Chemical contents (mg kg−1) of industrial sewage sludge, urban sewage sludge and Tunisian standard values [12].
\r\n\tThe WHO classification in 2007; was based on the histogenesis and cell origin of the tumor. In the latest classification made in 2016; to better characterize the tumor and obtain better data on its prognosis; The combination of molecular and genetic biomarkers and histopathological features of the tumor was used. Despite all current treatment approaches, the median survival time is around 12 months in most GBM patients. Compared with the situation of some types of successfully treated cancers; the survival time of GBM patients is not at an acceptable level today. In the treatment of CNS tumors; surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation treatments (x-rays, gamma rays, electron and proton beams) are used. The therapeutic potential of chemotherapy; New strategies are needed to increase drug concentration at the diseased site, as this largely depends on the ability of the chemotherapeutic agent to achieve effective concentrations at tumor localization. Based on our better understanding of the genetic and molecular characteristics of CNS tumors; Targeted therapies, including vaccines, and treatment protocols such as immunotherapy are promising developments.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book supposes to be written by many authors who have an internationally honored place in their field to share their ideas about the treatment of CNS tumors. Surgery, Radiotherapy, Chemotherapy and Antiangiogenic Therapy Protocols, Immunotherapy, Molecular Therapy, Specific target-agents therapy with Nanoparticles and Gene Therapy for CNS tumors among the book chapters.
\r\n\tIn these sections; there are many practical pieces of information that can help the students who graduated from the Medicine Faculty and specialist doctors who are interested in Neurosurgery.
Direct-current (DC) resistivity exploration is a traditional geophysical method. It employs two electrodes to inject electric current into the ground and other two electrodes to measure the electric potential difference. The measurements are often carried out along a line or in an area on the earth surface, and then the observed potential differences are converted into sounding curves or pseudo-sections of apparent resistivities, which indicate the resistivity changes of subsurface rocks. Analyses of these data enable us to find the underground resistivity anomalies or outline the subsurface geological structure. With development of computer technology and numerical computational techniques, accurate numerical simulations of subsurface electrical field and acquiring a large amount of data in fields become possible [1, 2, 3], so that the traditional DC resistivity exploration was developed to a computerised geotomography technique, called electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), which employs a multielectrode equipment or system to automatically acquire a large number of data [4, 5] and applies a computer software to the reconstruction of subsurface resistivity structure with the observed data [6, 7, 8, 9, 10]. Due to its conceptual simplicity, low equipment cost and ease of use, ERT is now widely applied in mineral exploration, civil engineering, hydrological prospecting and environmental investigations, as well as archaeological mapping [11]. This chapter provides an overall review of ERT techniques, which consists of four sections: (1) fundamental theory, (2) electrode arrays, (3) numerical modelling and (4) tomographic inversion. In each section, diagrams and formulations are used to illustrate basic concepts and principles of ERT techniques. Some synthetic experiments and practical imaging applications are also given to show the imaging capability of ERT.
According to the continuity of electrical current, the following integral equation is satisfied at any point in a conductive medium:
where Γ is a full or half spherical surface that encloses an electrode that injects electric current
and the property of the delta-function δ(
Electric current density
Here σ is the conductivity of medium, U is the electric potential, Ω represents the volume of the spherical surface Γ, and
Note that Eq. (4) satisfies everywhere in a medium, so that the following governing equation of electric field is obtained:
In general, the conductivity σ(
Sketch of (a) a 2D and (b) a 3D geological model defined by conductivity σ(
which is often named 2.5D governing equation. Here
The simplest geological model is a homogenous half-space. Applying Eq. (3) (equivalent to Eq. (5)) to a constant medium, the surface integral is calculated by
which gives the electric potential at distance
where
Here,
from which
where ΔG = ΔU/
which depends on the positions of four electrodes. Different layouts of four electrodes have variable geometry factors and are often called
If subsurface resistivity is homogenous (ρ0), Eq. (11) shows that no matter which electrode array is used, apparent resistivity is constant (ρa = ρ0). Otherwise, ρa indicates resistivity variation of the underground. For a certain range of apparent resistivity ρa, Eq. (11) also reveals that the geometry factor is inversely proportional to the potential difference ΔG = ΔU/
In order to obtain apparent resistivity in fields, many electrode arrays were developed in the traditional DC resistivity exploration. In principle, ERT requires a high data density and good coverage of the earth surface for high-resolution images of subsurface targets. Dahlin and Zhou [11] carried out synthetic experiments of ERT using 10 electric arrays and compared their imaging results for four geological models: a buried channel, a narrow dike, dipping blocks and waste ponds. They demonstrated that two three-electrode arrays (pole-dipole and dipole-pole) and three four-electrode arrays (dipole–dipole, Schlumberger and gradient arrays) produce satisfactory images of the subsurface targets. However, due to the use of remote electrodes, the three-electrode arrays are rarely applied for ERT in practice; thus, the four-electrode arrays become popular. Particularly, gradient array [12] is well suited for multichannel data acquisition and can significantly increase the speed of data acquisition in the field, and at the same time, it gives higher data density and lower sensitivity to noise than dipole-dipole array. Figure 3 shows three four-electrode arrays (upper row) and their pseudo-sections of data points
where ΔG* denotes a noise-contaminated datum, R is a random number in (−1,1) and
Dipole-dipole, Schlumberger and gradient arrays (upper row) for ERT data acquisition and examples of their pseudo-sections of data points (
Reviewing Figure 3, one may find that gradient array only uses the potential electrodes between
Full-range gradient array (a) for ERT data acquisition and examples of its pseudo-section of data points
If there are boreholes in a field, cross-hole ERT may be carried out to image the geological structure between the boreholes. Zhou and Greenhalgh [14] investigated all possible electrode arrays for cross-hole ERT data acquisition and found that the electrode arrays of pole-pole (A-M), pole-bipole (A-MN), bipole-pole (AB-M), and bipole-bipole (AM-BN) with their multi-spacing cross-hole profiling and scanning surveys are useful for cross-hole ERT. Here the capital letters A and B stand for two current electrodes, and M and N denote two potential electrodes. These cross-hole electrode arrays are shown in Figure 5 with their sensitivity functions in backgrounds [15]. They also found that the electrode arrays which have either both current electrodes or both potential electrodes in the same borehole, e.g. A-MN, AB-M and AB-MN, have a singularity problem in data acquisition (geometry factor goes to infinite so that apparent resistivity and pseudo-reaction are not applicable), namely, zero readings of the potential or potential difference in cross-hole measurements, so that the potential data are easily obscured by background noise and their images are inferior to those from other cross-hole electrode arrays. The data having the singularity problem may be predicated by zero values of the inverse geometry factors, which should be avoided in cross-hole data acquisition. Therefore, A-M, AM-B, and AM-BN with multi-spaces are recommended for cross-hole ERT.
Electrode arrays for cross-hole ERT data acquisition. A and B stand for two current electrodes. M and N denote two potential electrodes. The background contours are the sensitivity functions of the electrode array.
To compute theoretical electric potential U(
where
Adding the artificial boundary conditions Eqs. (14) and (15) to Eq. (5) and (6), numerical modelling becomes to solve the following definite governing equation:
or
The numerical approach to the definite governing equations is called
Weighting residual principle is to calculate the following integral of the governing equation in Eq. (17):
where W is an arbitrary weighting function. Applying the divergence theorem to the above and then submitting the artificial boundary condition yields
In order to calculate the integrals, the model domain Ω is divided into a set of the no-overlap subdomains {Ω
2D and 3D Gaussian quadrature grids for numerical modelling: (a) a 2D model, 8 × 10 subdomains and 7 × 7 Gaussian abscissae in each subdomain and (b) a 3D model, 10 × 10 × 10 subdomains and 5 × 5 × 5 Gaussian abscissae in each subdomain.
and Gaussian weights {
Here,
which can be rewritten in the matrix form for all points (
where
From Eq. (22), one can find that the model conductivity σ(
Numerical modelling for (a) an anticline model and the apparent resistivity pseudo-sections of (b) dipole-dipole, (c) gradient and (d) Schlumberger arrays. The discrete anticline model is also given in the pseudo-sections.
