Types of plant secondary metabolites.
\r\n\tThe idea of cyberspace is relatively new to this world, considering that the cyberspace realm is virtual and intangible. The book is intended do address the topics on data mining, cyber security, simulations, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and service oriented architecture.
",isbn:"978-1-78985-858-7",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-857-0",pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c1cdeb133dbe6cc1151367061c1bba6",bookSignature:"Dr. Evon M.O. Abu-Taieh, Dr. Issam H. Al Hadid and Associate Prof. Abdelkrim El Mouatasim",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8511.jpg",keywords:"Data Mining Tools, Machine Learning, Body of Knowledge, Network Security Software, Security Tools, Hacking, Big Data Analysis Techniques, Big Data Analysis Tools, Multimedia, VR, IoT, AI in Cyber Space, AI in Social Networks, Cyberspace and Social Media, Cyberspace Hardware, Cyberspace Software, Service Oriented Architecture, Web Service",numberOfDownloads:2589,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"August 28th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 18th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 17th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 5th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 5th 2020",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"223522",title:"Dr.",name:"Evon",middleName:"M.O.",surname:"Abu-Taieh",slug:"evon-abu-taieh",fullName:"Evon Abu-Taieh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223522/images/system/223522.png",biography:"Evon Abu-Taieh is an Associate Professor in the faculty of Computer Information Systems, The university of Jordan. \r\n\r\nAbu-Taieh served as Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Aviation Technology, Engineering and Management and has been a guest editor for the Journal of Information Technology Research.\r\nShe has more than 45 published works in Simulation & modelling, Aviation, IT, PM, KM, GIS, AI, security and ciphering; in addition, Dr. Abu-Taieh holds positions on the editorial board of the International Journal of E-Services and Mobile Applications, International Journal of Information Technology Project Management, and International Journal of Information Systems and Social Change. Dr. Abu-Taieh served as Chair, Track chair, & reviewer in many renowned conferences.",institutionString:"The University of Jordan",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Jordan",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Jordan"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"250082",title:"Dr.",name:"Issam",middleName:null,surname:"H. Al Hadid",slug:"issam-h.-al-hadid",fullName:"Issam H. Al Hadid",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250082/images/system/250082.jpeg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of Jordan",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:{id:"198150",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Abdelkrim",middleName:null,surname:"El Mouatasim",slug:"abdelkrim-el-mouatasim",fullName:"Abdelkrim El Mouatasim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/198150/images/system/198150.png",biography:"Abdelkrim El Mouatasim, born in 1973, received a Ph.D. degree in applied mathematics and scientific computation in 2007 from Mohammadia Engineering School in Rabat, Morocco. Currently he is an associate professor at Polydisciplinary Faculty of Ouarzazate, Ibn Zohr University, Morocco. His research interests include: Optimization, Mathematical modeling, Stochastic perturbation, Water distribution system, Renewable energy, Image processing, Machine learning, Neural network, Regression analysis, Programming languages and Text mining. In 2001 he was decorated by King of Morocco Mohammed VI.",institutionString:"Ibn Zohr University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Université Ibn Zohr",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Morocco"}}},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"9",title:"Computer and Information Science",slug:"computer-and-information-science"}],chapters:[{id:"68561",title:"Cyberspace and Artificial Intelligence: The New Face of Cyber-Enhanced Hybrid Threats",slug:"cyberspace-and-artificial-intelligence-the-new-face-of-cyber-enhanced-hybrid-threats",totalDownloads:139,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"66610",title:"Text Mining to Facilitate Domain Knowledge Discovery",slug:"text-mining-to-facilitate-domain-knowledge-discovery",totalDownloads:194,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"68505",title:"Research Design and Methodology",slug:"research-design-and-methodology",totalDownloads:1973,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"69741",title:"Blind Wavelet-Based Image Watermarking",slug:"blind-wavelet-based-image-watermarking",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"68281",title:"Cyberspace as a New Existential Dimension of Man",slug:"cyberspace-as-a-new-existential-dimension-of-man",totalDownloads:119,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"70266",title:"Classification Model for Bullying Posts Detection",slug:"classification-model-for-bullying-posts-detection",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"66114",title:"Combined Deep Learning and Traditional NLP Approaches for Fire Burst Detection Based on Twitter Posts",slug:"combined-deep-learning-and-traditional-nlp-approaches-for-fire-burst-detection-based-on-twitter-post",totalDownloads:120,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"64576",title:"Tagging and Tag Recommendation",slug:"tagging-and-tag-recommendation",totalDownloads:54,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"301331",firstName:"Mia",lastName:"Vulovic",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/301331/images/8498_n.jpg",email:"mia.v@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7694",title:"Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f955d03d619f68fec7b6f3518e792e6f",slug:"simulation-modelling-practice-and-theory",bookSignature:"Evon Abu-Taieh and Asim Abdel El Sheikh Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7694.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"223522",title:"Dr.",name:"Evon",surname:"Abu-Taieh",slug:"evon-abu-taieh",fullName:"Evon Abu-Taieh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3794",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Focus on Ant and Particle Swarm Optimization",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5332a71035a274ecbf1c308df633a8ed",slug:"swarm_intelligence_focus_on_ant_and_particle_swarm_optimization",bookSignature:"Felix T.S. Chan and Manoj Kumar Tiwari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3794.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"252210",title:"Dr.",name:"Felix",surname:"Chan",slug:"felix-chan",fullName:"Felix Chan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3621",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"silver-nanoparticles",bookSignature:"David Pozo Perez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3621.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6667",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Pozo",slug:"david-pozo",fullName:"David Pozo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"33568",title:"Cognitive Remediation Therapy (CRT): Improving Neurocognition and Functioning in Schizophrenia",doi:"10.5772/36783",slug:"cognitive-remediation-therapy-improving-neurocognition-and-functioning-in-schizophrenia-",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/33568.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/33568",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/33568",totalDownloads:4669,totalViews:119,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"May 26th 2011",dateReviewed:"November 1st 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"March 23rd 2012",readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/33568",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/33568",book:{slug:"schizophrenia-in-the-21st-century"},signatures:"Rafael Penadés and Rosa Catalán",authors:[{id:"109790",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Penades",fullName:"Rafael Penades",slug:"rafael-penades",email:"rpenades@clinic.ub.es",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Barcelona",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"1193",title:"Schizophrenia in the 21st Century",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Schizophrenia in the 21st Century",slug:"schizophrenia-in-the-21st-century",publishedDate:"March 23rd 2012",bookSignature:"T.H.J. Burne",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1193.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84326",title:"Dr.",name:"T.H.J.",middleName:null,surname:"Burne",slug:"t.h.j.