DNA methylation
B and T cells from patients with SLE exhibit a global decrease in CpG-DNA methylation that correlates with disease activity. Increased methylation of the IL2 gene results in the failure of T cells in patients with SLE to express IL2, while other cytokine genes are overexpressed in T cells in patients with SLE as a result of CpG-DNA hypomethylation. Such genes include IL4, IL6, IL10, IL13, IL17 and genes encoding various surface molecules, namely CD6, CD11a, CD40L and CD70. All these events produce increased numbers of effector memory CD4+ and contribute to the proinflammatory phenotype of SLE.
27. Post-translational histone modifications
The most common histone modifications include acetylation, phosphorylation, methylation, ubiquitylation and citrullination of histone tails; however, histone modifications are even more complex than CpG-DNA methylation patterns and remain poorly understood. Histone modifications care altered in T cells from patients with SLE. These modifications result in increased TNF expression and subsequent monocyte maturation and cytokine expression. IL2 levels increase while IL17 levels augment as a result of the different expression of the relevant genes.
28. MicroRNAs
MicroRNAs are short non-coding(21–23 nucleotide) RNA molecules that act as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression and function by forming duplexes with target mRNAs, resulting in mRNA degradation or translational arrest. MicroRNAs may be deregulated in SLE inducing the activation of type I IFN and NκB pathways and also by promoting the release of chemokines leading to exacerbation of inflammatory responses, also by reducing DNA methylation.
Molecular genetics of SLE will in the future provide the clinician with useful therapeutic tools and a cure will be achieved without even awareness of the event that initiated the inflammatory process.
Abbreviations
SLE
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.
CCLE
Chronic Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus.
SCLE
Subacute Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus.
\n',keywords:"lupus erythematosus, interferon, complement, TNF, IL-10, IL-1β, IL-17, IL-23, NF-κB, ITGAM, PPP2CA, SIAE, SLAMF, PTPN22, BLK, BANK1, PD-1, X-linked genes, chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus, neonatal lupus, subacute lupus erythematosus, chilblain lupus, TREX1 gene, epigenetics",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/82979.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/82979.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/82979",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/82979",totalDownloads:1,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"May 27th 2022",dateReviewed:"July 7th 2022",datePrePublished:"August 12th 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"August 6th 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disorder with an important genetic component. Studies in monozygotic twins have revealed a concordance rate of 50% indicating that environmental factors might play a significant role in the development of the disease. Genes that are implicated in the pathogenesis of lupus erythematosus include HLA, Interferon genes, complement genes, cytokine genes (TNF, IL-10, IL-1β, IL-17, IL-23), NF-κB genes, ITGAM gene, PPP2CA genes, SIAE genes, SLAMF molecules, PTPN22, BLK, BANK1, PD-1 and X-linked genes (AIRE gene and others). Epigenetic factors which alter only the expression but not the DNA structure may also interfere with the development of the disease.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/82979",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/82979",signatures:"Eleni Klimi",book:{id:"11726",type:"book",title:"Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - Pathogenesis and Management",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - Pathogenesis and Management",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"M.D. Sophia Lionaki and Dr. Minas Karagiannis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11726.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80356-348-0",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-347-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-349-7",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"213115",title:"M.D.",name:"Sophia",middleName:null,surname:"Lionaki",slug:"sophia-lionaki",fullName:"Sophia Lionaki"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Lupus erythematosus",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Genes associated with SLE",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. HLA genes of the MHC and lupus",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. HLA genes and age",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"6. Lupus erythematosus genetics and other autoimmune diseases",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"7. Interferon genes are associated with lupus",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"8. Complement genes and lupus",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9",title:"9. Fc-gamma receptor gene polymorphisms and lupus erythematosus",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10",title:"10. Cytokines and SLE",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11",title:"11. Nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and lupus",level:"1"},{id:"sec_12",title:"12. ITGAM gene and SLE",level:"1"},{id:"sec_13",title:"13. PPP2CA gene and SLE",level:"1"},{id:"sec_14",title:"14. SIAE gene and SLE",level:"1"},{id:"sec_15",title:"15. Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule SLAMF molecules",level:"1"},{id:"sec_16",title:"16. PTPN22 and SLE",level:"1"},{id:"sec_17",title:"17. BLK and BANK1 genes and lupus",level:"1"},{id:"sec_18",title:"18. PD-1 gene and lupus",level:"1"},{id:"sec_19",title:"19. Genetics of chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CCLE)",level:"1"},{id:"sec_20",title:"20. Genetics of subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE)",level:"1"},{id:"sec_21",title:"21. Genetics of neonatal lupus",level:"1"},{id:"sec_22",title:"22. Chilblain lupus erythematosus and the TREX1 gene",level:"1"},{id:"sec_23",title:"23. Lupus and gender—X-linked genes associated with lupus",level:"1"},{id:"sec_24",title:"24. The AIRE gene",level:"1"},{id:"sec_25",title:"25. Epigenetic changes and SLE",level:"1"},{id:"sec_26",title:"26. CpG-DNA methylation",level:"1"},{id:"sec_27",title:"27. Post-translational histone modifications",level:"1"},{id:"sec_28",title:"28. MicroRNAs",level:"1"},{id:"sec_31",title:"Abbreviations",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Stephani S. How Autoimmunity Starts. Publisher: Scientific American Spring; 2022. pp. 80-85'},{id:"B2",body:'Yun D, Betty TB. Advances in lupus genetics and epigenetics. Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 2014;26(5):482-492'},{id:"B3",body:'Millard TP, Mcgregor JM. Molecular genetics of cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2001;26:184-191'},{id:"B4",body:'Arnett C. Genetic studies of human lupus in families. International Reviews in Immunology. 2000;19:297-317'},{id:"B5",body:'Harley JB, Kelly JA, Kaufman KM. Unraveling the Genetics of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Springer Semin Immunopathol. 2006 Oct;28(2):119-30'},{id:"B6",body:'Arnett C, Frank MD, Baltimore MD. HLA and genetic predisposition to lupus erythematosus and other dermatologic disorders. JAAD. 1985;13(3):472-481'},{id:"B7",body:'Marcela GDL, Vilija O, Emeli L, Kerstin E, Yee WL, Susanna E, et al. Four systemic Lupus erythematosus subgroups, defined by autoantibodies status, differ regarding HLA-DRB1 genotype associations and immunological and clinical manifestations. ACR Open Rheumatology. 1985;4(1):27-39'},{id:"B8",body:'Dominguez D, Kamphuis S, Beyene J, Wither J, Harley JB, Blanco I, et al. Relationship between genetic risk and age of diagnosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Canadian Network for Improved Outcomes in SLE (CaNIOS) and APPLE Investigators. Journal of Rheumatology. 2021;48(6):852-858'},{id:"B9",body:'Pretel M, Marques L, Espana A. Drug-induced lupus erythematosus. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2014;105(1):18-30'},{id:"B10",body:'Yong-Chang K, Sehwan C, Kwangwoo K, Anselm M. Update on the genetics of systemic lupus erythematosus: Genome- wide association studies and beyond. Cell. 2019;8(10):1180'},{id:"B11",body:'Chen Y, Li S, Huang R, Zhang Z, Petersen F, Zheng J, et al. Comprehensive meta-analysis reveals an association of the HLA-DRB1*1602 allele with autoimmune diseases mediated predominantly by autoantibodies. Autoimmune Review. 