Databases analyzed with chemoinformatic tools.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6154",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Diabetes and Its Complications",title:"Diabetes and Its Complications",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Diabetes is a complex, progressive disease, which is accompanied by several complications. It is listed among the most common endocrine disorders and a global metabolic epidemic disease. This book focuses on the recent progress in diabetes research worldwide. It has been written by extensively acknowledged experts, with each chapter providing a unique data on developing features of diabetes. It covers the interactions between diabetes and several disorders. Also, it suggests some treatments for this disease offering us hope in prevention and successful improvement.",isbn:"978-1-78923-035-2",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-034-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-306-2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68331",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"diabetes-and-its-complications",numberOfPages:212,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"79f08a2c1cbbcea2d1df2ad075d2f9fa",bookSignature:"Ahmed R. G.",publishedDate:"April 18th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6154.jpg",numberOfDownloads:13470,numberOfWosCitations:6,numberOfCrossrefCitations:16,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:28,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:50,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 15th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 5th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 25th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 25th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 25th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"138555",title:"Prof.",name:"R.G.",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"r.g.-ahmed",fullName:"R.G. Ahmed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/138555/images/system/138555.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Ahmed RG received his Ph.D. in Developmental Biology (Developmental endocrinology) from Beni-Suef University, Egypt and received research training (postdoctoral fellowship) as a visiting scholar at the Katholic University, Belgium. He has outstanding record of scientific and academic accomplishments with multiple research funding, numerous publications (books/papers) in highly prestigious journals and various presentations in both national and international conferences. He is a member of a number of eminent societies, organizations and schools. On the other hand, he served as a scientific editors and reviewer for the national and international research institutions. He has been honored by the Society for Endocrinology in project of You and Your hormones. He is an assistant director of animal housing, Zoology department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt.",institutionString:"Beni-Suef University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:{name:"Beni-Suef University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"178",title:"Endocrinology",slug:"medicine-endocrinology"}],chapters:[{id:"56519",title:"Diabetes Mellitus in South Asia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76391",slug:"diabetes-mellitus-in-south-asia",totalDownloads:1512,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The prevalence rates of diabetes mellitus and its complications in South Asia are much higher than in other developed and developing countries; therefore, diabetes mellitus has become a serious problem in this region. While the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in South Asia is remarkable, its characteristics and causes have not been well-elucidated. More than 85% of the diabetic population in South Asia suffer from type 2 diabetes, and the causes can be divided into two categories: internal/traditional causes and causes induced by rapid development. Factors such as age, gender, diet and lifestyle changes, including a lack of physical activity caused by modernization and urbanization, are major contributory factors. The majority of the healthcare costs associated with diabetes are due to its later complications and are not preventable. Therefore, inexpensive treatment at an early stage of diabetes is important. In this review, the following are recommended as preventive measures of the incidence of the disease: (1) induction of UCP1 through the diet, (2) increasing the intake of antidiabetic bioactive components and/or food and (3) evolution of the consensus through educational programs and government policy. National strategies and interventions should be implemented immediately for both the primary and secondary prevention of diabetes mellitus and its complications in order to advocate healthy living among the South Asian populations.",signatures:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara and Naofumi Shiomi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56519",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56519",authors:[{id:"163777",title:"Dr.",name:"Naofumi",surname:"Shiomi",slug:"naofumi-shiomi",fullName:"Naofumi Shiomi"},{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara"}],corrections:null},{id:"58496",title:"Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72685",slug:"latent-autoimmune-diabetes-in-adults",totalDownloads:1281,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA) is the term used to describe adults who have a slowly progressive form of diabetes mellitus (DM) of autoimmune etiology, but that may be treated initially without insulin. Although the American Diabetes Association (ADA) currently does not recognize this disease as a specific type, there is increasing information about it, as well as groups dedicated to its study. LADA shares some immunological and genetic aspects with DM type 1, it affects an age group that is typically affected by type 2 DM. Therefore, it could be considered a type of intermediate diabetes. This process can be detected by specific antibodies in the peripheral blood, months or even years before the clinical onset of the disease. Diagnosis is based on clinical and laboratory criteria: age of onset, initial response to oral hypoglycemic agents and the presence of specific antibodies for diabetes. Although the definitive treatment is insulin, glitazones may be useful in early stages of the disease. Currently, its management represents a challenge for the physician, including specialists, and it is a form of DM to keep in mind.",signatures:"Javier Eduardo Escober Torres",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58496",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58496",authors:[{id:"221251",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier Eduardo",surname:"Escober Torres",slug:"javier-eduardo-escober-torres",fullName:"Javier Eduardo Escober Torres"}],corrections:null},{id:"57799",title:"Very Low-Calorie Diets in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Effects on Inflammation, Clinical and Metabolic Parameters",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72167",slug:"very-low-calorie-diets-in-type-2-diabetes-mellitus-effects-on-inflammation-clinical-and-metabolic-pa",totalDownloads:1205,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic and multifactorial disease strongly linked to a low-grade inflammatory process. Thus far, type 2 DM is generally regarded as an incurable disease by common therapies. However, very low-calorie diet (VLCD) regimens have demonstrated beneficial and rapid effects on glucose metabolism in subjects with type 2 DM. These beneficial effects include improvement of diabetes complications, insulin sensitivity and reduction in glycaemia, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), and triglyceride levels. VLCD regimens commonly comprise no more than 800 kcal/day and are therefore associated with rapid weight loss in overweight and obese individuals. This group of diets positively affects local/systemic inflammation and oxidative stress (OS) by modulating inflammatory cytokines, adipokines and endogenous antioxidant levels. The investigation of VLCDs in the field of type 2 DM treatment is progressively augmenting due to the multiple benefits in cardiometabolic health of overweight/obese subjects with type 2 DM. Here, we gather and review the evidence regarding the role of inflammation and OS in individuals with type 2 DM under VLCD regimens.",signatures:"Luis M. Román-Pintos, Geannyne Villegas-Rivera, Ernesto G.