-burne",fullName:"T.H.J. Burne"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"33565",title:"Treatment of Schizophrenia in the 21st Century: Towards a more Personalised Approach",slug:"treatment-of-schizophrenia-in-the-21st-century-towards-a-more-personalised-approach",totalDownloads:2311,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Robert Hunter",authors:[{id:"107009",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Hunter",fullName:"Robert Hunter",slug:"robert-hunter"}]},{id:"33566",title:"Family Caregivers of People with Schizophrenia in East Asian Countries",slug:"family-caregivers-of-people-with-schizophrenia-in-east-asian-countries",totalDownloads:2730,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Setsuko Hanzawa",authors:[{id:"109780",title:"Prof.",name:"Setsuko",middleName:null,surname:"Hanzawa",fullName:"Setsuko Hanzawa",slug:"setsuko-hanzawa"}]},{id:"33567",title:"Schizophrenia and Social Cognition: From Conceptual Bases to Therapeutic Approaches",slug:"schizophrenia-and-social-cognition-from-conceptual-bases-to-therapeutic-approaches",totalDownloads:2301,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Luciana de Carvalho Monteiro, Paula Andreia Martins, Marisa Crivelaro and Mario Rodrigues Louzã",authors:[{id:"110955",title:"MSc",name:"Luciana",middleName:"Carvalho",surname:"Monteiro",fullName:"Luciana Monteiro",slug:"luciana-monteiro"},{id:"115781",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Louzã",fullName:"Mario Louzã",slug:"mario-louza"},{id:"115783",title:"Mrs.",name:"Paula",middleName:"Andreia",surname:"Martins",fullName:"Paula Martins",slug:"paula-martins"},{id:"115784",title:"Ms.",name:"Marisa",middleName:null,surname:"Crivelaro",fullName:"Marisa Crivelaro",slug:"marisa-crivelaro"}]},{id:"33568",title:"Cognitive Remediation Therapy (CRT): Improving Neurocognition and Functioning in Schizophrenia",slug:"cognitive-remediation-therapy-improving-neurocognition-and-functioning-in-schizophrenia-",totalDownloads:4669,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Rafael Penadés and Rosa Catalán",authors:[{id:"109790",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Penades",fullName:"Rafael Penades",slug:"rafael-penades"}]},{id:"33569",title:"Metacognitive Dysfunction in Schizophrenia",slug:"metacognitive-dysfunction-in-schizophrenia",totalDownloads:3046,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Martin L. Vargas, Juan M. Sendra and Caridad Benavides",authors:[{id:"115039",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:"Lorenzo",surname:"Vargas",fullName:"Martin Vargas",slug:"martin-vargas"}]},{id:"33570",title:"Directions in Research into Response Selection Slowing in Schizophrenia",slug:"directions-in-research-into-response-selection-slowing-in-schizophrenia",totalDownloads:1259,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"D.P. McAllindon and P.G. Tibbo",authors:[{id:"111640",title:"MSc.",name:"David",middleName:"Paul",surname:"McAllindon",fullName:"David McAllindon",slug:"david-mcallindon"},{id:"138575",title:"Dr.",name:"Philip",middleName:null,surname:"Tibbo",fullName:"Philip Tibbo",slug:"philip-tibbo"}]},{id:"33571",title:"Serotonin-1A Receptors and Cognitive Enhancement in Schizophrenia: Role for Brain Energy Metabolism",slug:"brain-energy-metabolism-and-cognitive-enhancement-in-psychosis",totalDownloads:2215,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Tomiki Sumiyoshi and Takashi Uehara",authors:[{id:"107136",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomiki",middleName:null,surname:"Sumiyoshi",fullName:"Tomiki Sumiyoshi",slug:"tomiki-sumiyoshi"},{id:"116490",title:"Dr.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Uehara",fullName:"Takashi Uehara",slug:"takashi-uehara"}]},{id:"33572",title:"From Humans to Animals: Animal Models in Schizophrenia",slug:"from-humans-to-animals-animal-models-in-schizophrenia",totalDownloads:2019,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Liesl B. Jones",authors:[{id:"115015",title:"Prof.",name:"Liesl",middleName:null,surname:"Jones",fullName:"Liesl Jones",slug:"liesl-jones"}]},{id:"33573",title:"Behavioral Tests for Evaluation of Information Processing and Cognitive Deficits in Rodent Animal Models of Neuropsychiatric Disorders",slug:"behavioral-tests-for-evaluation-of-information-processing-and-cognitive-deficits-in-rodent-animal-mo",totalDownloads:1501,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Ales Stuchlik, Tomas Petrasek, Hana Hatalová, Lukas Rambousek, Tereza Nekovarova and Karel Vales",authors:[{id:"114589",title:"Dr.",name:"Ales",middleName:null,surname:"Stuchlik",fullName:"Ales Stuchlik",slug:"ales-stuchlik"},{id:"136869",title:"MSc.",name:"Tomas",middleName:null,surname:"Petrasek",fullName:"Tomas Petrasek",slug:"tomas-petrasek"},{id:"136871",title:"MSc.",name:"LUkas",middleName:null,surname:"Rambousek",fullName:"LUkas Rambousek",slug:"lukas-rambousek"},{id:"136872",title:"Dr.",name:"Karel",middleName:null,surname:"Vales",fullName:"Karel Vales",slug:"karel-vales"},{id:"136873",title:"Dr.",name:"Tereza",middleName:null,surname:"Nekovarova",fullName:"Tereza Nekovarova",slug:"tereza-nekovarova"},{id:"137519",title:"MSc.",name:"Hana",middleName:null,surname:"Hatalova",fullName:"Hana Hatalova",slug:"hana-hatalova"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"727",title:"Mental Illnesses",subtitle:"Understanding, Prediction and Control",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d4d0b301f03fef5ef7f830d4afd794",slug:"mental-illnesses-understanding-prediction-and-control",bookSignature:"Luciano L'Abate",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/727.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77359",title:"Prof.",name:"Luciano",surname:"LAbate",slug:"luciano-labate",fullName:"Luciano LAbate"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"25508",title:"Public Attitudes, Lay Theories and Mental Health Literacy: The Understanding of Mental Health",slug:"public-attitudes-lay-theories-and-mental-health-literacy-the-understanding-of-mental-health",signatures:"Adrian Furnham and Kate Telford",authors:[{id:"77714",title:"Prof.",name:"Adrian",middleName:null,surname:"Furnham",fullName:"Adrian Furnham",slug:"adrian-furnham"}]},{id:"25509",title:"The Psychology of Immigration, Relief or a Burden? Immigrant Need and Use of Psychiatric Care",slug:"the-psychology-of-immigration-relief-or-a-burden-immigrant-need-and-use-of-psychiatric-care",signatures:"John E. Berg",authors:[{id:"79973",title:"Prof.",name:"John",middleName:"E.",surname:"Berg",fullName:"John Berg",slug:"john-berg"}]},{id:"25510",title:"Stigma and Mental Disorders",slug:"stigma-and-mental-disorders",signatures:"Vesna Švab",authors:[{id:"83984",title:"Prof.",name:"Vesna",middleName:null,surname:"Svab",fullName:"Vesna Svab",slug:"vesna-svab"}]},{id:"25511",title:"Culture, Psychiatry and Cultural Competence",slug:"culture-psychiatry-and-cultural-competence",signatures:"Arabinda Narayan Chowdhury",authors:[{id:"88597",title:"Prof.",name:"Arabinda Narayan",middleName:null,surname:"Chowdhury",fullName:"Arabinda Narayan Chowdhury",slug:"arabinda-narayan-chowdhury"}]},{id:"25512",title:"Epidemiology of Psychological Distress",slug:"epidemiology-of-psychological-distress",signatures:"Aline Drapeau, Alain Marchand and Dominic Beaulieu-Prévost",authors:[{id:"84582",title:"Dr.",name:"Aline",middleName:null,surname:"Drapeau",fullName:"Aline Drapeau",slug:"aline-drapeau"},{id:"84605",title:"Dr.",name:"Alain",middleName:null,surname:"Marchand",fullName:"Alain Marchand",slug:"alain-marchand"},{id:"84606",title:"Dr.",name:"Dominic",middleName:null,surname:"Beaulieu-Prévost",fullName:"Dominic Beaulieu-Prévost",slug:"dominic-beaulieu-prevost"}]},{id:"25513",title:"Psychosis and Adhesion Molecules",slug:"psychosis-and-adhesion-molecules",signatures:"Tsuyoshi Hattori, Shingo Miyata, Akira Ito, Taiichi Katayama and Masaya Tohyama",authors:[{id:"80660",title:"Dr.",name:"Tsuyoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Hattori",fullName:"Tsuyoshi Hattori",slug:"tsuyoshi-hattori"},{id:"88627",title:"Dr.",name:"Shingo",middleName:null,surname:"Miyata",fullName:"Shingo Miyata",slug:"shingo-miyata"}]},{id:"25514",title:"Phenotype in Psychiatric Genetic Research",slug:"phenotype-in-psychiatric-genetic-research",signatures:"Javier Contreras",authors:[{id:"83908",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Contreras",fullName:"Javier Contreras",slug:"javier-contreras"}]},{id:"25515",title:"Abuse in Childhood and HPA Axis Functioning in Mentally Ill Patients",slug:"abuse-in-childhood-and-hpa-axis-functioning-in-mentally-ill-patients",signatures:"Śpila Bożena and Urbańska Anna",authors:[{id:"77517",title:"Dr.",name:"Bozena",middleName:null,surname:"Śpila",fullName:"Bozena Śpila",slug:"bozena-spila"},{id:"88433",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Urbańska",fullName:"Anna Urbańska",slug:"anna-urbanska"}]},{id:"25516",title:"Breaking a Diagnosis of Dementia",slug:"breaking-a-diagnosis-of-dementia",signatures:"M. Dalvi",authors:[{id:"78085",title:"Dr.",name:"Madhusudan",middleName:null,surname:"Dalvi",fullName:"Madhusudan Dalvi",slug:"madhusudan-dalvi"}]},{id:"25517",title:"Mentalizing Skills Deficits in Schizophrenia as a Clue for Drug Choice: Clozapine Versus Other Antipsychotics on Keeping Outpatients Stable",slug:"mentalizing-skills-deficits-in-schizophrenia-as-a-clue-for-drug-choice-clozapine-versus-other-antips",signatures:"Rosó Duñó, Klaus Langohr, Diego Palao and Adolf Tobeña",authors:[{id:"80195",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosó",middleName:null,surname:"Duñó",fullName:"Rosó Duñó",slug:"roso-duno"}]},{id:"25518",title:"Childhood Maltreatment and County-Level Deprivation Jointly Modify the Effect of Serotonin Transporter Promoter Genotype on Depressive Symptoms in Adolescent Girls",slug:"childhood-maltreatment-and-county-level-deprivation-jointly-modify-the-effect-of-serotonin-transport",signatures:"Monica Uddin, Erin Bakshis and Regina de los Santos",authors:[{id:"85532",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Uddin",fullName:"Monica Uddin",slug:"monica-uddin"}]},{id:"25519",title:"An Update on Psychotic Depression",slug:"an-update-on-psychotic-depression",signatures:"John Matthews",authors:[{id:"87736",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Matthews",fullName:"John Matthews",slug:"john-matthews"}]},{id:"25520",title:"Craving and Indicators of Depression and Anxiety Levels in Different Time Points of Intensive Alcohol Dependence Treatment",slug:"craving-and-indicators-of-depression-and-anxiety-levels-in-different-time-points-of-intensive-alcoho",signatures:"Maja Rus-Makovec",authors:[{id:"79311",title:"Dr.",name:"Maja",middleName:null,surname:"Rus-Makovec",fullName:"Maja