2020;19(6):102532'},{id:"B12",body:'Klimi E, Kataxaki E. Systemic lupus erythematosus and myasthenia gravis in a male patient: An HLA case investigated. Mediterranean Journal of Rheumatology. 2021;32(3):285-286'},{id:"B13",body:'Patel ZH, Lu X, Miller D, Forney CR, Lee J, Lynch A, et al. A plausibly causal functional lupus-associated risk variant in the STAT1-STAT4 locus. Human Molecular Genetics. 2018;27(13):2392-2404'},{id:"B14",body:'Rullo OJ, Woo JM, Wu H, Hoftman AD, Maranian P, Brahn BA, et al. Association of IRF5 polymorphisms with activation of the interferon alpha pathway. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2010;69(3):611-617'},{id:"B15",body:'Liu W, Li M, Wang Z, Wang J, editors. IFN-γ mediates the development of systemic lupus erythematosus. BioMed Research International. 2020;2020:7176515'},{id:"B16",body:'Shuaihantian L, Yunuo W, Ming Z, Qianjin L. The important roles of type I interferon- inducible genes in systemic lupus erythematosus. International Immune Pharmacology. 2016;40:542-549'},{id:"B17",body:'Sugrue A, Nollaig BM, Cliona OF. Type I Interferon and the spectrum of susceptibility to Viral Infection and Autoimmune disease. Frontiers in Immunology. 2021;2021:12757249'},{id:"B18",body:'Lambers WM, Westra J, Bootsma H, de Leeuw K. hydroxychloroquine suppresses interferon-inducible genes and B cell activating factor in patients with incomplete and new-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2021;48(6):847-851'},{id:"B19",body:'Leffler J, Bengtsson AA, Blom AM. The complement system in systemic lupus erythematosus: An update. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2014;73:1601-1606'},{id:"B20",body:'Tsang A, Sjoe MW, Nagelkerke SQ , Bultink IE, Geissler J, Tanck MW, et al. Fc-gamma receptor polymorphisms differentially influence susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis. Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2016;55(5):939-948'},{id:"B21",body:'Rzeszotarska E, Sowinska A, Stypinska B, Lutkowska A, Felis-Giemza A, Olesinska M, et al. IL-1β, IL-10 and TNF-α polymorphisms may affect systemic lupus erythematosus risk and phenotype. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology. 2022.DOI: 10.55563/clinexprheumatol/qdgq0v. [On line ahead of print]'},{id:"B22",body:'Jung JH, Lim JH, Song GG, Kim BY. Association between interleukin 12B and interleukin 23R gene polymorphisms and systemic lupus erythematosus: A meta-analysis. The Journal of International Medical Research. 2022;50(1):3000'},{id:"B23",body:'Montúfar-Robles I, Barbosa-Cobos RE, Alemán-Ávila I, Ramírez-Bello J. IL-17A haplotype confers susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus but not to rheumatoid arthritis in Mexican patients. International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases. 2019;22(3):473-479'},{id:"B24",body:'Blakemore AI, Taplow JK, Cork MJ, Cordon C, Emery P. Duff interleukin −1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphism as a disease severity factor in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1994;37(9):1380-1385'},{id:"B25",body:'Akbar N, Nanda S, Belch J, Cohen P, Khan F. An important role for A20-binding inhibitor of nuclear factor-kB-1 (ABIN1) in inflammation-mediated endothelial dysfunction: An in vivo study in ABIN1 (D485N) mice. Arthritis Research & Therapy. 2015;17(1):22'},{id:"B26",body:'Tiina JM, Anna H, Sari K, Elisabet E, Jaana P, Taina H, et al. Polymorphisms of the ITGAM gene confer higher risk of discoid cutaneous than of systemic lupus erythematosus. PloS One. 2010;5(12):e14212'},{id:"B27",body:'Deng Y, Tsao BP. Updates in lupus genetics. Current Rheumatology Reports. 2017;19(11):68'},{id:"B28",body:'Namjou B, Kim-Howard X, Sun C, Adler A, Chung SA, Kaufman KM. et al. PTPN22 Association in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) with Respect to Individual Ancestry and Clinical Sub-Phenotypes. PLOS One. 2013 Aug;8(7):2-7'},{id:"B29",body:'Ramírez-Bello J, Jiménez-Morales S, Montufar-Robles I, Fragoso JM, Barbosa-Cobos RE, Saavedra MA, et al. BLK and BANK1 polymorphisms and interactions are associated in Mexican patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Inflammation Research. 2019;68(8):705-713'},{id:"B30",body:'Curran CS, Gupta S, Sanz I, Sharon E. PD-1 immunobiology in systemic lupus erythematosus. Journal of Autoimmunity. 2019;97:1-9'},{id:"B31",body:'Rupec AR, Petropoulou T, Belohradsky BH, Walchner M, Liese JG, Plewing G. Lupus erythematosus tumidus and chronic discoid lupus erythematosus in carriers of X-linkrd chronic granulomatous disease. European Journal of Dermatology. 2000;10(3):184-189'},{id:"B32",body:'Fowler JF, Callen JP, Stelzer GT, Cotter PK. Human histocompatibility antigen associations in patients with chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus comparative study. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1985;12(1):73-77'},{id:"B33",body:'Tello Lopez A, Rodriguez C, Jurado F, Farusho JK, Castillo V. Association of HLA DRB1 16 with chronic discoid lupus erythematosus in Mexican mestizo patients. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2007;32(4):435-438'},{id:"B34",body:'Braathen LR, Bratlie A, Teisberg P. HLA genotypes in a family with a case of homozygous C2 deficiency and discoid lupus erythematosus case reports. Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1866;66(5):419-422'},{id:"B35",body:'Suarez A, Lopez P, Mozo L, Gutierrez C. Differential effect of IL10 and TNF {alpha} genotypes on determining susceptibility to discoid and systemic lupus erythematosus. Annals of Rheumatic Diseases. 2005;64(11):1605-1610'},{id:"B36",body:'Nemer G, El-Hachem N, Eid E, Hamie L, Bardawil T, Khalil S, et al. A novel TRAF3IP2 variant causing familial scarring alopecia with mixed features of discoid lupus erythematosus and folliculitis decalvans. Clinical Genetics. 2020;98(2):116-125'},{id:"B37",body:'Sinha A. Genomic investigation of lupus in the skin. The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2017;18(2):S75-S80'},{id:"B38",body:'Ko WC, Li L, Young TR, McLean-Mandell RE, Deng AC, Vanguri VK, et al. Gene Expression Profiling in the Skin Reveals Strong Similarities between Subacute and Chronic Cutaneous Lupus that Are Distinct from Lupus Nephritis. The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2021;141(12):2808-2819'},{id:"B39",body:'Silvia FM, Janette CF, Gabriela MH, Gustavo MR, Zamarripa Regino E, Ortiz Q , et al. Association of HLA DRB1Blanca MicroRNA Expression in cutaneous Lupus: A new Window to Understand its pathogenesis. Mediators Inflammation. 2019;2019:5049'},{id:"B40",body:'Sontheimer RD. Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus: 25-year evolution of a prototypic subset (subphenotype) of lupus erythematosus defined by characteristic cutaneous, pathological, immunological, and genetic findings. Autoimmunity Reviews. 2005;4(5):253-263'},{id:"B41",body:'Sontheimer RD, Maddison PJ, Reichlin M, Jordon RE, Stastny P, Gilliam JN. Serologic and HLA associations in subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus, a clinical subset of lupus erythematosus. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1982;97(5):664-671'},{id:"B42",body:'Clancy M, Chelsea BB, Xiaoming Y, Mary CW, Steven CR, Lela LA. Genetic association of cutaneous neonatal lupus with HLA class II and tumor necrosis factor alpha: Implications for pathogenesis. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2004;50(8):2598-2603'},{id:"B43",body:'Fiehn C. Familial chilblain lupus: Type 1 interferonopathy with model character. Zeitschrift für Rheumatologie. 2017;76(4):322-327'},{id:"B44",body:'Crispín JC, Hedrich CM, Tsokos GC. Gene-function studies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Nature Reviews Rheumatology. 2013;9(8):476-484'},{id:"B45",body:'Camille SM, Bam P, Donavon H-S, Wang J, Sarmistha B, Vishal S, et al. Altered X- chromosome inactivation in T cells may promote sex biased autoimmune diseases. JCI Insight. 2019;4(7):e126751'},{id:"B46",body:'Leonhard HX, Lee J, Utkarsh K, Felix K, Vitaly S, Konstantinos P. TASL is the SLC15A4-associated adaptor for IRF5 activation by TLR7-9. Nature. 2020;581(7808):316-322'},{id:"B47",body:'Odhams A, Amy RL, Susan VK, Carolina DST, Charlie BT, Alexander CJ. Interferon inducible X- linked gene CXorf21 may contribute to sexual dimorphism in systemic lupus erythematosus. Nature Communications. 2019;10(1):2164'},{id:"B48",body:'Millington WW. George epigenetics and dermatological disease. Pharmacogenomics. 1835-1850;20089:12'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Eleni Klimi",address:"elenik2019@yahoo.com",affiliation:'