Tomographic inversion is to reconstruct the geological model that offers synthetic data matching with observed data. Due to incompleteness and noise contamination of observed data, the model reconstruction is ill posed (multiple solutions). Therefore, tomographic inversion is often defined as an optimisation of data fittingness with regularisation of the model [28], e.g. a generalised objective function is applied:
where
An
To do so, a global or a local search may be applied to Eq. (25) [30], but the global search is extraordinarily computer time-consuming if
Flowchart of a standard conjugate gradient algorithm for tomographic inversion. Here
for the
Note that the gradient ∇Φ(
Figure 10 shows synthetic experiments for imaging the anticline structure shown in Figure 7a with dipole–dipole, Schlumberger and gradient arrays. The
Tomographic inversion of (a) dipole-dipole, (b) Schlumberger and (c) gradient arrays for the anticline model shown in
Applications of surface and cross-hole electrical resistivity tomography for mapping base of alluvial overburden: (a) integrated resistivity images from surface and cross-hole ERT and (b) geological section from borehole rock samples and logging data.
ERT is a useful near-surface imaging technique, which mainly include data acquisition, numerical modelling and tomographic inversion. For surface data acquisition, dipole-dipole, Schlumberger and gradient arrays are applicable for high-resolution image; particularly, the full-range gradient array may complement to gradient array for better data coverage and completeness of data information. For cross-hole data acquisition, pole-pole (A-M), bipole-pole (AM-N) or pole-bipole (N-AM) and bipole-bipole (AM-BN) can be employed, and the geometry factor and numerical modelling may be applied for designing efficient and effective arrays and exam the imaging capability of ERT for specified targets.
GQG approach is a new version of finite-element modelling. It uses Gaussian abscissae to discrete the model domain and Gaussian weights to compute the volume integral. Therefore, it is much easier to match arbitrary free-surface topography and subsurface interface and computation of the subdomain integrals. It does not require a small size of element and complex element mesh generator. The accuracy of modelling depends on the number of Gaussian abscissae in subdomains. The more abscissae are employed in subdomains, the more accurate modelling result is generated but costs more computer time.
Tomographic inversion is generally implemented by a standard conjugate gradient algorithm, which requires to compute the gradient and the Hessian matrix of an objective function. Two types of objective functions can be applied. One is the
The author thanks the Abu Dhabi Education Council for the Award for Research Excellence (AARE17-273) to financially support this work and greatly appreciates the ROBE company for sharing the results of ERT imaging experiments.
The constant increase in the production of sludge from wastewater treatment plants presents a major environmental problem. Compared to traditional means such as landfill or incineration, agricultural sludge spreading appears to be the most cost-effective option for sludge disposal [1]. The use of sludge in agriculture appears among the most sustainable environmental solutions in their disposal. In fact, sludge potential fertilizer and the high cost of mineral fertilizers promote sludge use in agriculture. Nevertheless, their metallic trace elements content (ETM) presents a real disadvantage in their use. Actually, metallic elements retained by the sludge during wastewater treatment can cause high metallic charges accumulation in soil [2]. Metals can be found in the form of sulphites, oxides, hydroxides, silicates, phosphates, carbonates and insoluble salts. They can also be adsorbed or associated with the organic matter of the sludge. The amount of metals in the sludge depends on the origin of the wastewater and the treatments it has undergone [3, 4]. It is, therefore, necessary to try to understand the mechanisms and factors involved in the transfer of these elements into the soil and their effects on the plant following the addition of sludge. The behavior of heavy metals in soils and their absorption by plants depend on the quality of the sludge, the nature of the metal, the physico-chemical properties of the soils and the plant species. Plants differ in their ability to absorb and accumulate metals [2, 3]. From the perspective of an agricultural recovery of sludge, we have tried to contribute to the study of the impact of sludge on the transfer of metallic trace elements in the sludge-soil–plant system. Therefore, a field experiment was carried out in Oued Souhil (Tunisia). In this context, we propose to study the effect of two types of urban and industrial sludge on the distribution and compartmentalization of metallic trace elements in the different organs of two species (durum wheat and rapeseed) chosen according to their absorption capacity.
The experimental protocol was installed in the field to the Agricultural Experiment Station of Oued Souhil - Nabeul, situated about 60 kilometers from Tunis and belonging to the National Institute for Research in Rural Engineering Water and Forest.
The urban mud used in this study is taken from the wastewater treatment plant in Korba with a treatment system at low load activated sludge followed by maturation. Sludge from this station underwent a stabilization in aerobic followed by drying on beds. The dry sludge is removed from the drying bed.
The industrial mud is provided from wastewater treatment plant Bou Argoub which hosts two big companies, the Tunisian beverage manufacturing company (SFBT) specialized in the food industry, and Assad company specialized in the electrical industry. Sludge from this station underwent a stabilization in aerobic followed by drying on beds. This sludge is loaded with heavy metals especially lead and chromium.
The plant materials that were used in this experiment are the rapeseed (
Experimentation was carried out on two juxtaposed plots reserved for each crop (wheat or rapeseed). For each type of sludge, four doses (5, 25, 50 and 100 t ha−1) were used. Results were compared to a control soil without any treatment.
Sludges were manually dug into the soil. Before utilization, the sludge was analyzed.
The soil was analyzed before the application of sludge and after the harvest. Sampling was conducted between the lines using an auger at four depths (0–10, 10–20, 20–40 and 40–60 cm).
In the laboratory, soil samples were dried in open air and sieved to 2 mm or 0.2 mm depending on the type of analysis required. The main measured parameters were particle size, total calcium, conductivity, carbon, organic matter, total nitrogen and heavy metals concentration. For the particle size, we used the method of the International pipette Robinson, which is essentially based on the destruction of organic matter in the soil using H2O2 and the dispersion of clays by sodium hexametaphosphate. Clays and silts are measured in the suspension of land following the decay time that depends on particle diameter (NF X 31–107). The settling velocity was measured by the formula of Stokes. The Mud and soil samples were analyzed by XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence) and ICP-AES (Inductive Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry Activa–Horiba Jobin Yvon Spectrometer) in the Geosciences and environment Department of National School of Mines in Saint Etienne. The Soil pH was measured by using a 1:2 soil to water ratio. Plant samples were washed with tap water and rinsed three times with distilled water, then separated into leaves, stems and roots, dried at 40°C to constant weight, crushed and sieved at 2 mm. Moreover, the digestion of plant samples was performed using nitric concentrated acid, according to [5, 6, 7, 8]. The plant extracts were analyzed by ICP-AES.
The sowings were performed with 50 seeds m2–1 for rapeseed and 350 seedsm2–1 for wheat. The rapeseed harvest was performed after the formation of slices. We weighed the aerial part and the root. The same work was done to wheat. The samples were subsequently dried and crushed ore to determine the mix of metals in different parts of the plant. The different parts of the plant were dried at 80°C to constant weight and then crushed to a fine powder using a porcelain mortar to prevent metal contamination. Digestion is done at high temperature (70°C) with aqua regia. For histological analysis, preparing the samples carefully for transmission microscopy was essential for obtaining reliable results. Therefore, samples were set at 4°C with a solution of 20.5% glutaraldehyde, pH was maintained at 7.4 with a solution of sodium cacodylate (0.1 M). The samples were then washed with sodium cacodylate buffer (0.1 M) and post-fixed in a solution of 1% osmium tetroxide in veronal buffered (0.1 M) [9]. After several washes in distilled water, the samples were dehydrated with a graded ethanol series of increasing concentrations going from 30 to 100%. The final inclusions were made from a mixture of resin [10]. Only the sections with interference colors are gray or silver, that is to say (thickness of 600 to 900A° (1A° = 0.1 nm)) were collected and deposited on a copper grid with 3 mm diameter. The ultrathin sections were mixed using an alcoholic solution of uranyl acetate and 7 by 1% lead citrate [11]. On top of that, observations were made using a Hitatchi H800 electron microscope.
The data were subjected to analysis of variance. The comparison of means at 5% level of significance was performed by the Newman–Keuls test using the Statistica 7 software.