Rus-Makovec",slug:"maja-rus-makovec"}]},{id:"25521",title:"Risk Factors for Delirium in the Acute Stroke",slug:"risk-factors-for-delirium-in-the-acute-stroke",signatures:"Zikrija Dostović, Dževdet Smajlović, Ernestina Dostović and Omer Ć. Ibrahimagic",authors:[{id:"79783",title:"MSc.",name:"Zikrija",middleName:null,surname:"Dostovic",fullName:"Zikrija Dostovic",slug:"zikrija-dostovic"}]},{id:"25522",title:"Employment and Mental Illness",slug:"employment-and-mental-illness",signatures:"Mary Ditton",authors:[{id:"83520",title:"Dr.",name:"Mary",middleName:"Jane",surname:"Ditton",fullName:"Mary Ditton",slug:"mary-ditton"}]},{id:"25523",title:"Workplace Functional Impairment Due to Mental Disorders",slug:"workplace-functional-impairment-due-to-mental-disorders",signatures:"Charl Els, Diane Kunyk, Harold Hoffman and Adam Wargon",authors:[{id:"88250",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Kunyk",fullName:"Diane Kunyk",slug:"diane-kunyk"},{id:"88336",title:"Dr.",name:"Charl",middleName:null,surname:"Els",fullName:"Charl Els",slug:"charl-els"},{id:"127699",title:"Dr.",name:"Harold",middleName:null,surname:"Hoffman",fullName:"Harold Hoffman",slug:"harold-hoffman"}]},{id:"25524",title:"Early Intervention in Psychiatry Challenges & Opportunities",slug:"early-intervention-in-psychiatry-challenges-opportunities",signatures:"Mamdouh El-Adl",authors:[{id:"78667",title:"Dr.",name:"Mamdouh",middleName:null,surname:"El-Adl",fullName:"Mamdouh El-Adl",slug:"mamdouh-el-adl"}]},{id:"25525",title:"Lost in the Social World: How Social Cognitive Deficits Affect Social Functioning of People with Asperger Syndrome",slug:"lost-in-the-social-world-how-social-cognitive-deficits-affect-social-functioning-of-people-with-aspe",signatures:"Mónica Figueira, Inmaculada Fuentes and Juan C. Ruiz",authors:[{id:"79146",title:"Dr.",name:"Inma",middleName:null,surname:"Fuentes",fullName:"Inma Fuentes",slug:"inma-fuentes"},{id:"81271",title:"Prof.",name:"Mónica",middleName:"Martins",surname:"Figueira",fullName:"Mónica Figueira",slug:"monica-figueira"},{id:"81272",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Ruiz",fullName:"Juan Carlos Ruiz",slug:"juan-carlos-ruiz"}]},{id:"25526",title:"Bibliotherapy for Chinese Patients with Depression in Rehabilitation",slug:"bibliotherapy-for-chinese-patients-with-depression-in-rehabilitation",signatures:"Yang Wang",authors:[{id:"82369",title:"MSc.",name:"Yang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Yang Wang",slug:"yang-wang"}]},{id:"25527",title:"Suicidal Cut Throat Injuries: Management Modalities",slug:"suicidal-cut-throat-injuries-management-modalities",signatures:"Adeyi A. Adoga",authors:[{id:"77636",title:"Dr.",name:"Adeyi",middleName:"A.",surname:"Adoga",fullName:"Adeyi Adoga",slug:"adeyi-adoga"}]},{id:"25528",title:"Selfhood: A Theory-Derived Relational Model for Mental Illness and Its Applications",slug:"selfhood-a-theory-derived-relational-model-for-mental-illness-and-its-applications",signatures:"Luciano L’Abate and Mario Cusinato",authors:[{id:"77359",title:"Prof.",name:"Luciano",middleName:null,surname:"LAbate",fullName:"Luciano LAbate",slug:"luciano-labate"},{id:"108745",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Cusinato",fullName:"Mario Cusinato",slug:"mario-cusinato"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"68107",title:"Plant Metabolites in Plant Defense Against Pathogens",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87958",slug:"plant-metabolites-in-plant-defense-against-pathogens",body:'\nPhytopathogens generally attack plants during their growth, causing alterations in their cellular metabolism and/or interfering with the absorption of nutrients [1]. The crops of cereals, vegetables, and fruits are affected by these organisms during harvest and postharvest [2]. However, one of the main control measures to eradicate phytopathogens is the use of pesticides. Although they are effective, easy to access, and easy to use, they have several disadvantages, generate resistance, and are considered toxic substances, not only for bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, and nematodes but also for the humans, animals, and the environment [3, 4]. In this context, the pesticides can induce acute and chronic toxicity, to persist in the environment and pollute soil and water. So, they are easily incorporated into the food chain, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification [5]. Regarding their toxicity mechanisms, it has been described that they can act as endocrine disruptors and as reactive species that generate oxidative stress in the cell [6, 7, 8, 9].
\nOn the other hand, the study of medicinal plants as possible natural sources of obtaining active compound (secondary metabolites) against phytopathogens has gained increasing interest in recent years, due to several aspects, mainly that they are obtained from a natural source through the production or synthesis of secondary metabolites considered as nontoxic such as phenols, flavonoids, terpenes, alkaloids, etc. [10, 11, 12, 13]. Another advantage is that phytopathogens still do not develop resistance to the antifungal, antimicrobial, and nematicide effect of the phytochemical compounds produced by some medicinal plants. When carrying out an exhaustive search in the literature, it was found that the potential use of the secondary metabolites obtained from medicinal plant extracts is fungicide [14, 15, 16]. Most of the research in this area focuses on evaluating the effects of these active compounds on fungi such as Fusarium, maybe because it is one of the main phytopathogens that cause economic losses mainly in cereal crops and health problems by their aflatoxins [17, 18]. This chapter shows an overview of the recent research on this topic, emphasizing the effect of biotic and abiotic elicitors on the secondary metabolite production, as well as a brief description of the scientific name of the plant, metabolites with antifungal and antibacterial effect, and their limitations and perspectives of its use in the biological control of phytopathogens.
\nIn the market, there are a variety of pesticides that are used alone or in combination to eradicate, control, or prevent pests [4]. Pesticides can be classified according to the chemical group to which they belong, to their selectivity toward a certain phytopathogen, its mechanism of action, and its use or application. However, the most widely used for their effectiveness and a broad spectrum of activity against various pests and diseases in plants are insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides [4, 19].
\nPesticides used in agriculture mainly contaminate the soil by direct application and water by leaching, and it is very easy for them to be present either in trace quantities or high in food and to enter the food chain, which facilitates its accumulation and biomagnification [5, 20]. In general pesticides are considered dangerous substances for living beings since they can produce acute or chronic toxicity; however the magnitude of the poisoning depends on several aspects to be considered such as the physicochemical characteristics of the pesticide, the concentration, the exposure time, the route of entry to organisms, their toxicodynamics and toxicokinetics (absorption, distribution, half-life, metabolism, and elimination), as well as the use of mixtures of different pesticides, the components of their formulation, and the general state of health of the individual [21, 22]. All these aspects influence that pesticides represent a risk or danger for those who use them in the fields of cultivation, as well as for those who consume foods that contain substances in trace quantities in prolonged consumption.
\nRegarding its toxicity, it has been described that pesticides act as endocrine disruptors and generators of free radicals and enzymatic inhibitors [8, 9]. Unfortunately, the cellular targets to which most of these pesticides are directed coincide with cellular targets that are also present in man, such as the case of the mechanisms of action of organophosphorus insecticides, which inhibit the activity of acetylcholinesterase enzyme present in different insects; unfortunately man and other mammals also have acetylcholinesterase, so their toxicity is not selective toward the pests that they wish to control, but they also affect man, and depending on the magnitude of the poisoning, they can cause death [19, 20, 21, 22]. However, until today an ideal pesticide does not exist, and the correct use of herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, etc. has many benefits to control plagues and increase the yield of the crops [19].
\nThere are several methods of biological control against phytopathogens. The use of extracts of medicinal plants to eradicate diseases in crops caused mainly by viruses, bacteria, and fungi is one of them [23]. The above makes sense if we analyze the fact that plants have mechanisms to protect themselves from both biotic and abiotic stress agents. That is, if the phytopathogens (biotic agents) are attacking the plants, why not think what the plant does to defend itself?
\nIn this context, it is interesting to analyze the secondary metabolism of plants know which phytochemical substances are produced and what biological activity they present.
\nPlants are formed by a primary metabolism that is responsible for the physiological processes and development of the plant, such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins [23]. The secondary metabolism is not essential in the basic processes of plants. However, these bioactive compounds play an important role in the defense of plants, and these secondary metabolites can be classified as phenolic compounds, carotenoids, terpenes, alkaloids, and sulfur compounds, among others, as shown in Table 1 [24].