Department of Dermatology, Thriassio General Hospital, Athens, Greece
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"11726",type:"book",title:"Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - Pathogenesis and Management",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - Pathogenesis and Management",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"M.D. Sophia Lionaki and Dr. Minas Karagiannis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11726.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80356-348-0",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-347-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-349-7",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"213115",title:"M.D.",name:"Sophia",middleName:null,surname:"Lionaki",slug:"sophia-lionaki",fullName:"Sophia Lionaki"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"73081",title:"Dr.",name:"Clarissa",middleName:null,surname:"Von Haefen",email:"clarissa.von-haefen@charite.de",fullName:"Clarissa Von Haefen",slug:"clarissa-von-haefen",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:{name:"Charité",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Germany"}}},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"27131",title:"The Protective Role of Erythropoietin in the Developing Brain",slug:"the-protective-role-of-erythropoietin-in-the-developing-brain",abstract:null,signatures:"Marco Sifringer, Angela M. Kaindl, Stefanie Endesfelder, Clarissa von Haefen, Ivo Bendix and Ursula Felderhoff-Mueser",authors:[{id:"71834",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",surname:"Sifringer",fullName:"Marco Sifringer",slug:"marco-sifringer",email:"marco.sifringer@charite.de"},{id:"73079",title:"Prof.",name:"Angela M.",surname:"Kaindl",fullName:"Angela M. Kaindl",slug:"angela-m.-kaindl",email:"angela.kaindl@charite.de"},{id:"73080",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefanie",surname:"Endesfelder",fullName:"Stefanie Endesfelder",slug:"stefanie-endesfelder",email:"stefanie.endesfelder@charite.de"},{id:"73081",title:"Dr.",name:"Clarissa",surname:"Von Haefen",fullName:"Clarissa Von Haefen",slug:"clarissa-von-haefen",email:"clarissa.von-haefen@charite.de"},{id:"73083",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivo",surname:"Bendix",fullName:"Ivo Bendix",slug:"ivo-bendix",email:"ivo.bendix@uk-essen.de"},{id:"73084",title:"Prof.",name:"Ursula",surname:"Felderhoff-Mueser",fullName:"Ursula Felderhoff-Mueser",slug:"ursula-felderhoff-mueser",email:"ursula.felderhoff@uk-essen.de"}],book:{id:"776",title:"Preterm Birth",slug:"preterm-birth-mother-and-child",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"65432",title:"Dr.",name:"Offer",surname:"Erez",slug:"offer-erez",fullName:"Offer Erez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/65432/images/3720_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Erez is the acting director of the Maternal Fetal Medicine Unit at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the Soroka University Medical Center at Ben Gurion University of the Negev, in Beer Sheva Israel. Over the past 16 years Dr Erez has served as a research associate and later as an assistant professor at the Perinatology Research Branch of the NICHD, NIH located at Hutzel Women Hospital and Wayne State University at Detroit Michigan. Dr Erez has published over 140 peer reviewed papers, authored many chapters and served at the editorial board of Peer J and International Journal of Diabetic Research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Israel"}}},{id:"65434",title:"Prof.",name:"Moshe",surname:"Mazor",slug:"moshe-mazor",fullName:"Moshe Mazor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Israel"}}},{id:"66597",title:"Prof.",name:"Regina",surname:"Grazuleviciene",slug:"regina-grazuleviciene",fullName:"Regina Grazuleviciene",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Vytautas Magnus University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Lithuania"}}},{id:"66614",title:"Dr.",name:"Jone",surname:"Vencloviene",slug:"jone-vencloviene",fullName:"Jone Vencloviene",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"66615",title:"MSc.",name:"Audrius",surname:"Dedele",slug:"audrius-dedele",fullName:"Audrius Dedele",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"66616",title:"MSc.",name:"Asta",surname:"Danileviciute",slug:"asta-danileviciute",fullName:"Asta Danileviciute",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"66617",title:"MSc.",name:"Gediminas",surname:"Balcius",slug:"gediminas-balcius",fullName:"Gediminas Balcius",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"122111",title:"Dr.",name:"Ruth",surname:"Beer-Weisel",slug:"ruth-beer-weisel",fullName:"Ruth Beer-Weisel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Israel"}}},{id:"122114",title:"Dr.",name:"Tal",surname:"Rafaeli-Yehudai",slug:"tal-rafaeli-yehudai",fullName:"Tal Rafaeli-Yehudai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Israel"}}},{id:"122115",title:"Dr.",name:"Idit",surname:"Erez-Weiss",slug:"idit-erez-weiss",fullName:"Idit Erez-Weiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Israel"}}}]},generic:{page:{slug:"open-access-funding",title:"Open Access Funding",intro:"
IntechOpen’s Academic Editors and Authors have received funding for their work through many well-known funders, including: the European Commission, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), CGIAR Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers, National Institute of Health (NIH), National Science Foundation (NSF), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), German Research Foundation (DFG), Research Councils United Kingdom (RCUK), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Austrian Science Fund (FWF), Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), Australian Research Council (ARC).
Open Access publication costs can often be designated directly in the grants or in specific budgets allocated for that purpose. Many of the most important funding organisations encourage, and even request, that the projects they fund are made available at no cost to the wider public. IntechOpen strives to maintain excellent relationships with these funders and ensures compliance with mandates.
\\n\\n
In order to help Authors identify appropriate funding agencies and institutions, we have created a list, based on extensive research on various OA resources (including ROARMAP and SHERPA/JULIET) of organizations that have funds available. Before consulting our list we encourage you to petition your own institution or organization for Open Access funds or check the specifications of your grant with your funder to ascertain if publication costs are included. Where you are in receipt of a grant you should clarify:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Does your institution already have a budget for covering Open Access publication costs?
\\n\\t
Does your grant list Open Access publication fees as legitimate direct/indirect costs?
\\n
\\n\\n
If you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links. Please consult the Open Access policies or grant Terms and Conditions of any institution with which you are linked to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
\\n\\n
Please note that this list is not a definitive one and is updated regularly. To suggest possible modifications or the inclusion of your institution/funder, please contact us at funders@intechopen.com
\\n\\n
Please be aware that you must be a member, or grantee, of the institutions/funders listed in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
Open Access publication costs can often be designated directly in the grants or in specific budgets allocated for that purpose. Many of the most important funding organisations encourage, and even request, that the projects they fund are made available at no cost to the wider public. IntechOpen strives to maintain excellent relationships with these funders and ensures compliance with mandates.
\n\n
In order to help Authors identify appropriate funding agencies and institutions, we have created a list, based on extensive research on various OA resources (including ROARMAP and SHERPA/JULIET) of organizations that have funds available. Before consulting our list we encourage you to petition your own institution or organization for Open Access funds or check the specifications of your grant with your funder to ascertain if publication costs are included. Where you are in receipt of a grant you should clarify:
\n\n
\n\t
Does your institution already have a budget for covering Open Access publication costs?
\n\t
Does your grant list Open Access publication fees as legitimate direct/indirect costs?
