Comparative chart of synthetic methods to obtain nanoribbons and their advantages or disadvantages.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 179 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 252 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"},{slug:"intechopen-books-hosted-on-the-mathworks-book-program-20200819",title:"IntechOpen Books Hosted on the MathWorks Book Program"},{slug:"intechopen-s-chapter-awarded-the-guenther-von-pannewitz-preis-2020-20200715",title:"IntechOpen's Chapter Awarded the Günther-von-Pannewitz-Preis 2020"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8504",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Pectins - Extraction, Purification, Characterization and Applications",title:"Pectins",subtitle:"Extraction, Purification, Characterization and Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book deepens the study and knowledge on pectins, especially in the processes of extraction, purification, and characterization, in short its many and wide applications. Among the most prominent applications are the food, pharmaceutical, and other industries. The development of pectins has a very promising future with a marked annual increase and with a wide range of sources. As written above, this book will help its readers to expand their knowledge on this biopolymer with vast application in the industry worldwide.",isbn:"978-1-78984-072-8",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-071-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-550-7",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78880",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"pectins-extraction-purification-characterization-and-applications",numberOfPages:178,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,hash:"ff1acef627b277c575a10b3259dd331b",bookSignature:"Martin Masuelli",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8504.jpg",numberOfDownloads:5675,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:5,numberOfDimensionsCitations:18,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:23,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 12th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 26th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 25th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 15th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 14th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"99994",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:"Alberto",surname:"Masuelli",slug:"martin-masuelli",fullName:"Martin Masuelli",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99994/images/system/99994.jpg",biography:"Martin Masuelli is a Inv. Adj. of Instituto de Física Aplicada – CONICET – UNSL and Associate Professor-UNSL, San Luis, Argentina. He holds a master’s degree and a Ph.D. and Master's thesis in Membrane Technology from the National University of San Luis (UNSL). He is Director of Physics Chemistry Service Laboratory, UNSL. He is an expert in polysaccharides and physics chemistry of macromolecules. He is author or co-author of more than 30 peer-reviewed international publications, 8 book chapters, 75 communications in national and international congresses, editor of six books. He is a member of the Sociedad Argentina de Ciencia y Tecnología Ambiental, Asociación Argentina de Fisicoquímica y Química Inorgánica and Asociación Argentina de Tecnólogos Alimentarios. He is Editor in Chief and Founder, in July 2013, of Journal of Polymer and Biopolymers Physics Chemistry, Science and Education Publishing. He is on the editorial board of numerous journals.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de San Luis",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"National University of San Luis",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"333",title:"Food Chemistry",slug:"food-science-food-chemistry"}],chapters:[{id:"69850",title:"Extraction and Characterization of Pectins From Peels of Criolla Oranges (Citrus sinensis): Experimental Reviews",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88944",slug:"extraction-and-characterization-of-pectins-from-peels-of-criolla-oranges-em-citrus-sinensis-em-exper",totalDownloads:672,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Paula Ruano, Lismet Lazo Delgado, Sergio Picco, Liliana Villegas, Franco Tonelli, Mario Eduardo Aguilera Merlo, Javier Rigau, Darío Diaz and Martin Masuelli",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69850",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69850",authors:[{id:"99994",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",surname:"Masuelli",slug:"martin-masuelli",fullName:"Martin Masuelli"}],corrections:null},{id:"66671",title:"Extraction and Purification of Pectin from Agro-Industrial Wastes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85585",slug:"extraction-and-purification-of-pectin-from-agro-industrial-wastes",totalDownloads:1447,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Erumalla Venkatanagaraju, N. Bharathi, Rachiraju Hema Sindhuja, Rajshree Roy Chowdhury and Yarram Sreelekha",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66671",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66671",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"66458",title:"Pectin - Extraction, Purification, Characterization and Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85588",slug:"pectin-extraction-purification-characterization-and-applications",totalDownloads:466,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Virginia Rodríguez Robledo* and Lucía Isabel Castro Vázquez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66458",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66458",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"65793",title:"Role of Pectin in Food Processing and Food Packaging",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83677",slug:"role-of-pectin-in-food-processing-and-food-packaging",totalDownloads:1793,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:10,signatures:"Thiraviam Vanitha and Mahejibin Khan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65793",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65793",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"65638",title:"Pectins as Emulsifying Agent on the Preparation, Characterization, and Photocatalysis of Nano-LaCrO3",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83625",slug:"pectins-as-emulsifying-agent-on-the-preparation-characterization-and-photocatalysis-of-nano-lacro-su",totalDownloads:318,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Rudy Tahan Mangapul Situmeang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65638",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65638",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"66396",title:"Properties of Wine Polysaccharides",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85629",slug:"properties-of-wine-polysaccharides",totalDownloads:549,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Leticia Martínez-Lapuente, Zenaida Guadalupe and Belén Ayestarán",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66396",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66396",authors:[{id:"207851",title:"Dr.",name:"Zenaida",surname:"Guadalupe",slug:"zenaida-guadalupe",fullName:"Zenaida Guadalupe"},{id:"207853",title:"Dr.",name:"Belén",surname:"Ayestarán",slug:"belen-ayestaran",fullName:"Belén Ayestarán"},{id:"207854",title:"Dr.",name:"Leticia",surname:"Martínez-Lapuente",slug:"leticia-martinez-lapuente",fullName:"Leticia Martínez-Lapuente"}],corrections:null},{id:"65895",title:"Flavonoids and Pectins",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84960",slug:"flavonoids-and-pectins",totalDownloads:441,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Zhiping Zhang, Yanzhi He and Xinyue Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65895",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65895",authors:[null],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2828",title:"Fiber Reinforced Polymers",subtitle:"The Technology Applied for Concrete Repair",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4922c593466cc822b281fe7cc7d7fef6",slug:"fiber-reinforced-polymers-the-technology-applied-for-concrete-repair",bookSignature:"Martin Alberto Masuelli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"99994",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",surname:"Masuelli",slug:"martin-masuelli",fullName:"Martin Masuelli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1408",title:"Scientific, Health and Social Aspects of the Food Industry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e683dc398eabec0db3a88e891209a406",slug:"scientific-health-and-social-aspects-of-the-food-industry",bookSignature:"Benjamin Valdez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1408.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65522",title:"Dr.",name:"Benjamin",surname:"Valdez",slug:"benjamin-valdez",fullName:"Benjamin Valdez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5060",title:"Milk Proteins",subtitle:"From Structure to Biological Properties and Health Aspects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a7d2e5f38e97aaea90bb3fec55b3751",slug:"milk-proteins-from-structure-to-biological-properties-and-health-aspects",bookSignature:"Isabel Gigli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5060.