Senescence markers.
\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Milestone",originalUrl:"/media/original/124"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6843",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Biomechanics",title:"Biomechanics",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"I have taught a variety of courses in biomechanics, introductory and advanced, at multiple universities in Canada. I have not been able to find or use an appropriate textbook for students whose background is not biomedical engineering. It should be noted that there are many outstanding books on biomechanics; however, they are usually not very introductory or the topics covered are too detailed, which makes it impossible for those audiences to make effective use of the book. The present book is an attempt to fill this gap. No previous familiarity of anatomy, biology, or physiology is expected, and in fact every chapter begins with a review of the relevant necessary background. Each chapter then highlights identification and explanation of the indispensable aspects of the associated biomechanics issues.",isbn:"978-1-78985-122-9",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-121-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-733-6",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73352",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"biomechanics",numberOfPages:112,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"85132976010be1d7f3dbd88662b785e5",bookSignature:"Hadi Mohammadi",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6843.jpg",numberOfDownloads:6693,numberOfWosCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitations:7,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:8,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:19,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 12th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 3rd 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 2nd 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 20th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 19th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1117",title:"Biomechanics",slug:"physical-medicine-and-rehabilitation-biomechanics"}],chapters:[{id:"64237",title:"Introductory Chapter: Biomechanics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82130",slug:"introductory-chapter-biomechanics",totalDownloads:1003,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Hadi Mohammadi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64237",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64237",authors:[{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi"}],corrections:null},{id:"64383",title:"Biomechanics of Human Blood",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78305",slug:"biomechanics-of-human-blood",totalDownloads:1183,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Hematology is known as the study of blood regarding health and disease which revolves around issues with red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), platelets, lymph nodes, blood vessels, bone marrow, and the proteins involved in bleeding and clotting. As biomedical engineers, it is especially vital to understand the mechanics of the various components of blood to avoid unwanted results from implantations such as heart valves. A comprehensive review on the biomechanics of blood is discussed in this chapter. We will also discuss that even though human blood is a non-Newtonian fluid, depending on the instance, it can be considered a Newtonian fluid.",signatures:"Emily Earl and Hadi Mohammadi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64383",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64383",authors:[{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi"},{id:"254614",title:"MSc.",name:"Emily",surname:"Earl",slug:"emily-earl",fullName:"Emily Earl"}],corrections:null},{id:"64244",title:"An Introduction to Survival Analytics, Types, and Its Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80953",slug:"an-introduction-to-survival-analytics-types-and-its-applications",totalDownloads:1151,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In today’s world, data analytics has become the integral part of every domain such as IOT, security, healthcare, parallel systems, and so on. The importance of data analytics lies at the neck of what type of analytics to be applied for which integral part of the data. Depending upon the nature and type of data, the utilization of the analytical types may also vary. The most important type of analytics which has been predominantly used up in health-care sector is survival analytics. The term survival analytics has originated from a medical domain of context which in turn determines and estimates the survival rate of patients. Among all the types of data analytics, survival analytics is the one which entirely depends upon the time and occurrence of the event. This chapter deals with the need for survival data analytics with an explanatory part concerning the tools and techniques that focus toward survival analytics. Also the impact of survival analytics with the real world problem has been depicted as a case study.",signatures:"Sheik Abdullah Abbas, Selvakumar Subramanian, Parkavi Ravi,\nSuganya Ramamoorthy and Venkatesh Munikrishnan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64244",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64244",authors:[{id:"254473",title:"Prof.",name:"Sheik Abdullah",surname:"A",slug:"sheik-abdullah-a",fullName:"Sheik Abdullah A"},{id:"269251",title:"Prof.",name:"Selvakumar",surname:"S",slug:"selvakumar-s",fullName:"Selvakumar S"},{id:"269252",title:"Prof.",name:"Parkavi",surname:"R",slug:"parkavi-r",fullName:"Parkavi R"},{id:"269253",title:"Prof.",name:"Suganya",surname:"S",slug:"suganya-s",fullName:"Suganya S"}],corrections:null},{id:"63146",title:"Biomechanics of Eye Globe and Methods of Its Study",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80327",slug:"biomechanics-of-eye-globe-and-methods-of-its-study",totalDownloads:936,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Knowledge of biomechanical properties of eye globe is necessary both for correct selection of candidates for refractive surgery and right choice of operative intervention parameters. No less important, it is for corneal ectatic disease diagnostics and