\n
\n\n
If you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links. Please consult the Open Access policies or grant Terms and Conditions of any institution with which you are linked to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
\n\n
Please note that this list is not a definitive one and is updated regularly. To suggest possible modifications or the inclusion of your institution/funder, please contact us at funders@intechopen.com
\n\n
Please be aware that you must be a member, or grantee, of the institutions/funders listed in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istituto Superiore di Sanità",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13389},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11661},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22334},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33642}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135275},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"-dateEndThirdStepPublish",src:"S-F-0"},books:[{type:"book",id:"9985",title:"Geostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"423cb3896195a618c4acb493ce4fd23d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Jeffrey M. Yarus, Dr. Marko Maucec, Dr. Timothy C. Coburn and Associate Prof. Michael Pyrcz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9985.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"78011",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeffrey M.",surname:"Yarus",slug:"jeffrey-m.-yarus",fullName:"Jeffrey M. Yarus"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12058",title:"Future Housing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e7f4a1e57fab392b61156956c1247b9e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ivan Oropeza-Perez and Dr. Astrid Helena Petzold-Rodríguez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12058.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"282172",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",surname:"Oropeza-Perez",slug:"ivan-oropeza-perez",fullName:"Ivan Oropeza-Perez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12215",title:"Cell Death and Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"dfd456a29478fccf4ebd3294137eb1e3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12215.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12112",title:"The Colorectal Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"21c65e742d31d5b69fb681ef78cfa0be",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Muhammad Shamim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12112.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"235128",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Shamim",slug:"muhammad-shamim",fullName:"Muhammad Shamim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12079",title:"Strategies Towards the Synthesis of Heterocycles and Their Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bc4022af925c0883636e0819008971ee",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Premlata Kumari and Dr. Amit B Patel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12079.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"177041",title:"Dr.",name:"Premlata",surname:"Kumari",slug:"premlata-kumari",fullName:"Premlata Kumari"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11998",title:"Biocomposites - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8bc7ffd7544fff1901301c787e64fada",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Magdy Elnashar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11998.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"12075",title:"Prof.",name:"Magdy",surname:"Elnashar",slug:"magdy-elnashar",fullName:"Magdy Elnashar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11999",title:"Earthquakes - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b2af07109b13b76e5af9583532ab5bee",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Walter Salazar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11999.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"236461",title:"Dr.",name:"Walter",surname:"Salazar",slug:"walter-salazar",fullName:"Walter Salazar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12102",title:"Current Trends in Ambulatory Care",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fa37d79f81893fd0a9ab346ae1c3e4a9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Xin-Nong Li",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12102.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"345917",title:"Dr.",name:"Xin-Nong",surname:"Li",slug:"xin-nong-li",fullName:"Xin-Nong Li"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12050",title:"Advanced Biodiesel - Technological Advances, Challenges, and Sustainability Considerations",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bb86ab5c5ca0dab95f01941eb350f920",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. IMR Fattah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12050.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"463663",title:"Dr.",name:"IMR",surname:"Fattah",slug:"imr-fattah",fullName:"IMR Fattah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12208",title:"Metformin - A Prospective Alternative for the Treatment of Chronic Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"aa4b8aac3f44ba3ab334530c5d5646ea",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12208.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12172",title:"Health Risks of Food Additives - Recent Developments and Trends in Food Sector",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f6aa23b1045d266d0928fcef04fa3417",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Muhammad Sajid Arshad and Mr. Waseem Khalid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12172.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"192998",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Sajid",surname:"Arshad",slug:"muhammad-sajid-arshad",fullName:"Muhammad Sajid Arshad"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12113",title:"Tendons - Trauma, Inflammation, Degeneration, and Treatment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2387a4e0d2a76883b16dcccd452281ab",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Nahum Rosenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12113.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"68911",title:"Dr.",name:"Nahum",surname:"Rosenberg",slug:"nahum-rosenberg",fullName:"Nahum Rosenberg"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:39},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:64},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:251},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3737",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"Modelling, Programming and Simulations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"matlab-modelling-programming-and-simulations",bookSignature:"Emilson Pereira Leite",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3737.jpg",editors:[{id:"12051",title:"Prof.",name:"Emilson",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira Leite",slug:"emilson-pereira-leite",fullName:"Emilson Pereira Leite"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"1770",title:"Gel Electrophoresis",subtitle:"Principles and Basics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"279701f6c802cf02deef45103e0611ff",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-principles-and-basics",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1770.jpg",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4797},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7175,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1981,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2308,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1473,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318571,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271836,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",publishedDate:"July 1st 2013",numberOfDownloads:243450,editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1582,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2082,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",publishedDate:"October 17th 2012",numberOfDownloads:256294,editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"13",title:"Immunology and Microbiology",slug:"immunology-and-microbiology",parent:{id:"2",title:"Life Sciences",slug:"life-sciences"},numberOfBooks:82,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:2179,numberOfWosCitations:1878,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1631,numberOfDimensionsCitations:3534,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"13",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10874",title:"Insights on Antimicrobial Peptides",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"23ca26025e87356a7c2ffac365f73a22",slug:"insights-on-antimicrobial-peptides",bookSignature:"Shymaa Enany, Jorge Masso-Silva and Anna Savitskaya",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10874.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",slug:"shymaa-enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10536",title:"Campylobacter",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c4b132b741dd0a2ed539b824ab63965f",slug:"campylobacter",bookSignature:"Guillermo Tellez-Isaias and Saeed El-Ashram",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73465",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Téllez",slug:"guillermo-tellez",fullName:"Guillermo Téllez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f1c0e4e0207fc45c936e7d22a5369c4",slug:"protein-detection",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar and Lütfi Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10906",title:"Fungal Reproduction and Growth",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f84de0280d54f3b52e3e4585cff24ac1",slug:"fungal-reproduction-and-growth",bookSignature:"Sadia Sultan and Gurmeet Kaur Surindar Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10906.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"176737",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadia",middleName:null,surname:"Sultan",slug:"sadia-sultan",fullName:"Sadia Sultan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11006",title:"Disinfection of Viruses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d7f3f66e22e16c3751989918a43b3210",slug:"disinfection-of-viruses",bookSignature:"Raymond W. Nims and M. Khalid Ijaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11006.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"104702",title:"Dr.",name:"Raymond W.",middleName:null,surname:"Nims",slug:"raymond-w.-nims",fullName:"Raymond W. Nims"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10442",title:"Cyanobacteria",subtitle:"Recent Advances in Taxonomy and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fec78743d3f973c80881957ce3e6d79",slug:"cyanobacteria-recent-advances-in-taxonomy-and-applications",bookSignature:"Wael N. Hozzein",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10442.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"189233",title:"Prof.",name:"Wael N.",middleName:"Nabil",surname:"Hozzein",slug:"wael-n.