\nCardona-Muñoz, Adolfo D. Rodríguez-Carrizalez, Aldo Moreno-\nUlloa, Nicole Rubin and Alejandra G. Miranda-Díaz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57799",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57799",authors:[{id:"178033",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandra Guillermina",surname:"Miranda-Diaz",slug:"alejandra-guillermina-miranda-diaz",fullName:"Alejandra Guillermina Miranda-Diaz"},{id:"184047",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis Miguel",surname:"Roman-Pintos",slug:"luis-miguel-roman-pintos",fullName:"Luis Miguel Roman-Pintos"},{id:"184049",title:"Dr.",name:"Geannyne",surname:"Villegas-Rivera",slug:"geannyne-villegas-rivera",fullName:"Geannyne Villegas-Rivera"},{id:"184050",title:"Dr.",name:"Adolfo Daniel",surname:"Rodriguez-Carrizalez",slug:"adolfo-daniel-rodriguez-carrizalez",fullName:"Adolfo Daniel Rodriguez-Carrizalez"},{id:"184051",title:"Dr.",name:"Ernesto German",surname:"Cardona-Muñoz",slug:"ernesto-german-cardona-munoz",fullName:"Ernesto German Cardona-Muñoz"},{id:"208514",title:"Dr.",name:"Aldo",surname:"Moreno-Ulloa",slug:"aldo-moreno-ulloa",fullName:"Aldo Moreno-Ulloa"}],corrections:null},{id:"58628",title:"DPP-4 Inhibitors and Fat Metabolism in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72078",slug:"dpp-4-inhibitors-and-fat-metabolism-in-patients-with-type-2-diabetes",totalDownloads:1028,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Objective. To evaluate the influence of combined therapy of Sitagliptin and metformin on fat metabolism in patients with Т2 DM.",signatures:"Alexander S. Ametov and Dinara G. Gusenbekova",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58628",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58628",authors:[{id:"222729",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Ametov, PhD Dinara Gusenbekova",slug:"alexander-ametov-phd-dinara-gusenbekova",fullName:"Alexander Ametov, PhD Dinara Gusenbekova"}],corrections:null},{id:"56948",title:"Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Air Pollution and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM): When Experimental Data Explains Epidemiological Facts",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70668",slug:"fine-particulate-matter-pm2-5-air-pollution-and-type-2-diabetes-mellitus-t2dm-when-experimental-data",totalDownloads:1241,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Epidemiologic and experimental studies suggest that environmental exposures to air pollutants can increase prevalence of metabolic and cardiorespiratory diseases. Among the risk factors, many studies have shown that air pollution, especially by fine particulate matter (PM2.5), can lead to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) or make diabetics more susceptible to other health complications. This chapter aimed to discuss the pathophysiologic mechanisms evolved in susceptibility to cardiorespiratory PM2.5 effects in T2DM subjects, as well as the enhancing effect of PM2.5 exposure on development of T2DM. We discussed the pathophysiologic mechanisms of PM2.5 exposure and T2DM based on pro−/anti-inflammatory balance, metabolic regulation, redox status, and heat shock response, reinforcing the complex nature of T2DM etiology and highlighting the PM2.5 air pollution as a critical health problem.",signatures:"Thiago Gomes Heck, Pauline Brendler Goettems Fiorin, Matias\nNunes Frizzo and Mirna Stela Ludwig",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56948",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56948",authors:[{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck"},{id:"155352",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirna",surname:"Stela Ludwig",slug:"mirna-stela-ludwig",fullName:"Mirna Stela Ludwig"},{id:"208503",title:"Prof.",name:"Pauline",surname:"Brendler Goettems Fiorin",slug:"pauline-brendler-goettems-fiorin",fullName:"Pauline Brendler Goettems Fiorin"},{id:"208504",title:"Prof.",name:"Matias",surname:"Nunes Frizzo",slug:"matias-nunes-frizzo",fullName:"Matias Nunes Frizzo"}],corrections:null},{id:"59169",title:"Body Temperature Regulation During Exercise and Hyperthermia in Diabetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74063",slug:"body-temperature-regulation-during-exercise-and-hyperthermia-in-diabetics",totalDownloads:1833,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Thermoregulatory function, that is, heat dissipative responses such as skin blood flow (SkBF) and sweating to an increased body temperature, is critical during physical work or exercise in warm and hot conditions and during hyperthermia. Thermoregulatory function is associated with individual somatotype, fitness level, normal aging, and physiological status and diseases. Individuals with type 2 diabetes have decreased thermoregulatory responses compared with healthy counterparts, characterized by decreased SkBF and sweating. The decreased SkBF and sweating would be associated with the reduction in nitric oxide bioavailability and endothelial functions in skin vasculatures, also with central mechanisms, and so on. Aerobic exercise training and/or acclimation to the heat improve heat dissipative responses in healthy subjects. The effects of exercise training in type 2 diabetics on glycemic control are well established while it remains unclear that high levels of aerobic fitness or exercise training in diabetics improve thermoregulatory function during heat stress.",signatures:"Ryosuke Takeda and Kazunobu Okazaki",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59169",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59169",authors:[{id:"222393",title:"Prof.",name:"Kazunobu",surname:"Okazaki",slug:"kazunobu-okazaki",fullName:"Kazunobu Okazaki"}],corrections:null},{id:"57900",title:"Amino Acid Plasma Concentrations and Urinary Excretion in Young Diabetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72080",slug:"amino-acid-plasma-concentrations-and-urinary-excretion-in-young-diabetics",totalDownloads:971,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The aim of this study is to analyze amino acid plasma profile in a group of young diabetics and to evaluate its application as markers of metabolic control of the disease, as well as to analyze the urinary excretion of amino acids in these patients. A clinical assessment and metabolic study (amino acid serum concentrations and urinary excretion of amino acids) was accomplished in a group of 49 children diagnosed with diabetes, and a group of 48 healthy children (control group). The plasma levels of total amino acids as well as branchedchain, glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the diabetic group with respect to the control group. Total as well as branched-chain, glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids urinary levels were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the diabetic group compared to the control group. The study of the amino acid plasma in the young diabetic reflect disturbances in protein/amino acid metabolism and, consequently, in metabolic control of the disease. The study of amino acid urinary excretion might have interest not only in the context of diabetic nephropathy, but also in the revealing of partial aspects of amino acid metabolism and, probably, in the metabolic control of the disease.",signatures:"Teodoro Durá-Travé, Fidel Gallinas-Victoriano, Ernesto Cortes-\nCastell and Manuel Moya-Benavent",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57900",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57900",authors:[{id:"53819",title:"Prof.",name:"Teodoro",surname:"Durá-Travé",slug:"teodoro-dura-trave",fullName:"Teodoro Durá-Travé"}],corrections:null},{id:"57850",title:"Diabetes and Cancer: Is there a Link?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72081",slug:"diabetes-and-cancer-is-there-a-link-",totalDownloads:988,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cancer and diabetes are two major health problems worldwide, and incidence is increasing globally for both diseases. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance and the effect of insulin and insulin growth factor I on cancer development and progression have been demonstrated in animal and human studies. The relationship between diabetes and cancer was reported for more than 60 years. Many epidemiological studies conducted over time suggested the association between diabetes and cancer. Epidemiological studies show an increased risk in type 2 diabetic patients for colon, breast, liver, pancreas, bladder cancers and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and a decrease risk for prostate cancer. Lung cancer does not appear to be related to diabetes and for renal cancer data are inconclusive. Diabetes, beside the fact that it is an independent risk factor for different type of cancer, can also have an impact on prognosis of cancer, and studies shown an increased cancer mortality in patients with diabetes.",signatures:"Andra-Iulia Suceveanu, Adrian-Paul Suceveanu, Andreea-Daniela\nGheorghe and Laura Mazilu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57850",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57850",authors:[{id:"165823",title:"Dr.",name:"Andra-Iulia",surname:"Suceveanu",slug:"andra-iulia-suceveanu",fullName:"Andra-Iulia Suceveanu"},{id:"166632",title:"Dr.",name:"Adrian-Paul",surname:"Suceveanu",slug:"adrian-paul-suceveanu",fullName:"Adrian-Paul Suceveanu"},{id:"206380",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",surname:"Mazilu",slug:"laura-mazilu",fullName:"Laura Mazilu"},{id:"222779",title:"Dr.",name:"Andreea",surname:"Gheorghe",slug:"andreea-gheorghe",fullName:"Andreea Gheorghe"}],corrections:null},{id:"56971",title:"Molecular Signal Integration of Aging and Diabetes Mellitus",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70699",slug:"molecular-signal-integration-of-aging-and-diabetes-mellitus",totalDownloads:1191,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"DM