monitoring. Also it gives inestimable contribution for interpretation of intraocular pressure (IOP) indices especially in cases with irregular eye shape or after past corneal surgical procedures. Moreover, it allows studying injury mechanism by glaucoma process on optic nerve head fibers. Above it, scleral biomechanical properties research is necessary for the investigation of pathophysiologic factors of myopia manifestation and progression. This chapter is devoted to review of existed to date methods of study of eye fibrous tunic biomechanical properties. It describes mathematical, experimental, and clinical models provided evaluation of unsearchable by direct measurement parameters. It also observes effective technics of impact on both sclera and cornea with the aim of correction of its biomechanical condition.",signatures:"Irina Bubnova",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63146",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63146",authors:[{id:"256707",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Irina",surname:"Bubnova",slug:"irina-bubnova",fullName:"Irina Bubnova"}],corrections:null},{id:"63717",title:"Multi-Scale Biomechanics of Osteoporotic Spine Fracture",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81236",slug:"multi-scale-biomechanics-of-osteoporotic-spine-fracture",totalDownloads:1202,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Osteoporosis, the most common bone disorder found in the elderly, afflicts from 15 to 30% Caucasian women in US and results in an estimated 700,000 spine fractures per year. The prevalence of spine fractures in the elderly is high, ranging from 20 to 50%. Fractures are biomechanical events resulting from the load applied to a bone exceeding its ability to bear load. Osteoporotic spine fracture occurs owing to diminished vertebral microarchitecture and microfailure of bone tissues, ultimately leading to a compromised whole vertebral strength, and therefore, it is a multi-scale biomechanics event. In this chapter, insights into the micromechanics of the human vertebral body gained by micro-computed tomography (CT) and micro-finite element modeling will be reviewed. Following that, noninvasive assessment of vertebral strength using quantitative CT-based finite element analysis at a continuum level and its potential applications in improving spine fracture risk prediction in the clinic will be discussed.",signatures:"Haisheng Yang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63717",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63717",authors:[{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang"}],corrections:null},{id:"64361",title:"Trapeziometacarpal Joint: A Mechanical Explanation of Total Prosthesis Failures",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81318",slug:"trapeziometacarpal-joint-a-mechanical-explanation-of-total-prosthesis-failures",totalDownloads:1220,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Total prosthesis, which preserves strength and respects trapeziometacarpal (TMC) joint range of motion, is a surgical option considered for the TMC joint replacement. With the usual ball-and-socket design, patients obtain faster pain relief, stronger grip function, and shorter convalescence than with trapeziectomy. However, prostheses currently used have led to various early complications, especially in active and young patients. Revisions are most often due to the loosening of the trapezium cup and of the metacarpal stem and to the luxation of the first metacarpal bone. The short lifespan of these devices suggests the difficulty of designing a prosthesis that respects the complex anatomy and motions of the TMC joint. Early implant failure may reflect the fact that the current devices do not exactly replicate the true kinematics. The aim of this chapter will be to shed light mechanical explanations for TMC prosthesis failures in regard to the complex kinematics of the joint.",signatures:"Victoria Spartacus",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64361",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64361",authors:[{id:"256419",title:"Dr.",name:"Victoria",surname:"Spartacus",slug:"victoria-spartacus",fullName:"Victoria Spartacus"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:{id:"8",series:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",issn:"2631-5343",editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}}},tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"917",title:"Biomechanics in Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dbaee79b1beee14c621feb9230d225a9",slug:"biomechanics-in-applications",bookSignature:"Vaclav Klika",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/917.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"8254",title:"Dr.",name:"Vaclav",surname:"Klika",slug:"vaclav-klika",fullName:"Vaclav Klika"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"81442",slug:"corrigendum-to-chronic-venous-ulcer",title:"Corrigendum to: Chronic Venous Ulcer",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/81442.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/81442",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/81442",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/81442",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/81442",chapter:{id:"76688",slug:"chronic-venous-ulcer",signatures:"Walid A.M. Ganod",dateSubmitted:"February 14th 2021",dateReviewed:null,datePrePublished:"May 23rd 2021",datePublished:"March 2nd 2021",book:{id:"9076",title:"Recent Advances in Wound Healing",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Wound Healing",slug:"recent-advances-in-wound-healing",publishedDate:"March 2nd 2022",bookSignature:"Shahin Aghaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9076.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64024",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Shahin",middleName:null,surname:"Aghaei",slug:"shahin-aghaei",fullName:"Shahin Aghaei"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"311824",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Walid A.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Ganod",fullName:"Walid A.M. Ganod",slug:"walid-a.m.