The amount of heavy metal in sludge is not a good indicator for metal availability for
BCF = Metal content (mg kg−1) in root/metal content (mg kg−1) in sludge (1)
BAF = Mean metal content (mg kg−1) in shoot (root+straw+spike)/metal content (mg kg−1) in sludge (2)
TF = Mean metal Content (mg kg−1) in shoot (root+straw+spike) /metal content (mg kg−1) in root (3)
XRD analyzes have shown that industrial sludge has high levels of chromium and lead. These elements mainly exist as Daubreelite Cr2FeS4, Brezininaite Cr3S4, Wattersite Hg5CrO6, Crocoite PbC2O4, Pheonicochroite Pb2O (CrO4) and lead oxalate PbC2O4. As for urban sludge, we note the absence of chromium and the presence of lead in the form of Macphersonite Pb4 (CO3)2(SO4) and Lanarkite Pb2O (SO4).
The results of the XRD spectrum (Figure 1) were confirmed by those obtained by the chemical and mineralogical analysis (SEM) shown in Table 1. Thus, industrial sludge from BouArgoub has very high levels of chromium, lead and cadmium. These contents are higher than the limit values of the Tunisian standard NT-106, which is not the case of urban sludge of Korba. Both types of sludge are rich in organic matter and nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus.
XRD spectrum of sludge from urban (a) and industrial (b) wastewater treatment plants.
Contents | Industrial sludge | Urban sludge | Tunisian standard |
---|---|---|---|
pH | 6.3 | 6.7 | <6 |
MO % | 57.9 | 66.6 | 50–70% |
N % | 4.3 | 5.2 | 3–9% |
C % | 31.9 | 39.0 | ND |
C/N | 7.5 | 7.4 | 5–12 |
Fe2O3% | 1.02 | 1.88 | ND |
MnO % | 0.03 | 0.02 | <1% |
MgO % | 0.8 | 1.22 | ND |
CaO % | 8.51 | 13.4 | ND |
P2O5% | 2.18 | 3.24 | 4–5% |
Cd mg kg−1 | 11 | 3 | 20 |
Co mg kg−1 | 18 | 28 | ND |
Cu mg kg−1 | 68 | 158 | 1000 |
Fe mg kg−1 | 8300 | 10,700 | ND |
Mn mg kg−1 | 81 | 152 | ND |
Ni mg kg−1 | 49 | 78 | 200 |
Pb mg kg−1 | 577 | 63 | 800 |
Zn mg kg−1 | 360 | 440 | 2000 |
Cr mg kg−1 | 8030 | 155 | 500 |
Chemical contents (mg kg−1) of industrial sewage sludge, urban sewage sludge and Tunisian standard values [12].
According to [13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18] sludge is a good source of nutrients for plant growth, it can improve the physical properties of the soil. Vlamis et al. [19, 20] reported that sludge can replace mineral fertilization. Phosphorus in sludge is as effective as phosphorus in fertilizers in increasing the extractable phosphorus in the soil to the level required for crop growth. Likewise, calcium carbonate in sludge increases soil pH more effectively than agricultural lime.
Our results made it possible to highlight the action of the sludge on the behavior of the plant in qualitative and quantitative terms. During the first year of experimentation, the productions obtained were generally higher than those obtained on the control plots. A dose-effect was very clear. The dose of 100 t ha−1 records the highest production whatever the crop. Similar results are obtained by other authors. A clear improving action of sludge on English Ray Grass production [21, 22, 23]. Zaier et al. [24] showed that the sludge significantly stimulates the biomass production of B. napus. Similar results have been demonstrated by [25] who showed that the biomass production of durum wheat was significantly improved by 18% with the addition of 40 t ha−1 of sewage sludge. Pasqualone et al. [26] found positive effects of increasing sludge doses on durum wheat productivity, 12 kg ha−1 of sludge was demonstrated to can effectively replace mineral fertilization. Boudjabi et al. [27] found a significant increase in the number of tillers, ears and kernels per ear of barley in amended soils. This has been linked to an improvement in the physical and chemical properties of soils. This beneficial effect has been observed on several crops such as wheat, sorghum, maize, chili peppers, barley and potatoes [21, 28, 29, 30, 31].
For the two types of sludge, the results of the second application show a positive effect on rapeseed production at the doses of 5 t ha−1 and 25 t ha−1. However, in this second application, industrial sludge causes an increase in the concentration of metals in the soil, especially chromium, cadmium and lead. The cumulative application of industrial sludge generates an excessive accumulation of heavy metals [32, 33] which could be harmful to soil fertility, affecting the ecosystem and human health [34]. Marchiol et al. [35] observed that
During the experimentation, the plants presented a normal appearance but some rapeseed leaves cultivated in plots having received 200 t ha−1 of industrial sludge show spots of necrosis and a purplish color. In the literature, these symptoms are described as due to phosphate deficiency. Soil rich in iron or zinc can reduce the absorption capacity of phosphate ions, which could occur as a result of adding sludge to the soil [36]. In this context, [37] have also shown that the presence of high levels of lead can cause the formation of precipitate of lead phosphates, which cannot be assimilated by plants and consequently a phosphorus deficiency can occur. For rapeseed, we have seen a delay in germination in certain plots following a cumulative effect of industrial sludge. Also, germination appeared to be inhibited by the presence of urban sludge. Laboratory experiments confirmed this effect, but showed that germination was not permanently inhibited, but simply delayed. The latency period is dose-dependent, so it increases depending to the amount of sludge added. A similar effect was induced by heavy metals (Cu, Ni, Zn) in aqueous solution [38]. Also, germination is positively correlated with the degree of stability of the sludge and the organic matter contents [39]. The observed delay of germination was restored after one month and the development cycle resumed normally.
A study by [40] showed that sludge causes the late maturity of wheat. This was not the case in our experimentation where the wheat development cycle was not disrupted. An increase in crop yield resulted in an increase in the number of seed in our study. We also mentioned that urban sludge increases the oil yield of rapeseed after the 1st spreading. Similarly, [41] has shown that urban sludge considerably increases the productivity of sunflower oil. The use of urban sludge as a fertilizer has been considered for years given its richness in organic matter and nutrients [41, 42]. However, sludge contains phytotoxic metals which can cause certain problems at high levels [43]. The response of plants to these metals varies considerably from one species to another [44, 45, 46] and the results obtained are disparate. Other factors including edaphic can intervene. In our work, we have shown that whatever the site of culture (control, contaminated, heavily contaminated), wheat has a lower concentration of heavy metals than rapeseed. However, these differences are minimal on the control site and are accentuated with the addition of sludge, especially in the presence of industrial sludge. This finding is not the same for the seed since, on the control site, the wheat seems to concentrate more heavy metals than rapeseed, but this is only due to the high zinc contents of wheat seeds. If we disregard the zinc, we find the same result. In fact, Brassicaceae are generally considered to be metal accumulators that can tolerate high concentrations [47] unlike cereals [48]. However, the accumulating power of rapeseed remains low to consider phytoremediation [49]. It is important to note that both rapeseed and durum wheat were able to survive on a site treated with sludge loaded with heavy metals. This capacity may be due both to the existence of tolerance strategies in the plant making the assimilation of metal limited and also to the strong metal bonds in the sludge and the soil rich in matter organic. Most heavy metals can also be stored and detoxified in root tissues with minimal translocation to leaves whose cells are sensitive to phytotoxic effects [50, 51, 52, 53, 54].
Actually, the extent of metal contamination depends both on the concentration of the metal in the environment and on the intrinsic factors of the metal. The concentrations of the main tracemetalic elements are represented in Figure 2. In the control environments and those treated by urban sludge, the Zn contents are higher than the other metals while cadmium was the least abundant. The concentrations founded were as following: Zn > > Cr > Cu > Ni > Pb > Co > Cd. For the environments treated by industrial sludge, the amounts of trace elements were completely different, reflecting an increase in chromium and lead amounts. The concentrations founded in these environments were as following: Cr > > Zn > > Pb > Cu > Ni > Co > Cd.
Effect of metal on some of metal trace element concentrations in the plant.