is considered as the cause of accelerated aging. Numerous biomedical studies have proved the key role of neuroimmune-endocrine interactions in the human body, which trigger the universal molecular pathways in the development of aging and DM (GH/IGF-1, Ras-MAPK, FOXO3A, sirtuin, mTOR, CETP, Timeless gene, TZAP pathways). Modern methods of proteomic and bioinformatic analysis allow us to investigate key genomic-proteomic interactions that underlie diabetic nephropathy (DN) in patients with type 2 DM. The study of the formation and development of DN can become the model for studying molecular pathways of aging of kidney tissue. Future biomedical research based on methods of high-throughput screening (HTS) of a pool of target molecules will lead to great advances in the diagnosis of aging stages and DM, as well as the development of methods for the prevention and therapy of accelerated aging of the human body and various violations of carbohydrate metabolism (1D-2D/MALDI-TOF-MS, HTS, biochips, biosensors).",signatures:"Irina Sarvilina",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56971",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56971",authors:[{id:"208393",title:"D.Sc.",name:"Irina",surname:"Sarvilina",slug:"irina-sarvilina",fullName:"Irina Sarvilina"}],corrections:null},{id:"57950",title:"Economic Evaluations in Health from the Perspective of the Costs Associated with Diabetes Mellitus Treatment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72077",slug:"economic-evaluations-in-health-from-the-perspective-of-the-costs-associated-with-diabetes-mellitus-t",totalDownloads:953,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a morbidity that presents a wide range of difficulties for the patient to reach the control. This reality not only has impact on the clinical practice but also has serious financial and social consequences for both the patient and the health system. Health technologies that are capable of improving glycemic control have been tested in cost-effectiveness analysis to assess the efficiency of DM care. According to the Brazilian Society of Diabetes, patients with glycated hemoglobin (A1c) within the values considered adequate, less than 6.5%, present a relative risk of developing complications (neuropathy, retinopathy, diabetic foot, pressure ulcers, cardiovascular diseases and renal disease) equal to that of a nondiabetic patient. In highlight, health technologies health technologies have presented positive impact on reducing A1c and, consequently, on reducing diabetes complications. Thus, new health technologies have been capable saving of 72% of resources spent on DM care.",signatures:"Maurílio de Souza Cazarim, Ana Carolina de Oliveira Gonçalves,\nLeonardo Régis Leira Pereira and André de Oliveira Baldoni",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57950",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57950",authors:[{id:"223679",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Maurílio De Souza",surname:"Cazarim",slug:"maurilio-de-souza-cazarim",fullName:"Maurílio De Souza Cazarim"},{id:"229551",title:"MSc.",name:"Ana Carolina De Oliveira",surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-carolina-de-oliveira-goncalves",fullName:"Ana Carolina De Oliveira Gonçalves"},{id:"229554",title:"Prof.",name:"Leonardo Régis Leira",surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonardo-regis-leira-pereira",fullName:"Leonardo Régis Leira Pereira"},{id:"229556",title:"Prof.",name:"André De Oliveira",surname:"Baldoni",slug:"andre-de-oliveira-baldoni",fullName:"André De Oliveira Baldoni"}],corrections:null},{id:"57489",title:"Principle of Management of Type 2 Diabetes: From Clinical, Public Health and Research Perspectives",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71193",slug:"principle-of-management-of-type-2-diabetes-from-clinical-public-health-and-research-perspectives",totalDownloads:1270,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Apart from stopping smoking, controlling hypertension and using statin, losing possible excess bodyweight and regular physical activity and exercise are the cornerstones in diabetes management. There is often need of controlling blood glucose immediately. Approach of ‘dynamic dose management of medications likely to cause hypoglycemia’ helps to control high blood glucose immediately as and when required with sulfonylurea or insulin and to taper off their dose later. Anti-hyperglycemic medications which are unlikely to cause hypoglycemia are continued to control hyperglycemia. The diagnosis of gestational diabetes usually made at 24-28 weeks is applicable for clinical management of mother and child and for possible prevention of diabetes later in the mother. From the public health perspectives, however, protection of the susceptible in utero population from maternal malnutrition or clinical or subclinical hyperglycemia right from the time of conception itself also needs to be considered to control the diabetes epidemic at the population level. 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Tiefenbacher"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8011",title:"Natural Hazards",subtitle:"Risk, Exposure, Response, and Resilience",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"43ca8c43ab0963f6c43350764f696b63",slug:"natural-hazards-risk-exposure-response-and-resilience",bookSignature:"John P. Tiefenbacher",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8011.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"600",title:"Approaches to Managing Disaster",subtitle:"Assessing Hazards, Emergencies and Disaster Impacts",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e97caba8487382025a1e70eb85e4e390",slug:"approaches-to-managing-disaster-assessing-hazards-emergencies-and-disaster-impacts",bookSignature:"John Tiefenbacher",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/600.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"68385",title:"Chemoinformatic Approach: The Case of Natural Products of Panama",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87779",slug:"chemoinformatic-approach-the-case-of-natural-products-of-panama",body:'Natural products (NPs) and their derivatives constitute a significant fraction of approved drugs [1, 2, 3], bioactive compounds [4, 5, 6, 7, 8], and lead compounds for drug discovery [9]. NP fragment has been used to guide the synthesis of bioactive compounds and generate BIOS combinatorial libraries [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]. NPs have structures with different substituent patterns, giving rise to different biological activities for compounds with very similar structures [16, 17, 18, 19]. These bioactive metabolites have greater affinity for biological targets and, overall, may have better bioavailability than synthetic compounds, and the presence of pan-assay interference compounds (PAIN) is less frequent in this type of product [20]. The chemoinformatic analysis of several databases of NPs developed by academic institutions and private companies [21] has been carried out in different countries. Thus, the following databases were obtained: BIOFACQUIM [22], CIFPMA [23], NuBBE [24, 25], NANPDB [26], TCM [27], HIT [28], and NPACT [29]. The application of chemoinformatic tools involves the generation, manipulation, and analysis of data set of chemical substances. This allows us through mathematical calculations to order, develop, and evaluate structural information that can be visualized in 2D and 3D [30]. The determination of the physicochemical properties carried out on different databases of NPs and principal component analysis (PCA) was used as an approximation to display the chemical spaces [22, 23, 24, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37].
Computational exploration of NPs has increased in recent years, giving greater relevance to studies that include structural diversity metrics calculated with parameters based on distances such as Euclidean distance, Manhattan distances, and Cosine distance. Other criteria are based on circular fingerprint (ECFP-4, ECFP-6) [22, 23, 24, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45] and fingerprint based on substructure (MACCS, PubChem) [22, 23, 24, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45]. Another metric used in NPs is the comparison by similarity that uses the Tanimoto index/Tanimoto coefficient [22, 23, 24, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49].
In this study, the molecular scaffolds of natural products have been obtained using the Murcko method [22, 23, 24, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57]. Meanwhile, the molecular complexity is frequently evaluated by descriptors in 2D such as fraction of sp3 hybridized carbons (Fsp3) [23], fraction of chiral centers (FCC) [23], and globularity [22, 23, 24, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63].
An update of the Natural Products Database from the University of Panama (UPMA) containing 454 compounds (Unpublished data) has been evaluated against different therapeutic targets such as cytotoxicity bioassay in cell lines, antifungal assay in vitro, parasites of tropical diseases (
Biological endpoints and targets in which natural products from Panama present bioactivity.