-ganod",email:"walid.ganod@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"76688",slug:"chronic-venous-ulcer",signatures:"Walid A.M. Ganod",dateSubmitted:"February 14th 2021",dateReviewed:null,datePrePublished:"May 23rd 2021",datePublished:"March 2nd 2021",book:{id:"9076",title:"Recent Advances in Wound Healing",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Wound Healing",slug:"recent-advances-in-wound-healing",publishedDate:"March 2nd 2022",bookSignature:"Shahin Aghaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9076.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64024",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Shahin",middleName:null,surname:"Aghaei",slug:"shahin-aghaei",fullName:"Shahin Aghaei"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"311824",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Walid A.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Ganod",fullName:"Walid A.M. Ganod",slug:"walid-a.m.-ganod",email:"walid.ganod@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"9076",title:"Recent Advances in Wound Healing",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Wound Healing",slug:"recent-advances-in-wound-healing",publishedDate:"March 2nd 2022",bookSignature:"Shahin Aghaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9076.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64024",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Shahin",middleName:null,surname:"Aghaei",slug:"shahin-aghaei",fullName:"Shahin Aghaei"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"12078",leadTitle:null,title:"Schiff Base in Organic, Inorganic and Physical Chemistry",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tSchiff base (imine -N=CH-) is one of a popular group of organic compounds prepared from primary amines and aldehyde. Not only as organic compounds but also as ligands for metal complexes, a number of studies have been carried out so far. In this context, this book aims to record a wider range of interdisciplinary content on Schiff base compounds, with an emphasis on the latest advances. This book will aim to compile research results, commentary, reviews, etc., that have dealt with preparation, spectroscopy, crystallography, (asymmetric) synthetic roles, physical properties (magnets, optics, and so on), computational chemistry, and/or theoretical chemistry and their discussions. The book will also intend to focus on Schiff base and its strong connection from organic chemistry to biochemistry or polymer materials chemistry.
",isbn:"978-1-80355-679-6",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-678-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-680-2",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"ce51efbe2cae97ca3199350ef6c498ec",bookSignature:"Dr. Takashiro Akitsu",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12078.jpg",keywords:"Schiff Base, Imine, Azomethine, Synthesis, Characterization, Crystal Structure, Chirality, Liquid Crystals, Polymers or Biopolymers, Metal Complex, Salen-Type Ligand, Computational Chemistry",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 20th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 21st 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 19th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 8th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 6th 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"25 days",secondStepPassed:!1,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A professor from the University of Science, Japan, has published 220 articles and book chapters. Dr. Akitsu studied at the Institute for Protein Research (metalloproteins), Keio University (photo and magnetic functional organic/inorganic hybrid compounds), and Stanford University (physical and bioinorganic chemistry) before moving to Tokyo University of Science.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"147861",title:"Dr.",name:"Takashiro",middleName:null,surname:"Akitsu",slug:"takashiro-akitsu",fullName:"Takashiro Akitsu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/147861/images/system/147861.jpg",biography:"Takashiro Akitsu, Ph.D., is now a professor in the Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Division II, Tokyo University of Science, Japan. Studying crystal and electronic structures of chiral copper complexes, he graduated from Osaka University and obtained his Ph.D. in Physical and Inorganic Chemistry in 2000. Dr. Akitsu studied at the Institute for Protein Research (metalloproteins), Keio University (photo and magnetic functional organic/inorganic hybrid compounds), and Stanford University (physical and bioinorganic chemistry) before moving to Tokyo University of Science. He has published 220 articles and book chapters. He has also served as an editorial board member and peer reviewer for many journals and was involved in the organizing committees for several international conferences.",institutionString:"Tokyo University of Science",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:{name:"Tokyo University of Science",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"8",title:"Chemistry",slug:"chemistry"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"429342",firstName:"Zrinka",lastName:"Tomicic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/429342/images/20008_n.jpg",email:"zrinka@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3569",title:"Biodegradation",subtitle:"Life of Science",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb737eb528a53e5106c7e218d5f12ec6",slug:"biodegradation-life-of-science",bookSignature:"Rolando Chamy and Francisca Rosenkranz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"165784",title:"Dr.",name:"Rolando",surname:"Chamy",slug:"rolando-chamy",fullName:"Rolando Chamy"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"59276",title:"Endothelial Cell Senescence in the Pathogenesis of Endothelial Dysfunction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73024",slug:"endothelial-cell-senescence-in-the-pathogenesis-of-endothelial-dysfunction",body:'\nThe term “cardiovascular diseases” (CVD) refers to a group of pathologies that share a common nexus, as they are preceded by process of damage and endothelial dysfunction. The imbalance of oxidative stress within the endothelium promotes the activation of cellular senescence processes, altering the biological functions of endothelial cells [1] and favoring CVD development. Indeed, chronologic aging or premature senescence (caused by pathologic environment) is significantly associated with CVD development [2].