The presence of metals in the soil can influence the uptake of essential nutrients for plant growth [55, 56]. The essential divalent cations such as Ca2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Mg2+ compete with toxic metals such as Cd. Therefore, the increase in the contents of these elements can reduce the absorption of metals such as Cd [57, 58, 59]. However, in our experimentation, for the rapeseed, we noted a synergy between a non-essential metal Cd and a trace element Zn. Also, the increase of Cd absorption decreases the absorption of iron and manganese by the root (Figure 3). These observations are explained by competitions between these different cations for surface complexation sites in the root and for the unspecific carriers of major cations or trace elements. Other works have shown that treatment with cadmium can cause deficiencies in iron, copper and manganese [57, 60].
Influence of cadmium on the absorption of zinc, iron and manganese in rapeseed roots.
For wheat, the absorption of iron, manganese and zinc increases according to the doses (Figure 4) of the sludge and probably plays a non-negligible beneficial role on the Phyto availability of non-essential elements such as cadmium, an antagonistic effect could have taken place, which could explain the negligible Cd contents found in wheat [61].
Effect of industrial sludge on the absorption of zinc, iron and manganese in the roots of durum wheat.
Sludge application causes a high accumulation of metallic trace elements in the soil, these metallic elements are then driven to the roots and finally to the aerial part. The addition of industrial sludge causes a significant contamination of the soil and the roots by heavy metals while the degree of contamination at the level of the aerial part is lower as shown in Figure 5. For urban sludge, the accumulation of heavy metals is high but much less than that of industrial sludge. The comparison between contaminated and uncontaminated environments shows that the more the environment is polluted with ETM (Trace Metal Elements), the higher the contents of these elements in the plant.
Accumulation of metallic trace elements in the soil spread by sludges and in the different parts of the plant.
The difference in behavior between aerial organs and roots with respect to heavy metals is reflected in the ultrastructure. From a cytological point of view, the number of cells in apoptosis is higher in the roots. This suggests the existence of much more effective bio protection modalities in the root. The high doses of the sludge cause ultrastructural changes in the roots, but the nucleus retains its integrity and the chromatin is evenly distributed. As for the cytosol, it has a contracted appearance with grouping of ribosomes into polysomes. Mitochondria change their shape and have swollen ridges (Figure 6).
(a) central cylinder of control roots in longitudinal section (Gr * 40). (b) central cylinder of a control root in cross section (c) Cross section of a root treated with 100 t ha−1 BU (Gr * 40). (d, e) Central cylinder of a root of treatment 100BI (Gr * 40). Cp: Parenchymal cell; X: xylem; RL: Woody rays; CC: central cylinder; P: periderm.
Fragmentation of the vacuole into many small vacuoles is also observed (Figure 6). The plasma membranes appear damaged. The best-known strategy is to interfere with the entry of heavy metals into root cells by trapping them in the apoplasm where they associate with organic acids [62] or anionic groups in cell walls [63]. Once inside the plant, most heavy metals are held in deep cells, where they are detoxified by complexing with amino acids, organic acids or peptides and or they are sequestered in vacuoles [51]. This greatly limits translocation to aerial organs, thus protecting the leaf tissues, and in particular the metabolites of photosynthetic cells against possible damage. Another defense mechanism generally adopted by plants exposed to heavy metals is the improvement of cellular antioxidant systems which would limit oxidative stress [52, 53].
The export of metals to the aerial part is accompanied by physiological disturbances. A decrease in chlorophyll could be induced by excess zinc and cadmium [64]. Our results confirm this fact as shown in Figure 7. Likewise, a decrease in the level of carotenoids can be linked to an excess of cadmium [65] or to an excess of copper [66].
(a) Variation of heavy metals in the leaf as a function of treatment. (b): Effect of cadmium on the biosynthesis of chlorophyll, proline, and MDA in the leaves of rapeseed.
Metals alter electron transport and inhibit the activity of Calvin cycle enzymes [67]. High doses of industrial sludge also weaken photosynthetic activity [68, 69] and cause a gradual decrease in photochemical quenching (qp) [70, 71] accompanied by a significant increase in non-photochemical quenching (NPQ).
Chromium directly inhibits one of the key enzymes in chlorophyll biosynthesis NADPH [72]. Likewise, several metals such as Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, and Ni can replace Mg in chlorophylls, resulting in inactive molecules [73, 74, 75]. In the leaf, excess metals can also induce changes in membrane stiffness, permeability and stability [76]. At the cellular level, rearrangements were observed (Figures 8 and 9). The damage produced at mitochondria and chloroplasts is more severe than that of the nucleus.
Observation under a transmission electron microscope of cross sections of root cortical cells of a control plant (2a and 2b) and of a plant treated with 100 t ha−1 industrial sludge (2c to 2f). 2 a: Plasmalemma (pl) of a cortical cell of a control root 2 b: Cell organelles of a control root with homogeneous distribution of ribosomes (r). 2 c: Retraction of the cytoplasm with detachment of the plasmalemma and formation of a periplasmic space (ep). 2 d-e: Vesicular formations (vf) and membrane formations (fm). 2 f: Degradation of the primary (PI) and secondary (PII) wall.Pp.: Pectocellulosic wall, m: Mitochondria Ag: Golgie apparatus, cy: Cytoplasm, pr: Polyribosome.
Observation under a transmission electron microscope of the cortical zone of a rapeseed stem from the control treatment (a and b) (a: General appearance of the cell and b: Appearance of the nucleus (N) and after a contribution of 100 t ha−1 BI (c, d and e) (c: Detachment of the plasma membrane (pl) and formation of periplasmic space; d: Irregularly shaped nucleus divided into small nucleoli (nu); e: Vesicle surrounded by a single membrane and containing certain cellular organelles (nucleus, mitochondria and peroxisome (p) and in the presence of 100 t ha−1 BU (f) with pairing of Golgian saccules forming a dictyosome (Ag) and releasing Golgian vesicles giving rise to lysosomes. (di): Cytoplasmic digitation.
In the leaves of plants cultivated in the presence of high doses of industrial sludge loaded with metals, the number of chloroplasts has decreased. Similar results have been reported by [77]. Other structural damage is also frequently observed such as swelling of chloroplasts, rupture of the envelope, deformation of thylakoids. The thylakoid membranes lose their parallel arrangement, the grana become disorganized and the thylakoid surface is reduced. These ultra-structural changes are accompanied by an increase in the degree of membrane lipid peroxidation, appreciated by the production of malondialdehyde. We have also observed an enlargement of the mitochondria, the disintegration of the membranes, the disappearance of the ridges and a clear vacuolation. The intensity of toxicity actually varies from cell to cell.
The attenuation of toxicity could be due, for example, to the retention of metals on the cell wall [78] or their sequestration in the vacuole [79] or their storage in inactivated on specific proteins, amino amines or peptides.
The study of the risks of ETM (Trace Metal Elements) associated with the spreading of sludge requires not only knowledge of the total metal content, but also of the metal content in the various compartments that make up the soil. Nevertheless, assessing the total stock of an element is a good approach to study the degree and extent of soil contamination by a metallic element. Our results have shown that in general, heavy metals are preferentially localized in the surface horizon and this for different media (Figure 10). However, on the control medium, the difference in accumulation between the 3 horizons is minimal and the contents are more or less comparable. The more the environment is polluted, the greater the difference in accumulation between the horizons. In fact, the level of accumulation of heavy metals depending on the pollution of the environment is much greater at the surface horizon than for the underlying horizons.
Accumulation of heavy metals in the different horizons of the soil.4.
The second addition of sludge increases the ETM (Trace Metal Elements) content in the soil of the two crops. The surface layer (0-10 cm) appears the richest in cadmium, chromium and lead. After the second harvest, the cultivated wheat soil has higher ETM (Trace Metal Elements) contents than those of the rapeseed plots (Figure 11). This is due to the low extracting power of wheat compared to rapeseed. In a study on Brassica napus, [80] reported that in the presence of sewage sludge the extraction of heavy metals by this species increases significantly due to its hyperaccumulation power, but its use in phytoremediation is a very long process.
Comparison of heavy metals in the different horizons of the soil (between 0 and 10 cm and 10 and 20 cm) after the first and second harvest.