-hozzein",fullName:"Wael N. Hozzein"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9614",title:"Advances in Candida albicans",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"31d6882518ca749b12715266eed0a018",slug:"advances-in-candida-albicans",bookSignature:"Xinhui Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9614.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"296531",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinhui",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xinhui-wang",fullName:"Xinhui Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8043",title:"Monoclonal Antibodies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"91da3371c910d66deb7b8c434948b834",slug:"monoclonal-antibodies",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8043.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9403",title:"Human Microbiome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c31366ba82585ba3ac91d21eb1cf0a4d",slug:"human-microbiome",bookSignature:"Natalia V. Beloborodova and Andrey V. Grechko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9403.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9665",title:"Pseudomonas aeruginosa",subtitle:"Biofilm Formation, Infections and Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"00e9f0f41cf8cd97ff33fac3bcea14cb",slug:"pseudomonas-aeruginosa-biofilm-formation-infections-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Theerthankar Das",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9665.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"179493",title:"Dr.",name:"Theerthankar",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"theerthankar-das",fullName:"Theerthankar Das"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:82,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"62553",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79371",title:"Antibiotic Use in Poultry Production and Its Effects on Bacterial Resistance",slug:"antibiotic-use-in-poultry-production-and-its-effects-on-bacterial-resistance",totalDownloads:7333,totalCrossrefCites:43,totalDimensionsCites:92,abstract:"A surge in the development and spread of antibiotic resistance has become a major cause for concern. Over the past few decades, no major new types of antibiotics have been produced and almost all known antibiotics are increasingly losing their activity against pathogenic microorganisms. The levels of multi-drug resistant bacteria have also increased. It is known that worldwide, more than 60% of all antibiotics that are produced find their use in animal production for both therapeutic and non-therapeutic purposes. The use of antimicrobial agents in animal husbandry has been linked to the development and spread of resistant bacteria. Poultry products are among the highest consumed products worldwide but a lot of essential antibiotics are employed during poultry production in several countries; threatening the safety of such products (through antimicrobial residues) and the increased possibility of development and spread of microbial resistance in poultry settings. This chapter documents some of the studies on antibiotic usage in poultry farming; with specific focus on some selected bacterial species, their economic importance to poultry farming and reports of resistances of isolated species from poultry settings (farms and poultry products) to essential antibiotics.",book:{id:"6978",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-global-threat",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",fullTitle:"Antimicrobial Resistance - A Global Threat"},signatures:"Christian Agyare, Vivian Etsiapa Boamah, Crystal Ngofi Zumbi and\nFrank Boateng Osei",authors:[{id:"182058",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Agyare",slug:"christian-agyare",fullName:"Christian Agyare"},{id:"261271",title:"MSc.",name:"Crystal Ngofi",middleName:null,surname:"Zumbi",slug:"crystal-ngofi-zumbi",fullName:"Crystal Ngofi Zumbi"},{id:"261272",title:"MSc.",name:"Frank Boateng",middleName:null,surname:"Osei",slug:"frank-boateng-osei",fullName:"Frank Boateng Osei"},{id:"261273",title:"Dr.",name:"Vivian Etsiapa",middleName:null,surname:"Boamah",slug:"vivian-etsiapa-boamah",fullName:"Vivian Etsiapa Boamah"}]},{id:"39599",doi:"10.5772/50046",title:"Encapsulation Technology to Protect Probiotic Bacteria",slug:"encapsulation-technology-to-protect-probiotic-bacteria",totalDownloads:12461,totalCrossrefCites:45,totalDimensionsCites:87,abstract:null,book:{id:"3145",slug:"probiotics",title:"Probiotics",fullTitle:"Probiotics"},signatures:"María Chávarri, Izaskun Marañón and María Carmen Villarán",authors:[{id:"150285",title:"Dr.",name:"María",middleName:null,surname:"Chávarri Hueda",slug:"maria-chavarri-hueda",fullName:"María Chávarri Hueda"},{id:"151613",title:"MSc.",name:"Izaskun",middleName:null,surname:"Marañon",slug:"izaskun-maranon",fullName:"Izaskun Marañon"},{id:"151621",title:"Dr.",name:"Mª Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Villarán",slug:"ma-carmen-villaran",fullName:"Mª Carmen Villarán"}]},{id:"39607",doi:"10.5772/50121",title:"Recent Application of Probiotics in Food and Agricultural Science",slug:"recent-application-of-probiotics-in-food-and-agricultural-science",totalDownloads:10177,totalCrossrefCites:32,totalDimensionsCites:78,abstract:null,book:{id:"3145",slug:"probiotics",title:"Probiotics",fullTitle:"Probiotics"},signatures:"Danfeng Song, Salam Ibrahim and Saeed Hayek",authors:[{id:"107905",title:"Prof.",name:"Salam",middleName:null,surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"salam-ibrahim",fullName:"Salam Ibrahim"},{id:"150202",title:"Dr.",name:"Danfeng",middleName:null,surname:"Song",slug:"danfeng-song",fullName:"Danfeng Song"},{id:"151025",title:"MSc.",name:"Saeed",middleName:null,surname:"Hayek",slug:"saeed-hayek",fullName:"Saeed Hayek"}]},{id:"51065",doi:"10.5772/63499",title:"Role of the Biofilms in Wastewater Treatment",slug:"role-of-the-biofilms-in-wastewater-treatment",totalDownloads:6856,totalCrossrefCites:28,totalDimensionsCites:63,abstract:"Biological wastewater treatment systems play an important role in improving water quality and human health. This chapter thus briefly discusses different biological methods, specially biofilm technologies, the development of biofilms on different filter media, factors affecting their development as well as their structure and function. It also tackles various conventional and modern molecular techniques for detailed exploration of the composition, diversity and dynamics of biofilms. These data are crucial to improve the performance, robustness and stability of biofilm-based wastewater treatment technologies.",book:{id:"5197",slug:"microbial-biofilms-importance-and-applications",title:"Microbial Biofilms",fullTitle:"Microbial Biofilms - Importance and Applications"},signatures:"Shama Sehar and Iffat Naz",authors:[{id:"180364",title:"Dr.",name:"Iffat",middleName:null,surname:"Naz",slug:"iffat-naz",fullName:"Iffat Naz"},{id:"183345",title:"Dr.",name:"Shama",middleName:null,surname:"Sehar",slug:"shama-sehar",fullName:"Shama Sehar"}]},{id:"49246",doi:"10.5772/61300",title:"Chitosan as a Biomaterial — Structure, Properties, and Electrospun Nanofibers",slug:"chitosan-as-a-biomaterial-structure-properties-and-electrospun-nanofibers",totalDownloads:4727,totalCrossrefCites:27,totalDimensionsCites:63,abstract:"Chitosan is a polysaccharide derived from chitin; chitin is the second most abundant polysaccharide in the world, after cellulose. Chitosan is biocompatible, biodegradable and non-toxic, so that it can be usedin medicalapplications such as antimicrobial and wound healing biomaterials. It also used as chelating agent due to its ability to bind with cholesterol, fats, proteins and metal ions.",book:{id:"4648",slug:"concepts-compounds-and-the-alternatives-of-antibacterials",title:"Concepts, Compounds and the Alternatives of Antibacterials",fullTitle:"Concepts, Compounds and the Alternatives of Antibacterials"},signatures:"H. M. Ibrahim and E.M.R. El- Zairy",authors:[{id:"90645",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",middleName:null,surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Ibrahim"},{id:"175694",title:"Dr.",name:"Enas",middleName:null,surname:"El- Zairy",slug:"enas-el-zairy",fullName:"Enas El- Zairy"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"65613",title:"The Methods for Detection of Biofilm and Screening Antibiofilm Activity of Agents",slug:"the-methods-for-detection-of-biofilm-and-screening-antibiofilm-activity-of-agents",totalDownloads:9277,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:26,abstract:"Biofilm producer microorganisms cause nosocomial and recurrent infections. Biofilm that is a sticky exopolysaccharide is the main virulence factor causing biofilm-related infections. Biofilm formation begins with attachment of bacteria to biotic surface such as host cell or abiotic surface such as prosthetic devices. After attachment, aggregation of bacteria is started by cell-cell adhesion. Aggregation continues with the maturation of biofilm. Dispersion is started by certain conditions such as phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs). By this way, sessile bacteria turn back into planktonic form. Bacteria embedded in biofilm (sessile form) are more resistant to antimicrobials than planktonic bacteria. So it is hard to treat biofilm-embedded bacteria than planktonic forms. For this reason, it is important to detect biofilm. There are a few biofilm detection and biofilm production methods on prosthetics, methods for screening antibacterial effect of agents against biofilm-embedded microorganism and antibiofilm effect of agents against biofilm production and mature biofilm. The aim of this chapter is to overview direct and indirect methods such as microscopy, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and Congo red agar, tube method, microtiter plate assay, checkerboard assay, plate counting, polymerase chain reaction, mass spectrometry, MALDI-TOF, and biological assays used by antibiofilm researches.",book:{id:"8427",slug:"antimicrobials-antibiotic-resistance-antibiofilm-strategies-and-activity-methods",title:"Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods",fullTitle:"Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods"},signatures:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu",authors:[{id:"179460",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sahra",middleName:null,surname:"Kırmusaoğlu",slug:"sahra-kirmusaoglu",fullName:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu"}]},{id:"62553",title:"Antibiotic Use in Poultry Production and Its Effects on Bacterial Resistance",slug:"antibiotic-use-in-poultry-production-and-its-effects-on-bacterial-resistance",totalDownloads:7327,totalCrossrefCites:43,totalDimensionsCites:92,abstract:"A surge in the development and spread of antibiotic resistance has become a major cause for concern. Over the past few decades, no major new types of antibiotics have been produced and almost all known antibiotics are increasingly losing their activity against pathogenic microorganisms. The levels of multi-drug resistant bacteria have also increased. It