Zbigniew Piotr Szadkowski

University of Łódź

Zbigniew Szadkowski obtained his Ph.D. in Theoretical Physics from the University of Lodz, Poland, in 1987 with his thesis, 'Quark mixing in the SU(4) x SU(4) and SU(6) x SU(6) chiral symmetries'. In 2007, he obtained a DSci in Experimental Physics based on the thesis, 'Triggers in the Pierre Auger Observatory'. Since 1998, Dr. Szadkowski has been working in the Pierre Auger Observatory, Argentina designing the 2nd-level trigger implemented in all 24 fluorescence telescopes, the 1st-level trigger implemented in all 1680 surface detectors, the Front-End Boards with ACEX (800 pieces) and Cyclone (900 pieces) FPGAs, and many algorithms for triggers. He worked at the Michigan Technological University, USA from 1999 to 2002, the College de France, Paris from 2002 to 2003, and the Bergische University of Wuppertal, Germany from 2003 to 2006.

3books edited

6chapters authored

Latest work with IntechOpen by Zbigniew Piotr Szadkowski

In the mid-19th century, the scientific community was convinced that physics had been fully discovered and only isolated, peripheral issues remained unexplained. One of these was black body radiation (CDC) and the transformation of electromagnetic waves. In 1893, Wien proved that the wavelength at which CDC radiates the greatest amount of energy is inversely proportional to body temperature. Surprisingly, the formula resulting from current, reliable physics describes CDC radiation very well only at low frequencies. For ultraviolet frequencies, the obtained function was constantly upwards. Planck proposed the distribution of the CDC radiation spectrum, assuming that the radiation can only be emitted in precisely defined portions known as quanta. This was the year of the creation of quantum physics, one of the foundations of modern physics. Aristotle recognized that there is a distinctive frame of reference. This view was challenged by Galileo, who concluded that the speed and position of the body are relative. The Galilean transformation became the foundation of Newtonian physics. However, Maxwell’s equations describing electromagnetic waves were not subject to the Galilean transformation but rather to the Lorentz transformation. The biggest problem at the beginning of the 20th century was the incompatibility of the laws of dynamics and electromagnetism. The theory of relativity is another foundation of modern physics. The last year of the 19th century debunked the myth of full understanding of the laws of nature. It quickly turned out that the knowledge about the universe at that time was very little. This lack of knowledge led to a rapid reconstruction of physics in the first half of the 20th century. is book discusses some of these subjects, including spinor fields, 5D relativity, dissipative quantum system and energy balance, centrifugal acceleration in relativistic astrophysics, and time-dependent photoluminescence.

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Recent Topics and Innovations in Quantum Field Theory

Edited by Zbigniew Piotr Szadkowski

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By Zbigniew Szadkowski

Part of the book: Applications of Digital Signal Processing

FPGA Based Serial and Single-Clock Cycle Pipelined Fast Fourier Transforms in a Radio Detection of Cosmic Rays

By Zbigniew Szadkowski

Part of the book: Design and Architectures for Digital Signal Processing

Artificial Neural Network as a FPGA Trigger for a Detection of Neutrino-Induced Air Showers

By Zbigniew Szadkowski, Dariusz Głas and Krzysztof Pytel

Neutrinos play a fundamental role in the understanding of the origin of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays (UHECR). They interact through charged and neutral currents in the atmosphere generating extensive air showers. However, the very low rate of events potentially generated by neutrinos is a significant challenge for detection techniques and requires both sophisticated algorithms and high-resolution hardware. We developed the FPGA trigger which is generated by a neural network. The algorithm can recognize various waveform types. It has been developed and tested on ADC traces of the Pierre Auger surface detectors. We developed the algorithm of artificial neural network on a MATLAB platform. Trained network that we implemented into the largest Cyclone V E FPGA was used for the prototype of the front-end board for the AugerPrime. We tested several variants, and the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm (trainlm) was the most efficient. The network was trained: (a) to recognize ‘old’ very inclined showers (real Auger data were used as patterns for both positive and negative markers: for reconstructed inclined showers and for triggered by time over threshold (ToT), respectively, (b) to recognize ‘neutrino-induced showers’. Here, we used simulated data for positive markers and vertical real showers for negative ones.

Part of the book: Artificial Neural Networks

Introductory Chapter: Ultrahigh-Energy Cosmic Rays

By Zbigniew Szadkowski

Part of the book: Cosmic Rays

Quarks Mixing in Chiral Symmetries

By Zbigniew Piotr Szadkowski

We discuss a subject of the quarks mixing in SU4∗SU4 and SU6∗SU6 symmetries trying to calculate the quarks mixing angles and the complex phase responsible for the CP non-conservation on the basis of the Gell-Mann Oakes Renner model. Assuming symmetry breaking in a limit of exact sub-symmetries for simultaneous quarks rotations in both electric charge sub-spaces we can estimate all mention above parameters. A perfect agreement of the experimental value of the Cabibbo angles with a sum of simultaneous quarks mixing angles in doublets (u,c) and (d,s) in the SU4∗SU4 symmetry suggests that a quarks mixing is realized in a maximal allowed range. The same assumption used for the SU6∗SU6 and a simultaneous maximal allowed quarks mixing in both electric charge triplets (u,c,t) and (d,s,b) gives a perfect agreement with the experimental value of the Cabibbo angle and estimation on the angles Θ2 and Θ3 as well as a bond for the complex phase δ.

Part of the book: Quantum Chromodynamic

Introductory Chapter: Quantum Chromodynamic

By Zbigniew Piotr Szadkowski

Part of the book: Quantum Chromodynamic

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Zbigniew Piotr Szadkowski

Latest work with IntechOpen by Zbigniew Piotr Szadkowski

Recent Topics and Innovations in Quantum Field Theory

Books edited

Quantum Chromodynamic

Cosmic Rays

Chapters authored

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