To assess the risk associated with heavy metals in the case of spreading waste products (sludge, compost, wastewater, etc.), one of the most widely used methods is to prevent the accumulation of trace elements in the soil [81, 82]. Only the soil and sludge contents, as well as the quantities of sludge added are taken into account. Taking into account all our data, we tried to make a balance in order to assess the risk of saturation of the soil by heavy metals provided by the different types of sludge in the case of our experiment. The results obtained are shown in Table 2. It emerges from this table that for all the heavy metals, the soil reaches saturation much more quickly with the input of industrial sludge than for urban sludge and this is easily explained by the respective quality of sludge. For urban sludge, the probable duration of saturation varies between 361 and more than 160,000 years depending on the sequence: Cd >> > Ni > Pb > Cr > > Cu > Zn. This is in favor of the use of urban sludge given that the risk of soil contamination is low, in particular for toxic metals (Cadmium, Chromium and Lead) and that the elements which arrive first at the thresholds are copper and zinc which are trace elements essential to the plant. The problem arises differently with the spreading of industrial sludge highly loaded with heavy metals. Indeed, in this case the risk of contamination is present since the saturation time drops to very low levels for toxic heavy metals to reach less than 10 years for cadmium and chromium and 30 years for lead. The sequence found is: Ni > Cu > Zn > Pb > Cd > Cr.
Cd | Cu | Cr | Ni | Pb | Zn | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Heavy metals soil standard (ppm) | 3 | 140 | 150 | 75 | 150 | 300 |
Wheat and rapeseed soil (ppm) | ||||||
Average annual contribution per BU of 5 t ha −1 year−1 (g ha−1 year−1) | ||||||
Increase due to sludge | ||||||
Average annual contribution per Industrial Sludge 5 t Ha−1(g ha−1 year−1) | ||||||
Increase due to sludge | ||||||
Assessment of the risk of soil saturation by heavy metals provided by the different types of sludge.
Once in the soil, some of these metals persist due to their immobile nature and the risk of crossing plants is low. Their in-depth migration is unlikely. On the other hand, the most mobile elements can transfer through the soil to the aquifer or be absorbed by the plant. Besides the intrinsic criteria of metals, their bioavailability and their transfer are more or less modified, in particular by edaphic factors such as pH, temperature and organic matter contents, hence the need to take into account all factors for success of a spreading project.
The decontamination of polluted soils can be considered but remains a rather long process requiring a lot of time [80] calculated that more than 1000 years would be needed to clean up a contaminated site. These results have been confirmed by [83]. Likewise, [84] studying the phytoextraction of
When metals migrate through plants and the food chain is involved, account must be taken of the amounts of the metals that can be transferred to consumers. As
An increase in the levels of metallic trace elements was indeed mentioned at seed level during the second campaign. We also detected a decrease in the oil content with the addition of industrial sludge. The composition of total lipids in fatty acids shows an increase in the percentage of oleic acid (C18: 1) at the expense of linoleic (C18: 2) and linolenic (C18: 3) acids under the effect of heavy metals provided by industrial sludge while no difference is recorded with urban sludge regardless of the dose. No significant difference in heavy metal content was observed with the contribution of different doses of urban sludge, even after two years of spraying. On the other hand, we detected increases in most of the heavy metals, in particular for the high doses of industrial sludge.
The cadmium contents increase significantly with the contribution of 100 t ha−1, it reaches 25 ppb following the cumulative contribution. For lead and chromium, the increase is especially visible at the 100 t ha−1 dose. These increases become more important during the second year. For nickel, the levels are higher compared to the control from the addition of 50 t ha−1 of industrial sludge for the two spreading operations. For wheat, the composition of the seeds in metallic trace elements is little or not affected by the contribution of sludge. The observed increases concerned only a few metals and for the excessive doses of industrial sludge. In order to assess the health risk linked to heavy metals via the consumption of products amended with sewage sludge, we tried to theoretically determine the daily exposure of consumers of these products to heavy metals (EJE) and to compare it with tolerable toxicological doses (TDI). The TDI is defined as the amount of contaminants that can be ingested daily without adverse health effects [86, 87]. The harmful potential of a product is the greater the lower the TDI value. In our calculations, we considered the seeds of wheat and rapeseed oil that are suitable for human consumption.
The daily exposure dose attributable to the consumption of these EJE products is calculated according to the formula [88]:
With: [C product]: Concentration of the metal in wheat grains or rapeseed oil; Product qty.: consumption of the product at the 95th percentile (g person−1 day−1) which is equal to 382 g day−1 for adult person weighing 60 kg for wheat [88] and 25 g day −1 for rapeseed oil [87]. For the trace and zero contents, we assimilated them to the detection limits of the dosing device.
The intake of sludge in its two forms has no effect on the theoretical exposure to Cd of high consumers of wheat, which is estimated at 3.8 μg person−1 day−1 for all the treatments (Table 3). These values are clearly lower than the TDI which is 60 μg person−1 day−1. The problem arises differently for Pb where the dose of sludge (urban and industrial) influences by increasing the level of exposure of consumers but the values obtained are all below the TDI (216 μg person−1 day−1). It should be noted that the higher the dose, the closer one gets to the TDI. For Ni, the intake of both types of sludge increases consumer exposure to this element but without a net dose effect. In addition, the values obtained remain below the TDI (720 μg person−1 day−1). Exposure to Cr is increased with the addition of industrial sludge. Nevertheless, the comparison with the TDI could not be made because the available TDI is fixed for Cr III and Cr IV while our data relate to total Cr.
Estimated exposure μg person−1 day−1 | EJE/DJT | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 3,8 | 19,1 | 525,3 | 261,7 | 0,064 | 0,088 | — | 0,363 | |
5BU | 3,8 | 19,1 | 540,5 | 355,3 | 0,064 | 0,088 | — | 0,493 | |
25BU | 3,8 | 19,1 | 498,5 | 395,4 | 0,064 | 0,088 | — | 0,549 | |
50BU | 3,8 | 143,3 | 548,2 | 336,2 | 0,064 | 0,663 | — | 0,467 | |
100BU | 3,8 | 191,0 | 531,0 | 269,3 | 0,064 | 0,884 | — | 0,374 | |
5BI | 3,8 | 19,1 | 624,6 | 382,0 | 0,064 | 0,088 | — | 0,531 | |
25BI | 3,8 | 59,2 | 618,8 | 368,6 | 0,064 | 0,274 | — | 0,512 | |
50BI | 3,8 | 210,1 | 601,7 | 389,6 | 0,064 | 0,973 | — | 0,541 | |
100BI | 3,8 | 194,8 | 685,7 | 475,6 | 0,064 | 0,902 | — | 0,661 | |
Control | 0,003 | 0,005 | 0,0002 | 0,014 | 4,3E-05 | 2,52E-05 | — | 1,98E-05 | |
5BU | 0,003 | 0,005 | 0,0001 | 0,016 | 4,3E-05 | 2,44E-05 | — | 2,27E-05 | |
25BU | 0,003 | 0,006 | 0,0002 | 0,016 | 4,3E-05 | 2,60E-05 | — | 2,20E-05 | |
50BU | 0,003 | 0,005 | 0,0002 | 0,016 | 4,3E-05 | 2,44E-05 | — | 2,22E-05 | |
100BU | 0,003 | 0,005 | 0,0002 | 0,017 | 4,3E-05 | 2,52E-05 | — | 2,31E-05 | |
5BI | 0,003 | 0,005 | 0,0002 | 0,014 | 4,5E-05 | 2,44E-05 | — | 1,91E-05 | |
25BI | 0,005 | 0,006 | 0,0002 | 0,014 | 7,9E-05 | 2,60E-05 | — | 1,89E-05 | |
50BI | 0,016 | 0,006 | 0,0003 | 0,017 | 2,6E-04 | 2,83E-05 | — | 2,38E-05 | |
100BI | 0,055 | 0,014 | 0,0008 | 0,016 | 9,2E-04 | 6,61E-05 | — | 2,22E-05 |
Estimated exposure and calculated mean Hazard quotient.