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"175679",title:"Dr.",name:"Isabel",surname:"Gigli",slug:"isabel-gigli",fullName:"Isabel Gigli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6761",title:"Generation of Aromas and Flavours",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"32cb87c823ee53fcbff7ecb2e944d4b9",slug:"generation-of-aromas-and-flavours",bookSignature:"Alice Vilela",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6761.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181011",title:"Prof.",name:"Alice",surname:"Vilela",slug:"alice-vilela",fullName:"Alice Vilela"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8311",title:"Nutraceuticals",subtitle:"Past, Present and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51994c7d3887b9ecd6926b4967a4fdfb",slug:"nutraceuticals-past-present-and-future",bookSignature:"María Chávarri Hueda",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8311.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"150285",title:"Dr.",name:"María",surname:"Chávarri Hueda",slug:"maria-chavarri-hueda",fullName:"María Chávarri Hueda"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8625",title:"Whey",subtitle:"Biological Properties and Alternative Uses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"449a36f43c9a30ae4d43f9775599e8ac",slug:"whey-biological-properties-and-alternative-uses",bookSignature:"Isabel Gigli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8625.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"175679",title:"Dr.",name:"Isabel",surname:"Gigli",slug:"isabel-gigli",fullName:"Isabel Gigli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7332",title:"Some New Aspects of Colloidal Systems in Foods",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0dd822267e027684bd3ff53da4f2ef41",slug:"some-new-aspects-of-colloidal-systems-in-foods",bookSignature:"Jafar M. Milani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7332.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91158",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Jafar",surname:"Milani",slug:"jafar-milani",fullName:"Jafar Milani"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6878",title:"Frontiers and New Trends in the Science of Fermented Food and Beverages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aaeaec7ab2b300434df9061448772e57",slug:"frontiers-and-new-trends-in-the-science-of-fermented-food-and-beverages",bookSignature:"Rosa Lidia Solís-Oviedo and Ángel de la Cruz Pech-Canul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"227052",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa Lidia",surname:"Solís-Oviedo",slug:"rosa-lidia-solis-oviedo",fullName:"Rosa Lidia Solís-Oviedo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"74251",slug:"corrigendum-to-enhancing-soil-properties-and-maize-yield-through-organic-and-inorganic-nitrogen-and",title:"Corrigendum to: Enhancing Soil Properties and Maize Yield through Organic and Inorganic Nitrogen and Diazotrophic Bacteria",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/74251.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74251",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74251",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/74251",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/74251",chapter:{id:"71840",slug:"enhancing-soil-properties-and-maize-yield-through-organic-and-inorganic-nitrogen-and-diazotrophic-ba",signatures:"Arshad Jalal, Kamran Azeem, Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho and Aeysha Khan",dateSubmitted:"May 29th 2019",dateReviewed:"March 6th 2020",datePrePublished:"April 20th 2020",datePublished:"June 17th 2020",book:{id:"9345",title:"Sustainable Crop Production",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Sustainable Crop Production",slug:"sustainable-crop-production",publishedDate:"June 17th 2020",bookSignature:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman, Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho, Masayuki Fujita and Thiago Assis Rodrigues Nogueira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9345.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"76477",title:"Dr.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"190597",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto",middleName:null,surname:"Teixeira Filho",fullName:"Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho",slug:"marcelo-carvalho-minhoto-teixeira-filho",email:"mcm.teixeira-filho@unesp.br",position:null,institution:{name:"Sao Paulo State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"322298",title:"Dr.",name:"Aeysha",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",fullName:"Aeysha Khan",slug:"aeysha-khan",email:"fhw9uhfig@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"322299",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamran",middleName:null,surname:"Azeem",fullName:"Kamran Azeem",slug:"kamran-azeem",email:"gisfgiog34sg@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"322301",title:"Dr.",name:"Arshad",middleName:null,surname:"Jalal",fullName:"Arshad Jalal",slug:"arshad-jalal",email:"gisfgiog3465sg@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"71840",slug:"enhancing-soil-properties-and-maize-yield-through-organic-and-inorganic-nitrogen-and-diazotrophic-ba",signatures:"Arshad Jalal, Kamran Azeem, Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho and Aeysha Khan",dateSubmitted:"May 29th 2019",dateReviewed:"March 6th 2020",datePrePublished:"April 20th 2020",datePublished:"June 17th 2020",book:{id:"9345",title:"Sustainable Crop Production",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Sustainable Crop Production",slug:"sustainable-crop-production",publishedDate:"June 17th 2020",bookSignature:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman, Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho, Masayuki Fujita and Thiago Assis Rodrigues Nogueira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9345.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"76477",title:"Dr.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"190597",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto",middleName:null,surname:"Teixeira Filho",fullName:"Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho",slug:"marcelo-carvalho-minhoto-teixeira-filho",email:"mcm.teixeira-filho@unesp.br",position:null,institution:{name:"Sao Paulo State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"322298",title:"Dr.",name:"Aeysha",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",fullName:"Aeysha Khan",slug:"aeysha-khan",email:"fhw9uhfig@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"322299",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamran",middleName:null,surname:"Azeem",fullName:"Kamran Azeem",slug:"kamran-azeem",email:"gisfgiog34sg@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"322301",title:"Dr.",name:"Arshad",middleName:null,surname:"Jalal",fullName:"Arshad Jalal",slug:"arshad-jalal",email:"gisfgiog3465sg@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"9345",title:"Sustainable Crop Production",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Sustainable Crop Production",slug:"sustainable-crop-production",publishedDate:"June 17th 2020",bookSignature:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman, Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho, Masayuki Fujita and Thiago Assis Rodrigues Nogueira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9345.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"76477",title:"Dr.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"8074",leadTitle:null,title:"Lyme Disease",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book will be a self-contained collection of scholarly papers targeting an audience of practicing researchers, academics, PhD students and other scientists. The contents of the book will be written by multiple authors and edited by experts in the field.",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900d78336110fda9e7f46f84187235ff",bookSignature:"",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8074.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 24th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"August 29th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 28th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"January 16th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 17th 2019",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:1,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"René Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"rene-mauricio-barria",fullName:"René Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"17522",title:"Wavelet Analysis for the Extraction of Morphological Features for Orthopaedic Bearing Surfaces",doi:"10.5772/20728",slug:"wavelet-analysis-for-the-extraction-of-morphological-features-for-orthopaedic-bearing-surfaces1",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/17522.