\nTypes of plant secondary metabolites.
Phenolic compounds are aromatic substances formed during the passage of the shikimic acid pathway or mainly the mevalonic pathway. These can be divided into insoluble compounds such as condensed tannins, lignins, and hydroxamic acids bound to the cell walls, and soluble compounds are phenolic acids, flavonoids, and kinases [25]. Carotenoids are lipophilic molecules and are found in plants giving orange tones. The importance of these compounds is the intervention they have in photosynthesis, and they also protect the photosynthetic apparatus from excess energy [25]. The carotenoid contents in plants are affected by various factors, such as plant development, stress conditions, postharvest conditions, or cooking treatments, but the interest of these compounds has been increasing due to their potential antioxidant activity [26]. Terpenes are lipid-soluble compounds that include one- or more five-carbon isoprene units, which are synthesized by all organisms through two pathways, mevalonate and deoxy-D-xylulose [27]. Terpenoids are classified according to the number of isoprene units they contain; terpenes and terpenoids are basic constituents of many types of plant essential oils [28]. Alkaloids are bioactive compounds that generally contain nitrogen derived from an amino acid of great importance because it has physiological and medicinal properties, for example, caffeine, nicotine, morphine, atropine, and quinine [29].
\nNow well, all these compounds mentioned above help the plants to develop complex defense systems against different types of stress for the survival or the systematic forces in their metabolism for resistance against pests and diseases. Stress provoked in the plant involves several signaling response pathways for pathogens and insects, and some of these response pathways are induced by the microorganisms themselves. Also, the plants have specific recognition and signaling systems allowing them to detect the pathogens and initiate an effective defense response [30, 31]. The defence system broadest have the plants against pathogens are the phenolic compounds (phenylpropanoids and flavonoids). These substances have different mechanisms of action they can dissociate the ions of the phenolic hydroxyl and forming phenolates, ionic and hydrogen bonds with peptides and proteins causing a high astringency and protein denaturation. In the other hand, they interfere with the pathogen\'s cell signalling compounds and affect their physiological activities through enzymatic inhibition, DNA alkylation and altering their reproductive system [31]. The compounds with allelopathic effects affect positively or negatively on the ecosystem’s structure to remove or eliminate microorganisms from the plants. Some phenolic compounds are allelochemicals that have been shown to have an activity as antibiotics, antifungals, and antipredator [31]. Phenolic acids, such as benzoic, hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, and caffeic, have antimicrobial and antifungal properties produced by the inhibition of enzymes. Caffeic, chlorogenic, sinapic, ferulic, and p-coumaric acids have antioxidant activity by the inhibition of oxidation of lipids and the elimination of reactive oxygen species. These effects are important to the plant defense [32].
\nClassification of secondary metabolites related to the defense of plants is commonly used in the form of synthesis and accumulation of phytochemicals with interaction effect of the pathogenic plant against plant insect, virus, fungi, and antibacterial compounds. For example, phytoalexins are produced very quickly after infection of a pathogen producing toxicity to an ambiguous environment of fungi or bacteria [33, 34].
\nPhenylpropanoids and flavonoids have hydroxyl groups that contain phenolic compounds, which dissociate into phenolate ions, and the phenolic hydroxyl groups form ionic bonds and hydrogen bonds with peptides and protons, producing a high astringency and denaturation that thus show an antifungal effect acting together with cellular signaling compounds and physiological activities or acting on the parts of the pathogen, reproductive system, enzymatic inhibition, etc. [35]. The properties of the proteins change with any change in protein conformation, for example, by changing the three-dimensional structure forming covalent bonds with SH, OH or free amino groups there is inactivation or protein function loss. When polyphenols of the plants bind to some proteins of phytopathogens are less toxic for them but can protect the plant of abiotic elicitors [36]. On the other hand, phytoalexins are induced against the attack of microbes and insects activated by β-glucosidase by the release of biocidal aglycones [37]. In the same way act the benzoxazinoids (BX), these phytochemical compounds are produced and released by tissue damage and hydrolysis by β-glucosidase and act as insect repellents too [38].
\nAt present, several biotechnological strategies have been used to increase the productivity of secondary metabolites, using different inducers of secondary metabolites such as at the cellular, organic, and plant levels, as well as the most effective methods to improve the synthesis of these secondary metabolites in endemic and medicinal plants [39]. These secondary metabolites accumulate in plants when they are prone to various stress types, inducers, or signal molecules. Thus, there are different modulating factors of secondary metabolites, as well as microbial, physical, or chemical effects such as abiotic or biotic elicitors, inducing the biosynthesis of specific compound that plays an important role in the adaptations of plants to stress conditions, and these phenomena cause a greater synthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites [40]. In Table 2 the authors focus on the abiotic elicitors that are substances of biological origin such as proteins and carbohydrates that are initiator compounds or coupling responses at the cellular level activating several enzymes or signaling canals. There are also microorganisms and chemical compounds with elicitor effect that stress the plant and produce the expression of a greater amount of metabolites or new metabolites which cause physiological changes in the plant against pathogens. As shown in Table 2, glycoprotein-type proteins produce phytoalexins that have been used to identify ion channels in cell membranes and thus transfer signals by external stimuli, as demonstrated by Alami [41] where the Plantanus x acerifolia cultures were applied to an inducer of Ceratocystis fimbriata f. sp. These, in turn, induced the synthesis of phytoalexins (hydroxycoumarin, scopoletin, and umbelliferone), and upon isolating the glycoprotein produced the synthesis of coumarin by 80%. On the other hand, oligogalacturonic acids are found in the cell wall of the plant inducing the biosynthesis of phytoalexins, whereas chitin is found in the cell wall of fungi, generating signaling factors in plants such as Hypericum perforatum production stress in the plant and increasing the production of phenolic compounds for their defense against pathogens [39, 42]. Rhizobacteria function as modelers of secondary metabolites with pharmacological activity. Rhizobacteria colonize the rhizospheres of the plants and improve the growth of the plant, being localized in the bark or root nodules acting as inducers of the enzymes that participate in the metabolic pathways of bioactive compounds and jasmonic acid biosynthesis; these act as signal transducers [43, 44]. Other signal inducers are the mycorrhizal fungi that help the plant to absorb more water and show defense against other pathogens such as fungi, bacteria, or parasites that affect the roots of the plant. These mycorrhizal fungi produce secondary metabolites such as phenolic compounds and alkaloids, among others [45, 46, 47, 48]. Elicitors such as salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, hydrogen peroxide, chitosan, etc. act as plant hormones in the expression of genes interacting as target signaling causing a physiological response in the plant which increases the production of phenolic compounds, vitamin C, carotenoids, or defense stimuli against pathogens; there are also synergistic effects between salicylic acid and jasmonic acid providing resistance against pathogens by the induction of the octadecanoic acid pathway [49, 50, 51, 52, 53].
\nEffect of biotic elicitor on the production of various secondary metabolites in plants.
On the other hand, Table 3 shows some research that has the influence of different abiotic elicitors that are considered substance and that are not of biological origin such as salt, drought, light or heavy metals, and temperature, among others. Table 3 shows different perspectives of research on medicinal or aromatic plants in hydroponic crops, outdoors, and the application of elicitors in different stages of growth or postharvest. For example, heavy metals such as Al3+, Cr3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Cd2+, among others, are considered high toxicity compounds depending on the concentrations applied in the sprinkler system or because they are used as biocontrol since they alter the production of metabolites in plants. Similarly, Zobayed [65] demonstrated that the temperature in high concentrations in Panax quinqufolius improves the senescence of the leaves and produces a greater quantity of bioactive compounds in the root of the plant. So the investigations using high or low temperatures demonstrate the production of secondary metabolites, but the temperatures that have been investigated the most are the low producing physiological changes in the plant, increasing the lignification by the production of suberin in the cell wall and the metabolites such as sorbitol, raffinose, proline, melatonin, anthocyanins, etc. However, light by means of ultraviolet radiations generates the production of essential oils and phenolic compounds and decreases the production of toxic compounds in some plants [66]. On the other hand, salinity and drought produce death leading to cellular dehydration or osmotic stress and in certain concentrations can reduce the growth or development of plants but alter many physiological and metabolic processes that stimulate the production of polyphenolic compounds, anthocyanins, terpenes, and alkaloids, among others. Salinity can be produced in plants by ionic or osmotic means and drought by environmental or intentional changes due to water deficit which are always accompanied by temperature or solar radiation [67, 68, 69]. Then we can say that the biotic and abiotic factors are modular secondary metabolites influencing the metabolic level and the production of secondary metabolites. Therefore, the current research focuses on the use of elicitors, for the regulation of metabolic pathways, and target signaling in genes that influence the overproduction of secondary metabolites using various applications but taking care of the production performance of fruits, vegetables, or different plants.
\nEffect of abiotic elicitor on the production of various secondary metabolites in plants.