The hazard quotient (QD) is defined by the ratio between the calculated EJE and the corresponding TDI, according to the formula of [89] i.e. QD = EJE/DJT If the hazard quotient is greater than 1, the occurrence of Adverse effects related to toxicants are potentially possible. Otherwise, the risk can be considered as theoretically non-existent. All the ratios calculated for wheat seed are less than 1, however it is important to note that the high doses, especially of industrial sludge, increase the QD which rapidly approaches 1 for Ni and in particular Pb. It is probable that ‘it is the same for Cr. Thus, it is imperative to note that whatever the quality of the sludge, the spreading must be done at suitable doses and must be controlled. For rapeseed oil, the estimated daily exposure is extremely low since the values are infinitely low and are much lower than the respective TDI. It should be noted that for Cd and Pb, the 100 t ha−1 BI increase EJE. From a metals point of view, the addition of sludge, especially urban sludge and at low doses, does not generate a health risk, however, it should not be forgotten that the metals can be introduced by other products which must be taken into account in the process risk assessment hence the need to monitor these situations.
The spreading of sludge from wastewater treatment plants increased the production of durum wheat and rapeseed. Their richness in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium gives them a beneficial effect on crops. However, the application of sludge can induce increases in the concentration of metals in plant tissues. This increase can generate disturbances at the level of the cell and organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts which can be altered. Repeated applications of sludge at the same site tend to increase the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil which can cause toxicities to soil microorganisms, animals and humans, via the food chain. However, it is important to note that these harmful effects mainly concerned industrial sludge, but the use of this sludge is strictly prohibited. In addition, the high doses used in our field experiments are clearly higher than those authorized in agricultural practice. Finally, the risk assessment by calculating both the level of exposure for the consumer and the number of years for a soil to be saturated shows that the use of urban sludge is safe, particularly in the short and medium term. Nevertheless, the quality of the sludge to be spread must be constantly checked. Other metallic trace elements such as mercury, boron brought in by the sludge must be taken into account.
This work was supported by National Institute for Rural Engineering research, Water and Forestry, Tunis and Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint Etienne, France.
The authors of chapiter submitted for publication, we confirm that the results presented in this paper are real and original. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. The opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent any agency determination or policy.
IntechOpen implements a robust policy to minimize and deal with instances of fraud or misconduct. As part of our general commitment to transparency and openness, and in order to maintain high scientific standards, we have a well-defined editorial policy regarding Retractions and Corrections.
",metaTitle:"Retraction and Correction Policy",metaDescription:"Retraction and Correction Policy",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/retraction-and-correction-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"IntechOpen’s Retraction and Correction Policy has been developed in accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) publication guidelines relating to scientific misconduct and research ethics:
\\n\\n1. RETRACTIONS
\\n\\nA Retraction of a Chapter will be issued by the Academic Editor, either following an Author’s request to do so or when there is a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct. Upon receipt of a report by a 3rd party, the Academic Editor will investigate any allegations of scientific misconduct, working in cooperation with the Author(s) and their institution(s).
\\n\\nA formal Retraction will be issued when there is clear and conclusive evidence of any of the following:
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\\n\\n1.2. REMOVALS AND CANCELLATIONS
\\n\\n2. STATEMENTS OF CONCERN
\\n\\nA Statement of Concern detailing alleged misconduct will be issued by the Academic Editor or publisher following a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct when:
\\n\\nIntechOpen believes that the number of occasions on which a Statement of Concern is issued will be very few in number. In all cases when such a decision has been taken by the Academic Editor the decision will be reviewed by another editor to whom the author can make representations.
\\n\\n3. CORRECTIONS
\\n\\nA Correction will be issued by the Academic Editor when:
\\n\\n3.1. ERRATUM
\\n\\nAn Erratum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter originates from the production process handled by the publisher.
\\n\\nA published Erratum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\\n\\n3.2. CORRIGENDUM
\\n\\nA Corrigendum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter is a result of an Author’s miscalculation or oversight. A published Corrigendum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\\n\\n4. FINAL REMARKS
\\n\\nIntechOpen wishes to emphasize that the final decision on whether a Retraction, Statement of Concern, or a Correction will be issued rests with the Academic Editor. The publisher is obliged to act upon any reports of scientific misconduct in its publications and to make a reasonable effort to facilitate any subsequent investigation of such claims.
\\n\\nIn the case of Retraction or removal of the Work, the publisher will be under no obligation to refund the APC.
\\n\\nThe general principles set out above apply to Retractions and Corrections issued in all IntechOpen publications.
\\n\\nAny suggestions or comments on this Policy are welcome and may be sent to permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2017-09-11
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen’s Retraction and Correction Policy has been developed in accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) publication guidelines relating to scientific misconduct and research ethics:
\n\n1. RETRACTIONS
\n\nA Retraction of a Chapter will be issued by the Academic Editor, either following an Author’s request to do so or when there is a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct. Upon receipt of a report by a 3rd party, the Academic Editor will investigate any allegations of scientific misconduct, working in cooperation with the Author(s) and their institution(s).
\n\nA formal Retraction will be issued when there is clear and conclusive evidence of any of the following:
\n\nPublishing of a Retraction Notice will adhere to the following guidelines:
\n\n1.2. REMOVALS AND CANCELLATIONS
\n\n2. STATEMENTS OF CONCERN
\n\nA Statement of Concern detailing alleged misconduct will be issued by the Academic Editor or publisher following a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct when:
\n\nIntechOpen believes that the number of occasions on which a Statement of Concern is issued will be very few in number. In all cases when such a decision has been taken by the Academic Editor the decision will be reviewed by another editor to whom the author can make representations.
\n\n3. CORRECTIONS
\n\nA Correction will be issued by the Academic Editor when:
\n\n3.1. ERRATUM
\n\nAn Erratum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter originates from the production process handled by the publisher.
\n\nA published Erratum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\n\n3.2. CORRIGENDUM
\n\nA Corrigendum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter is a result of an Author’s miscalculation or oversight. A published Corrigendum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\n\n4. FINAL REMARKS
\n\nIntechOpen wishes to emphasize that the final decision on whether a Retraction, Statement of Concern, or a Correction will be issued rests with the Academic Editor. The publisher is obliged to act upon any reports of scientific misconduct in its publications and to make a reasonable effort to facilitate any subsequent investigation of such claims.
\n\nIn the case of Retraction or removal of the Work, the publisher will be under no obligation to refund the APC.
\n\nThe general principles set out above apply to Retractions and Corrections issued in all IntechOpen publications.