In this chapter, we present a chemoinformatic analysis of natural products with antimalarial activities (in vitro), expressed as pIC50 against sensitive and resistant strains. Databases of natural products with antimalarial activity (NPAs) were constructed in-house by reviewing published articles including those compounds that were isolated and characterized by spectroscopic techniques of nuclear magnetic resonance. Around 1312 compounds were compared to 8 reference data sets: an open database, DrugBank (antimalarial drug), European Bioinformatics Institute. (CHEMBL drug indications) (antimalarial activities), Open Source Drug Discovery (OSDD) Malaria, Malaria Box (Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV)), St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital (St. Jude), Novartis (GNF Malaria Box), and GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) Tres Cantos antimalarial set. All data sets were curated using the “Wash” function implemented in the Molecular Operating Environment (MOE2018.0101) software [64]. The structure of the studied compounds was represented by simplified molecular input line entry system (SMILES) notation, thus obtaining 20,364 unique molecules that are summarized in Table 1. The difference between initial compounds and unique compounds is due to the fact that during the data preparation (curation process), the duplicate compounds are eliminated, those that have positive or negative partial loads have neutralized their protonation states, the metals are disconnected, and the energy is minimized using the molecular mechanistic force field (MMFF94). The result of the data curation is the reduction of the initial number of molecules present in the databases evaluated in this work.
Databases | Initial compounds | Unique compounds | Source |
---|---|---|---|
Natural Products Antimalarial (NPAs) | 1353 | 1312 | Databases of NP in house |
DrugBank Version 5.0. (Drug Antimalarial) | 26 | 4 | https://www.drugbank.ca |
European Bioinformatics Institute. (CHEMBL Drugs Indications) (Antimalarial activities | 27 | 24 | [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl] |
Open Source Drug Discovery (OSDD) Malaria | 93 | 88 | http://opensourcemalaria.org/ |
Malaria Box-Medicine of Malaria Venture (MMV) | 124 | 124 | https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/malaria/source |
St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital’s | 1.478 | 1.478 | https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chemblntd |
Novartis-GNF Malaria Box | 4.878 | 4.868 | Available in: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3941073/ Available in: https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chemblntd |
GlaxoSmithKline Tres Cantos Antimalarial | 12.470 | 12.466 | Open Source Malaria (GSK-TCMDC). Available in: https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chemblntd |
Databases analyzed with chemoinformatic tools.
The descriptors of physicochemical properties, hydrogen bond acceptors (HBAs), hydrogen bond donors (HBDs), number of rotatable bonds (NRBs), the octanol/water partition coefficient (logP), topological polar surface area (TPSA), and molecular weight (MW), or others such as molar refractivity, are important physicochemical parameters for quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis. These molecular descriptors are based on Lipinski’s rule and Verger’s rule regarding the prediction of the pharmacological similarity of orally active pharmacological potential [65, 66, 67]. The statistical analysis of the physicochemical properties was realized with RStudio Software 1.0.136 AGPL [68].
PCAs were done with MOE software [64], and the dominant characteristics are expressed as covariance and visualized with the corresponding 2D or 3D graphic score plot with DataWarrior program v. 5.0 [69]. Figures 2–8 showed the distribution of different compounds with antimalarial activities in the chemical spaces.
3D visualization of the chemical space of natural product databases.
3D visualization of the chemical space of synthetic compounds.
3D visualization of the chemical spaces of natural products and GNF DBs.
3D visualization of the chemical spaces of natural products and TCMDC DBs.
3D visualization of the chemical spaces of natural products and DBK DBs.
3D visualization of the chemical spaces of natural products, OSM and St. Jude.
3D visualization of the chemical spaces of all databases.
In Figures 2–8 we observed that NPs, drugs, and synthetic compounds occupy, in general, similar chemical space and are overlapping in most of the evaluated databases.
Three binary molecular fingerprints were calculated with RStudio package rcdk: Extended connectivity fingerprints with diameter 4 (ECFP-4) for similarity searching, molecular access system (MACCS) keys of 166 bits for determining similarity and molecular diversity, and PubChem keys of 881 bits for encoding molecular fragment information [42, 43, 44]. The similarity of fingerprints by structural pairs of compounds was calculated with the Tanimoto coefficient and analyzed with the cumulative distribution function (CDF). This approach has been used to calculate, measure, and represent the molecular variety of compound data sets [23].
Figures 9–11 show the CDFs of the pairwise similarity of the different data sets evaluated with Tanimoto coefficient and ECPF-4, MACCS keys, and PubChem fingerprints, respectively.
Curve for cumulative frequency distribution (CFD) based on ECFP-4.
Curve for cumulative frequency distribution based on MACCS keys.
Curve for cumulative frequency distribution based on PubChem.
Cyclic system retrieval curves for all databases evaluated in this study.
Figures 9–11 provide information on the structural diversity of the six databases. Similar approach has been previously published [23]; the curves obtained with ECFP-4 did not prove to be a suitable fingerprint representation for these data sets. In the three similarity graphs based on fingerprints, it is shown that the database of natural products with antimalarial activity, OMS, and MMV has the lowest molecular diversity, while GSK DB was the most diverse.
In Tables 2–4, the statistical values of the pairwise Tanimoto similarity with the data sets analyzed are shown. In these tables, CHEMBL and DrugBank databases are excluded from our analysis, due to the small amount of data.
Similarity ECFP-4/Tanimoto coefficient | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DBs | Min. | 1st Qu. | Median | Mean | 3rd Qu. | Max. |
GSK | 0.01724 | 0.05789 | 0.08844 | 0.11490 | 0.12245 | 0.82353 |
NPs | 0.00000 | 0.07826 | 0.09910 | 0.10565 | 0.12389 | 1.00000 |
OSM | 0.00000 | 0.07826 | 0.09917 | 0.10607 | 0.12397 | 1.00000 |
MMV | 0.00000 | 0.07826 | 0.09924 | 0.10615 | 0.12403 | 1.00000 |
ST JUDE | 0.00000 | 0.08197 | 0.10345 | 0.10980 | 0.12857 | 1.00000 |
GNF | 0.00000 | 0.08209 | 0.10345 | 0.10772 | 0.12739 | 1.00000 |
The statistical values of the similarity of the Tanimoto coefficient with ECFP-4.
Similarity MACCS keys/Tanimoto coefficient | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DBs | Min. | 1st Qu. | Median | Mean | 3rd Qu. | Max. |
GSK | 0.07813 | 0.25682 | 0.33333 | 0.37009 | 0.45581 | 0.92683 |
NPs | 0.00000 | 0.34426 | 0.43636 | 0.44673 | 0.54545 | 1.00000 |
OSM | 0.00000 | 0.34483 | 0.43636 | 0.44693 | 0.54545 | 1.00000 |
MMV | 0.00000 | 0.34483 | 0.43636 | 0.44677 | 0.54412 | 1.00000 |
ST JUDE | 0.00000 | 0.33333 | 0.41250 | 0.42313 | 0.50000 | 1.00000 |
GNF | 0.00000 | 0.31746 | 0.39437 | 0.39999 | 0.47619 | 1.00000 |
The statistical values of the similarity of the Tanimoto coefficient with MACCS keys.
Similarity PubChem/Tanimoto coefficient | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DBs | Min. | 1st Qu. | Median | Mean | 3rd Qu. | Max. |
GSK | 0.08125 | 0.24500 | 0.37555 | 0.40263 | 0.54002 | 1.00000 |
NPs | 0.03684 | 0.32298 | 0.43802 | 0.46184 | 0.58621 | 1.00000 |
OSM | 0.03684 | 0.32340 | 0.43902 | 0.46253 | 0.58730 | 1.00000 |
MMV | 0.03684 | 0.32444 | 0.44033 | 0.46321 | 0.58791 | 1.00000 |
ST JUDE | 0.03684 | 0.38224 | 0.47143 | 0.47624 | 0.56195 | 1.00000 |
GNF | 0.00000 | 0.40598 | 0.48117 | 0.47800 | 0.55446 | 1.00000 |
The statistical values of the similarity of the Tanimoto coefficient with PubChem.