\nCellular senescence is an irreversible biological phenomenon triggered by potentially harmful stimuli which can damage the cell genome. During this process, the cell interrupts the division process, entering a state of cell cycle arrest and becoming quiescent. Senescence is a protective mechanism which affects the major part of the cells within the organism, including the vascular cells [3, 4]. It is considered indispensable to prevent tumor development, although turns to be pathologic when senescent cells extensively accumulate in tissues as a consequence of aging.
\nCell senescence can be triggered prematurely due to aging-associated pathologies such as CVD or chronic kidney disease (CKD). In fact, several studies confirm that CKD patients manifest premature aging in several tissues, including those in the cardiovascular system [5]. This is partly explained because CKD patients show “classic” cardiovascular risk factors (age, lifestyle, left ventricular hypertrophy, dyslipidemia, hypertension and diabetes mellitus). Kidney failure leads to the accumulation of circulating uremic toxins in the blood of those patients, causing stress and damage to the endothelium and activating endothelial cells senescence. Furthermore, CKD patients often show subclinical chronic inflammation associated with an immunosenescence process, which seems to be induced by the uremic toxins and other factors [6]. The renal replacement therapies may have a significant role in this process, as they induce the activation of immunocompetent cells [7].
\nTaken together, these concepts show that blood circulating toxins cause endothelial cells to become senescent leading to the appearance of several CVD. For example, some studies have proved that, at least in atherosclerotic processes, the pathogenic basis by which the CVD is developed is endothelial senescence [8, 9]. When endothelial cells become senescent, their imbalanced functionality may lead to the loss of the vascular structure. Moreover, the senescent endothelium cannot regulate correctly the repairing and regenerative activity of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), which increases the harmful effect in the vascular bed [10]. It is easy to understand in this context that endothelial senescence acts as the first element in the development of CVD.
\nRecently, microvesicles (MVs) have been proposed as endothelial response elements that can take part both in damaging and repairing processes in the endothelium [10, 11, 12]. There is certain knowledge, yet scarce, about the mechanisms underlying the participation of MVs in endothelial homeostasis, although the implication of those MVs in endothelial senescence remains an unresolved question.
\nTherefore, to understand and characterize the mechanisms by which the senescent endothelial cells show an imbalanced functionality, it is necessary to identify early biomarkers and to design therapeutic targets for CVD.
\nEndothelial dysfunction is an earlier pathophysiologic stage in CVD development. Ross in 1976 published his theory of response to damage, where he hypothesized that the initial event in atherogenesis is the endothelial injury, followed by the proliferation of smooth muscle cells [13]. Over the past years, this theory has been consolidated as endothelial damage is shown to be decisive in the promotion of vascular diseases. Indeed, diverse pharmacologic and dietetic interventions are intended to prevent the imbalance of the endothelial function, trying to interfere with the development of atherosclerosis and its clinical consequences [14, 15].