\n\nAny suggestions or comments on this Policy are welcome and may be sent to permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2017-09-11
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This chapter aims to inform the synthesis methods of the silver nanoparticles.",book:{id:"6552",slug:"silver-nanoparticles-fabrication-characterization-and-applications",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",fullTitle:"Silver Nanoparticles - Fabrication, Characterization and Applications"},signatures:"Remziye Güzel and Gülbahar Erdal",authors:[{id:"226613",title:"Dr.",name:"Remziye",middleName:null,surname:"Güzel",slug:"remziye-guzel",fullName:"Remziye Güzel"},{id:"240772",title:"MSc.",name:"Gülbahar",middleName:null,surname:"Erdal",slug:"gulbahar-erdal",fullName:"Gülbahar Erdal"}]},{id:"71326",title:"Stability of Metal Complexes",slug:"stability-of-metal-complexes",totalDownloads:2384,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"The stability of coordination complex is an important factor that decides the stability and reactivity of a metal complex. The stability of metal complex is governed by two different aspects such as thermodynamic and kinetic stabilities. The correlation between stability and reactivity of coordination compounds has been described in this chapter. This chapter also enlists the factors influencing the stability of metal complexes such as the nature of metal ions, ligands, bonding between metal ions and ligands, etc. In addition, the methods available for the determination of stability constants are given in detail.",book:{id:"9190",slug:"stability-and-applications-of-coordination-compounds",title:"Stability and Applications of Coordination Compounds",fullTitle:"Stability and Applications of Coordination Compounds"},signatures:"Senthilkumar Muthaiah, Anita Bhatia and Muthukumar Kannan",authors:null},{id:"60518",title:"Synthetic Methods for Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles: A Review",slug:"synthetic-methods-for-titanium-dioxide-nanoparticles-a-review",totalDownloads:5268,totalCrossrefCites:29,totalDimensionsCites:55,abstract:"Titanium dioxide (TiO2) semiconductor nanoparticles are one kind of important and promising photocatalysts in photocatalysis because of their unique optical and electronic properties. Their properties, which are determined by the preparation method, are very crucial in photocatalysis. In this chapter, an overview was carried out on the different methods that are used or have been used to prepare titanium dioxide nanoparticles. There are various methods that can be used to synthesize TiO2 and the most commonly used methods include sol-gel process, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and hydrothermal method among others. This review will focus on selected preparation methods of titanium dioxide photocatalyst.",book:{id:"6426",slug:"titanium-dioxide-material-for-a-sustainable-environment",title:"Titanium Dioxide",fullTitle:"Titanium Dioxide - Material for a Sustainable Environment"},signatures:"Pardon Nyamukamba, Omobola Okoh, Henry Mungondori,\nRaymond Taziwa and Simcelile Zinya",authors:[{id:"196100",title:"Dr.",name:"Raymond",middleName:null,surname:"Taziwa",slug:"raymond-taziwa",fullName:"Raymond Taziwa"},{id:"219920",title:"Prof.",name:"Omobola",middleName:null,surname:"Okoh",slug:"omobola-okoh",fullName:"Omobola Okoh"},{id:"226567",title:"Dr.",name:"Pardon",middleName:null,surname:"Nyamukamba",slug:"pardon-nyamukamba",fullName:"Pardon Nyamukamba"},{id:"239758",title:"Mr.",name:"Simcelile",middleName:null,surname:"Zinya",slug:"simcelile-zinya",fullName:"Simcelile Zinya"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"158",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82118",title:"Surface Hardening of Stainless Steel",slug:"surface-hardening-of-stainless-steel",totalDownloads:24,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105036",abstract:"The addition of nitrogen to stainless steel improves mechanical and corrosion properties. Nitrogen-bearing stainless steel (HNSS) is a new corrosion-resistant alloy class exhibiting better tribological properties. High-pressure and powder metallurgy techniques were developed for the fabrication of HNSS. Solid-state routes allow nitrogen introduction through thermochemical, implantation, or plasma surface treatments. High-temperature gas nitriding (HTGN), carried out in an N2 atmosphere in the 1000°C range, allows N uptake, obtaining thick, ~0.5–1.0 wt.% N austenitic cases. HTGN is different from conventional nitriding, performed in the 500°C range, where intense CrxNy precipitation occurs, impairing the corrosion resistance. Low-temperature plasma nitriding (LTPN) introduces more N in solution, and colossal supersaturated expanded phases (~45 at.%N) are formed. N supersaturation and compressive stresses increase the hardness of the surface layer to 10–14 GPa. Ferritic, martensitic, duplex, and precipitation-hardened stainless steels can be surface-treated by LTPN, obtaining expanded ferrite and martensite. However, single LTPN stainless steel may prematurely fail when submitted to high loading, as the thin and hard expanded layers collapse due to lack of load-bearing capacity. Duplex-nitriding treatment (HTGN + LTPN) results in a thick nitrogen-rich hardened austenite substrate layer, granting mechanical support and adhesion to the expanded austenite layer.",book:{id:"11076",title:"Stainless Steels",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11076.jpg"},signatures:"André Paulo Tschiptschin and Carlos Eduardo Pinedo"},{id:"81579",title:"Welding Based Additive Manufacturing: Fundamentals",slug:"welding-based-additive-manufacturing-fundamentals",totalDownloads:32,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104768",abstract:"Additive Manufacturing (AM) has drawn abundant attention over the past decades in the manufacturing and fabrication industries, especially to make part models and prototypes. This chapter introduces a potential welding based AM process called Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) for the fabrication of near-net shaped metal components including stainless steel components. To start with traditional AM processes, various fundamental traditional AM for the fabrication of components have been presented. Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) has been explained with its variants, synonyms, different welding processes to suit WAAM particularly to weld stainless steel metal; primary process selections for working with WAAM, important metals, and alloys that could be used in WAAM have been elaborated. A case study for WAAM fabrication of AISI 316 L stainless steel plate is included to introduce the fabrication of metal components using WAAM. Further, the most common defects which possibly play a vital role in WAAM components fabrication and a few of the future challenges regarding WAAM development are discussed. Fundamental information covered in this chapter could be more beneficial to beginners for the understanding of WAAM process generally including stainless steel component fabrication in a lucid tactic.",book:{id:"11076",title:"Stainless Steels",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11076.jpg"},signatures:"Maruthasalam Sowrirajan, Selvaraj Vijayan and Munusamy Arulraj"},{id:"80664",title:"Dependence of Corrosion Resistance of Austenitic Chromium-Nickel Steels on the Magnetic State of Austenite",slug:"dependence-of-corrosion-resistance-of-austenitic-chromium-nickel-steels-on-the-magnetic-state-of-aus",totalDownloads:59,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102388",abstract:"Corrosive behavior of austenitic chromium-nickel steels from the magnetic state (parameter χ0) of austenite, pre-formed to interact with aggressive media are research. Correlation between the rate K of pitting corrosion and the specific magnetic susceptibility χ0 of austenite was experimentally established. It is experimentally established that the corrosion resistance of austenitic steels AISI304, 08Cr18Ni10, AISI 321, 08Cr18Ni10Тi (containing a low amount of δ-ferrite ∼0.005…0.5%) depends on the magnetic state of austenite: the corrosion rate of steel decreases with increases χ0 austenite. The tendency of change in the corrosion rate of austenitic alloy with a high nickel content 06Crh28NiMoCuTi (not contain δ-ferrite) has the opposite character: with increasing χ0, the corrosion rate of the alloy increases is revealed. For austenitic chromium-nickel steels, the corrosion rates of the individual (austenite (A), δ-ferrite (F), strain-induced α′-martensite (M)) and total (A + F, A + M and A + F + M) phases are determined. It is proposed to predict corrosion according to the specific magnetic susceptibility χ0 of austenite and the amount δ-ferrite.",book:{id:"11076",title:"Stainless Steels",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11076.jpg"},signatures:"Gennadii Snizhnoi"},{id:"80199",title:"The Evaluation of the Comparative Corrosion Behaviour of Conventional and Low-Nickel Austenitic Stainless Steel: Hercules™ Alloy",slug:"the-evaluation-of-the-comparative-corrosion-behaviour-of-conventional-and-low-nickel-austenitic-stai",totalDownloads:55,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102381",abstract:"Austenitic stainless steels require approximately 8% Ni to maintain austenitic microstructure at room temperature for alloys such as 304 stainless steel (304SS). Ni contributes approximately 60% of the total material cost and its price fluctuates, making the cost of austenitic stainless steel unpredictable. The use of low-nickel austenitic stainless steels as a substitute has been considered in order to remedy costs associated with Ni price fluctuations. Alloying elements such as Mn and N have been considered, however they have been found to reduce corrosion resistance. A new alloy namely Hercules™ has been developed with reduced Ni content (1.8–2% Ni). This chapter presents a comparative study of the corrosion behavior of Hercules™ and 304SS in different solutions. The alloys were evaluated using cyclic polarisation technique and immersion tests. The results demonstrated that the corrosion resistance of Hercules™ is comparable to that of 304SS. This presents the alloys as potential industrial substitutes of each other.",book:{id:"11076",title:"Stainless Steels",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11076.jpg"},signatures:"Duduzile Nkomo and Nomsombuluko Masia"},{id:"80346",title:"Nitrogen Supersaturation of AISI316 Base Stainless Steels at 673 K and 623 K for Hardening and Microstructure Control",slug:"nitrogen-supersaturation-of-aisi316-base-stainless-steels-at-673-k-and-623-k-for-hardening-and-micro",totalDownloads:59,totalDimensionsCites:1,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102387",abstract:"The high-density plasma nitriding at 673 K and 623 K was employed to make 10% of nitrogen supersaturation on AISI316 base austenitic stainless steels. The processing parameters and nitrogen-hydrogen gas flow ratio were optimized to increase the yield of N2+ ion and NH-radical for efficient nitriding. The nitrided AISI316 specimens were prepared for multidimensional analysis to describe the fundamental features of low-temperature plasma nitriding. First, macroscopic evaluation revealed that nitrogen supersaturation induced the γ-lattice expansion and the higher nitrogen content than 4% of mass in depth. The mesoscopic analysis describes the holding temperature and initial grain-size effects on the microstructure changes. Plastic straining, grain-size refinement, and nitrogen zone-boundary diffusion processes