Recent studies focused on evaluating the secondary metabolites of medicinal plants that are active against phytopathogens show that the potential use that these compounds can have in the future is for the control of phytopathogenic fungi, mainly against different species of Fusarium [14, 15, 16]. In this regard, the most active compounds have been found mainly in the essential oil obtained from the aerial parts of various medicinal plants, which suggests that the bioactive compounds are liposoluble; this may explain why they are active mainly against fungi, because the cell wall of these specimens are composed mainly of ergosterol, the active liposoluble compounds present in the essential oil to easily cross the cell wall of the fungus and in the interior act on their cell target, or they can alter the permeability of the wall of the fungus [82]. It can cause rupture and lysis of the fungal cell; however, it is necessary to study the toxicodynamics of these substances in order for them to know how to act in the fungi cell. On the other hand, the antifungal activity has been evaluated in vitro, by the agar diffusion and microdilution method; in general terms the range of the evaluated IC50 varies in a range that goes from 0.0035 to 8 mg/ml of the extract. It is important to mention that one of the main limitations of these studies is that this activity has only been evaluated at the laboratory level [83, 84, 85]. Table 4 shows different types of extracts made with medicinal plants, and their biological activity reported in vitro tests at the laboratory level.
\n\n | \n
Secondary metabolites of medicinal plants with biological activity against phytopathogens.
Finally, in the realization of a retrospective of the secondary metabolite modulating factors in our workgroup, Garcia-Mier [95] demonstrated that the use of mixtures of elicitors such as jasmonic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and chitosan in different concentrations applied in various stages of plant development of the sweet bell red pepper and in different stages of ripening of the fruit has a positive effect on the increase of polyphenolic and carotenoid compounds, where the results showed that the maturation stage of 95% produces a greater quantity of bioactive compounds. On the other hand, Vargas-Hernández [96] demonstrated that the foliar application of hydrogen peroxide in Capsicum chinense Jacq. has an effect on the antimicrobial activity, where the different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide potentiated the production of secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, capsaicin, and dihydrocapsaicin, where these metabolites had an effect on microorganisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus mutant, Salmonella thompson, Listeria monocytogenes, Streptococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans, and the results showed that the application of hydrogen peroxide increases the inhibitory effect against pathogenic microorganisms, showing greater activity against S. aureus, S. Thompson, and C. albicans in the jaguar variety, while the variety Chichen-Itza was more potent against E. faecalis and E. coli. Also, Zunun-Pérez [97] evaluated the effect of modulating factors of secondary metabolites by spray application that is performed in Capsicum annuum L. in weekly applications and 1 day before collection with elicitors such as hydrogen peroxide, salicylic acid, and oligosaccharide of xyloglucan on capsiate concentration and the expression of genes such as phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, aminotransferase, capsaicin synthase, and β-keto acyl synthase where the results showed that hydrogen peroxide in weekly applications significantly increases capsiate concentrations and gene expression and the yields of the production of the plant are not affected by the application of these elicitors.
\nThe phytochemicals that produce medicinal plants derived from their secondary metabolism represent a safe and effective alternative to control various phytopathogens that affect various crops of agricultural products of economic and nutritional interest. There are different challenges in the use of biopesticides obtained from medicinal plants, such as evaluating the costs of obtaining these compounds on a large scale or exploring the possibility of them being obtained through chemical synthesis to increase yield and reduce costs. On the other hand, the various studies that exist on the effectiveness of these compounds are only at the laboratory level, which is why it is still necessary to explore and evaluate their effectiveness at the greenhouse and field levels.
\nThe authors would like to acknowledge the University of Guanajuato for the grant of this publication.
\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.
We pride ourselves on our belief that scientific progress is generated by collaboration, that the playing field for scientific research should be leveled globally, and that research conducted in a democratic environment, with the use of innovative technologies, should be made available to anyone.
\n\nWe look forward to hearing from individuals and organizations who are interested in new discoveries and sharing their research.
",metaTitle:"Contact us",metaDescription:null,metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/contact-us",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Headquarters
\\n\\n\\n\\n
London
\\n\\nIntechOpen Limited, 7th floor
\\n\\n10 Lower Thames Street
\\n\\nLondon, EC3R 6AF, UK
\\n\\nPhone: +44 (0)203 972 6202
\\n\\n\\n\\n
Rijeka
\\n\\nIN TECH d.o.o.
\\n\\nJaneza Trdine 9
\\n\\n51000 Rijeka - Croatia
\\n\\nPhone: +385 (0) 51 686 165
\\n"},{"imagePath":"/media/thumbnail/780x430/3","type":"mediaComponent","mediaType":"image","mimeType":"image/jpeg","caption":"","originalUrl":"/media/thumbnail/600x600/3","alignment":"center"},{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"General Inquires: info@intechopen.com
\\n\\nFunders: funders@intechopen.com
\\n\\n*INTECHOPEN LIMITED is a privately owned company registered in England and Wales, No. 11086078 Registered Office: 7th floor, 10 Lower Thames Street, London, EC3R 6AF, UK
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"Headquarters
\n\n\n\n
London
\n\nIntechOpen Limited, 7th floor
\n\n10 Lower Thames Street
\n\nLondon, EC3R 6AF, UK
\n\nPhone: +44 (0)203 972 6202
\n\n\n\n
Rijeka
\n\nIN TECH d.o.o.
\n\nJaneza Trdine 9
\n\n51000 Rijeka - Croatia
\n\nPhone: +385 (0) 51 686 165
\n"},{imagePath:"/media/thumbnail/780x430/3",type:"mediaComponent",mediaType:"image",mimeType:"image/jpeg",caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/thumbnail/600x600/3",alignment:"center"},{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'General Inquires: info@intechopen.com
\n\nFunders: funders@intechopen.com
\n\n*INTECHOPEN LIMITED is a privately owned company registered in England and Wales, No. 11086078 Registered Office: 7th floor, 10 Lower Thames Street, London, EC3R 6AF, UK
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5313},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:4819},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1468},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:9362},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:837},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:14778}],offset:12,limit:12,total:108153},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"10"},books:[{type:"book",id:"7316",title:"Seepage - Steady State Flow of Water",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2db3d61cbecd04230717ab1d9e5cd4b1",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7316.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7724",title:"Climate Issues in China",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f5642f989826772a94001c51e2030ea1",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7724.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7996",title:"Wildfire in the Wildland Urban Interface",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"caac4a94c451c97cf8b52a6dcbac746b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Jason Gordon",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7996.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"264298",title:"Dr.",name:"Jason",surname:"Gordon",slug:"jason-gordon",fullName:"Jason Gordon"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8037",title:"Paleontology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"369bbc9633ff0e0d4f62335075242d2a",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8037.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8113",title:"Ocean Wave Studies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f7eaf28497842d73eb2ce64a1415aec2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marcello Di Risio, Dr. Daniele Celli and Dr. Davide Pasquali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8113.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"15209",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcello",surname:"Di Risio",slug:"marcello-di-risio",fullName:"Marcello Di Risio"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8481",title:"River Deltas",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8dd049b4bf7f01bdeda390d40a27b0c8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8481.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8485",title:"Weather Forecasting",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"01daf31ddded5641c4ed88eca67b4284",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8485.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8556",title:"Mars Exploration",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"44538d785d8dfcc0d4f809e3a62b0035",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Giuseppe Pezzella and Prof. Antonio Viviani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8556.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"14939",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",surname:"Pezzella",slug:"giuseppe-pezzella",fullName:"Giuseppe Pezzella"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8568",title:"Intelligent Life Beyond Earth",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f678594f3e4c852a12790aca46dbcdc2",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8568.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9242",title:"Biogeoscience Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"dc62d7b263bcc3b797384e73513297f9",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9242.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9245",title:"Landmines and Security",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5015fc770dfb6f6e67a5dd370f1668a0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. K.T.M. Udayanga Hemapala",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9245.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"128187",title:"Dr.",name:"K.T.M.",surname:"Hemapala",slug:"k.t.m.-hemapala",fullName:"K.T.M. Hemapala"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9248",title:"Galaxies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"364566b36a78a23c895936974dc002ee",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9248.