Amount of money required for survival of the forest dwellers.
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Andhra Pradesh, India",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95419",slug:"microfinance-practices-and-nwfps-value-additions-for-sustainable-environment-w-r-t-andhra-pradesh-in",body:'Forest living communities (FLCs) essentially depend on forests for meeting their basic needs of food, cloth, shelter and other essentials. FLCs get direct income through Non-Wood Forest Products (NWFPs) harvest and trade sale. Commonly the FLCs sell their NWFPs harvest without value addition, which results in less income, if FLCs make value addition to the harvested NWFPs their income can be increased by 400%. To undertake NWFPs value addition the FLCs require microfinance assistance and eco-friendly technologies. If they are provided with microfinance to meet their basic needs and procuring eco-friendly technologies, the FLCs can undertake NWFPs value addition for increasing their income level. Therefore the main purpose of this study is appreciates prevalent microfinance practices, NWFPS value additions and EFTs that are available to the FLCs to enhance their income level and reduce drudgery of FLCs that gradually lead to arrest environmental degradation [1, 2, 3] and up keep of natural resources.
In India major sources of microfinance are (a) organized sector (banks, government agencies [4] etc.) and (b) un-organized sector (money lender, traders relatives, friends etc.) The former is regulated by government bodies like Reserve Bank of India (RBI), banking regulation act etc., and the later has no formal regulatory bodies. Microfinance falls under the primary sector and they are supposed to meet specific pre-decided targets.
In this SHGs are formed by group members themselves, after surviving for six months the SHG can link itself with a bank close to the group members and deposit their entire saved amount into the bank account. The bank sanctions credit/loan to the SHG four times to the groups saved and deposited amount e.g. the SHG saved INR 1000 and deposited into bank savings account, the bank sanctions an amount INR 4000 as credit, thus total amount INR 5000 is available to the SHG for onward lending to the group members.
The second groups are formed by NGOs (in most of the cases) or by government agencies. The groups are nurtured and trained by these agencies. Government or other community-based organizations to take the lead in forming the SHGs, and then provide savings and credit facilities by the banks. Even after the linkage with banks, these facilitating agencies continue interacting with the groups. Most linkage experiences begin with this model with Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) playing a major role. This model has also been popular and more acceptable to banks, as some of the difficult functions of social dynamics are externalized.
Due to various reasons, banks in some areas are not in a position to even finance SHGs promoted and nurtured by other agencies. In such cases, the NGOs promoted and nurtured the groups and also act as financial intermediaries. First, they promote the groups, nurture and train them and then approach banks for bulk loans for on-lending to the SHGs. The banks lend to these intermediaries for onward financing to the groups or their members.
Study area selection:
When the researcher undertook research study survey in the select geographical area, the investigator observed and noted the below outlined NWFPs value addition systems. These value addition systems can be categorized into two [5] different value additions system: i) Manual system, adding value to NWFPs conventionally by FLCs e.g. stitching leaf plates with bamboo nails and ii) technology supported system, doing value NWFPs with the help of EFTs e.g. stitching leaf plate with the help of sewing machine.
This part of the paper outlines microfinance requirements, sources and prevailing other microfinance practices and also FLCs livelihood sources and their augmentation.
As exhibited in Table 1 Mean household size in the selected forest range places is 4.4 (three to six members) which is in sync with emerging nucleus family system and it is partly to secure Government welfare scheme benefits including ration card, MGNREGA work card etc. To secure survival and daily needs of forest dwellers, they do various income generating activities such as NWFP harvest and trade, artisan labour, public project wages, and sundry other items As exhibited Table 1, the forest dwellers are taking up, non-destructive eco-friendly based techniques that facilitate NWFPs value additions, enhanced earnings and better quality of life. In the long run all these contributes for reducing poverty amongst forest dwellers and decreased environmental degradation and increased green forest cover.
Forest range & (Division) / District | Amount of financial resources required for household survival * | Household size (No. of persons) |
---|---|---|
Atmakuru (Atmakur) / Kurnool | 36500 | 4.33 |
Pembi (Nirmal) / Adilabad | 38600 | 4.54 |
Polavaram (Eluru) / West Godavari | 37500 | 4.25 |
Mean | 37533 | 4.37 |
Amount of money required for survival of the forest dwellers.
Threshold financial sources need to facilitate subsistence and other survival for forest dwellers in terms of money and money equivalents.
Sources: Estimated based on field survey 2014.
From above Table 2 this can be inferred that mean amount of money needed for forest dwellers in all places of the study for procuring food for all times a day meals and for other daily needs, shopping goods is INR 37533. Out of this INR 13665 is provided by agriculture and allied sources, next INR 8677 is materializing from trading of NWFPs. The remaining amount has been sourced from other activities as shown in the Table 2.
Name of the range and (division) / District | Income from NWFP | Income from agricultural sources (including subsistence) | Income from MGNREGA | Agriculture labour and other source | Total INR | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
INR | % | INR | % | INR | % | INR | % | ||
Atmakuru (Atmakur) / Kurnool | 7154 | 19.6 | 13797 | 37.8 | 7811 | 21.4 | 7738 | 21.2 | 36500 |
Pembi (Nirmal) / Adilabad | 7801 | 19.7 | 13587 | 35.2 | 6832 | 17.7 | 10380 | 27.4 | 38600 |
Polavaram (Eluru) West Godavari | 7800 | 20.8 | 13612 | 36.3 | 8175 | 21.8 | 7913 | 21.1 | 37500 |
Mean | 7585 | 20.0 | 13665 | 36.4 | 7606 | 20.3 | 8677 | 23.6 | 37533 |
Different sources of survival to the forest dwellers.
Source: field survey 2014.