\nThe endothelium is a thin monocellular layer that covers the inner surface of blood vessels, separating the circulating blood from the interstitial fluid [16]. The endothelium is not an inert organ, as it can respond to physical or chemical stimuli by liberating the adequate regulatory substance to keep the correct vasomotor equilibrium and homeostasis [17]. The endothelium acts as an autocrine, paracrine and endocrine gland. Endothelial cells produce vasodilating, antiproliferative, antithrombotic and antiadherent mediators, like nitric oxide (NO), prostacyclin, the endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) and the natriuretic peptide, type C (CNP). The actions of those molecules are compensated by the release of substances with the opposing effect, as endothelin 1, thromboxane A2, prostaglandin H2 and the superoxide anion. Thus, endothelium regulates the tone of the smooth muscle cells of the vessel wall, causing its relaxation or contraction and conditioning the vasodilation or vasoconstriction processes. Also, it regulates hemostasis by controlling the production of prothrombotic or antithrombotic molecules, as well as fibrinolytic and antifibrinolytic substances. Endothelium takes part in inflammatory and immune processes by regulating proliferation and cell migration, as well as adherence and leukocytes activation. It is capable of producing cytokines and adhesion molecules that regulate the inflammatory process, contributing to the defensive function of the organism by the activation of neutrophils and macrophages [18].
\nCardiovascular risk factors provoke an oxidative stress which alter the function of the endothelial cells and provoke endothelial dysfunction by reducing the ability of the endothelium to maintain the homeostasis and concluding with the development of vascular diseases [19]. The term “endothelial dysfunction” has been used to define diverse syndromes which include a change of the endothelial phenotype from a “basal” to an active state. It is a complex disorder which includes alterations in the vasomotor and antithrombotic responses, in the vascular permeability, the leukocytes recruitment and the proliferation of endothelial cells [20, 21]. In the progress of endothelial dysfunction, the presence of pathologic conditions can contribute accelerating CVD development [22, 23].
\nAmong the cardiovascular risk factors, the age arises as a critical factor. It is associated with damage and endothelial dysfunction, as well with atherosclerosis development which will lead to vascular pathologies [24]. Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that aging is the most important risk factor for the development of CVD, mainly atherosclerotic [23]. During the gradual aging, the incidence and prevalence of atherothrombotic and coronary diseases and cerebrovascular accidents increases. For that reason, there must be a causal relationship between the age-associated changes and vascular damage. It has been demonstrated that, during aging, the vasculature of healthy subjects suffers several changes, as endothelial dysfunction [21], the arterial wall thickening and remodeling [25], angiogenesis alterations, incorrect vascular repair [26] and increased atherosclerosis prevalence [27]. The relationship between the development of these disorders and the aging process remain poorly understood, but it is possible that throughout the physiologic aging of the organisms some similar changes occur, comparable to those in the vascular diseases and sharing common cellular mechanisms.
\nOne of the mechanisms that have been postulated as a possible pathophysiological participant is the cellular senescence of the endothelium. Cellular senescence is an irreversible process typical for all cells in which cells leave the cycle division as a consequence of the cellular damage associated with diseases [28] and aging [29]. Cell senescence processes appear to be involved in physiological processes of control such as cancer protection, biological developmental processes, tissue repair in aging situations and age-related disorders. Although their involvement in the aging process was postulated by Shay and Wright (Hayflick limit) [30], the absence of specific markers of senescence has hampered efforts to characterize senescent cells that accumulate
Mechanisms by which endothelial cells become senescent and their characteristics. GF, growth factors; MMPs, matrix metalloproteinases; SASP, senescence-associated secretory phenotype; EMVs, endothelial microvesicles; ROS, reactive oxidative species.
Characteristics | \nMarkers | \nRegulation | \nTechniques | \nReferences | \n
---|---|---|---|---|
DNA replication (senescent cells decline in DNA replication) | \nBrdU | \n↓ | \nFluorescence microscope | \n[31] | \n
3H-dT | \n↓ | \nIncorporation of radioactivity | \n||
PCNA | \n↓ | \nImmunostaining/Western blot | \n||
Ki-67 | \n↓ | \nImmunostaining/Western blot | \n||
SA-β-gal activity (the SA-β-gal derives from the lysosomal β-galactosidase and reflects the increased lysosomal biogenesis) | \nX-gal substrate | \n↑ | \nLight microscopy (production of blue precipitate) | \n[41, 42] | \n
C12FDG (fluorogenic substrate) | \n↑ | \nFluorescence microscopy (production of green fluorogenic color) | \n||
Cell cycle arrest proteins (early markers of DNA damage-induced senescence) | \np16 | \n↑ | \nWestern blot/immunostaining | \n[43, 44, 45] | \n
p21 | \n[29, 46] | \n|||
p53 | \n||||
Cyclin D1 | \n[38] | \n|||
Lamin B1 | \n↓ | \n[39] | \n||
SAHFs (reorganization of chromatin into discrete foci) | \nDNA dyes: DAPI | \n↑ Presence of certain heterochromatin-associated histone modifications | \nFluorescence microscopy | \n[31, 47] | \n
SDF (different DNA repair proteins) | \nγ-H2AX: marker of DNA double strand breaks and genomic instability | \n↑ | \nFluorescence microscopy/Western blot | \n[31] | \n
53BP1: protein associated with DNA damage | \n↑ | \nFluorescence microscopy | \n
Senescence markers.