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:35},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:32},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:29},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:26},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:75},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:37},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:142},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:20},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Intelligent System",value:535,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:41},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7878",title:"Advances in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation",subtitle:"Volume 3",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f95bf990273d08098a00f9a1c2403cbe",slug:"advances-in-extracorporeal-membrane-oxygenation-volume-3",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7878.jpg",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",middleName:"S",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7614",title:"Fourier Transforms",subtitle:"Century of Digitalization and Increasing Expectations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ff3501657ae983a3b42fef1f7058ac91",slug:"fourier-transforms-century-of-digitalization-and-increasing-expectations",bookSignature:"Goran S. Nikoli? and Dragana Z. Markovi?-Nikoli?",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7614.jpg",editors:[{id:"23261",title:"Prof.",name:"Goran",middleName:"S.",surname:"Nikolic",slug:"goran-nikolic",fullName:"Goran Nikolic"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8299",title:"Timber Buildings and Sustainability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bccf2891cec38ed041724131aa34c25a",slug:"timber-buildings-and-sustainability",bookSignature:"Giovanna Concu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8299.jpg",editors:[{id:"108709",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanna",middleName:null,surname:"Concu",slug:"giovanna-concu",fullName:"Giovanna Concu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7062",title:"Rhinosinusitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"14ed95e155b1e57a61827ca30b579d09",slug:"rhinosinusitis",bookSignature:"Balwant Singh Gendeh and Mirjana Turkalj",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7062.jpg",editors:[{id:"67669",title:"Prof.",name:"Balwant Singh",middleName:null,surname:"Gendeh",slug:"balwant-singh-gendeh",fullName:"Balwant Singh Gendeh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7087",title:"Tendons",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"786abac0445c102d1399a1e727a2db7f",slug:"tendons",bookSignature:"Hasan Sözen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7087.jpg",editors:[{id:"161402",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasan",middleName:null,surname:"Sözen",slug:"hasan-sozen",fullName:"Hasan Sözen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7955",title:"Advances in Hematologic Malignancies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"59ca1b09447fab4717a93e099f646d28",slug:"advances-in-hematologic-malignancies",bookSignature:"Gamal Abdul Hamid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7955.jpg",editors:[{id:"36487",title:"Prof.",name:"Gamal",middleName:null,surname:"Abdul Hamid",slug:"gamal-abdul-hamid",fullName:"Gamal Abdul Hamid"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7701",title:"Assistive and Rehabilitation Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4191b744b8af3b17d9a80026dcb0617f",slug:"assistive-and-rehabilitation-engineering",bookSignature:"Yves Rybarczyk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7701.jpg",editors:[{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7837",title:"Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e277d005b23536bcd9f8550046101979",slug:"geriatric-medicine-and-gerontology",bookSignature:"Edward T. Zawada Jr.",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7837.jpg",editors:[{id:"16344",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward T.",middleName:null,surname:"Zawada Jr.",slug:"edward-t.-zawada-jr.",fullName:"Edward T. Zawada Jr."}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7610",title:"Renewable and Sustainable Composites",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2de26c3d329c54f093dc3f05417500a",slug:"renewable-and-sustainable-composites",bookSignature:"António B. Pereira and Fábio A. O. Fernandes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7610.jpg",editors:[{id:"211131",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Bastos",surname:"Pereira",slug:"antonio-pereira",fullName:"António Pereira"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8416",title:"Non-Equilibrium Particle Dynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c3add7639dcd1cb442cb4313ea64e3a",slug:"non-equilibrium-particle-dynamics",bookSignature:"Albert S. Kim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8416.jpg",editors:[{id:"21045",title:"Prof.",name:"Albert S.",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"albert-s.-kim",fullName:"Albert S. Kim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8463",title:"Pediatric Surgery, Flowcharts and Clinical Algorithms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"23f39beea4d557b0ae424e2eaf82bf5e",slug:"pediatric-surgery-flowcharts-and-clinical-algorithms",bookSignature:"Sameh Shehata",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8463.jpg",editors:[{id:"37518",title:"Prof.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Shehata",slug:"sameh-shehata",fullName:"Sameh Shehata"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4392},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7878",title:"Advances in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation",subtitle:"Volume 3",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f95bf990273d08098a00f9a1c2403cbe",slug:"advances-in-extracorporeal-membrane-oxygenation-volume-3",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7878.jpg",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",middleName:"S",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7614",title:"Fourier Transforms",subtitle:"Century of Digitalization and Increasing Expectations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ff3501657ae983a3b42fef1f7058ac91",slug:"fourier-transforms-century-of-digitalization-and-increasing-expectations",bookSignature:"Goran S. Nikoli? and Dragana Z. Markovi?-Nikoli?",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7614.jpg",editors:[{id:"23261",title:"Prof.",name:"Goran",middleName:"S.",surname:"Nikolic",slug:"goran-nikolic",fullName:"Goran Nikolic"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8299",title:"Timber Buildings and Sustainability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bccf2891cec38ed041724131aa34c25a",slug:"timber-buildings-and-sustainability",bookSignature:"Giovanna Concu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8299.jpg",editors:[{id:"108709",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanna",middleName:null,surname:"Concu",slug:"giovanna-concu",fullName:"Giovanna Concu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7062",title:"Rhinosinusitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"14ed95e155b1e57a61827ca30b579d09",slug:"rhinosinusitis",bookSignature:"Balwant Singh Gendeh and Mirjana Turkalj",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7062.jpg",editors:[{id:"67669",title:"Prof.",name:"Balwant Singh",middleName:null,surname:"Gendeh",slug:"balwant-singh-gendeh",fullName:"Balwant Singh Gendeh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7087",title:"Tendons",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"786abac0445c102d1399a1e727a2db7f",slug:"tendons",bookSignature:"Hasan Sözen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7087.jpg",editors:[{id:"161402",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasan",middleName:null,surname:"Sözen",slug:"hasan-sozen",fullName:"Hasan Sözen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7955",title:"Advances in Hematologic Malignancies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"59ca1b09447fab4717a93e099f646d28",slug:"advances-in-hematologic-malignancies",bookSignature:"Gamal Abdul Hamid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7955.jpg",editors:[{id:"36487",title:"Prof.",name:"Gamal",middleName:null,surname:"Abdul Hamid",slug:"gamal-abdul-hamid",fullName:"Gamal Abdul Hamid"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7701",title:"Assistive and Rehabilitation Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4191b744b8af3b17d9a80026dcb0617f",slug:"assistive-and-rehabilitation-engineering",bookSignature:"Yves Rybarczyk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7701.jpg",editors:[{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7837",title:"Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e277d005b23536bcd9f8550046101979",slug:"geriatric-medicine-and-gerontology",bookSignature:"Edward T. Zawada Jr.",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7837.jpg",editors:[{id:"16344",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward T.",middleName:null,surname:"Zawada Jr.",slug:"edward-t.-zawada-jr.",fullName:"Edward T. Zawada Jr."}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7610",title:"Renewable and Sustainable Composites",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2de26c3d329c54f093dc3f05417500a",slug:"renewable-and-sustainable-composites",bookSignature:"António B. Pereira and Fábio A. O. Fernandes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7610.jpg",editors:[{id:"211131",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Bastos",surname:"Pereira",slug:"antonio-pereira",fullName:"António Pereira"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8463",title:"Pediatric Surgery, Flowcharts and Clinical Algorithms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"23f39beea4d557b0ae424e2eaf82bf5e",slug:"pediatric-surgery-flowcharts-and-clinical-algorithms",bookSignature:"Sameh Shehata",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8463.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37518",title:"Prof.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Shehata",slug:"sameh-shehata",fullName:"Sameh Shehata"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7187",title:"Osteosarcoma",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Mechanisms, and Translational Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89096359b754beb806eca4c6d8aacaba",slug:"osteosarcoma-diagnosis-mechanisms-and-translational-developments",bookSignature:"Matthew Gregory Cable and Robert Lawrence Randall",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7187.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"265693",title:"Dr.",name:"Matthew Gregory",middleName:null,surname:"Cable",slug:"matthew-gregory-cable",fullName:"Matthew Gregory Cable"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7955",title:"Advances in Hematologic Malignancies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"59ca1b09447fab4717a93e099f646d28",slug:"advances-in-hematologic-malignancies",bookSignature:"Gamal Abdul Hamid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7955.