Murcko scaffolds were calculated with the program Molecular Equivalent Indices (MEQI) [50, 51] and DataWarrior program [69]. MEQI has been used to obtain the codes corresponding to the chemotypes most frequently analyzed in the databases. [23, 45, 52, 53, 54, 55]. The distribution and diversity of the molecular scaffolds present in the data sets were calculated and analyzed using the cyclic system retrieval (CSR) curves [42]. These curves were obtained by plotting the fraction of scaffold and the fraction of compounds that contain cyclic systems [43, 44].
Table 5 indicates that the MMV DB (0.491) was the most diverse in scaffold content taken as reference the F50 values compared to the data set from GSK (0.183), NPs (0.168), and GNF (0.161), respectively. CSR curves on Figure 12 further confirm the relative scaffold variety of the eight databases. The analysis of area under curve (AUC) metrics associated with the CSR curves is reported in Table 5. The CSR curves showed that MMV has more variety in scaffold content with AUC value of 0.507. In contrast OSM, NPs, GNF, GSK, St. Jude, and CHEMBL were the least diverse (e.g., AUC scores of 0.745, 0.712, 0.705, 0.698, 0.655 and 0.607, respectively). The CSR curves provide information on the diversity of the most frequent scaffolds in all databases.
DBs | Number of Compounds (M) | Unique chemotypes (N) | FN/M | NSING | FNSING/M | FNSING/NS | AUC | F50 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NPs | 1298 | 629 | 0.4846 | 400 | 0.3082 | 0.6359 | 0.7125 | 0.1685 |
DBK | 5 | 5 | 1.0000 | 5 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 0.4800 | 0.4000 |
CHEMBL | 24 | 18 | 0.7500 | 16 | 0.6667 | 0.8889 | 0.6072 | 0.3333 |
OSM | 89 | 39 | 0.4382 | 27 | 0.3034 | 0.6923 | 0.7453 | 0.1025 |
MMV | 124 | 122 | 0.9839 | 120 | 0.9677 | 0.9836 | 0.5079 | 0.4918 |
St. JUDE | 915 | 479 | 0.5235 | 325 | 0.3552 | 0.6785 | 0.6551 | 0.2474 |
GNF | 4860 | 3229 | 0.6644 | 2690 | 0.5535 | 0.8331 | 0.7054 | 0.1615 |
GSK | 12,463 | 6703 | 0.5378 | 5009 | 0.4019 | 0.7473 | 0.6982 | 0.1837 |
Summary of the scaffold diversity of the eight databases analyzed in this work.
M = number of molecules in the BD, N = number of chemotypes or substructures, FN/M = chemotype diversity fraction, NSING = singleton number, FNSING/M = singleton fraction between total molecules, FNSING/N = fraction of singleton among total chemotypes, AUC = area under the curve, F50 = fraction of chemotype required to recover 50% of the molecules.
The Shannon entropy has been adapted to measure the scaffold diversity based on the (
Figure 13 shows a histogram with the distribution of the 40 most populated scaffolds in NPAs. The histogram includes the corresponding chemotype code. The comparison of the scaffolds of the NPAs allowed the identification of the 68MBD chemotype as one of the most active compounds in this database.
Scaled Shannon entropy of the most frequent scaffolds with values ranging from 10 to 40 in natural products.
The structural descriptors used to quantify fraction of sp3 hybridized carbons (Fsp3) [23, 58, 63, 70], fraction of chiral centers (CCF) [23, 59, 63, 70], fraction of aromatic atoms (Faro-atm), globularity [60], principal moments of inertia (PMI), normalized principal moments of inertia ratio (NRP) [61, 62], molecular complexity, shape index of Kier, and molecular flexibility were calculated with DataWarrior program [69] and MOE 2018.0101 [64]. Figures 14–19 showed the descriptors utilized to evaluate the complexity and the molecular flexibility.
Distribution of the fraction of sp3 hybridized carbons in different databases.
Distribution of the fraction of chiral centers in different databases.
Distribution of the fraction of aromatic atoms (Faro-atm) in different databases.
Shape index distribution of different databases.
Distribution of the molecular flexibility in different databases.
Distribution of the molecular complexity in different databases.
Tables 6–8 summarize the statistics of the distribution of Fsp3, FCC, and Faro-atm of NPs and reference data sets. These results indicate that the NP data set has the largest complexity molecular in Fsp3 (0.63) and CCF (0.16) and a low distribution of Faro-atm (0.67–0.78). In contrast, GNF, MMV, St. Jude, and GSK DBs are very similar in these three metrics with values between 0.25 and 0.37, 0.27 and 0.37, and 0.014 and 0.025, respectively. In contrast, the structural flexibility was evaluated with the index of form presenting all databases in the range of 0.41–0.58 indicating that many of the compounds present sphericity and intermediate molecular flexibility (data not presented).
Fraction of sp3 hybridized atoms (Fsp3) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DBs | Min | 1qst | median | mean | 3qrt | max | dev.st |
NPs | 0.000 | 0.481 | 0.636 | 0.656 | 0.833 | 2.000 | 0.254 |
CHEMBL | 0.167 | 0.342 | 0.536 | 0.621 | 0.627 | 1.333 | 0.374 |
MMV | 0.000 | 0.167 | 0.300 | 0.316 | 0.402 | 0.800 | 0.190 |
OSM | 0.000 | 0.174 | 0.255 | 0.277 | 0.338 | 0.893 | 0.145 |
DBK | 0.250 | 0.438 | 0.519 | 0.463 | 0.545 | 0.565 | 0.175 |
GNF | 0.000 | 0.227 | 0.364 | 0.377 | 0.500 | 2.667 | 0.207 |
STJUDE | 0.000 | 0.222 | 0.333 | 0.353 | 0.471 | 1.136 | 0.178 |
GSK | 0.000 | 0.250 | 0.375 | 0.372 | 0.500 | 1.500 | 0.180 |
Distribution of Fsp3 in different databases.
Fraction of chiral centers (CCF) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DBs | min | 1qst | median | mean | 3qrt | max | dev.st |
NPs | 0.000 | 0.033 | 0.139 | 0.161 | 0.267 | 0.656 | 0.145 |
CHEMBL | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.036 | 0.128 | 0.141 | 0.533 | 0.192 |
MMV | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.014 | 0.000 | 0.111 | 0.028 |
OSM | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.008 | 0.000 | 0.286 | 0.035 |
DBK | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.019 | 0.020 | 0.040 | 0.043 | 0.024 |
GNF | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.025 | 0.040 | 0.556 | 0.053 |
STJUDE | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.024 | 0.045 | 0.217 | 0.037 |
GSK | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.017 | 0.034 | 0.500 | 0.033 |
Distribution of FCC in different databases.
Fraction of aromatic atoms (Faro-atm) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DBs | min | 1qst | median | mean | 3qrt | max | dev.st |
NPs | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.324 | 0.341 | 0.600 | 1.133 | 0.294 |
CHEMBL | 0.000 | 0.299 | 0.556 | 0.509 | 0.690 | 1.091 | 0.321 |
MMV | 0.261 | 0.682 | 0.826 | 0.817 | 0.956 | 1.429 | 0.230 |
OSM | 0.000 | 0.677 | 0.733 | 0.786 | 0.860 | 1.500 | 0.232 |
DBK | 0.538 | 0.591 | 0.733 | 0.720 | 0.862 | 0.875 | 0.171 |
GNF | 0.000 | 0.522 | 0.667 | 0.670 | 0.818 | 1.714 | 0.235 |
STJUDE | 0.000 | 0.553 | 0.712 | 0.708 | 0.857 | 1.556 | 0.216 |
GSK | 0.000 | 0.571 | 0.706 | 0.713 | 0.857 | 1.400 | 0.208 |
Distribution of fraction of aromatic atoms.