BrdU, 5-bromodeoxyuridine; 3H-dT, 3Hthymidine; PCNA, Proliferating cell nuclear antigen; SA-β-gal, Senescence-associated β-galactosidase; X-gal substrate, 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-D-galactoside; C12FDG, 5-dodecanoylaminofluorescein di-β-D-galactopyranoside; SAHFs, senescence-associated heterochromatin foci; DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; SDF, senescence-associated DNA damage foci; γ-H2AX; phosphorylated histone H2AX; 53BP1, p53-binding protein-1.
The use of all these elements to define senescent cells has provided convincing evidence that these senescent cells accumulate in tissues of humans, primates and rodents with advanced age, as well as in sites of tissue injury and remodeling. The most prominent feature of the senescent cells is a cell cycle arrest, which permanently withholds replication and the resistance to apoptosis. An important fact to note is that the cells with senescent characteristics are found in damaged tissues of patients with chronic diseases such as osteoarthritis, pulmonary fibrosis, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease or CKD [40].
\nCKD is known to promote cellular senescence and an accelerated aging. It is caused by the accumulation of toxins in the internal medium, and the consequence is the development of elderly associated pathologies, mainly CVD [48]. CKD-associated CVD show similar characteristics to the natural CVD in elderly, and for this reason, several authors propose that the biggest challenge in the treatment of CVD may be to understand why CKD promote the premature aging of the cardiovascular system [49].
\nEven though the progress in the last few years in the renal replacement therapy is substantial, the mortality of terminal CKD patients remains excessively high, with an incidence between 10 and 20-fold over the general population [50].
\nUremic patients have higher rates of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality than would be predicted by Framingham risk factors [50, 51, 52]. However, the presence of those factors is not enough to explain the significant increment of the cardiovascular risk in those patients. CKD patients show additional factors associated with uremia that could explain this increased CVD risk [53]. The presence of microalbumin and uremic toxins in blood, hyperhomocysteinemia, anemia, the abnormal calcium/phosphate metabolism, parathyroid hormone (PTH) level alterations, the treatment with vitamin D derived substances, the volume overload, the electrolytic imbalance, oxidative stress, inflammation, malnutrition, thrombogenic factors and the imbalance of NO/endothelin are risk factors intrinsically associated to CKD [54]. The valuation and modulation of those factors are of high importance in CKD patients, as some are variable and the correct treatment may prevent the progression of the pathology.
\nIn CKD patients, the endothelium is exposed to an additional stress because of the presence of factors related to the uremic state. This state can be modified depending on the conservative treatment or renal transplantation, but it has been demonstrated that it relies on a persistent microinflammatory state directly related to endothelial damage, partaking in atherosclerosis processes [7, 55, 56]. Under this hostile uremic-associated state, the endothelium loses its integrity. Some damage substances and molecules will be released as a reflection of the harmful stimuli [56, 57].