Table 3 exhibits access of microfinance to forest dwellers, it could be observed that Atmakur range, SHG is having access to 51% of microfinance requirements, next comes indigenous banker who extends financial assistance up to 25%,, remaining is purveyed other sources as shown in the Table 3. Similarly other ranges accessibility to various microfinance requirements are shown in the above Table 3.
Name of the range | Atmakuru (Atmakur) / Kurnool | Pembi (Nirmal) / Adilabad | Polavaram (Eluru) / West Godavari | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Source of Micro Credit | Score* | % of score | Score* | % of score | Score* | % of score | Score* | % |
Moneylender | 17 | 25.0 | 21 | 30.9 | 16 | 23.9 | 54 | 27.8 |
Banks/ Government | 06 | 9.0 | 08 | 10.3 | 07 | 10.4 | 12 | 6.2 |
SHG | 35 | 51.0 | 27 | 42.6 | 29 | 43.3 | 91 | 46.9 |
Relatives and friends/others | 10 | 15.0 | 12 | 16.2 | 15 | 22.4 | 37 | 19.1 |
Total | 68 | 100 | 68 | 100 | 67 | 100 | 194 | 100 |
Forest dweller access to microfinance in the researched places.
Source: field survey 2013–2014. Score*- Individual responses for a particular source for meeting microfinance requirement including multi responses.
As shown in the Table 4, it is observed that the primarily forest dwellers require for family members healthcare that has share of 26%, next is for food that has share of 21.8%, and remaining is for other activities as shown in the 4.
Name of the range | Atmakuru (Atmakur)Kurnool | Pembi (Nirmal) Adilabad | Polavaram (Eluru) / West Godavari | Mean value of study area | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Purpose | Score | % of Score | Score | % of Score | Score | % of Score | |
Subsistence | 18 | 21.7 | 21 | 22.3 | 17 | 21.3 | 21.8 |
Health | 22 | 26.7 | 26 | 27.7 | 19 | 23.8 | 26.0 |
Education | 09 | 10.8 | 05 | 5.3 | 04 | 5.0 | 7.0 |
Pilgrim | 10 | 12.0 | 13 | 13.8 | 12 | 15.0 | 13.6 |
Marriage | 15 | 18.0 | 19 | 20.2 | 17 | 21.3 | 19.8 |
Others | 9 | 10.8 | 10 | 11.7 | 11 | 13.6 | 12.0 |
Forest dwellers microfinance required for various activities.
Source: field survey 2013–2014.
The investigator had group meetings with the forest dwellers and collected the views that revealed that the forest dwellers are yet to aware fully the benefits of NWFPs value addition, emerging innovative and eco-friendly technologies. Hence, the concerned Government and NGOs should be initiate necessary interventions to create awareness and facilitate NWFPs value additions and also provide market linkages to the value added NWFPs.
Figure 1 an integrated network that is envisaged and as shown in the Figure 1, all stakeholders should collaborate, cooperate and coordinate to achieve the integrated objective. Providing livelihoods to forest dwellers is a comprehensive issue and strong integration and involvement of all systems (lateral integration, forward/market linkages) and stakeholders including forest dwellers Public Policy makers, Government, NGOs/Civil societies. Enhancing livelihoods and ensuring welfare to the poor forest dwellers is a Global concern in general and India in particular. This is a challenge and to be addressed together, fastening all stakeholders’ involvement in the evolution and execution of the envisaged policy. As shown in Figure 1, integrated linkages to all these entities must be promoted as strategic measure to secure the intended goal of providing subsistence requirements. Eco-friendly NWFPs value additions [11] necessitates eco-friendly technologies which will rendered numerous benefits including reducing environmental degradation, deforestation yet, enhanced income to the forest dwellers. Technological and Scientific research institutions may shoulder the responsibility for promoting conventional [12] NWFPs value addition techniques.
Networking of NWFP processing, microfinance, EFT, logistics and infrastructure [
Average amount of money required for FLCs in the study area for procuring food items to 3 square meals a day and for other daily needs, cloths etc., is INR 37533. Out of this INR 13665 is provided by agriculture and allied activities, next INR 8677 is materializing from trading of NWFPs. The quantum of money that can be earned by way of trading NWFPs may be enhanced through appropriate value additions with the help of eco-friendly technologies, which will have multiple benefits including enhanced self-employment, raised income yet reducing environmental degradation and increased forest cover, better flora and fauna health.
It was observed about 47% of microfinance assistance is provided by Self-Help Groups, yet indigenous banker is providing about 28% of total requirements of the forest dwellers. It is deduced that self-help groups will act as purveyors of microfinance requirements of the forest dwellers.
It is observed that the primarily forest dwellers require for family members healthcare that has share of 26%, next is for food that has share of about 22%. Group meetings with the forest dwellers revealed that the forest dwellers are yet to aware fully the benefits of NWFPs value addition, emerging innovative and eco-friendly technologies. For example if AONLA
Dedicated linkages tagging all concern parties to be evolved to facilitate increased income level of forest dwellers. These integrated linkages with all concern entities must be promoted as strategic measure to secure the intended goal of providing subsistence requirements. Eco-friendly NWFPs value additions necessitates eco-friendly technologies which will rendered numerous benefits including reducing environmental degradation, deforestation yet, enhanced income to the forest dwellers. Technological and Scientific research institutions may shoulder the responsibility for promoting conventional NWFPs value addition techniques.
Effective development plans to facilitate increased earnings and better quality life to the forest dwellers must incorporate measures for better threshold logistics which can link forest dwellers value added NWFPs reach the distant market to get remunerative earnings. Yet there should provision for microfinance that encourages the forest dwellers to become micro-entrepreneurs. Involvement of voluntary organization to support NWFPs value addition, imparting training, and helping forest dwellers to market their value added NWFPs.
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