is known that worldwide, more than 60% of all antibiotics that are produced find their use in animal production for both therapeutic and non-therapeutic purposes. The use of antimicrobial agents in animal husbandry has been linked to the development and spread of resistant bacteria. Poultry products are among the highest consumed products worldwide but a lot of essential antibiotics are employed during poultry production in several countries; threatening the safety of such products (through antimicrobial residues) and the increased possibility of development and spread of microbial resistance in poultry settings. This chapter documents some of the studies on antibiotic usage in poultry farming; with specific focus on some selected bacterial species, their economic importance to poultry farming and reports of resistances of isolated species from poultry settings (farms and poultry products) to essential antibiotics.",book:{id:"6978",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-global-threat",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",fullTitle:"Antimicrobial Resistance - A Global Threat"},signatures:"Christian Agyare, Vivian Etsiapa Boamah, Crystal Ngofi Zumbi and\nFrank Boateng Osei",authors:[{id:"182058",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Agyare",slug:"christian-agyare",fullName:"Christian Agyare"},{id:"261271",title:"MSc.",name:"Crystal Ngofi",middleName:null,surname:"Zumbi",slug:"crystal-ngofi-zumbi",fullName:"Crystal Ngofi Zumbi"},{id:"261272",title:"MSc.",name:"Frank Boateng",middleName:null,surname:"Osei",slug:"frank-boateng-osei",fullName:"Frank Boateng Osei"},{id:"261273",title:"Dr.",name:"Vivian Etsiapa",middleName:null,surname:"Boamah",slug:"vivian-etsiapa-boamah",fullName:"Vivian Etsiapa Boamah"}]},{id:"65914",title:"Introductory Chapter: The Action Mechanisms of Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance",slug:"introductory-chapter-the-action-mechanisms-of-antibiotics-and-antibiotic-resistance",totalDownloads:4428,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"8427",slug:"antimicrobials-antibiotic-resistance-antibiofilm-strategies-and-activity-methods",title:"Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods",fullTitle:"Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods"},signatures:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu, Nesrin Gareayaghi and Bekir S. Kocazeybek",authors:[{id:"179460",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sahra",middleName:null,surname:"Kırmusaoğlu",slug:"sahra-kirmusaoglu",fullName:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu"},{id:"248288",title:"Prof.",name:"Bekir",middleName:null,surname:"Kocazeybek",slug:"bekir-kocazeybek",fullName:"Bekir Kocazeybek"},{id:"406463",title:"Dr.",name:"Nesrin",middleName:null,surname:"Gareayaghi",slug:"nesrin-gareayaghi",fullName:"Nesrin Gareayaghi"}]},{id:"50992",title:"Probiotics: A Comprehensive Review of Their Classification, Mode of Action and Role in Human Nutrition",slug:"probiotics-a-comprehensive-review-of-their-classification-mode-of-action-and-role-in-human-nutrition",totalDownloads:5429,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:28,abstract:"Probiotics are live microorganisms that live in gastrointestinal (GI) tract and are beneficial for their hosts and prevent certain diseases. In this chapter, after a complete introduction to probiotics, definition, mechanism of action, and their classification, currently used organisms will be discussed in detail. Moreover, different kinds of nutritional synthetic products of probiotics along with their safety and drug interaction will be noticed. This chapter mentions all clinical trial studies that have been done to evaluate probiotic efficacy with a focus on gastrointestinal diseases.",book:{id:"5193",slug:"probiotics-and-prebiotics-in-human-nutrition-and-health",title:"Probiotics and Prebiotics in Human Nutrition and Health",fullTitle:"Probiotics and Prebiotics in Human Nutrition and Health"},signatures:"Amirreza Khalighi, Reza Behdani and Shabnam Kouhestani",authors:[{id:"179560",title:"Dr.",name:"Amirreza",middleName:null,surname:"Khalighi",slug:"amirreza-khalighi",fullName:"Amirreza Khalighi"},{id:"185238",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Behdani",slug:"reza-behdani",fullName:"Reza Behdani"},{id:"185239",title:"Dr.",name:"Shabnam",middleName:null,surname:"Kouhestani",slug:"shabnam-kouhestani",fullName:"Shabnam Kouhestani"}]},{id:"56849",title:"Physiology and Pathology of Innate Immune Response Against Pathogens",slug:"physiology-and-pathology-of-innate-immune-response-against-pathogens",totalDownloads:6226,totalCrossrefCites:21,totalDimensionsCites:28,abstract:"Pathogen infections are recognized by the immune system, which consists of two types of responses: an innate immune response and an antigen-specific adaptive immune response. The innate response is characterized by being the first line of defense that occurs rapidly in which leukocytes such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, mast cells, dendritic cells, etc., are involved. These cells recognize the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which have been evolutionarily conserved by the diversity of microorganisms that infect humans. Recognition of these pathogen-associated molecular patterns occurs through pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors and some other intracellular receptors such as nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD), with the aim of amplifying the inflammation and activating the adaptive cellular immune response, through the antigenic presentation. In the present chapter, we will review the importance of the main components involved in the innate immune response, such as different cell types, inflammatory response, soluble immune mediators and effector mechanisms exerted by the immune response against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites; all with the purpose of eliminating them and eradicating the infection of the host.",book:{id:"5975",slug:"physiology-and-pathology-of-immunology",title:"Physiology and Pathology of Immunology",fullTitle:"Physiology and Pathology of Immunology"},signatures:"José Luis Muñoz Carrillo, Flor Pamela Castro García, Oscar\nGutiérrez Coronado, María Alejandra Moreno García and Juan\nFrancisco Contreras Cordero",authors:[{id:"214236",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Muñoz-Carrillo",slug:"jose-luis-munoz-carrillo",fullName:"Jose Luis Muñoz-Carrillo"},{id:"216080",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandra",middleName:null,surname:"Moreno-García",slug:"alejandra-moreno-garcia",fullName:"Alejandra Moreno-García"},{id:"216081",title:"Dr.",name:"Oscar",middleName:null,surname:"Gutiérrez-Coronado",slug:"oscar-gutierrez-coronado",fullName:"Oscar Gutiérrez-Coronado"},{id:"216082",title:"Dr.",name:"Pamela",middleName:null,surname:"Castro-García",slug:"pamela-castro-garcia",fullName:"Pamela Castro-García"},{id:"220717",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Contreras Cordero",slug:"juan-francisco-contreras-cordero",fullName:"Juan Francisco Contreras Cordero"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"13",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"83067",title:"Multiplicity in the Genes of Carbon Metabolism in Antibiotic-Producing Streptomycetes",slug:"multiplicity-in-the-genes-of-carbon-metabolism-in-antibiotic-producing-streptomycetes",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106525",abstract:"Streptomycetes exhibit genetic multiplicity, like many other microorganisms, and redundancy occurs in many of the genes involved in carbon metabolism. The enzymes of the glycolytic pathway presenting the greatest multiplicity were phosphofructokinase, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and pyruvate kinase. The genes that encode citrate synthase and subunits of the succinate dehydrogenase complex are the ones that show the greatest multiplicity, while in the phosphoenolpyruvate-pyruvate-oxaloacetate node, only malic enzymes and pyruvate phosphate dikinase present two copies in some Streptomyces. The extra DNA from these multiple gene copies can be more than 50 kb, and the question arises whether all of these genes are transcribed and translated. As far as we know, there is few information about the transcription of these genes in any of this Streptomyces, nor if any of the activities that are encoded by a single gene could be limiting both for growth and for the formation of precursors of the antibiotics produced by these microorganisms. Therefore, it is important to study the transcription and translation of genes involved in carbon metabolism in antibiotic-producing Streptomyces growing on various sugars.",book:{id:"10893",title:"Actinobacteria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10893.jpg"},signatures:"Toshiko Takahashi, Jonathan Alanís, Polonia Hernández and María Elena Flores"},{id:"82972",title:"Actinomycosis: Diagnosis, Clinical Features and Treatment",slug:"actinomycosis-diagnosis-clinical-features-and-treatment",totalDownloads:4,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104698",abstract:"Actinomycosis is a filamentous bacterium that forms part of the normal human flora of the gastrointestinal, oropharynx and female genitalia. This indolent infection is characterized by abscess formation, widespread granulomatous disease, fibrosis, cavitary lung lesions and mass-like consolidations, simulating an active malignancy or systemic inflammatory diseases. It is subacute, chronic and variable presentation may delay diagnosis due to its capability to simulate other conditions. An accurate diagnostic timeline is relevant. Early diagnosis of pulmonary actinomycosis decreases the risk of indolent complications. Proper treatment reduces the need for invasive surgical methods. Actinomycosis can virtually involve any organ system, the infection spread without respecting anatomical variables as metastatic disease does, making malignancy an important part of the differential diagnosis. As it is normal gastrointestinal florae, it is difficult to cultivate, and share similar morphology to other organisms such as Nocardia and fungus. It is often difficult to be identified as the culprit of disease. Its true imitator capability makes this infectious agent a remarkable organism within the spectra of localized and disseminated disease. In this chapter, we will discuss different peculiarities of actinomycosis as an infectious agent, most common presentation in different organ systems, and challenging scenarios.",book:{id:"10893",title:"Actinobacteria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10893.jpg"},signatures:"Onix J. Cantres-Fonseca, Vanessa Vando-Rivera, Vanessa Fonseca-Ferrer, Christian Castillo Latorre and Francisco J. Del Olmo-Arroyo"},{id:"82412",title:"Potential of Native Microalgae from the Peruvian Amazon on the Removal of Pollutants",slug:"potential-of-native-microalgae-from-the-peruvian-amazon-on-the-removal-of-pollutants",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105686",abstract:"Environmental pollution is a severe and common problem in all the countries worldwide. Various physicochemical