advance with nitrogen supersaturation to drive the inner nitriding behavior. The microscopic analysis explains the microstructure refinement, the two-phase structuring, and the microstructure modification. Through this multi-dimensional analysis, the essential characteristics of the low-temperature plasma nitriding of 316 austenitic stainless steels were precisely understood to extend the engineering treatise on the bulk nitrogen stainless steels for surface modification and treatment of stainless steels by nitriding. This plasma nitriding was applied to strengthen and harden the AISI316 wire surfaces toward its application on surgery wires.",book:{id:"11076",title:"Stainless Steels",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11076.jpg"},signatures:"Tatsuhiko Aizawa, Tomomi Shiratori, Tomoaki Yoshino, Yohei Suzuki and Takafumi Komatsu"},{id:"79904",title:"Corrosion Resistance, Evaluation Methods, and Surface Treatments of Stainless Steels",slug:"corrosion-resistance-evaluation-methods-and-surface-treatments-of-stainless-steels",totalDownloads:106,totalDimensionsCites:1,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101430",abstract:"Stainless steels are widely recognized and find applications in many engineering industries and companies due to their excellent properties including high resistance to corrosion as a result of their minimum 10.5% chromium content, exceptional strength and durability, temperature resistance, high recyclability, and easy formability. In the present book chapter, the basic concepts of stainless steel including its applications, classifications, and corrosion properties will first be discussed. Thereafter, their corrosion behaviour will then be explained. The various methods by which the corrosion resistance behaviour can be significantly improved including surface treatments such as coatings/electrodepositions, alloying, mechanical treatment, and others will be discussed in detail.",book:{id:"11076",title:"Stainless Steels",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11076.jpg"},signatures:"Temitope Olumide Olugbade"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:8},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:140,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 2nd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:33,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo, Ph.D., is a professor in the Department of Engineering, University of Naples “Parthenope,” Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plants, logistics, manufacturing, and safety. She serves as an associate editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process and is an editorial board member for several other journals. She is also a member of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Academy.",institutionString:"Parthenope University of Naples",institution:{name:"Parthenope University of Naples",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"92",title:"Health and Wellbeing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/92.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"348225",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Hemingway",slug:"ann-hemingway",fullName:"Ann Hemingway",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035LZFoQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-11T14:55:40.jpg",biography:"Professor Hemingway is a public health researcher, Bournemouth University, undertaking international and UK research focused on reducing inequalities in health outcomes for marginalised and excluded populations and more recently focused on equine assisted interventions.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bournemouth University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"93",title:"Inclusivity and Social Equity",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/93.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"210060",title:"Prof. Dr.",name:"Ebba",middleName:null,surname:"Ossiannilsson",slug:"ebba-ossiannilsson",fullName:"Ebba Ossiannilsson",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6LkBQAU/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:31:48.png",biography:"Professor Dr. Ebba Ossiannilsson is an independent researcher, expert, consultant, quality auditor and influencer in the fields of open, flexible online and distance learning (OFDL) and the 'new normal'. Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. She is regularly invited as a keynote speaker at conferences. She is a guest editor for several special issues and a member of the editorial board of several scientific journals. She has published more than 200 articles and is currently working on book projects in the field of OFDL. Ossiannilsson is a visiting professor at several international universities and was recently appointed Professor and Research Fellow at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ. Ossiannilsson has been awarded the following fellowships: EDEN Fellows, EDEN Council of Fellows, and Open Education Europe. She is a ICDE OER Ambassador, Open Education Europe Ambassador, GIZ Ambassador for Quality in Digital Learning, and part of the Globe-Community of Digital Learning and Champion of SPARC Europe. On a national level, she is a quality developer at the Swedish Institute for Standards (SIS) and for ISO. She is a member of the Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition Sweden and Vice President of the Swedish Association for Distance Education. She is currently working on a government initiative on quality in distance education at the National Council for Higher Education. She holds a Ph.D. from the University of Oulu, Finland.",institutionString:"Swedish Association for Distance Education, Sweden",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/94.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"61855",title:"Dr.",name:"Yixin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yixin-zhang",fullName:"Yixin Zhang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYWJgQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-06-09T11:36:35.jpg",biography:"Professor Yixin Zhang is an aquatic ecologist with over 30 years of research and teaching experience in three continents (Asia, Europe, and North America) in Stream Ecology, Riparian Ecology, Urban Ecology, and Ecosystem Restoration and Aquatic Conservation, Human-Nature Interactions and Sustainability, Urbanization Impact on Aquatic Ecosystems. He got his Ph.D. in Animal Ecology at Umeå University in Sweden in 1998. He conducted postdoc research in stream ecology at the University of California at Santa Barbara in the USA. After that, he was a postdoc research fellow at the University of British Columbia in Canada to do research on large-scale stream experimental manipulation and watershed ecological survey in temperate rainforests of BC. He was a faculty member at the University of Hong Kong to run ecological research projects on aquatic insects, fishes, and newts in Tropical Asian streams. He also conducted research in streams, rivers, and caves in Texas, USA, to study the ecology of macroinvertebrates, big-claw river shrimp, fish, turtles, and bats. Current research interests include trophic flows across ecosystems; watershed impacts of land-use change on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning; ecological civilization and water resource management; urban ecology and urban/rural sustainable development.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Soochow University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"95",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/95.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"181079",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Lüthi",slug:"christoph-luthi",fullName:"Christoph Lüthi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHSqQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-12T15:51:33.png",biography:"Dr. Christoph Lüthi is an urban infrastructure planner with over 25 years of experience in planning and design of urban infrastructure in middle and low-income countries. He holds a Master’s Degree in Urban Development Planning from the University College of London (UCL), and a Ph.D. in Urban Planning & Engineering from TU Berlin. He has conducted applied research on urban planning and infrastructure issues in over 20 countries in Africa and Asia. In 2005 he joined Eawag-Sandec as Leader of the Strategic Environmental Sanitation Planning Group. 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Since from August 2013 working as a Associate Professor, and in 2016 promoted to Profeesor in the School of Basic Sciences: Department of Chemistry and having 20 years of teaching and research experiences.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rani Channamma University, Belagavi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. 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His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"436430",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mesut",middleName:null,surname:"Işık",slug:"mesut-isik",fullName:"Mesut Işık",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/436430/images/19686_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bilecik University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a Principal Investigator and Scientist at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via machine-learning-based analyses of exosomal signatures. Dr. Paul has published in more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award, a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/system/329795.png",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India, where he obtained a Ph.D. in Pharmacology in 2020. He also obtained a BPharm and MPharm from the same university in 2013 and 2015, respectively. His area of research is the pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/natural products in liver cancer and cardiac diseases. He is a member of many professional bodies and has guided many MPharm and PharmD research projects. Dr. Siddiqui has many national and international publications and one German patent to his credit.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"91",type:"subseries",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",keywords:"Sustainable, Society, Economy, Digitalization, KPIs, Decision Making, Business, Digital Footprint",scope:"\r\n\tGlobally, the ecological footprint is growing at a faster rate than GDP. This phenomenon has been studied by scientists for many years. However, clear strategies and actions are needed now more than ever. Every day, humanity, from individuals to businesses (public and private) and governments, are called to change their mindset in order to pursue a virtuous combination for sustainable development. Reasoning in a sustainable way entails, first and foremost, managing the available resources efficiently and strategically, whether they are natural, financial, human or relational. In this way, value is generated by contributing to the growth, improvement and socio-economic development of the communities and of all the players that make up its value chain. In the coming decades, we will need to be able to transition from a society in which economic well-being and health are measured by the growth of production and material consumption, to a society in which we live better while consuming less. In this context, digitization has the potential to disrupt processes, with significant implications for the environment and sustainable development. 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