\nAmong several inflammatory factors, the subpopulation of monocytes habitually augmented in elderly, increases in the peripheral blood. The contribution of monocytes in inflammation and the CVD development has been widely studied by several groups, including ours [58]. Peripheral blood monocytes show a significant heterogeneity, reflected by the differential expression of the lipopolysaccharide binding receptor (CD14) at their surface and the low-affinity receptor Fc, FcγRIII (CD16). In the last years, monocytes have been divided into three populations or subsets based on the intensity of CD14 and CD16 expression (cell surface marker phenotype) being functionally differentiated in: classical monocytes (CD14++/CD16−), present mainly in healthy patients; intermediate monocytes (CD14++/CD16+) and non-classical monocytes (CD14+/CD16++). A possible causal role in the development of atherosclerosis in general population and CKD patients has been attributed to intermediate monocytes (CD14++/CD16+) [59]. CD14+/CD16++ monocytes are inflammatory senescent cells characterized by their increased capacity to produce proinflammatory cytokines and because of their strong function as dendritic cells [60]. CD14+/CD16++ can be differentiated
In addition to the activity of the immune cells in endothelial damage, some other factors could be involved, as some specific molecules are known to be increased in the peripheral blood of CKD. In different models, it has been shown that endothelial cells activated pathologically with uremic serum or uremic toxins enter into a premature senescent state. Also, they reduce their proliferative capability and show shortened telomeres, augmenting the expression of β-gal [69]. Another possible factor in the development of the CKD-associated CVD is the incorrect repair of the damaged endothelium by EPCs. This failure occurs mainly due to two factors: a decreased number of EPCs or their imbalanced function. In our studies, we demonstrated that in CKD patients there is a decrease in the number of EPCs and that this number is considerably lower in severe patients with, for example, vascular calcifications [10, 70]. Also, it has been demonstrated that EPCs lose their angiogenic capability, generally needed in the process of regeneration of harmed vascular structures (vasculogenesis). In this regard, the association between some diseases such as CKD-associated CVD and both number and function of EPCs, accelerate the processes of EPCs senescence and therefore damage in endothelial cells harboring.
\nThe endothelial MVs (EMVs) are extracellular vesicles produced by endothelial cells whose essential role is to act as a signaling system between the elements involved in the function and homeostasis of the vessel [71].
\nIn general, the extracellular vesicles can be found in many body fluids, including plasma and urine. They have a variable size, between 0.05 and 5 μm [71], and are involved in physiological and pathophysiological processes, participating as mediators in intercellular communication. They can act directly on the target cells by binding to ligands, cell surface receptors and/or membrane-associated enzymes, delivering or releasing their contents directly into the cytoplasm. Extracellular vesicles are elevated in patients with neurodegenerative, metabolic, pulmonary, autoimmune and vascular diseases, chronic inflammation and cancer [72]. The use of extracellular vesicles as markers for the prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of the disease is increasingly interesting, as well as their potential as new therapeutic targets [73]. There are several types of extracellular vesicles: exosomes, the MVs or microparticles and the apoptotic bodies, which are produced by different mechanisms [65]. The MVs are a heterogeneous population of up 2 μm diameter, which are formed from the cell membrane in a regulated active process, dependent on enzyme activity and calcium.
\nRecently, it has been demonstrated that MVs may play an essential role in cellular senescence processes [74] since they have been proposed as elements of an endothelial response that can participate in the damaging and repair processes of the endothelium [10, 11, 12]. MVs generated from different cell types can induce endothelial dysfunction because they are responsible for increasing oxidative stress, reducing the bioavailability of NO and producing cardiovascular inflammation. The knowledge about their formation and release represent an attractive therapeutic goal to limit MVs levels, but the mechanisms underlying the release are not fully elucidated. On the other hand, a direct or indirect inhibition of the effect of MVs is a more effective proposal [75]. The effect of certain drugs that are used to decrease cardiovascular risk have been shown to affect the MVs plasma levels, suggesting that the beneficial effects of these drugs could, at least in part, be mediated through a reduction of the concentration of MVs [76]. Moreover, different authors have highlighted the importance of diet on MVs release, being perhaps one of the mechanisms involved in the role of diet in the development of CVD [14, 77].The process of identification and separation of extracellular vesicles is complicated due to their extensive variability. In fact, currently, the absolute separation of exosomes, apoptotic bodies and MVs is not possible because their size ranges may overlap. The most common method for the separation and isolation of extracellular vesicles is the serial centrifugation. In the majority of the studies, a first centrifugation is performed at 200–1500 × g to remove cells and cell debris. Extracellular vesicles more than 100 nm are pelleted at 10,000–20,000 × g and small vesicles of 100 nm at 100,000–200,000 × g [78]. Following these protocols, we can obtain EMVs from supernatants of mature endothelial cells cultures, cellular debris and exosomes-free. The EMVs might also be obtained from plasma by similar processes, but would be found mixed with other MVs derived from other circulating cells.