technologies and organisms (e.g., plants, microorganisms, etc.) are used to address these environmental issues, but low-cost, practical, efficient, and effective approaches have not been available yet. Microalgae offer an attractive, novel, and little-explored bioremediation alternative because these photosynthetic organisms can eliminate pathogenic microorganisms and remove heavy metals and toxic organic compounds through processes still under study. Our research team has conducted some experiments to determine the bioremediation potential of native microalgae on some pollutant sources (i.e., leachate and wastewater) and its ability to remove hazardous chemical compounds. Therefore, in this chapter, we provide the results of our research and updated information about this exciting topic. Experiments were conducted under controlled culture conditions using several native microalgae species, variable time periods, different pollutant sources, and hazardous chemicals such as ethidium bromide. The results indicated that native microalgae can remove pollutants (i.e., phosphorus, ammonia, etc.) of wastewater, leachate, and some hazardous chemical compounds such as ethidium bromide. In conclusion, native microalgae have an excellent potential for removing several pollutants and, consequently, could be used to develop bioremediation technologies based on native microalgae from the Peruvian Amazon.",book:{id:"11366",title:"Microalgae",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11366.jpg"},signatures:"Marianela Cobos, Segundo L. Estela, Carlos G. Castro, Miguel A. Grandez, Alvaro B. Tresierra, Corayma L. Cabezudo, Santiago Galindo, Sheyla L. Pérez, Angélica V. Rios, Jhon A. Vargas, Roger Ruiz, Pedro M. Adrianzén, Jorge L. Marapara and Juan C. Castro"},{id:"81859",title:"Respiratory Syncytial Virus",slug:"respiratory-syncytial-virus",totalDownloads:5,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104771",abstract:"Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)-driven bronchiolitis is one of the most common causes of pediatric hospitalization. Every year, we face 33.1 million episodes of RSV-driven lower respiratory tract infection without any available vaccine or cost-effective therapeutics since the discovery of RSV eighty years before. RSV is an enveloped RNA virus belonging to the pneumoviridae family of viruses. This chapter aims to elucidate the structure and functions of the RSV genome and proteins and the mechanism of RSV infection in host cells from entry to budding, which will provide current insight into the RSV-host relationship. In addition, this book chapter summarizes the recent research outcomes regarding the structure of RSV and the functions of all viral proteins along with the RSV life cycle and cell-to-cell spread.",book:{id:"11369",title:"RNA Viruses Infection",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg"},signatures:"Sattya Narayan Talukdar and Masfique Mehedi"},{id:"82148",title:"Mosquito Population Modification for Malaria Control",slug:"mosquito-population-modification-for-malaria-control",totalDownloads:12,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104907",abstract:"Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease that kills millions of people every year. Existing control tools have been insufficient to eliminate the disease in many endemic regions and additional approaches are needed. Novel vector-control strategies using genetic engineering to create malaria-resistant mosquitoes (population modification) can potentially contribute a new set of tools for mosquito control. Here we review the current mosquito control strategies and the development of transgenic mosquitoes expressing anti-parasite effector genes, highlighting the recent improvements in mosquito genome editing with CRISPR-Cas9 as an efficient and adaptable tool for gene-drive systems to effectively spread these genes into mosquito populations.",book:{id:"11379",title:"Mosquito Research - Recent Advances in Pathogen Interactions, Immunity, and Vector Control Strategies",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11379.jpg"},signatures:"Rebeca Carballar-Lejarazú, Taylor Tushar, Thai Binh Pham and Anthony James"},{id:"81934",title:"Lactobacillus Use for Plant Fermentation: New Ways for Plant-Based Product Valorization",slug:"lactobacillus-use-for-plant-fermentation-new-ways-for-plant-based-product-valorization",totalDownloads:16,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104958",abstract:"Today, plant production is increasing, but most industrial processes generate a lot of waste and by-products for which, in the current context, it is a priority to recycle or valorize them. One of the cheapest valorization routes is fermentation, in particular lactic fermentation by Lactobacillus species, which produces lactic acid and other molecules of industrial interest such as bioactive compounds such as anthocyanin, organic acid, peptides, or phenol, which are widely found in the plant matrix, mainly in cereals, grass, fruits, and vegetables. Bioactive compounds may exert beneficial health effects, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, or prebiotic activities. In addition, lactic acid fermentation can improve existing products and lead to new applications in food, livestock feeding and biotechnology, such as the production of lactic acid, protein, or silage. This chapter reviews the use of Lactobacillus strains in the fermentation process of many plant bioresources or by-products through their different bioactivities, active molecules, and applications.",book:{id:"11372",title:"Lactobacillus - A Multifunctional Genus",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11372.jpg"},signatures:"Morgan Le Rouzic, Pauline Bruniaux, Cyril Raveschot, François Krier, Vincent Phalip, Rozenn Ravallec, Benoit Cudennec and François Coutte"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:102},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",issn:null,scope:"
\r\n\tEducation and Human Development is an interdisciplinary research area that aims to shed light on topics related to both learning and development. This Series is intended for researchers, practitioners, and students who are interested in understanding more about these fields and their applications.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/23.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 12th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"280770",title:"Dr.",name:"Katherine K.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Stavropoulos",slug:"katherine-k.m.-stavropoulos",fullName:"Katherine K.M. Stavropoulos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRdFuQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-24T09:03:48.jpg",biography:"Katherine Stavropoulos received her BA in Psychology from Trinity College, in Connecticut, USA and her Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology from the University of California, San Diego. She completed her postdoctoral work at the Yale Child Study Center with Dr. James McPartland. Dr. Stavropoulos’ doctoral dissertation explored neural correlates of reward anticipation to social versus nonsocial stimuli in children with and without autism spectrum disorders (ASD). She has been a faculty member at the University of California, Riverside in the School of Education since 2016. Her research focuses on translational studies to explore the reward system in ASD, as well as how anxiety contributes to social challenges in ASD. She also investigates how behavioral interventions affect neural activity, behavior, and school performance in children with ASD. She is also involved in the diagnosis of children with ASD and is a licensed clinical psychologist in California. She is the Assistant Director of the SEARCH Center at UCR and is a faculty member in the Graduate Program in Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of California, Riverside",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"89",title:"Education",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/89.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,editor:{id:"260066",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Michail",middleName:null,surname:"Kalogiannakis",slug:"michail-kalogiannakis",fullName:"Michail Kalogiannakis",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260066/images/system/260066.jpg",biography:"Michail Kalogiannakis is an Associate Professor of the Department of Preschool Education, University of Crete, and an Associate Tutor at School of Humanities at the Hellenic Open University. He graduated from the Physics Department of the University of Crete and continued his post-graduate studies at the University Paris 7-Denis Diderot (D.E.A. in Didactic of Physics), University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (D.E.A. in Science Education) and received his Ph.D. degree at the University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (PhD in Science Education). His research interests include science education in early childhood, science teaching and learning, e-learning, the use of ICT in science education, games simulations, and mobile learning. He has published over 120 articles in international conferences and journals and has served on the program committees of numerous international conferences.",institutionString:"University of Crete",institution:{name:"University of Crete",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:{id:"422488",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Ampartzaki",slug:"maria-ampartzaki",fullName:"Maria Ampartzaki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/422488/images/system/422488.jpg",biography:"Dr Maria Ampartzaki is an Assistant Professor in Early Childhood Education in the Department of Preschool Education at the University of Crete. Her research interests include ICT in education, science education in the early years, inquiry-based and art-based learning, teachers’ professional development, action research, and the Pedagogy of Multiliteracies, among others. She has run and participated in several funded and non-funded projects on the teaching of Science, Social Sciences, and ICT in education. She also has the experience of participating in five Erasmus+ projects.",institutionString:"University of Crete",institution:{name:"University of Crete",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"90",title:"Human Development",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/90.