The descriptors globularity, PMI, and NRP did not prove to be suitable metrics to measure and differentiate the molecular complexity in the data sets evaluated. This is because the corresponding values computed for all data sets were very low (close to zero) and did not differentiate the data sets (data not shown). The large molecular complexity of NPs measured is in agreement with previous studies using similar metrics [23, 63, 71].
The methods of modeling the landscape based on properties of the compounds (property landscape modeling (PLM)) is at the interface between experimental sciences and computational chemistry, being a frequent strategy to systematically describe the structure-property relationships (SPR) of the compound data set [72]. PLM have been used in medicinal chemistry in the stages of drug discovery with a quantitative, descriptive, and statistical approach to activity cliffs [72, 73, 74]. Structure-activity relationships (SARs), using the concept of modeling the activity landscape (activity landscape modeling ALM), are an increasing common practice in the drug discovery process to identify the activity cliffs, guide the optimization of compound hits, and to avoid the deleterious effects of the activity cliffs in the studies of the classic models of QSAR and in the search of structural similarity. In this research we analyze, through the web tool Activity Landscape Plotter (ALP) [72], a set of data from NPs from Panama with antimalarial activity against four strains of
Structural similarity compared with activity cliffs in NPAs.
Structural similarity compared with activity cliffs in GSK and Novartis (GNF).
SAS maps of compounds with antimalarial activity ((a), (b), and (c)) through the web tool activity landscape plotter.
DAS map with MACCS key fingerprint.
Antimalarial compounds in NPs from Panama.
The generation and comparison of structure-activity pairs, by structure-activity similarity maps (SAS map). The SAS map has been used to link up structure and biological activity, based on a systematic pairwise comparison of all the compounds in a data set analyzed. We compare the values of structure-activity similarity, the activity difference, and structure-activity landscape index (SALI) to find the pairs of compounds with high molecular similarity and the activity difference that are located in the upper right quadrant of the SAS map (activity cliffs) [72, 73, 74, 75, 76]. Figures 17–21 show SAS map in NP of Panama, NP published, GSK, and GNF. In SAS maps, data points are colored by density (Figure 22).
The SAS maps using the molecular fingerprints EFCP-4, MACCS keys, and PubChem led to the identification of a total of 26 pairs of compounds with structure-activity similarity ratios >0.50 and structure-activity landscape index values varying between 0.3 and 5.0. The web application Activity Landscape Plotter [72] is a tool that allows us to perform QSAR. The SAS generated represent 55 natural products isolated in Panama with antimalarial activity which were analyzed and compared the biological activities against strains of
SAS maps are color-coded according to their intensity and we observe that most pairs of compounds with antimalarial activity show an intense red color. Analyzed are located in the region of little structural similarity, indicating that the natural products have high structural diversity and low difference in activity, attributed to having similar functional groups in their molecules.
DAS maps represent the pairwise activity differences for each possible pair of compounds in an evaluated data set, against two biological targets. These maps permitted to differentiate if a structural modification can increase or decrease the activity under one target or other (Figure 23).
With this web application, we have carried out a QSAR study in a fast, simple, and easily interpretable way, obtaining three natural products as leading computational compounds for their optimization as
The chemoinformatic analysis of the 20,364 compounds (1312 NPs and 19,052 synthetic (MMV, OSM, GNF, St. Jude, GSK, CHEMBL, and DrugBank)) indicates that so many natural products and synthetic products (S) share the same chemical space showing molecules that have similar structural properties. NPs present a greater diversity based on fingerprint than the synthetic compounds. Also, NPs have a higher proportion of chiral carbons and atoms with sp3 hybridization and greater complexity, while synthetic products contain a greater proportion of aromatic atoms. Finally, concerning the properties related to cyclicity, relative shape, and flexibility, all have very similar values, which could explain the antimalarial activity of computationally determined compound hits in this work against
The DAO acknowledges the SNI 2018 awards from SENACYT of Panama.
The authors declare that there are no financial or commercial conflicts of interest.
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by",editors:[{id:"171525",title:"Dr.",name:"Meral",middleName:null,surname:"Huri",slug:"meral-huri",fullName:"Meral Huri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:2,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"55163",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68799",title:"Virtual Reality and Occupational Therapy",slug:"virtual-reality-and-occupational-therapy",totalDownloads:2642,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Virtual reality is three dimensional, interactive and fun way in rehabilitation. Its first known use in rehabilitation published by Max North named as “Virtual Environments and Psychological Disorders” (1994). Virtual reality uses special programmed computers, visual devices and artificial environments for the clients’ rehabilitation. Throughout technological improvements, virtual reality devices changed from therapeutic gloves to augmented reality environments. Virtual reality was being used in different rehabilitation professions such as occupational therapy, physical therapy, psychology and so on. In spite of common virtual reality approach of different professions, each profession aims different outcomes in rehabilitation. Virtual reality in occupational therapy generally focuses on hand and upper extremity functioning, cognitive rehabilitation, mental disorders, etc. Positive effects of virtual reality were mentioned in different studies, which are higher motivation than non‐simulated environments, active participation of the participants, supporting motor learning, fun environment and risk‐free environment. Additionally, virtual reality was told to be used as assessment. This chapter will focus on usage of virtual reality in occupational therapy, history and recent developments, types of virtual reality technologic equipment, pros and cons, usage for pediatric, adult and geriatric people and recent research and articles.",book:{id:"5711",slug:"occupational-therapy-occupation-focused-holistic-practice-in-rehabilitation",title:"Occupational Therapy",fullTitle:"Occupational Therapy - Occupation Focused Holistic Practice in Rehabilitation"},signatures:"Orkun Tahir Aran, Sedef Şahin, Berkan Torpil, Tarık Demirok and\nHülya Kayıhan",authors:[{id:"172938",title:"Prof.",name:"Hulya",middleName:null,surname:"Kayihan",slug:"hulya-kayihan",fullName:"Hulya Kayihan"},{id:"183079",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sedef",middleName:null,surname:"Şahin",slug:"sedef-sahin",fullName:"Sedef Şahin"},{id:"196848",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Orkun Tahir",middleName:null,surname:"Aran",slug:"orkun-tahir-aran",fullName:"Orkun Tahir Aran"},{id:"197159",title:"Mr.",name:"Tarık",middleName:null,surname:"Demirok",slug:"tarik-demirok",fullName:"Tarık Demirok"},{id:"197312",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Berkan",middleName:null,surname:"Torpil",slug:"berkan-torpil",fullName:"Berkan Torpil"}]},{id:"61806",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78312",title:"Executive Functions and Neurology in Children and Adolescents",slug:"executive-functions-and-neurology-in-children-and-adolescents",totalDownloads:1756,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"This chapter discusses the theoretical and methodological issues of creating a developmental perspective on executive function (EF) in childhood and adolescence. Focusing on school periods, this section outlines the development of the basic components of EF—inhibition, working memory, and attention. Cognitive and neurophysiological evaluations show that despite the emergence of EF in the first few years of life, it continues to grow significantly in childhood and adolescence. The components vary slightly according to their developmental sequence. The chapter links findings to long-standing developmental issues (i.e. developmental sequences and processes) and suggests the necessary research to establish a developmental framework covering early childhood throughout adolescence.",book:{id:"6772",slug:"occupational-therapy-therapeutic-and-creative-use-of-activity",title:"Occupational Therapy",fullTitle:"Occupational Therapy - Therapeutic and Creative