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17522",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17522",totalDownloads:2066,totalViews:91,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"November 10th 2010",dateReviewed:"April 19th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"August 1st 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/17522",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/17522",book:{slug:"progress-in-molecular-and-environmental-bioengineering-from-analysis-and-modeling-to-technology-applications"},signatures:"X. Jiang, W. Zeng and Paul J. Scott",authors:[{id:"40268",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiangqian",middleName:null,surname:"Jiang",fullName:"Xiangqian Jiang",slug:"xiangqian-jiang",email:"x.jiang@hud.ac.uk",position:null,institution:null},{id:"56248",title:"Dr.",name:"Wenhan",middleName:null,surname:"Zeng",fullName:"Wenhan Zeng",slug:"wenhan-zeng",email:"Z.Wenhan@hud.ac.uk",position:null,institution:null},{id:"56249",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Scott",fullName:"Paul Scott",slug:"paul-scott",email:"p.j.scott@hud.ac.uk",position:null,institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"248",title:"Progress in Molecular and Environmental Bioengineering",subtitle:"From Analysis and Modeling to Technology Applications",fullTitle:"Progress in Molecular and Environmental Bioengineering - From Analysis and Modeling to Technology Applications",slug:"progress-in-molecular-and-environmental-bioengineering-from-analysis-and-modeling-to-technology-applications",publishedDate:"August 1st 2011",bookSignature:"Angelo Carpi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/248.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58620",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelo",middleName:null,surname:"Carpi",slug:"angelo-carpi",fullName:"Angelo Carpi"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"17233",title:"Fractional Kinetics Compartmental Models",slug:"fractional-kinetics-compartmental-models",totalDownloads:2548,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Davide Verotta",authors:[{id:"34992",title:"Prof.",name:"Davide",middleName:null,surname:"Verotta",fullName:"Davide Verotta",slug:"davide-verotta"}]},{id:"17521",title:"Advances in Minimal Cell Models: a New Approach to Synthetic Biology and Origin of Life",slug:"advances-in-minimal-cell-models-a-new-approach-to-synthetic-biology-and-origin-of-life1",totalDownloads:2265,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Pasquale Stano",authors:[{id:"50730",title:"Dr.",name:"Pasquale",middleName:null,surname:"Stano",fullName:"Pasquale Stano",slug:"pasquale-stano"}]},{id:"17522",title:"Wavelet Analysis for the Extraction of Morphological Features for Orthopaedic Bearing Surfaces",slug:"wavelet-analysis-for-the-extraction-of-morphological-features-for-orthopaedic-bearing-surfaces1",totalDownloads:2066,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"X. Jiang, W. Zeng and Paul J. Scott",authors:[{id:"40268",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiangqian",middleName:null,surname:"Jiang",fullName:"Xiangqian Jiang",slug:"xiangqian-jiang"},{id:"56248",title:"Dr.",name:"Wenhan",middleName:null,surname:"Zeng",fullName:"Wenhan Zeng",slug:"wenhan-zeng"},{id:"56249",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Scott",fullName:"Paul Scott",slug:"paul-scott"}]},{id:"17236",title:"Ten Years of External Quality Control for Cellular Therapy Products in France",slug:"ten-years-of-external-quality-control-for-cellular-therapy-products-in-france",totalDownloads:2976,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Béatrice Panterne, Marie-Jeanne Richard, Christine Sabatini, Sophie Ardiot, Gérard Huyghe, Claude Lemarié, Fabienne Pouthier and Laurence Mouillot",authors:[{id:"49063",title:"Prof.",name:"Béatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Panterne",fullName:"Béatrice Panterne",slug:"beatrice-panterne"},{id:"87685",title:"Dr",name:"Marie-Jeanne",middleName:null,surname:"Richard",fullName:"Marie-Jeanne Richard",slug:"marie-jeanne-richard"},{id:"87686",title:"Ms",name:"Christine",middleName:null,surname:"Sabatini",fullName:"Christine Sabatini",slug:"christine-sabatini"},{id:"87687",title:"Ms",name:"Sophie",middleName:null,surname:"Ardiot",fullName:"Sophie Ardiot",slug:"sophie-ardiot"},{id:"87688",title:"Mr",name:"Gérard",middleName:null,surname:"Huyghe",fullName:"Gérard Huyghe",slug:"gerard-huyghe"},{id:"87689",title:"Dr",name:"Claude",middleName:null,surname:"Lemarié",fullName:"Claude Lemarié",slug:"claude-lemarie"},{id:"87690",title:"Dr",name:"Fabienne",middleName:null,surname:"Pouthier",fullName:"Fabienne Pouthier",slug:"fabienne-pouthier"},{id:"87691",title:"Ms",name:"Laurence",middleName:null,surname:"Mouillot",fullName:"Laurence Mouillot",slug:"laurence-mouillot"}]},{id:"17237",title:"Hydrogels: Methods of Preparation, Characterisation and Applications",slug:"hydrogels-methods-of-preparation-characterisation-and-applications",totalDownloads:64141,totalCrossrefCites:58,signatures:"Syed K. H. Gulrez, Saphwan Al-Assaf and Glyn O Phillips",authors:[{id:"58120",title:"Prof.",name:"Saphwan",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Assaf",fullName:"Saphwan Al-Assaf",slug:"saphwan-al-assaf"}]},{id:"17238",title:"Chemical Mediated Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and its Potential Antibacterial Application",slug:"chemical-mediated-synthesis-of-silver-nanoparticles-and-its-potential-antibacterial-application",totalDownloads:6387,totalCrossrefCites:7,signatures:"P.Prema",authors:[{id:"46312",title:"Prof.",name:"Paulpandian",middleName:null,surname:"Prema",fullName:"Paulpandian Prema",slug:"paulpandian-prema"}]},{id:"17239",title:"Polymer-Mediated Broad Spectrum Antiviral Prophylaxis: Utility in High Risk Environments",slug:"polymer-mediated-broad-spectrum-antiviral-prophylaxis-utility-in-high-risk-environments",totalDownloads:2080,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Dana L. Kyluik, Troy C. Sutton, Yevgeniya Le and Mark D. Scott",authors:[{id:"41038",title:"Dr.",name:"Mark",middleName:"D.",surname:"Scott",fullName:"Mark Scott",slug:"mark-scott"},{id:"80480",title:"Ms.",name:"Dana L.",middleName:null,surname:"Kyluik",fullName:"Dana L. Kyluik",slug:"dana-l.-kyluik"},{id:"80481",title:"Dr.",name:"Troy C.",middleName:null,surname:"Sutton",fullName:"Troy C. Sutton",slug:"troy-c.-sutton"},{id:"80482",title:"Dr.",name:"Yevgeniya",middleName:null,surname:"Le",fullName:"Yevgeniya Le",slug:"yevgeniya-le"}]},{id:"17240",title:"Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: Technological Developments and in Vivo Techniques to Evaluate Their Interaction with the Skin",slug:"solid-lipid-nanoparticles-technological-developments-and-in-vivo-techniques-to-evaluate-their-intera",totalDownloads:4927,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Mariella Bleve, Franca Pavanetto and Paola Perugini",authors:[{id:"34406",title:"Prof.",name:"Paola",middleName:null,surname:"Perugini",fullName:"Paola Perugini",slug:"paola-perugini"},{id:"49874",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariella",middleName:null,surname:"Bleve",fullName:"Mariella Bleve",slug:"mariella-bleve"},{id:"49875",title:"Prof.",name:"Franca",middleName:null,surname:"Pavanetto",fullName:"Franca Pavanetto",slug:"franca-pavanetto"}]},{id:"17241",title:"Bioprocess Design: Fermentation Strategies for Improving the Production of Alginate and Poly-β-Hydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) by Azotobacter vinelandii",slug:"bioprocess-design-fermentation-strategies-for-improving-the-production-of-alginate-and-poly-hydroxya",totalDownloads:4199,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Carlos Peña, Tania Castillo, Cinthia Núñez and Daniel Segura",authors:[{id:"38725",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos F",middleName:null,surname:"Peña-Malacara",fullName:"Carlos F Peña-Malacara",slug:"carlos-f-pena-malacara"},{id:"38788",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Segura-Gonzalez",fullName:"Daniel Segura-Gonzalez",slug:"daniel-segura-gonzalez"},{id:"49334",title:"Dr.",name:"Cinthia",middleName:null,surname:"Nuñez",fullName:"Cinthia Nuñez",slug:"cinthia-nunez"},{id:"62879",title:"MSc",name:"Tania",middleName:null,surname:"Castillo",fullName:"Tania Castillo",slug:"tania-castillo"}]},{id:"17242",title:"Research and Development of Biotechnologies Using Zebrafish and Its Application on Drug Discovery",slug:"research-and-development-of-biotechnologies-using-zebrafish-and-its-application-on-drug-discovery",totalDownloads:2618,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yutaka Tamaru, Hisayoshi Ishikawa, Eriko Avşar-Ban, Hajime Nakatani, Hideo Miyake and Shin’ichi Akiyama",authors:[{id:"34658",title:"Dr.",name:"Yutaka",middleName:null,surname:"Tamaru",fullName:"Yutaka Tamaru",slug:"yutaka-tamaru"},{id:"96677",title:"MSc.",name:"Hisayoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Ishikawa",fullName:"Hisayoshi Ishikawa",slug:"hisayoshi-ishikawa"},{id:"96679",title:"MSc.",name:"Eriko",middleName:null,surname:"Avşar-Ban",fullName:"Eriko Avşar-Ban",slug:"eriko-avsar-ban"},{id:"96680",title:"Dr.",name:"Hajime",middleName:null,surname:"Nakatani",fullName:"Hajime Nakatani",slug:"hajime-nakatani"},{id:"96738",title:"Dr.",name:"Hideo",middleName:null,surname:"Miyake",fullName:"Hideo Miyake",slug:"hideo-miyake"},{id:"96739",title:"Prof.",name:"Shin'Ichi",middleName:null,surname:"Akiyama",fullName:"Shin'Ichi Akiyama",slug:"shin'ichi-akiyama"}]},{id:"17243",title:"Liver Regeneration: the Role of Bioengineering",slug:"liver-regeneration-the-role-of-bioengineering",totalDownloads:2157,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Pedro M. Baptista, Dipen Vyas and Shay