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"191040",title:"Dr.",name:"Tal",middleName:null,surname:"Dotan Ben-Soussan",slug:"tal-dotan-ben-soussan",fullName:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBf1QAG/Profile_Picture_2022-03-18T07:56:11.jpg",biography:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan, Ph.D., is the director of the Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics (RINED) – Paoletti Foundation. Ben-Soussan leads international studies on training and neuroplasticity from neurophysiological and psychobiological perspectives. As a neuroscientist and bio-psychologist, she has published numerous articles on neuroplasticity, movement and meditation. She acts as an editor and reviewer in several renowned journals and coordinates international conferences integrating theoretical, methodological and practical approaches on various topics, such as silence, logics and neuro-education. She lives in Assisi, Italy.",institutionString:"Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics, Patrizio Paoletti Foundation",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:11,paginationItems:[{id:"83053",title:"Apologies in L2 French in Canadian Context",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106557",signatures:"Bernard Mulo Farenkia",slug:"apologies-in-l2-french-in-canadian-context",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Bernard",surname:"Mulo Farenkia"}],book:{title:"Second Language Acquisition - Learning Theories and Recent Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11480.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"82903",title:"Walking Accessibility to Primary Healthcare Services: An Inequity Factor for Olders in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area (Portugal)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106265",signatures:"Eduarda Marques da Costa, Ana Louro, Nuno Marques da Costa, Mariana Dias and Marcela Barata",slug:"walking-accessibility-to-primary-healthcare-services-an-inequity-factor-for-olders-in-the-lisbon-met",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Social Aspects of Ageing - Selected Challenges, Analyses, and Solutions",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11479.jpg",subseries:{id:"90",title:"Human Development"}}},{id:"82622",title:"Contemporary Geographical Gerontology: Reconciling Space and Place in Population Ageing",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105863",signatures:"Hamish Robertson",slug:"contemporary-geographical-gerontology-reconciling-space-and-place-in-population-ageing",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hamish",surname:"Robertson"}],book:{title:"Social Aspects of Ageing - Selected Challenges, Analyses, and Solutions",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11479.jpg",subseries:{id:"90",title:"Human Development"}}},{id:"82610",title:"Perspective Chapter: The Role of Learning Styles in Active Learning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105964",signatures:"Armando Lozano-Rodríguez, Fernanda Inez García-Vázquez and José Luis García-Cué",slug:"perspective-chapter-the-role-of-learning-styles-in-active-learning",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},openForSubmissionBooks:{},onlineFirstChapters:{},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[],publishedBooks:{},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[],publicationYearFilters:[],authors:{}},subseries:{item:{id:"9",type:"subseries",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11405,editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Villarreal is a research professor from the Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, México. Dr. Villarreal is the editor in chief and founder of the Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas (RECIT) (https://recit.uabc.mx/) and is a member of several editorial and reviewer boards for numerous international journals. He has published more than thirty international papers and reviewed more than ninety-two manuscripts. His research interests include biomaterials, nanomaterials, bioengineering, biosensors, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343"},editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",slug:"cecilia-cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"gil-goncalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",slug:"johann-f.-osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",slug:"mani-t.-valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",slug:"marco-chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:26,paginationItems:[{id:"83087",title:"Role of Cellular Responses in Periodontal Tissue Destruction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106645",signatures:"Nam Cong-Nhat Huynh",slug:"role-of-cellular-responses-in-periodontal-tissue-destruction",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Periodontology - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11566.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"82654",title:"Atraumatic Restorative Treatment: More than a Minimally Invasive Approach?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105623",signatures:"Manal A. Ablal",slug:"atraumatic-restorative-treatment-more-than-a-minimally-invasive-approach",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"82735",title:"The Influence of Salivary pH on the Prevalence of Dental Caries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106154",signatures:"Laura-Cristina Rusu, Alexandra Roi, Ciprian-Ioan Roi, Codruta Victoria Tigmeanu and Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean",slug:"the-influence-of-salivary-ph-on-the-prevalence-of-dental-caries",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"82357",title:"Caries Management Aided by Fluorescence-Based Devices",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105567",signatures:"Atena Galuscan, Daniela Jumanca and Aurora Doris Fratila",slug:"caries-management-aided-by-fluorescence-based-devices",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"81894",title:"Diet and Nutrition and Their Relationship with Early Childhood Dental Caries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105123",signatures:"Luanna Gonçalves Ferreira, Giuliana de Campos Chaves Lamarque and Francisco Wanderley Garcia Paula-Silva",slug:"diet-and-nutrition-and-their-relationship-with-early-childhood-dental-caries",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80964",title:"Upper Airway Expansion in Disabled Children",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102830",signatures:"David Andrade, Joana Andrade, Maria-João Palha, Cristina Areias, Paula Macedo, Ana Norton, Miguel Palha, Lurdes Morais, Dóris Rocha Ruiz and Sônia Groisman",slug:"upper-airway-expansion-in-disabled-children",totalDownloads:44,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80839",title:"Herbs and Oral Health",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103715",signatures:"Zuhair S. Natto",slug:"herbs-and-oral-health",totalDownloads:69,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80441",title:"Periodontitis and Heart Disease: Current Perspectives on the Associative Relationships and Preventive Impact",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102669",signatures:"Alexandra Roman, Andrada Soancă, Bogdan Caloian, Alexandru Bucur, Gabriela Valentina Caracostea, Andreia Paraschiva Preda, Dora Maria Popescu, Iulia Cristina Micu, Petra Șurlin, Andreea Ciurea, Diana Oneț, Mircea Viorel Ciurea, Dragoș Alexandru Țermure and Marius Negucioiu",slug:"periodontitis-and-heart-disease-current-perspectives-on-the-associative-relationships-and-preventive",totalDownloads:66,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79498",title:"Oral Aspects and Dental Management of Special Needs Patient",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101067",signatures:"Pinar Kiymet Karataban",slug:"oral-aspects-and-dental-management-of-special-needs-patient",totalDownloads:113,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Pinar",surname:"Karataban"}],book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79699",title:"Metabolomics Distinction of Cigarette Smokers from Non-Smokers Using Non-Stationary Benchtop Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Analysis of Human Saliva",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101414",signatures:"Benita C. Percival, Angela Wann, Sophie Taylor, Mark Edgar, Miles Gibson and Martin Grootveld",slug:"metabolomics-distinction-of-cigarette-smokers-from-non-smokers-using-non-stationary-benchtop-nuclear",totalDownloads:56,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80295",title:"Preventive Methods and Treatments of White Spot Lesions in Orthodontics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102064",signatures:"Elif Nadide Akay",slug:"preventive-methods-and-treatments-of-white-spot-lesions-in-orthodontics",totalDownloads:89,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79876",title:"Management and Prevention Strategies for Treating Dentine Hypersensitivity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101495",signatures:"David G. Gillam",slug:"management-and-prevention-strategies-for-treating-dentine-hypersensitivity",totalDownloads:94,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80020",title:"Alternative Denture Base Materials for Allergic Patients",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101956",signatures:"Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean, Laura-Cristina Rusu and Codruta Victoria Tigmeanu",slug:"alternative-denture-base-materials-for-allergic-patients",totalDownloads:198,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79297",title:"Oral Health and Prevention in Older Adults",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101043",signatures:"Irma Fabiola Díaz-García, Dinorah Munira Hernández-Santos, Julio Alberto Díaz-Ramos and Neyda Ma. Mendoza-Ruvalcaba",slug:"oral-health-and-prevention-in-older-adults",totalDownloads:113,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79903",title:"Molecular Docking of Phytochemicals against Streptococcus mutans Virulence Targets: A Proteomic Insight into Drug Planning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101506",signatures:"Diego Romário da Silva, Tahyná Duda Deps, Otavio Akira Souza Sakaguchi, Edja Maria Melo de Brito Costa, Carlus Alberto Oliveira dos Santos, Joanilda Paolla Raimundo e Silva, Bruna Dantas da Silva, Frederico Favaro Ribeiro, Francisco Jaime Bezerra Mendonça-Júnior and Andréa Cristina Barbosa da Silva",slug:"molecular-docking-of-phytochemicals-against-em-streptococcus-mutans-em-virulence-targets-a-proteomic",totalDownloads:114,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79754",title:"Evaluation of Trans-Resveratrol as a Treatment for Periodontitis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101477",signatures:"Tracey Lynn Harney",slug:"evaluation-of-trans-resveratrol-as-a-treatment-for-periodontitis",totalDownloads:112,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7437",title:"Nanomedicines",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7437.jpg",slug:"nanomedicines",publishedDate:"February 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",hash:"0e1f5f6258f074c533976c4f4d248568",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Nanomedicines",editors:[{id:"63182",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Akhyar",middleName:null,surname:"Farrukh",slug:"muhammad-akhyar-farrukh",fullName:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63182/images/system/63182.png",institutionString:"Forman Christian College",institution:{name:"Forman Christian College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/73081",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"73081"},fullPath:"/profiles/73081",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()