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36487",title:"Prof.",name:"Gamal",middleName:null,surname:"Abdul Hamid",slug:"gamal-abdul-hamid",fullName:"Gamal Abdul Hamid"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7701",title:"Assistive and Rehabilitation Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4191b744b8af3b17d9a80026dcb0617f",slug:"assistive-and-rehabilitation-engineering",bookSignature:"Yves Rybarczyk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7701.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8256",title:"Distillation",subtitle:"Modelling, Simulation and Optimization",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c76af109f83e14d915e5cb3949ae8b80",slug:"distillation-modelling-simulation-and-optimization",bookSignature:"Vilmar Steffen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8256.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"189035",title:"Dr.",name:"Vilmar",middleName:null,surname:"Steffen",slug:"vilmar-steffen",fullName:"Vilmar Steffen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7240",title:"Growing and Handling of Bacterial Cultures",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a76c3ef7718c0b72d0128817cdcbe6e3",slug:"growing-and-handling-of-bacterial-cultures",bookSignature:"Madhusmita Mishra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7240.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"204267",title:"Dr.",name:"Madhusmita",middleName:null,surname:"Mishra",slug:"madhusmita-mishra",fullName:"Madhusmita Mishra"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8299",title:"Timber Buildings and Sustainability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bccf2891cec38ed041724131aa34c25a",slug:"timber-buildings-and-sustainability",bookSignature:"Giovanna Concu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8299.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108709",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanna",middleName:null,surname:"Concu",slug:"giovanna-concu",fullName:"Giovanna Concu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7062",title:"Rhinosinusitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"14ed95e155b1e57a61827ca30b579d09",slug:"rhinosinusitis",bookSignature:"Balwant Singh Gendeh and Mirjana Turkalj",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7062.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67669",title:"Prof.",name:"Balwant Singh",middleName:null,surname:"Gendeh",slug:"balwant-singh-gendeh",fullName:"Balwant Singh Gendeh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7837",title:"Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e277d005b23536bcd9f8550046101979",slug:"geriatric-medicine-and-gerontology",bookSignature:"Edward T. Zawada Jr.",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7837.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16344",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward T.",middleName:null,surname:"Zawada Jr.",slug:"edward-t.-zawada-jr.",fullName:"Edward T. Zawada Jr."}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"702",title:"Petrochemical Engineering",slug:"engineering-chemical-engineering-petrochemical-engineering",parent:{title:"Chemical Engineering",slug:"engineering-chemical-engineering"},numberOfBooks:8,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:174,numberOfWosCitations:83,numberOfCrossrefCitations:95,numberOfDimensionsCitations:203,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"engineering-chemical-engineering-petrochemical-engineering",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"8448",title:"Glycerine Production and Transformation",subtitle:"An Innovative Platform for Sustainable Biorefinery and Energy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"63834d3e01c2550240908758fb0fbe34",slug:"glycerine-production-and-transformation-an-innovative-platform-for-sustainable-biorefinery-and-energy",bookSignature:"Marco Frediani, Mattia Bartoli and Luca Rosi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8448.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"53209",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Frediani",slug:"marco-frediani",fullName:"Marco Frediani"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6829",title:"Petroleum Chemicals",subtitle:"Recent Insight",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"058919afbb548d3448e70238b4637e84",slug:"petroleum-chemicals-recent-insight",bookSignature:"Mansoor Zoveidavianpoor",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6829.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92105",title:"Dr.",name:"Mansoor",middleName:null,surname:"Zoveidavianpoor",slug:"mansoor-zoveidavianpoor",fullName:"Mansoor Zoveidavianpoor"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6730",title:"Palm Oil",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"96d058f3abbc8d0660dcd56042a8ece8",slug:"palm-oil",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6730.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Waisundara"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5143",title:"Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (cEOR)",subtitle:"a Practical Overview",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0b7842ba790370b5485de1694611376",slug:"chemical-enhanced-oil-recovery-ceor-a-practical-overview",bookSignature:"Laura Romero-Zeron",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5143.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109465",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Romero-Zerón",slug:"laura-romero-zeron",fullName:"Laura Romero-Zerón"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4647",title:"Advanced Materials for Renewable Hydrogen Production, Storage and Utilization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2b798cc5c2b3f364c1322bed506499fd",slug:"advanced-materials-for-renewable-hydrogen-production-storage-and-utilization",bookSignature:"Jianjun Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4647.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145203",title:"Prof.",name:"Jianjun",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"jianjun-liu",fullName:"Jianjun Liu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2873",title:"Hydrogen Storage",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5636fb7f125524c17e174c9cf62c8363",slug:"hydrogen-storage",bookSignature:"Jianjun Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2873.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145203",title:"Prof.",name:"Jianjun",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"jianjun-liu",fullName:"Jianjun Liu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1604",title:"Advances in Chemical Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88084d0ed8f82a4ec50ed554de9f0036",slug:"advances-in-chemical-engineering",bookSignature:"Zeeshan Nawaz and Shahid Naveed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1604.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15484",title:"Dr",name:"Zeeshan",middleName:null,surname:"Nawaz",slug:"zeeshan-nawaz",fullName:"Zeeshan Nawaz"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2288",title:"Crude Oil Emulsions",subtitle:"Composition Stability and Characterization",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d237bdec7bb1475639149b044fac69f5",slug:"crude-oil-emulsions-composition-stability-and-characterization",bookSignature:"Manar El-Sayed Abdel-Raouf",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2288.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"102626",title:"Prof.",name:"Manar",middleName:"El-Sayed",surname:"Abdel-Raouf",slug:"manar-abdel-raouf",fullName:"Manar Abdel-Raouf"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:8,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"29876",doi:"10.5772/35875",title:"Petroleum Asphaltenes",slug:"petroleum-asphaltenes",totalDownloads:13438,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:19,book:{slug:"crude-oil-emulsions-composition-stability-and-characterization",title:"Crude Oil Emulsions",fullTitle:"Crude Oil Emulsions - Composition Stability and Characterization"},signatures:"Lamia Goual",authors:[{id:"106226",title:"Dr.",name:"Lamia",middleName:null,surname:"Goual",slug:"lamia-goual",fullName:"Lamia Goual"}]},{id:"29881",doi:"10.5772/36945",title:"Determination of Metal Ions in Crude Oils",slug:"determination-of-metal-ions-in-crude-oils",totalDownloads:9810,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:19,book:{slug:"crude-oil-emulsions-composition-stability-and-characterization",title:"Crude Oil Emulsions",fullTitle:"Crude Oil Emulsions - Composition Stability and Characterization"},signatures:"M.Y. Khuhawar, M. Aslam Mirza and T.M. Jahangir",authors:[{id:"110537",title:"Prof.",name:"M.Y",middleName:null,surname:"Khuhawar",slug:"m.y-khuhawar",fullName:"M.Y Khuhawar"}]},{id:"33981",doi:"10.5772/31368",title:"Production of Biodiesel from Microalgae",slug:"production-of-biodiesel-using-triglycerides-from-microalgae",totalDownloads:11952,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:17,book:{slug:"advances-in-chemical-engineering",title:"Advances in Chemical Engineering",fullTitle:"Advances in Chemical Engineering"},signatures:"Marc Veillette, Mostafa Chamoumi, Josiane Nikiema, Nathalie Faucheux and Michèle Heitz",authors:[{id:"86777",title:"Dr.",name:"Josiane",middleName:null,surname:"Nikiema",slug:"josiane-nikiema",fullName:"Josiane Nikiema"},{id:"98733",title:"MSc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Veillette",slug:"marc-veillette",fullName:"Marc Veillette"},{id:"98735",title:"Mr.",name:"Mostafa",middleName:null,surname:"Chamoumi",slug:"mostafa-chamoumi",fullName:"Mostafa Chamoumi"},{id:"98736",title:"Prof.",name:"Nathalie",middleName:null,surname:"Faucheux",slug:"nathalie-faucheux",fullName:"Nathalie Faucheux"},{id:"98737",title:"Prof.",name:"Michèle",middleName:null,surname:"Heitz",slug:"michele-heitz",fullName:"Michèle Heitz"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"60482",title:"Palm Oil Mill Effluent as an Environmental Pollutant",slug:"palm-oil-mill-effluent-as-an-environmental-pollutant",totalDownloads:1008,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"palm-oil",title:"Palm Oil",fullTitle:"Palm Oil"},signatures:"Hesam Kamyab, Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan, Mohd Fadhil Md Din,\nShahabaldin Rezania, Tayebeh Khademi and Ashok Kumar",authors:[{id:"225957",title:"Dr.",name:"Hesam",middleName:null,surname:"Kamyab",slug:"hesam-kamyab",fullName:"Hesam Kamyab"},{id:"237449",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreeshivadasan",middleName:null,surname:"Chelliapan",slug:"shreeshivadasan-chelliapan",fullName:"Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan"},{id:"241504",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Fadhil",middleName:null,surname:"Md Din",slug:"mohd-fadhil-md-din",fullName:"Mohd Fadhil Md Din"},{id:"241505",title:"Dr.",name:"Shahabaldin",middleName:null,surname:"Rezania",slug:"shahabaldin-rezania",fullName:"Shahabaldin Rezania"},{id:"241506",title:"Dr.",name:"Tayebeh",middleName:null,surname:"Khademi",slug:"tayebeh-khademi",fullName:"Tayebeh Khademi"},{id:"241508",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashok",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"ashok-kumar",fullName:"Ashok Kumar"}]},{id:"52155",title:"EOR Processes, Opportunities and Technological Advancements",slug:"eor-processes-opportunities-and-technological-advancements",totalDownloads:2673,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:6,book:{slug:"chemical-enhanced-oil-recovery-ceor-a-practical-overview",title:"Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (cEOR)",fullTitle:"Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (cEOR) - a