Soker",authors:[{id:"43679",title:"Dr.",name:"Pedro",middleName:"M.",surname:"Baptista",fullName:"Pedro Baptista",slug:"pedro-baptista"},{id:"52899",title:"Prof.",name:"Shay",middleName:null,surname:"Soker",fullName:"Shay Soker",slug:"shay-soker"}]},{id:"17244",title:"Platelet Rich Plasma in Reconstructive Periodontal Therapy",slug:"platelet-rich-plasma-in-reconstructive-periodontal-therapy",totalDownloads:6365,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Selcuk Yılmaz, Gokser Cakar and Sebnem Dirikan Ipci",authors:[{id:"50002",title:"Prof.",name:"Selcuk",middleName:null,surname:"Yilmaz",fullName:"Selcuk Yilmaz",slug:"selcuk-yilmaz"},{id:"50027",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokser",middleName:null,surname:"Cakar Gurluman",fullName:"Gokser Cakar Gurluman",slug:"gokser-cakar-gurluman"},{id:"50028",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebnem",middleName:null,surname:"Dirikan Ipci",fullName:"Sebnem Dirikan Ipci",slug:"sebnem-dirikan-ipci"}]},{id:"17245",title:"Ocular Surface Reconstitution",slug:"ocular-surface-reconstitution",totalDownloads:2474,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Pho Nguyen, Shabnam Khashabi and Samuel C Yiu",authors:[{id:"49623",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Yiu",fullName:"Samuel Yiu",slug:"samuel-yiu"},{id:"49626",title:"Dr.",name:"Pho",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",fullName:"Pho Nguyen",slug:"pho-nguyen"},{id:"49627",title:"Dr.",name:"Shabnam",middleName:null,surname:"Khashabi",fullName:"Shabnam Khashabi",slug:"shabnam-khashabi"}]},{id:"17246",title:"A Liquid Ventilator Prototype for Total Liquid Ventilation Preclinical Studies",slug:"a-liquid-ventilator-prototype-for-total-liquid-ventilation-preclinical-studies",totalDownloads:2690,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Philippe Micheau, Raymond Robert, Benoit Beaudry, Alexandre Beaulieu, Mathieu Nadeau, Olivier Avoine, Marie-Eve Rochon, Jean-Paul Praud and Hervé Walti",authors:[{id:"43309",title:"Prof.",name:"Philippe",middleName:null,surname:"Micheau",fullName:"Philippe Micheau",slug:"philippe-micheau"},{id:"48883",title:"Mr.",name:"Raymond",middleName:null,surname:"Robert",fullName:"Raymond Robert",slug:"raymond-robert"},{id:"48884",title:"Mr.",name:"Hervé",middleName:null,surname:"Walti",fullName:"Hervé Walti",slug:"herve-walti"},{id:"48885",title:"Mr.",name:"Jean-Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Praud",fullName:"Jean-Paul Praud",slug:"jean-paul-praud"},{id:"48886",title:"Mr.",name:"Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Beeaulieu",fullName:"Alexandre Beeaulieu",slug:"alexandre-beeaulieu"},{id:"48887",title:"Mr.",name:"Olivier",middleName:null,surname:"Avoine",fullName:"Olivier Avoine",slug:"olivier-avoine"},{id:"48888",title:"BSc.",name:"Mathieu",middleName:null,surname:"Nadeau",fullName:"Mathieu Nadeau",slug:"mathieu-nadeau"},{id:"48889",title:"Mr.",name:"Marie Eve",middleName:null,surname:"Rochon",fullName:"Marie Eve Rochon",slug:"marie-eve-rochon"},{id:"86905",title:"MSc.",name:"Benoit",middleName:null,surname:"Beaudry",fullName:"Benoit Beaudry",slug:"benoit-beaudry"}]},{id:"17247",title:"Isolation and Purification of Bioactive Proteins from Bovine Colostrum",slug:"isolation-and-purification-of-bioactive-proteins-from-bovine-colostrum",totalDownloads:8729,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mianbin Wu, Xuewan Wang, Zhengyu Zhang and Rutao Wang",authors:[{id:"38025",title:"Dr.",name:"Mianbin",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",fullName:"Mianbin Wu",slug:"mianbin-wu"},{id:"48166",title:"MSc.",name:"Zhengyu",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Zhengyu Zhang",slug:"zhengyu-zhang"},{id:"87568",title:"MSc.",name:"Rutao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Rutao Wang",slug:"rutao-wang"},{id:"87570",title:"MSc.",name:"Xuewan",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Xuewan Wang",slug:"xuewan-wang"}]},{id:"17248",title:"Separation of Biosynthetic Products by Pertraction",slug:"separation-of-biosynthetic-products-by-pertraction",totalDownloads:2216,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Anca-Irina Galaction and Dan Caşcaval",authors:[{id:"32932",title:"Prof.",name:"Anca",middleName:"Irina",surname:"Galaction",fullName:"Anca Galaction",slug:"anca-galaction"},{id:"40415",title:"Prof.",name:"Dan",middleName:null,surname:"Cascaval",fullName:"Dan Cascaval",slug:"dan-cascaval"}]},{id:"17249",title:"Screening of Factors Influencing Exopolymer Production by Bacillus licheniformis Strain T221a Using 2-Level Factorial Design",slug:"screening-of-factors-influencing-exopolymer-production-by-bacillus-licheniformis-strain-t221a-using-",totalDownloads:2604,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Nurrazean Haireen Mohd Tumpang,\nMadihah Md. Salleh and Suraini Abd-Aziz",authors:[{id:"35403",title:"Dr.",name:"Madihah",middleName:null,surname:"Salleh",fullName:"Madihah Salleh",slug:"madihah-salleh"},{id:"46866",title:"Ms",name:"Azean Haireen",middleName:null,surname:"Tumpang",fullName:"Azean Haireen Tumpang",slug:"azean-haireen-tumpang"},{id:"46867",title:"Dr.",name:"Suraini",middleName:null,surname:"Abdul Aziz",fullName:"Suraini Abdul Aziz",slug:"suraini-abdul-aziz"}]},{id:"17250",title:"Biocatalysts in Control of Phytopatogenic Fungi and Methods for Antifungal Effect Detection",slug:"biocatalysts-in-control-of-phytopatogenic-fungi-and-methods-for-antifungal-effect-detection",totalDownloads:2519,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Cecilia Balvantín–García, Karla M. Gregorio-Jáuregui, Erika Nava-Reyna, Alejandra I. Perez-Molina, José L. Martínez-Hernández, Jesús Rodríguez-Martínez and Anna Ilyina",authors:[{id:"48689",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Ilyina",fullName:"Anna Ilyina",slug:"anna-ilyina"},{id:"49575",title:"MSc.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Balvantín – García",fullName:"Cecilia Balvantín – García",slug:"cecilia-balvantin-garcia"},{id:"49576",title:"MSc.",name:"Erika",middleName:null,surname:"Nava-Reyna",fullName:"Erika Nava-Reyna",slug:"erika-nava-reyna"},{id:"49577",title:"MSc.",name:"Alejandra",middleName:"Ivett",surname:"Pérez-Molina",fullName:"Alejandra Pérez-Molina",slug:"alejandra-perez-molina"},{id:"49578",title:"MSc.",name:"Karla M.",middleName:null,surname:"Gregorio-Jáuregui",fullName:"Karla M. Gregorio-Jáuregui",slug:"karla-m.-gregorio-jauregui"},{id:"49579",title:"Dr.",name:"José L.",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Hernández",fullName:"José L. Martínez-Hernández",slug:"jose-l.-martinez-hernandez"},{id:"49580",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesús",middleName:null,surname:"Rodríguez-Martínez",fullName:"Jesús Rodríguez-Martínez",slug:"jesus-rodriguez-martinez"}]},{id:"17251",title:"Cofactor Engineering Enhances the Physiological Function of an Industrial Strain",slug:"cofactor-engineering-enhances-the-physiological-function-of-an-industrial-strain",totalDownloads:2460,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Liming Liu and Jian Chen",authors:[{id:"30862",title:"Dr.",name:"Liming",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Liming Liu",slug:"liming-liu"}]},{id:"17252",title:"The Bioengineering and Industrial Applications of Bacterial Alkaline Proteases: the Case of SAPB and KERAB",slug:"the-bioengineering-and-industrial-applications-of-bacterial-alkaline-proteases-the-case-of-sapb-and-",totalDownloads:5133,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Bassem Jaouadi, Badis Abdelmalek, Nedia Zaraî Jaouadi and Samir Bejar",authors:[{id:"54039",title:"Prof.",name:"Bejar",middleName:null,surname:"Samir",fullName:"Bejar Samir",slug:"bejar-samir"},{id:"119270",title:"Dr.",name:"Bassem",middleName:null,surname:"Jaouadi",fullName:"Bassem Jaouadi",slug:"bassem-jaouadi"}]},{id:"17253",title:"Bioengineering Recombinant Diacylglycerol Acyltransferases",slug:"bioengineering-recombinant-diacylglycerol-acyltransferases",totalDownloads:2293,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Heping Cao",authors:[{id:"33261",title:"Dr.",name:"Heping",middleName:null,surname:"Cao",fullName:"Heping Cao",slug:"heping-cao"}]},{id:"17254",title:"Microalgal Biotechnology and Bioenergy in Dunaliella",slug:"microalgal-biotechnology-and-bioenergy-in-dunaliella",totalDownloads:8216,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Mansour Shariati and Mohammad Reza Hadi",authors:[{id:"33389",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Hadi",fullName:"Mohammad Reza Hadi",slug:"mohammad-reza-hadi"},{id:"33405",title:"Dr.",name:"Mansour",middleName:null,surname:"Shariati",fullName:"Mansour Shariati",slug:"mansour-shariati"}]},{id:"17255",title:"New Trends for Understanding Stability of Biological Materials from Engineering Prospective",slug:"new-trends-for-understanding-stability-of-biological-materials-from-engineering-prospective",totalDownloads:3642,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ayman H. Amer Eissa and Abdul Rahman O. Alghannam",authors:[{id:"32499",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayman",middleName:"Hafiz",surname:"Amer Eissa",fullName:"Ayman Amer Eissa",slug:"ayman-amer-eissa"}]},{id:"17256",title:"Morphology Control of Ordered Mesoporous Carbon Using Organic-Templating Approach",slug:"morphology-control-of-ordered-mesoporous-carbon-using-organic-templating-approach",totalDownloads:4082,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Shunsuke Tanaka and Norikazu Nishiyama",authors:[{id:"31174",title:"Dr",name:"Shunsuke",middleName:null,surname:"Tanaka",fullName:"Shunsuke Tanaka",slug:"shunsuke-tanaka"},{id:"77598",title:"Prof.",name:"Norikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Nishiyama",fullName:"Norikazu Nishiyama",slug:"norikazu-nishiyama"}]},{id:"17257",title:"Streambank Soil Bioengineering Approach to Erosion Control",slug:"streambank-soil-bioengineering-approach-to-erosion-control",totalDownloads:5753,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Francisco Sandro Rodrigues Holanda and Igor Pinheiro da Rocha",authors:[{id:"39942",title:"Prof.