Use of Activity"},signatures:"Gokcen Akyurek",authors:[{id:"197265",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokcen",middleName:null,surname:"Akyurek",slug:"gokcen-akyurek",fullName:"Gokcen Akyurek"}]},{id:"56049",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69101",title:"Measurement of Participation: The Role Checklist Version 3: Satisfaction and Performance",slug:"measurement-of-participation-the-role-checklist-version-3-satisfaction-and-performance",totalDownloads:2820,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Participation in society is an area of interest to both clinicians and population researchers. Measurement of participation is therefore important, yet differences in definition, in terms of both content and scope, have made general agreement on one instrument tool elusive. What is recognized is the need for a theoretically based tool that captures both the insider and the outsider perspective. The outsider perspective, inclusive of the generally held views of a society, supports the utility for aggregating population data, whereas the insider perspective provides the internally held views of an individual needed for client-centered treatment planning. The Role Checklist Version 3 modifies one of the most commonly used assessment tools in occupational therapy practice, has good preliminary psychometric properties, and is theoretically consistent with both the ICF and the Model of Human Occupation. The Model of Human Occupation is the most widely used theoretical model in occupational therapy. This chapter provides an overview of the theoretical development, empirical testing, and implications for use of this participation measure by occupational therapists along with implications for population researchers.",book:{id:"5711",slug:"occupational-therapy-occupation-focused-holistic-practice-in-rehabilitation",title:"Occupational Therapy",fullTitle:"Occupational Therapy - Occupation Focused Holistic Practice in Rehabilitation"},signatures:"Patricia J. Scott, Kelsey McKinney, Jeff Perron, Emily Ruff and Jessica\nSmiley",authors:[{id:"195495",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia J",middleName:null,surname:"Scott",slug:"patricia-j-scott",fullName:"Patricia J Scott"},{id:"208801",title:"Dr.",name:"Kelsey G.",middleName:null,surname:"McKinney",slug:"kelsey-g.-mckinney",fullName:"Kelsey G. McKinney"},{id:"208802",title:"Mr.",name:"Jeffrey M.",middleName:null,surname:"Perron",slug:"jeffrey-m.-perron",fullName:"Jeffrey M. Perron"},{id:"208803",title:"Dr.",name:"Emily G.",middleName:null,surname:"Ruff",slug:"emily-g.-ruff",fullName:"Emily G. Ruff"},{id:"208804",title:"Dr.",name:"Jessica L.",middleName:null,surname:"Smiley",slug:"jessica-l.-smiley",fullName:"Jessica L. Smiley"}]},{id:"55024",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68463",title:"Occupational Therapy in Oncology and Palliative Care",slug:"occupational-therapy-in-oncology-and-palliative-care",totalDownloads:2694,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Cancer is a chronic disease that may occur in both children and adults. Occupational therapy focuses on the activity limitations and participation problems in their life. Oncology rehabilitation involves in helping an individual with cancer to regain maximum physical, psychological, cognitive, social, and vocational functioning with the limits up to disease and its treatments in an interdisciplinary team concept. These treatment options are associated with the risk of some side effects, including fatigue, pain, cognitive problems, decrease in bone density and muscle endurance, weight loss, and stress- or anxiety-related psychosocial problems. Occupational therapy approaches are a holistic view in a client center and use training in activities of daily living, assistive technology, education of energy conservation techniques, and management of treatment-related problems, such as pain, fatigue, and nausea. In palliative and hospice care, occupational therapists support clients with cancer by minimizing the secondary symptoms related to cancer and its treatments. At the end of life, occupational therapy offers to identify the roles and activities that are meaningful and purposeful to the client with cancer and try to determine the barriers that limit their performance. Clients with cancer who have childhood cancer or adult cancer can face problems about body structure and functions, activity, and participation, which may limit their participation to their daily life.",book:{id:"5711",slug:"occupational-therapy-occupation-focused-holistic-practice-in-rehabilitation",title:"Occupational Therapy",fullTitle:"Occupational Therapy - Occupation Focused Holistic Practice in Rehabilitation"},signatures:"Sedef Şahin, Semin Akel and Meral Zarif",authors:[{id:"183079",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sedef",middleName:null,surname:"Şahin",slug:"sedef-sahin",fullName:"Sedef Şahin"},{id:"183078",title:"Dr.",name:"Burcu Semin",middleName:null,surname:"Akel",slug:"burcu-semin-akel",fullName:"Burcu Semin Akel"},{id:"198859",title:"Dr.",name:"Meral",middleName:null,surname:"Zarif",slug:"meral-zarif",fullName:"Meral Zarif"}]},{id:"55018",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68315",title:"Psychomotor Therapy for Patients with Severe Mental Health Disorders",slug:"psychomotor-therapy-for-patients-with-severe-mental-health-disorders",totalDownloads:2267,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Psychomotor therapy is defined as a method of treatment based on a holistic view of the human being that is derived from the unity of body and mind. Assessments (observation and/or evaluation) are essential to achieving concrete psychosocial objectives methodically. Psychomotor therapy uses movement, body awareness and a wide range of movement activities to optimize movement behaviour as well as the cognitive, affective and relational aspects of psychomotor functioning (i.e. the relationships between physical movements and cognitive and social-affective aspects). Consequently, the approach to this type of therapy integrates the physical, cognitive and emotional aspects of functioning in relation to the capacity of being and acting in a psychosocial context in order to achieve clearly defined goals in consultation with the patients. Psychomotor therapy framework consists of three different approaches: a health-related approach, a psychosocial approach and a psychotherapeutic approach, which can be embedded in several psychotherapeutic approaches. Through the implementation of both systematically planned evaluations and individually targeted interventions in group, the psychomotor therapist strives to broaden the general action competences and specific skills and to stimulate a positive self-image and personal well-being in balanced social relationships. Today, there is sufficient evidence that psychomotor therapy has a major contribution to both well-being and mental health of patients with severe psychiatric problems. In Flemish psychiatric hospitals, psychomotor therapy is imbedded in different treatment programmes. In this chapter, the theory behind this approach and some practical examples will be provided.",book:{id:"5711",slug:"occupational-therapy-occupation-focused-holistic-practice-in-rehabilitation",title:"Occupational Therapy",fullTitle:"Occupational Therapy - Occupation Focused Holistic Practice in Rehabilitation"},signatures:"Michel Probst",authors:[{id:"196227",title:"Prof.",name:"Michel",middleName:null,surname:"Probst",slug:"michel-probst",fullName:"Michel Probst"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"55080",title:"Life Skills in Occupational Therapy",slug:"life-skills-in-occupational-therapy",totalDownloads:6076,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Occupational therapy is a health profession that uses the purposeful activities to achieve multiple and complex rehabilitation aims. The main goals of the occupational therapy are to support the reintegration of individuals in daily living skills as well as to increase their independence and autonomy. Interventions of occupational therapists have primarily focused on self-care, productivity, and leisure time activities. Since the life skills includes a wide range of abilities that enable a person to perform personal care and more complicated tasks such as traveling, shopping, community participation etc., occupational therapists provide life skills training programs to meet the needs of the clients. This chapter aims to contribute to the current understanding and practices of life skills from an occupational therapy perspective. The chapter starts with a brief discussion of the importance of life skills in occupational therapy. After this introduction, the first part takes a look at the definition of life skills and identifies core components of life skills. The second part describes assessment and interventions of life skills. The third one gives an overview about school life skills programs for children and adolescents. Finally, the last part explains some life skills programs in people with