Practical Overview"},signatures:"Lezorgia Nekabari Nwidee, Stephen Theophilus, Ahmed Barifcani,\nMohammad Sarmadivaleh and Stefan Iglauer",authors:[{id:"37799",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:null,surname:"Iglauer",slug:"stefan-iglauer",fullName:"Stefan Iglauer"},{id:"179076",title:"Dr.",name:"Lezorgia",middleName:"Nekabari",surname:"Nwidee",slug:"lezorgia-nwidee",fullName:"Lezorgia Nwidee"},{id:"179077",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Barifcani",slug:"ahmed-barifcani",fullName:"Ahmed Barifcani"},{id:"179078",title:"Prof.",name:"Stephen",middleName:null,surname:"Theophilus",slug:"stephen-theophilus",fullName:"Stephen Theophilus"},{id:"189371",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarmadivaleh",slug:"mohammad-sarmadivaleh",fullName:"Mohammad Sarmadivaleh"}]},{id:"63428",title:"Waste Frying Oil as a Feedstock for Biodiesel Production",slug:"waste-frying-oil-as-a-feedstock-for-biodiesel-production",totalDownloads:569,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"petroleum-chemicals-recent-insight",title:"Petroleum Chemicals",fullTitle:"Petroleum Chemicals - Recent Insight"},signatures:"Adeyinka Sikiru Yusuff, Olalekan David Adeniyi, Moses Aderemi Olutoye and Uduak George Akpan",authors:null},{id:"51915",title:"Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery",slug:"microbial-enhanced-oil-recovery-2016-10-14",totalDownloads:2706,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"chemical-enhanced-oil-recovery-ceor-a-practical-overview",title:"Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (cEOR)",fullTitle:"Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (cEOR) - a Practical Overview"},signatures:"Aliya Yernazarova, Gulzhan Kayirmanova, Almagul Baubekova and\nAzhar Zhubanova",authors:[{id:"178534",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Aliya",middleName:null,surname:"Yernazarova",slug:"aliya-yernazarova",fullName:"Aliya Yernazarova"},{id:"179203",title:"Dr.",name:"Gulzhan",middleName:null,surname:"Kaiyrmanova",slug:"gulzhan-kaiyrmanova",fullName:"Gulzhan Kaiyrmanova"},{id:"191673",title:"Dr.",name:"Almagul",middleName:null,surname:"Baubekova",slug:"almagul-baubekova",fullName:"Almagul Baubekova"},{id:"194422",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Zhubanova",slug:"azhar-zhubanova",fullName:"Azhar Zhubanova"}]},{id:"62888",title:"Biological Treatment of Petrochemical Wastewater",slug:"biological-treatment-of-petrochemical-wastewater",totalDownloads:1173,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"petroleum-chemicals-recent-insight",title:"Petroleum Chemicals",fullTitle:"Petroleum Chemicals - Recent Insight"},signatures:"Nirmal Ghimire and Shuai Wang",authors:null},{id:"51645",title:"Polymer Flooding",slug:"polymer-flooding",totalDownloads:2408,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"chemical-enhanced-oil-recovery-ceor-a-practical-overview",title:"Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (cEOR)",fullTitle:"Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (cEOR) - a Practical Overview"},signatures:"Antoine Thomas",authors:[{id:"178596",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Antoine",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",slug:"antoine-thomas",fullName:"Antoine Thomas"}]},{id:"33982",title:"Sulfonation/Sulfation Processing Technology for Anionic Surfactant Manufacture",slug:"sulfonation-sulfation-processing-technology-for-anionic-surfactant-manufacture",totalDownloads:27291,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"advances-in-chemical-engineering",title:"Advances in Chemical Engineering",fullTitle:"Advances in Chemical Engineering"},signatures:"Jesús Alfonso Torres Ortega",authors:[{id:"90059",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:"Alfonso",surname:"Torres Ortega",slug:"jesus-torres-ortega",fullName:"Jesus Torres Ortega"}]},{id:"38711",title:"Hydrogen Storage for Energy Application",slug:"hydrogen-storage-for-energy-application",totalDownloads:10411,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:17,book:{slug:"hydrogen-storage",title:"Hydrogen Storage",fullTitle:"Hydrogen Storage"},signatures:"Rahul Krishna, Elby Titus, Maryam Salimian, Olena Okhay, Sivakumar Rajendran, Ananth Rajkumar, J. M. G. Sousa, A. L. C. Ferreira, João Campos Gil and Jose Gracio",authors:[{id:"25491",title:"Dr.",name:"Elby",middleName:null,surname:"Titus",slug:"elby-titus",fullName:"Elby Titus"}]},{id:"66507",title:"Introductory Chapter: Oil Field Chemicals - Ingredients in Petroleum Industry",slug:"introductory-chapter-oil-field-chemicals-ingredients-in-petroleum-industry",totalDownloads:277,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"petroleum-chemicals-recent-insight",title:"Petroleum Chemicals",fullTitle:"Petroleum Chemicals - Recent Insight"},signatures:"Mansoor Zoveidavianpoor",authors:[{id:"92105",title:"Dr.",name:"Mansoor",middleName:null,surname:"Zoveidavianpoor",slug:"mansoor-zoveidavianpoor",fullName:"Mansoor Zoveidavianpoor"}]},{id:"60752",title:"Biomaterial from Oil Palm Waste: Properties, Characterization and Applications",slug:"biomaterial-from-oil-palm-waste-properties-characterization-and-applications",totalDownloads:812,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"palm-oil",title:"Palm Oil",fullTitle:"Palm Oil"},signatures:"Rudi Dungani, Pingkan Aditiawati, Sri Aprilia, Karnita Yuniarti, Tati\nKarliati, Ichsan Suwandhi and Ihak Sumardi",authors:[{id:"220081",title:"Dr.",name:"Pingkan",middleName:null,surname:"Aditiawati",slug:"pingkan-aditiawati",fullName:"Pingkan Aditiawati"},{id:"234728",title:"Dr.",name:"Rudi",middleName:null,surname:"Dungani",slug:"rudi-dungani",fullName:"Rudi Dungani"},{id:"249537",title:"Dr.",name:"Sri",middleName:null,surname:"Aprilia",slug:"sri-aprilia",fullName:"Sri Aprilia"},{id:"249539",title:"Dr.",name:"Karnita",middleName:null,surname:"Yuniarti",slug:"karnita-yuniarti",fullName:"Karnita Yuniarti"},{id:"249541",title:"Dr.",name:"Tati",middleName:null,surname:"Karliati",slug:"tati-karliati",fullName:"Tati Karliati"},{id:"249542",title:"Dr.",name:"Ichsan",middleName:null,surname:"Suwandi",slug:"ichsan-suwandi",fullName:"Ichsan Suwandi"},{id:"249543",title:"Dr.",name:"Ihak",middleName:null,surname:"Sumardi",slug:"ihak-sumardi",fullName:"Ihak Sumardi"},{id:"256251",title:"Dr.",name:"Sri",middleName:null,surname:"Hartati",slug:"sri-hartati",fullName:"Sri Hartati"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"engineering-chemical-engineering-petrochemical-engineering",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6837",title:"Lithium-ion Batteries - Thin Film for Energy Materials and Devices",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ea7789260b319b9a4b472257f57bfeb5",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Mitsunobu Sato, Dr. Li Lu and Dr. Hiroki Nagai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6837.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"179615",title:"Prof.",name:"Mitsunobu",middleName:null,surname:"Sato",slug:"mitsunobu-sato",fullName:"Mitsunobu Sato"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9423",title:"Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Process Industry Automation, Heat and Power Generation and Smart Manufacturing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"10ac8fb0bdbf61044395963028653d21",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Konstantinos G. Kyprianidis and Prof. Erik Dahlquist",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9423.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"35868",title:"Prof.",name:"Konstantinos",middleName:"G.",surname:"Kyprianidis",slug:"konstantinos-kyprianidis",fullName:"Konstantinos Kyprianidis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9428",title:"New Trends in the Use of Artificial Intelligence for the Industry 4.0",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9e089eec484ce8e9eb32198c2d8b34ea",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Luis Romeral Martinez, Dr. Roque A. Osornio-Rios and Dr. Miguel Delgado Prieto",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9428.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"86501",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Romeral Martinez",slug:"luis-romeral-martinez",fullName:"Luis Romeral Martinez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10107",title:"Artificial Intelligence in Oncology Drug Discovery & Development",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"043c178c3668865ab7d35dcb2ceea794",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. John Cassidy and Dr. Belle Taylor",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10107.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"244455",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Cassidy",slug:"john-cassidy",fullName:"John Cassidy"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8903",title:"Carbon Based Material for Environmental Protection and Remediation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"19da699b370f320eca63ef2ba02f745d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mattia Bartoli and Dr. Marco Frediani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8903.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"188999",title:"Dr.",name:"Mattia",middleName:null,surname:"Bartoli",slug:"mattia-bartoli",fullName:"Mattia Bartoli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10132",title:"Applied Computational Near-surface Geophysics - From Integral and Derivative Formulas to MATLAB Codes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"38cdbbb671df620b36ee96af1d9a3a90",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Afshin Aghayan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10132.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"311030",title:"Dr.",name:"Afshin",middleName:null,surname:"Aghayan",slug:"afshin-aghayan",fullName:"Afshin Aghayan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10110",title:"Advances and Technologies in Building Construction and Structural Analysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"df2ad14bc5588577e8bf0b7ebcdafd9d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ali Kaboli and Dr. Sara Shirowzhan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10110.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"309192",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Kaboli",slug:"ali-kaboli",fullName:"Ali Kaboli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10175",title:"Ethics in Emerging Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9c92da249676e35e2f7476182aa94e84",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Ali Hessami",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10175.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"108303",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Hessami",slug:"ali-hessami",fullName:"Ali Hessami"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:16},humansInSpaceProgram:{},teamHumansInSpaceProgram:{},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/72239/renata-leite",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"72239",slug:"renata-leite"},fullPath:"/profiles/72239/renata-leite",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()