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Holanda",fullName:"Francisco Holanda",slug:"francisco-holanda"},{id:"102464",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Pinheiro",surname:"Rocha",fullName:"Igor Rocha",slug:"igor-rocha"}]},{id:"17258",title:"Improving Biosurfactant Recovery from Pseudomonas aeruginosa Fermentation",slug:"improving-biosurfactant-recovery-from-pseudomonas-aeruginosa-fermentation",totalDownloads:3815,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Salwa Mohd Salleh, Nur Asshifa Md Noh and Ahmad Ramli Mohd Yahya",authors:[{id:"51907",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad R.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Yahya",fullName:"Ahmad R.M. Yahya",slug:"ahmad-r.m.-yahya"},{id:"52584",title:"Ms.",name:"Salwa",middleName:null,surname:"M.S",fullName:"Salwa M.S",slug:"salwa-m.s"},{id:"55412",title:"Mrs",name:"M. N.",middleName:null,surname:"Asshifa",fullName:"M. N. Asshifa",slug:"m.-n.-asshifa"}]},{id:"17259",title:"New Insight into Biodegradation of Poly (L-Lactide), Enzyme Production and Characterization",slug:"new-insight-into-biodegradation-of-poly-l-lactide-enzyme-production-and-characterization",totalDownloads:6977,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Sukhumaporn Sukkhum and Vichien Kitpreechavanich",authors:[{id:"35049",title:"Dr.",name:"Vichien",middleName:null,surname:"Kitpreechavanich",fullName:"Vichien Kitpreechavanich",slug:"vichien-kitpreechavanich"},{id:"48701",title:"Dr.",name:"Sukhumaporn",middleName:null,surname:"Sukkhum",fullName:"Sukhumaporn Sukkhum",slug:"sukhumaporn-sukkhum"}]},{id:"17260",title:"Engineering Bacteria for Bioremediation",slug:"engineering-bacteria-for-bioremediation",totalDownloads:16641,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Elen Aquino Perpetuo, Cleide Barbieri Souza and Claudio Augusto Oller Nascimento",authors:[{id:"35301",title:"Dr.",name:"Elen",middleName:null,surname:"Perpetuo",fullName:"Elen Perpetuo",slug:"elen-perpetuo"},{id:"50350",title:"Prof.",name:"Claudio",middleName:null,surname:"Oller Do Nascimento",fullName:"Claudio Oller Do Nascimento",slug:"claudio-oller-do-nascimento"},{id:"87386",title:"Dr.",name:"Cleide",middleName:null,surname:"Barbieri De Souza",fullName:"Cleide Barbieri De Souza",slug:"cleide-barbieri-de-souza"}]},{id:"17261",title:"Construction and Characterization of Novel Chimeric β -Glucosidases with Cellvibrio gilvus (CG) and Thermotoga maritima (TM) by Overlapping PCR",slug:"construction-and-characterization-of-novel-chimeric-glucosidases-with-cellvibrio-gilvus-cg-and-therm",totalDownloads:2051,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kim Jong Deog and Hayashi Kiyoshi",authors:[{id:"31115",title:"Prof.",name:"Jongdeog",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Jongdeog Kim",slug:"jongdeog-kim"},{id:"31120",title:"Prof.",name:"Kiyoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Hayashi",fullName:"Kiyoshi Hayashi",slug:"kiyoshi-hayashi"},{id:"31121",title:"Dr.",name:"HyoJin",middleName:null,surname:"SEO",fullName:"HyoJin SEO",slug:"hyojin-seo"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"353",title:"Progress in Hemodialysis",subtitle:"From Emergent Biotechnology to Clinical Practice",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b545b95a5c70a6881b0ee0821429a92",slug:"progress-in-hemodialysis-from-emergent-biotechnology-to-clinical-practice",bookSignature:"Angelo Carpi, Carlo Donadio and Gianfranco Tramonti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/353.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58620",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelo",surname:"Carpi",slug:"angelo-carpi",fullName:"Angelo Carpi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"21269",title:"Kinetic Modeling and Adequacy of Dialysis",slug:"kinetic-modeling-and-adequacy-of-dialysis",signatures:"Malgorzata Debowska, Bengt Lindholm and Jacek Waniewski",authors:[{id:"59006",title:"Prof.",name:"Jacek",middleName:null,surname:"Waniewski",fullName:"Jacek Waniewski",slug:"jacek-waniewski"},{id:"59467",title:"Dr.",name:"Malgorzata",middleName:null,surname:"Debowska",fullName:"Malgorzata Debowska",slug:"malgorzata-debowska"},{id:"59469",title:"Prof.",name:"Bengt",middleName:null,surname:"Lindholm",fullName:"Bengt Lindholm",slug:"bengt-lindholm"}]},{id:"21270",title:"Automated Blood Volume Regulation During Hemodialysis",slug:"automated-blood-volume-regulation-during-hemodialysis",signatures:"Isabelle Chapdelaine, Clément Déziel and François Madore",authors:[{id:"44435",title:"Prof.",name:"Francois",middleName:null,surname:"Madore",fullName:"Francois Madore",slug:"francois-madore"},{id:"60708",title:"Dr.",name:"Isabelle",middleName:null,surname:"Chapdelaine",fullName:"Isabelle Chapdelaine",slug:"isabelle-chapdelaine"},{id:"112300",title:"Prof.",name:"Clément",middleName:null,surname:"Déziel",fullName:"Clément Déziel",slug:"clement-deziel"}]},{id:"21271",title:"Sodium and Hemodialysis",slug:"sodium-and-hemodialysis",signatures:"Matthew Gembala and Satish Kumar",authors:[{id:"59703",title:"Dr.",name:"Matthew",middleName:null,surname:"Gembala",fullName:"Matthew Gembala",slug:"matthew-gembala"},{id:"92919",title:"Prof.",name:"Satish",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",fullName:"Satish Kumar",slug:"satish-kumar"}]},{id:"21272",title:"Polyethersulfone Hollow Fiber Membranes for Hemodialysis",slug:"polyethersulfone-hollow-fiber-membranes-for-hemodialysis",signatures:"Baihai Su, Shudong Sun and Changsheng Zhao",authors:[{id:"49545",title:"Prof.",name:"Changsheng",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",fullName:"Changsheng Zhao",slug:"changsheng-zhao"},{id:"94417",title:"Dr.",name:"Baihai",middleName:null,surname:"Su",fullName:"Baihai Su",slug:"baihai-su"},{id:"94418",title:"Dr.",name:"Shudong",middleName:null,surname:"Sun",fullName:"Shudong Sun",slug:"shudong-sun"}]},{id:"21273",title:"The Evolution of Biocompatibility: From Microinflammation to Microvesiscles",slug:"the-evolution-of-biocompatibility-from-microinflammation-to-microvesiscles",signatures:"Ciro Tetta, Stefano Maffei, Barbara Cisterna, Valentina Fonsato, Giorgio Triolo, Giuseppe Paolo Segoloni, Giovanni Camussi, Maria Chiara Deregibus and Emanuele Gatti",authors:[{id:"46966",title:"Prof.",name:"Giovanni",middleName:null,surname:"Camussi",fullName:"Giovanni Camussi",slug:"giovanni-camussi"},{id:"53161",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciro",middleName:null,surname:"Tetta",fullName:"Ciro Tetta",slug:"ciro-tetta"},{id:"58893",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"Maffei",fullName:"Stefano Maffei",slug:"stefano-maffei"},{id:"58894",title:"Dr.",name:"Giorgio",middleName:null,surname:"Triolo",fullName:"Giorgio Triolo",slug:"giorgio-triolo"},{id:"58895",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:"Paolo",surname:"Segoloni",fullName:"Giuseppe Segoloni",slug:"giuseppe-segoloni"},{id:"58896",title:"Prof.",name:"Emanuele",middleName:null,surname:"Gatti",fullName:"Emanuele Gatti",slug:"emanuele-gatti"},{id:"102812",title:"BSc.",name:"Barbara",middleName:null,surname:"Cisterna",fullName:"Barbara Cisterna",slug:"barbara-cisterna"},{id:"102814",title:"BSc.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Fonsato",fullName:"Valentina Fonsato",slug:"valentina-fonsato"},{id:"102816",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Chiara",middleName:null,surname:"Deregibus",fullName:"Maria Chiara Deregibus",slug:"maria-chiara-deregibus"}]},{id:"21274",title:"Pulse Push/Pull Hemodialysis: Convective Renal Replacement Therapy",slug:"pulse-push-pull-hemodialysis-convective-renal-replacement-therapy",signatures:"Kyungsoo Lee",authors:[{id:"53225",title:"Dr.",name:"Kyungsoo",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Kyungsoo Lee",slug:"kyungsoo-lee"}]},{id:"21275",title:"Optical Dialysis Adequacy Monitoring: Small Uremic Toxins and Contribution to UV-Absorbance Studied by HPLC",slug:"optical-dialysis-adequacy-monitoring-small-uremic-toxins-and-contribution-to-uv-absorbance-studied-b",signatures:"Kai Lauri, Jürgen Arund, Jana Holmar, Risto Tanner, Merike Luman and Ivo Fridolin",authors:[{id:"59651",title:"Ms.",name:"Kai",middleName:null,surname:"Lauri",fullName:"Kai Lauri",slug:"kai-lauri"},{id:"106407",title:"MSc.",name:"Jürgen",middleName:null,surname:"Arund",fullName:"Jürgen Arund",slug:"jurgen-arund"},{id:"106409",title:"MSc",name:"Jana",middleName:null,surname:"Holmar",fullName:"Jana Holmar",slug:"jana-holmar"},{id:"106411",title:"Dr",name:"Risto",middleName:null,surname:"Tanner",fullName:"Risto Tanner",slug:"risto-tanner"},{id:"106413",title:"Prof.",name:"Ivo",middleName:null,surname:"Fridolin",fullName:"Ivo Fridolin",slug:"ivo-fridolin"},{id:"106415",title:"Dr.",name:"Merike",middleName:null,surname:"Luman",fullName:"Merike Luman",slug:"merike-luman"}]},{id:"21276",title:"Influence of Online Hemodiafiltration on Hemoglobin Level, ESA-Dosage and Serum Albumin – A Retrospective, Multicenter Analysis",slug:"influence-of-online-hemodiafiltration-on-hemoglobin-level-esa-dosage-and-serum-albumin-a-retrospecti",signatures:"Roland E. Winkler, Peter Ahrenholz and Klaus Freivogel",authors:[{id:"43902",title:"Dr.",name:"Roland",middleName:"E.",surname:"Winkler, M.B.A.",fullName:"Roland Winkler, M.B.A.",slug:"roland-winkler-m.b.a."