disadvantages.",book:{id:"5711",slug:"occupational-therapy-occupation-focused-holistic-practice-in-rehabilitation",title:"Occupational Therapy",fullTitle:"Occupational Therapy - Occupation Focused Holistic Practice in Rehabilitation"},signatures:"Hatice Abaoğlu, Özge Buket Cesim, Sinem Kars and Zeynep Çelik",authors:[{id:"197551",title:"Dr.",name:"Hatice",middleName:null,surname:"Abaoğlu",slug:"hatice-abaoglu",fullName:"Hatice Abaoğlu"},{id:"205199",title:"Dr.",name:"Sinem",middleName:null,surname:"Kars",slug:"sinem-kars",fullName:"Sinem Kars"},{id:"205200",title:"Dr.",name:"Zeynep",middleName:null,surname:"Celik",slug:"zeynep-celik",fullName:"Zeynep Celik"},{id:"205203",title:"Ms.",name:"Özge Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Cesim",slug:"ozge-buket-cesim",fullName:"Özge Buket Cesim"}]},{id:"62493",title:"Occupational Therapy in Forensic Settings",slug:"occupational-therapy-in-forensic-settings",totalDownloads:2544,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"It is necessary for a person to comply with the expectations of society and the rules of law to which these expectations are secured. Offenders turn back to the community after the penalty was executed by isolating from society and some occupations. An occupational imbalance is seen in the individuals, during this penalty period and afterward, because of limited occupational participation. As an occupational being, this affects their physical, mental and psychological well-being. Imprisonment is an important practice in criminal law to punish criminals. This may be necessary for the protection of society from criminals, but successful integration into a community after exiting the prison is the most important factor in preventing recidivism. Occupational therapy focuses on health and well-being by using meaningful and purposeful occupations. Occupation involves any activity that people perform or participate in, such as giving care to themselves or others, working, learning, playing games, and interacting with others. From this perspective, the role of occupational therapists in forensic settings is to determine the abilities of these individuals to congregate their deprived freedoms and use them to train them for an independent and autonomous life; to provide a professional orientation, career counseling, and self-esteem; to gain some habits for physical, spiritual and moral life and to reinforce.",book:{id:"6772",slug:"occupational-therapy-therapeutic-and-creative-use-of-activity",title:"Occupational Therapy",fullTitle:"Occupational Therapy - Therapeutic and Creative Use of Activity"},signatures:"Esma Ozkan, Sümeyye Belhan, Mahmut Yaran and Meral Zarif",authors:null},{id:"62210",title:"Occupational Therapy’s Role in the Treatment of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders",slug:"occupational-therapy-s-role-in-the-treatment-of-children-with-autism-spectrum-disorders",totalDownloads:2757,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Occupational therapists (OT) offer a wide range of therapies for individuals with ASD on the basis of specific deficits and difficulties. This chapter explores the role that OT plays, and the expertise, in relation to the interdisciplinary team. In addition, it discusses and presents empirical support for several therapeutic approaches commonly used by OTs working with individuals with ASD.",book:{id:"6772",slug:"occupational-therapy-therapeutic-and-creative-use-of-activity",title:"Occupational Therapy",fullTitle:"Occupational Therapy - Therapeutic and Creative Use of Activity"},signatures:"Bryan M. Gee, Amy Nwora and Theodore W. Peterson",authors:null},{id:"55049",title:"Community Participation in People with Disabilities",slug:"community-participation-in-people-with-disabilities",totalDownloads:2436,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Despite the fact that participation is an important building and a valuable target, the conceptualization, identification and measurement methods vary widely. This chapter tried to gain an insider’s perspective from the obstacles that summarize what meaning participation means, how to characterize it, and what prevents and supports participation. Participation is seen as a right and a responsibility attributed to and attributed to both the person and the community. Participation does not take place in a vacuum; the environment dynamically influences participation. The effects of this conceptual framework are discussed for change at the level of evaluation, research and systems to support the participation of the people with disability.",book:{id:"5711",slug:"occupational-therapy-occupation-focused-holistic-practice-in-rehabilitation",title:"Occupational Therapy",fullTitle:"Occupational Therapy - Occupation Focused Holistic Practice in Rehabilitation"},signatures:"Gokcen Akyurek and Gonca Bumin",authors:[{id:"32431",title:"Prof.",name:"Gonca",middleName:null,surname:"Bumin",slug:"gonca-bumin",fullName:"Gonca Bumin"},{id:"197265",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokcen",middleName:null,surname:"Akyurek",slug:"gokcen-akyurek",fullName:"Gokcen Akyurek"}]},{id:"56049",title:"Measurement of Participation: The Role Checklist Version 3: Satisfaction and Performance",slug:"measurement-of-participation-the-role-checklist-version-3-satisfaction-and-performance",totalDownloads:2822,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Participation in society is an area of interest to both clinicians and population researchers. Measurement of participation is therefore important, yet differences in definition, in terms of both content and scope, have made general agreement on one instrument tool elusive. What is recognized is the need for a theoretically based tool that captures both the insider and the outsider perspective. The outsider perspective, inclusive of the generally held views of a society, supports the utility for aggregating population data, whereas the insider perspective provides the internally held views of an individual needed for client-centered treatment planning. The Role Checklist Version 3 modifies one of the most commonly used assessment tools in occupational therapy practice, has good preliminary psychometric properties, and is theoretically consistent with both the ICF and the Model of Human Occupation. The Model of Human Occupation is the most widely used theoretical model in occupational therapy. This chapter provides an overview of the theoretical development, empirical testing, and implications for use of this participation measure by occupational therapists along with implications for population researchers.",book:{id:"5711",slug:"occupational-therapy-occupation-focused-holistic-practice-in-rehabilitation",title:"Occupational Therapy",fullTitle:"Occupational Therapy - Occupation Focused Holistic Practice in Rehabilitation"},signatures:"Patricia J. Scott, Kelsey McKinney, Jeff Perron, Emily Ruff and Jessica\nSmiley",authors:[{id:"195495",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia J",middleName:null,surname:"Scott",slug:"patricia-j-scott",fullName:"Patricia J Scott"},{id:"208801",title:"Dr.",name:"Kelsey G.",middleName:null,surname:"McKinney",slug:"kelsey-g.-mckinney",fullName:"Kelsey G. McKinney"},{id:"208802",title:"Mr.",name:"Jeffrey M.",middleName:null,surname:"Perron",slug:"jeffrey-m.-perron",fullName:"Jeffrey M. 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He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. 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Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. His research interests include Biomedical Signal Processing and Modelling, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation Engineering, Neuroengineering and Parkinson's Disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Villarreal is a research professor from the Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, México. 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For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"OCT - Applications in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",biography:"Michele Lanza is Associate Professor of Ophthalmology at Università della Campania, Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Italy. His fields of interest are anterior segment disease, keratoconus, glaucoma, corneal dystrophies, and cataracts. His research topics include\nintraocular lens power calculation, eye modification induced by refractive surgery, glaucoma progression, and validation of new diagnostic devices in ophthalmology. \nHe has published more than 100 papers in international and Italian scientific journals, more than 60 in journals with impact factors, and chapters in international and Italian books. He has also edited two international books and authored more than 150 communications or posters for the most important international and Italian ophthalmology conferences.",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. 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After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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