},{id:"50745",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Ahrenholz",fullName:"Peter Ahrenholz",slug:"peter-ahrenholz"},{id:"91671",title:"Dr.",name:"Klaus",middleName:null,surname:"Freivogel",fullName:"Klaus Freivogel",slug:"klaus-freivogel"}]},{id:"21277",title:"Leukocyte Function in High-Flux Hemodialysis",slug:"leukocyte-function-in-high-flux-hemodialysis",signatures:"Jenny Olsson",authors:[{id:"49943",title:"Dr.",name:"Jenny",middleName:null,surname:"Olsson",fullName:"Jenny Olsson",slug:"jenny-olsson"}]},{id:"21278",title:"Dialysis Membrane Manipulation for Endotoxin Removal",slug:"dialysis-membrane-manipulation-for-endotoxin-removal",signatures:"Michael Henrie, Cheryl Ford, Eric Stroup and Chih-Hu Ho",authors:[{id:"49767",title:"Dr.",name:"Chih-Hu",middleName:null,surname:"Ho",fullName:"Chih-Hu Ho",slug:"chih-hu-ho"},{id:"61755",title:"Mr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Henrie",fullName:"Michael Henrie",slug:"michael-henrie"},{id:"61756",title:"Mr.",name:"Eric",middleName:null,surname:"Stroup",fullName:"Eric Stroup",slug:"eric-stroup"},{id:"62083",title:"Ms",name:"Cheryl",middleName:null,surname:"Ford",fullName:"Cheryl Ford",slug:"cheryl-ford"}]},{id:"21279",title:"Citrate Anticoagulation in Hemodialysis",slug:"citrate-anticoagulation-in-hemodialysis",signatures:"Stephan Thijssen",authors:[{id:"53522",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephan",middleName:null,surname:"Thijssen",fullName:"Stephan Thijssen",slug:"stephan-thijssen"}]},{id:"21280",title:"Hemodialysis Principles and Controversies",slug:"hemodialysis-principles-and-controversies",signatures:"Parin Makadia, Payam Benson, Filberto Kelly and Joshua Kaplan",authors:[{id:"44732",title:"Dr.",name:"Joshua",middleName:null,surname:"Kaplan",fullName:"Joshua Kaplan",slug:"joshua-kaplan"}]},{id:"21281",title:"Residual Renal Function in Hemodialysis Patients",slug:"residual-renal-function-in-hemodialysis-patients",signatures:"Zachary Z. Brener, Stephan Thijssen, Peter Kotanko, James F. Winchester and Michael Bergman",authors:[{id:"44041",title:"Dr.",name:"Zachary",middleName:null,surname:"Brener",fullName:"Zachary Brener",slug:"zachary-brener"},{id:"47505",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Bergman",fullName:"Michael Bergman",slug:"michael-bergman"},{id:"47506",title:"Prof.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Winchester",fullName:"James Winchester",slug:"james-winchester"},{id:"94427",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephan",middleName:null,surname:"Thijssen",fullName:"Stephan Thijssen",slug:"stephan-thijssen"},{id:"94428",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kotanko",fullName:"Peter Kotanko",slug:"peter-kotanko"}]},{id:"21282",title:"Biomarkers in Chronic Kidney Disease - The Linkage Between Inflammation, Ventricular Dysfunction and Overhydration",slug:"biomarkers-in-chronic-kidney-disease-the-linkage-between-inflammation-ventricular-dysfunction-and-ov",signatures:"Olimpia Ortega",authors:[{id:"52470",title:"Dr.",name:"Olimpia",middleName:null,surname:"Ortega",fullName:"Olimpia Ortega",slug:"olimpia-ortega"}]},{id:"21283",title:"Determinants of Cardiovascular Risk in Hemodialysis Patients Without Significant Comorbidities",slug:"determinants-of-cardiovascular-risk-in-hemodialysis-patients-without-significant-comorbidities",signatures:"Aysegul Zumrutdal",authors:[{id:"48736",title:"Prof.",name:"Aysegul",middleName:null,surname:"Zumrutdal",fullName:"Aysegul Zumrutdal",slug:"aysegul-zumrutdal"}]},{id:"21284",title:"Malnutrition, Inflammation and Reverse Epidemiology in Hemodialysis Patients",slug:"malnutrition-inflammation-and-reverse-epidemiology-in-hemodialysis-patients",signatures:"Rodney G. Bowden, Neil A. Schwarz and Brian D. Shelmadine",authors:[{id:"56500",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodney",middleName:null,surname:"Bowden",fullName:"Rodney Bowden",slug:"rodney-bowden"},{id:"58759",title:"Mr.",name:"Neil",middleName:null,surname:"Schwarz",fullName:"Neil Schwarz",slug:"neil-schwarz"},{id:"59638",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian",middleName:null,surname:"Shelmadine",fullName:"Brian Shelmadine",slug:"brian-shelmadine"}]},{id:"21285",title:"Complications and Managements of Hyperphosphatemia in Dialysis",slug:"complications-and-managements-of-hyperphosphatemia-in-dialysis",signatures:"Eiji Takeda, Hironori Yamamoto, Hisami Yamanaka-Okumura and Yutaka Taketani",authors:[{id:"44612",title:"Prof.",name:"Eiji",middleName:null,surname:"Takeda",fullName:"Eiji Takeda",slug:"eiji-takeda"},{id:"53022",title:"Dr.",name:"Hironori",middleName:null,surname:"Yamamoto",fullName:"Hironori Yamamoto",slug:"hironori-yamamoto"},{id:"53023",title:"Dr.",name:"Hisami",middleName:null,surname:"Yamanaka-Okumura",fullName:"Hisami Yamanaka-Okumura",slug:"hisami-yamanaka-okumura"},{id:"53024",title:"Dr.",name:"Yutaka",middleName:null,surname:"Taketani",fullName:"Yutaka Taketani",slug:"yutaka-taketani"}]},{id:"21286",title:"Management of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in Hemodialysis Patients",slug:"management-of-secondary-hyperparathyroidism-in-hemodialysis-patients",signatures:"Emanuel Zitt and Ulrich Neyer",authors:[{id:"54326",title:"Prof.",name:"Emanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Zitt",fullName:"Emanuel Zitt",slug:"emanuel-zitt"},{id:"100983",title:"Dr.",name:"Ulrich",middleName:null,surname:"Neyer",fullName:"Ulrich Neyer",slug:"ulrich-neyer"}]},{id:"21288",title:"Lipid and Lipoprotein Abnormalities in Chronic Renal Insufficiency: Review",slug:"lipid-and-lipoprotein-abnormalities-in-chronic-renal-insufficiency-review",signatures:"Oliver Rácz, Rudolf Gaško and Eleonóra Klímova",authors:[{id:"46378",title:"M.D.",name:"Rudolf",middleName:null,surname:"Gasko",fullName:"Rudolf Gasko",slug:"rudolf-gasko"},{id:"56145",title:"Prof.",name:"Oliver",middleName:null,surname:"Rácz",fullName:"Oliver Rácz",slug:"oliver-racz"},{id:"76464",title:"Prof.",name:"Eleonóra",middleName:null,surname:"Klímová",fullName:"Eleonóra Klímová",slug:"eleonora-klimova"}]},{id:"21289",title:"Hemodialysis Vascular Access Dysfunction",slug:"hemodialysis-vascular-access-dysfunction",signatures:"Timmy Lee",authors:[{id:"44539",title:"Dr.",name:"Timmy",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Timmy Lee",slug:"timmy-lee"}]},{id:"21290",title:"Nontraditional Anti - Infectious Agents in Hemodialysis",slug:"nontraditional-anti-infectious-agents-in-hemodialysis",signatures:"Martin Sedlacek",authors:[{id:"49504",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:null,surname:"Sedlacek",fullName:"Martin Sedlacek",slug:"martin-sedlacek"}]},{id:"21291",title:"Sleep in Patients with ESRD Undergoing Hemodialysis",slug:"sleep-in-patients-with-esrd-undergoing-hemodialysis",signatures:"Mukadder Mollaoğlu",authors:[{id:"43900",title:"Prof.",name:"Mukadder",middleName:null,surname:"Mollaoğlu",fullName:"Mukadder Mollaoğlu",slug:"mukadder-mollaoglu"}]},{id:"21292",title:"The Importance of Exercise Programs in Haemodialysis Patients",slug:"the-importance-of-exercise-programs-in-haemodialysis-patients",signatures:"Susanne Heiwe, Andrej Ekholm and Ingela Fehrman-Ekholm",authors:[{id:"49025",title:"Prof.",name:"Ingela",middleName:null,surname:"Fehrman-Ekholm",fullName:"Ingela Fehrman-Ekholm",slug:"ingela-fehrman-ekholm"},{id:"135707",title:"Prof.",name:"Susanne",middleName:null,surname:"Heiwe",fullName:"Susanne Heiwe",slug:"susanne-heiwe"},{id:"135711",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrej",middleName:null,surname:"Ekholm",fullName:"Andrej Ekholm",slug:"andrej-ekholm"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"74229",title:"Calculation of the Electronic Properties and Reactivity of Nanoribbons",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94541",slug:"calculation-of-the-electronic-properties-and-reactivity-of-nanoribbons",body:'\nCarbon nanoribbons (CNRs) are strips of graphene whose edges symmetry, width and cut orientation give them specific electronic properties. These carbon nanostructures have attracted the attention in both experimental and theoretical fields because of their peculiar properties, which have been studied widely in the last decade as a function of topology, width, as well as doping. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] Depending the chain-type along the periodic direction, carbon nanoribbons are commonly classified either armchair carbon nanoribbons (ACNR) when these grow through dimer chains, or zigzag carbon nanoribbons (ZCNR) if those have zigzag type chains along the periodic direction. Figure 1 shows a pristine ACNR and ZCNR respectively, their distances between their C – C edged lengths are 13.44 and 24.19 Å respectively, although there could be named referring their length and width (MxN), in such case, both CNRs shown in Figure 1 are 12x2 size.
\nOptimized structure of bare (a) ACNR and (b) ZCNR of size 12x2.
Through different experimental techniques, it is possible to obtain carbon nanoribbons. [6, 7, 8] However, these techniques have not succeeded in controlling the edges shape of carbon nanoribbons. For example, Cai et al. [9] have proposed a chemical technique which is able to synthesize narrow nanoribbons having symmetric edges, so that, it is possible to obtain experimentally carbon nanoribbons with perfect edges and specific topology. To date, succeeding methods to obtain CNRs come from two different strategies, namely, top-down, which refers to break down large performed carbon-base structures, i. e., CNTs and multiwall CNTs (MWCNTs) and bottom-up, i. e., using several chemical reactions to tailor building-blocks into a complex structure. Table 1 shows a comparative chart representing synthetic strategies to obtain CNRs, employed characterization techniques, advantages and disadvantages.
\nStrategies | \nMethod | \nCharacteristics | \nAdvantages | \nDisadvantages | \n
---|---|---|---|---|
Top-down | \nUnzipping CNTs by chemical oxidation [7] | \nUsing potassium permanganate and sulfuric acid | \nThe production of 100 nm wide nanoribbons | \n\n |
Etching of graphene [10] | \n\n | It is possible to narrow the ribbons down to <10 nm using gas phase etching chemistry | \nComplicated procedures, CNRs with edges abnormalities | \n|
Treating multiwalled CNTs [11, 12] | \nLongitudinal splitting of MWCNTs using hydrothermal approach | \nThis procedure gives highly conducting CNRs with over 80% yield at low cost fabrication. | \n\n | |
Intercalating lithium and ammonia into MWCNTs followed by thermal expansion | \nGraphene flakes attractive for many applications | \nStructures with large number of non-symmetric edge atoms | \n||
Chemical Procedure Organic synthesis | \nMechanical exfoliation of highly oriented pyrolyzed graphite | \nProduce micrometer length involving non complicated procedures | \n\n | |
Chemical oxidation/exfoliation of graphite followed by reduction of the resulting nanomaterial [13] | \n\n | Resulting graphene oxide | \n||
Cross coupling building blocks followed by dehydrogenation | \n\n | Complicated procedures poorly defined edges | \n||
Conversion of precursors inside CNTs | \nBecause CNTs impose spatial limitations on the structure of the product, may obtain narrow CNRs | \n\n | ||
Bottom-up | \nOrganic synthesis [14, 15, 16] | \nSurface assisted polymerization followed by dehydrogenation in an ultra-high vacuum environment | \nDefined edge type and narrow widths, potential techniques for scale-up | \nDepends on the precursor’s nature, which defines the ribbon’s dimension | \n
Comparative chart of synthetic methods to obtain nanoribbons and their advantages or disadvantages.
Because of their finite dimension, at nanoscale, CNRs have peculiar properties associated to their electronic states close the edges, playing an important role on the reactivity. [17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22] Several theoretical models, e. g., tight binding, all electron techniques, density functional theory (DFT), etc., have been applied to explore the electronic properties, magnetic states or band structure of carbon nanoribbons. [1, 5, 23] Some of them, have focused on the zigzag topology because they intrinsically have dangling bonds at the edges. This behavior provides active sites for chemical reactions. Moreover, ZCNRs have peculiar properties, e.g., theoretical calculations have shown that ZCNRs have localized electrons largely on the edge C atoms close to the Fermi level. [4, 22] This large contribution of electronic states forms two-fold degenerate flat band at Fermi level, such that, the ground state has spin coupling of each edge ferromagnetic whereas between edges antiferromagnetic. Despite zigzag edges of synthesized carbon nanoribbons have been observed, [8] there is not direct experimental evidence about the magnetic states of ZCNRs. It was theoretically suggested that magnetism of ZCNR could be destroyed substituting defects or vacancies directly on carbon edges. [24]
\nOn the other hand, all hydrogen-passivated ACNRs are semiconducting [22]. However, ACNRs are expected to reach the graphene limit of zero band gap for sufficiently large widths. [25]
\nConcerning these fascinating properties, CNRs may fit for promising technological applications, mainly if the presence of donor or acceptor impurities bring specific reactive properties. [26, 27] So that, this chapter is proposed as a guidance to help the readers to apply conceptual density functional theory to calculate helpful intrinsic properties, e. g., energetic, electronic and reactivity of one-dimension nanomaterial’s, such as, carbon nanoribbons in order to predict or tune their properties; particularly when they are substitutional doped.
\nTo give insights about the structural stability of nanostructures, firstly, it is suggested to evaluate if the proposal unit cell may array forming a stable crystalline state. Usually, a structural analysis is carried out computing the cohesive energy per atoms o per unit cell. The cohesive energy (EC) is the energy required to disassemble a molecular system into its constituent parts. From a physical point of view, a bound (stable) system has a positive value of EC, which represents the energy gained during the formation of the bound state. To calculate the EC of ACNRs, it is necessary to obtain the optimized energy of the unit cell being aware of the well converged energy with respect to the k-points and the cutoff energy for the planewave basis set, evaluating the impact of the exchange-correlation functional used and its ability to accurately describe both the atom and bulk phase.
\nAlthough EC is a reference to know the stability of bulk materials, it differs from a nanoparticle. [28, 29, 30] At nanoscale, size effects on the cohesive energy of nanoparticles has been demonstrated, which decreases with decreasing the particle size. [31] However, slight differences of EC are found when nuclei radii of constituent are similar, which do difficult to analyze or find a trend, e. g., the effect of the relative position of dopants along the NRs. For example, Table 2 shows the calculated values of EC of armchair carbon nanoribbons (ACNR) doped with boron atoms in randomly (ACNR-R) and forming one B nanoisland (ACNR-I) arrangements compared with those pristine ACNRS of size 16x2, 20x2, 16x2 and 20x4 respectively. [32] The arrangement of the nanoisland (ACNR-I) explained in this section is shown in part (a) of Figure 1 numbering from 1 to 6 the C atoms are substituted for impurities. Note that, B doping slightly reduces the cohesive energy of ACNRs compared with the pristine ones with similar EC values mainly found in the largest B-ACNRs. However, at lower doping concentrations, i. e. in the case of the largest ACNR (20x4) very close values of EC are obtained which makes difficult to observe a trend.
\nMxN | \nPristine | \nACNR -R | \nACNR-I | \n
---|---|---|---|
16x2 | \n7.224 (0.003) | \n6.992 (−0.272) | \n7.003 (−0.291) | \n
20x2 | \n7.338 (0.002) | \n7.143 (−0.224) | \n7.158 (−0.239) | \n
16x4 | \n7.225 (0.003) | \n7.112 (−0.142) | \n7.116 (−0.147) | \n
20x4 | \n7.338 (0.002) | \n7.249 (−0.119) | \n7.250 (−0.130) | \n
Cohesive per atom (Gibbs free) energy in eV of pristine and B-doped ACNRs of randomly (ANCR-R) and forming a B-nanoisland (ACNR-I) [32].
Because of these CNRs has 3 different chemical species, EC does not provide a suitable way to evaluate the relative stability. Table 2 also shows in brackets the calculated values of the Gibbs free formation energy to take into account the chemical composition of ACNRs. The relative thermodynamic stability that is considered to evaluate the relative stability of multicomponent systems. This approach has been used in binary and tertiary phase thermodynamics and nanostructures other than NRs. [25, 33, 34] it can be calculated by using the following expression:
\nwhere \n
The electronic properties of nanoribbons can be inferred from the band structure and total and local density of states (DOS and LDOS) respectively. For the case of NRs, these calculations are relatively simple because they are computed sampling the Brillouin zone only in one direction, i. e., the grown direction from 0 to gamma point. We recommend to use a denser grid than the case of the total energy calculations, including a Gaussian smearing (of width 0.01 eV) to improve the convergence of the integrals of the energy levels for the band structure calculations, for DOS calculations, to use the tetrahedron method with Blöchl corrections. [35, 36]
\nPristine CNRs with hydrogen passivated armchair edges passivated are direct bandgap semiconducting, which decreases as their width increases. The edges of ACNRs play an important role on their electronic properties and reactivity because of quantum confinement gaps, which can be characterized by \n
In order to evaluate the electronic nature of nanoribbons, firstly, spin-polarized and non-spin polarized solutions of the Kohn-Sham equations must be taken into account to evaluate possible magnetic configurations, as found in zigzag carbon nanoribbons, [38] that implies the magnetic state is the most stable. For armchair ribbons, the non-magnetic state is always the most stable [22] even for ACNRs doped with boron atoms, [32] so that, for simplicity, we consider the armchair topology as a case of study.
\nThe electronic behavior of ACNRs can be tuned for the influence of substitutional dopants. To illustrate this fact, we think about a unit cell containing one pristine CNR with even number of electrons of valence. If we replace only one carbon atom (with 4 valence electrons) for B (3 valence electrons) or N (5 valence electrons) such change gives one unit cell with odd number of valence electrons, in such cases is necessary to search for spin polarized solutions of the Kohn Sham equation, i. e, to evaluate if there are significant differences with respect to the non-spin polarized solution.
\n\nFigure 2 presents the band structure, total density of states and local density of states of dopants (shown in line red) of the 12x2 ACNR pristine, B-doped and N-doped substituting two dopants on positions 3 and 4 using the numbering shown in Figure 1. Note that, the pristine ACNR is a semiconducting in agreement with the literature [22] and the positive doping caused for the B moves the Fermi level (EF) to lower energies meanwhile the negative doping related with the N moves the EF to higher energies with respect to the pristine one. In both cases, the closest energy bands to EF are partially unoccupied and occupied respectively giving rise to metallic behavior in both cases.
\nBand structure and DOS of (a) pristine, (b) B-doped and (c) N-doped ACNRs of size 12x2.
In order to explore the reactivity of 1D nanomaterial’s, such as nanoribbons, it is mandatory to use appropriate reactivity descriptor. However, there is not a well stablish criteria to accomplish this task without prior knowing of an adsorption mechanism or experimental evidence, particularly for doped nanoribbons.
\nThis is why, it is suggested the employment of two reactivity descriptors that are able to cover covalent and non-covalent interactions. The first one is the electrostatic potential, defined as:
\nWhere \n
To illustrate, Figure 3 shows the electrostatic potential of pristine, B-doped and N-doped carbon nanoribbons of size 12x2 plotted on the electron density surface of value 0.001 au, computed by using the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) in the form proposed by Perdew et al. for exchange-correlation functional. Figure 3 was built in the software VESTA [40] plotting the charge file and then, adding the cube file containing the local potential. The color scheme used in Figure 3 represents in blue, regions where a positive charge may repel each other, unlike in red, it represents regions where a positive charge, ion or chemical group can interact.
\nMolecular electrostatic potential of the nanoribbons (a) pristine (b) B-doped and (c) N-doped of size 12x2.
We can observe from Figure 3a that, hydrogens are weak positive meanwhile the delocalized charge is distributed along the carbon atoms, particularly found in the edged carbons, which is in agreement with the DOS of pristine ACNRs. The lacking of π electrons of the boron atoms is particularly observed in Figure 3b, which influences over their neighbor carbon atoms finding localized charge in such region. On the other hand, the N doping influences over the edges with more negative electrostatic potential than the pristine carbon nanoribbon.
\nThe second reactivity descriptor is the Fukui or frontier functions (Ffs), helpful chemical reactivity descriptors for process controlled by electron transfer. Ffs were introduced for the first time by Parr and Yang, [41], which is convinced from the area of research so-called conceptual Density Functional Theory given by Geerlings in a comprehensive way. [42] Fukui functions play an important role linking the Molecular Orbital Theory with the HSAB principle, [43] they are defined as the change of the electronic density with respect to number of electrons (N), considering the nuclei position fixed, i.e. constant external potential v(\n
Due to the discontinuity of the above equation with respect to N, in a finite difference approximation three functions can be defined as:
\nWhere \n
Although, the finite difference approximation to the Fukui functions works for a specific set of configurations whilst for others is worthless to implement (i.e., full configuration interaction), [45] in most cases they are considered a reliable descriptor to indicate how the electron (incoming or outcoming) is redistributed in regions of the molecules. [46] Chemical reactivity is based on the assumption that, when molecules A and B interact in order to form a product AB, occurs a molecular densities-perturbation. [47] As the electronic density contains all sort of information, the chemical reactivity has to be reflected within its sensitivity to infinitesimal electron changes at constant external potential \n
In molecules, the relaxation term is usually very small for the discrete nature of Kohn Sham orbitals. So that, if Eqs. 7 and 8 neglect the second-order variations in the electron density, Ffs may approximate to the electron densities of its frontier orbitals.
\nOn the other hand, referring to periodic systems, it is difficult to identify one frontier state because of the continuous character of the Blöch states, which makes difficult to compute the Fukui functions in DFT of the solid state. Although there is scarcely literature on this topic, a very useful reference for the numerical calculation of the condensed Ffs in periodic boundary conditions within the DFT applied to oxide bulk and surfaces is found here. [49]
\nOne qualitative way to obtain Ffs for delocalized periodic systems, such as, the carbon nanoribbons is to extract its electron density and evaluate it by using the Eq. (7) and (8) respectively. From the electronic structure of these nanomaterials we can observe that only one occupied electronic band contributes below and above the Fermi level.
\n\nFigure 3 depicts the Ffs evaluated for electrophilic attacks respectively for B-doped and N-doped armchair carbon nanoribbons of size 12x2 with doping made on positions 3 and 4 using the numbering shown in Figure 1.
\nWe observe from Figure 4 that the B atoms contributes to form regions where an electrophilic attack can occur on the doped nanoribbons, i. e. larges values of \n
Fukui functions for nucleophilic attack of (a) B-doped and (b) N-doped ACNRs of size 12x2.
The electrostatic potential and the Fukui functions provide information on the local selectivity for donor-acceptor interactions. In here, the electrostatic potential describes the long-range non-covalent interactions. [50] The evaluation of the incoming charge distribution on nanoribbons states that “The Fukui function is strong while regions of a molecule are chemically softer than the regions where the Fukui function is weak. By invoking the hard and soft acid and bases (HSAB) principle [51] in a local sense, it is possible to establish the behavior of the different sites as function of hard or soft reagents (adsorbates)”. [32, 52, 53, 54] Figure 4 shows the Fukui functions for electrophilic attack, calculated by using Eq. (8), we observe the contribution of doping particularly on the neighboring carbon atoms. Indeed, from parts (b) and (c) of Figure 2 is observed the electronic states of dopants contributing near the Fermi level.
\nIn this chapter is presented how the energetic, electronic and reactivity of can be calculated for 1D nanomaterial’s, such as, carbon nanoribbons. Although the carbon nanoribbons are used as case of study, this methodology can be applied for other kind of chemical compositions, in our experience we have explore the reactivity and stability of doped boron nitride at nanoscale. It is worthy to mention that, the evaluation of Fukui functions in periodic boundary conditions is limited in the usual computational approaches, so that, we suggest to support and compare such analysis with others e. g., charge analysis, global reactivity descriptors depending the nature of the involving chemical species.
\nPNS thanks to CONACYT for grant number 252239 and Cátedras CONACYT for Research Fellow.
\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.
The Open Access model is applied to all of our publications and is designed to eliminate subscriptions and pay-per-view fees. This approach ensures free, immediate access to full text versions of your research.
",metaTitle:"Open Access Publishing Fees",metaDescription:"Open Access Publishing Fees",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/OA-publishing-fees",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"As a gold Open Access publisher, an Open Access Publishing Fee is payable on acceptance following peer review of the manuscript. In return, we provide high quality publishing services and exclusive benefits for all contributors. IntechOpen is the trusted publishing partner of over 118,000 international scientists and researchers.
\\n\\nThe Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) is payable only after your full chapter, monograph or Compacts monograph is accepted for publication.
\\n\\nOAPF Publishing Options
\\n\\n*These prices do not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT as long as provision of the VAT registration number is made during the application process. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\\n\\nServices included are:
\\n\\nSee our full list of services here.
\\n\\nWhat isn't covered by the Open Access Publishing Fee?
\\n\\nIf your manuscript:
\\n\\nYour Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
\\n\\nOpen Access Funding
\\n\\nTo explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication, go to our Open Access Funding page. IntechOpen offers expert assistance to all of its Authors. We can support you in approaching funding bodies and institutions in relation to publishing fees by providing information about compliance with the Open Access policies of your funder or institution. We can also assist with communicating the benefits of Open Access in order to support and strengthen your funding request and provide personal guidance through your application process. You can contact us at oapf@intechopen.com for further details or assistance.
\\n\\nFor Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
\\n\\nAdded Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
\\n\\nChoosing to publish with IntechOpen ensures the following benefits:
\\n\\nBenefits of Publishing with IntechOpen
\\n\\nAs a gold Open Access publisher, an Open Access Publishing Fee is payable on acceptance following peer review of the manuscript. In return, we provide high quality publishing services and exclusive benefits for all contributors. IntechOpen is the trusted publishing partner of over 118,000 international scientists and researchers.
\n\nThe Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) is payable only after your full chapter, monograph or Compacts monograph is accepted for publication.
\n\nOAPF Publishing Options
\n\n*These prices do not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT as long as provision of the VAT registration number is made during the application process. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\n\nServices included are:
\n\nSee our full list of services here.
\n\nWhat isn't covered by the Open Access Publishing Fee?
\n\nIf your manuscript:
\n\nYour Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
\n\nOpen Access Funding
\n\nTo explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication, go to our Open Access Funding page. IntechOpen offers expert assistance to all of its Authors. We can support you in approaching funding bodies and institutions in relation to publishing fees by providing information about compliance with the Open Access policies of your funder or institution. We can also assist with communicating the benefits of Open Access in order to support and strengthen your funding request and provide personal guidance through your application process. You can contact us at oapf@intechopen.com for further details or assistance.
\n\nFor Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
\n\nAdded Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
\n\nChoosing to publish with IntechOpen ensures the following benefits:
\n\nBenefits of Publishing with IntechOpen
\n\n