\nThe most common methods to study single MVs are flow cytometry (FC), tunable resistive pulse sensing (TRPS), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) [79]. To date, FC is the method most used to establish the cellular origin and the phenotype of the MVs and is based on the detection of light scatter and fluorescence intensity of the labeled MVs [80, 81, 82]. To characterize their cellular origin, different antigens expressed on the membrane of the MVs are identified. For this purpose, monoclonal antibodies (mAb) labeled with different fluorochromes that define the phenotype are used. To identify EMVs, specific fluorescent antibodies against endothelial cell can be used to characterize the phenotype. Some markers used to describe EMVs are CD144, CD105 and CD146. Moreover, the phospholipids are a class of lipids that are a major component of all biological membranes and in MVs are externalized. For this reason, these phospholipids present in the MVs membrane have also been used for EMVs detection and characterization [83]. The combination of several mAb simultaneously can facilitate the identification of the origin and the state of activation or apoptosis of the cell from which the MVs originate [84]. The EMVs determination protocol includes some preliminary steps designed to identify sizes, with beads that allow adjustments to the equipment, before the introduction of the samples. However, this method has limitations in identifying the smallest MVs that are below the detection limit of conventional FC equipment (diameter size lower 300 nm) [79]. Recent studies have shown that FC equipment with high sensitivity can amplify the forward scatter parameter capacity, which is used to identify the size of the MVs [85]. On the other hand, it is very helpful to provide information regarding functional activity of the extracellular vesicles [86, 87, 88, 89].
\nIn this regard, novel instruments including NTA or DLS have shown their advantages in the analysis of extracellular vesicles. NTA measures the distribution of the absolute size of the vesicles that range from 50 nm to 1 μm [90]. The vesicles in suspension are illuminated by a laser that produces light scattering or fluorescence. A microscope determines the position of individual vesicles, which are continuously moving due to Brownian motion [91]. When a fluorescent marker is used, NTA can also be used to determine the size of a subgroup of vesicles [92]. The principal advantage of this method is the detection of particles below 100 nm in diameter. In contrast, the limitation of this technique, the low resolution, therefore, NTA is incapable of distinguishing MVs from particles in suspension (debris) with the same size [79]. DLS, also known as photon correlation spectroscopy, measures the size distribution of vesicles between 1 nm and 6 μm. However, the absolute concentration of the vesicles cannot be determined by DLS because the average amplitude of the signal depends on the diameter, concentration and the refractive index of the vesicles [93, 94, 95].
\nThe last method TRPS consists in the movement of the MVs through tunable nanopores which are capable of registering MVs between 80 and 1000 nm [96]. Particles passing the pore generate a change in the electric resistance, thus providing information on diameter, surface charge and concentration of single particles. The major disadvantage of TRPS is that it cannot distinguish between MVs and similarly sized particles [79]. Independently of the method used to study of the MVs, it has been recommended to confirm the presence of MVs by measuring them at least with two different techniques.
\nIn addition, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blot or quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) are useful tools for the detection of proteins or RNA in preparations of purified MVs. Electron microscopy can provide information concerning the vesicular morphology, size and the presence of markers. Moreover, proteomic analysis and profiles of RNA/microRNA (miRNA) may help to determine the composition of the MVs.
\nIn the absence of pathology, the EMVs are involved in the maintenance of vascular homeostasis, participating in the metabolism of the vascular environment [97]. The EMVs can act on the vascular wall, at the endothelial level, and on smooth muscle cells [98], regulating both vasomotor reactivity and angiogenesis. In fact, the formation of EMVs and their elimination seems to reflect a balance between activation and cell damage, cell survival/apoptosis and angiogenesis. Endothelial responses may be immediate; releasing various factors or can be delayed, modulating the expression of genes involved in regulating the structure and function of the vascular system (Figure 2). In
Mechanisms of endothelial microvesicles (MVs) action upon target cells. SMCs, smooth muscle cells; ECs, endothelial cells.
MVs concentration in blood from healthy subjects is clinically irrelevant. However, in patients with cardiovascular risk factors and after cardiovascular events, EMVs concentrations are increased significantly [10, 102]. In fact, in patients with CVD, an association between the number of circulating EMVs and the Framingham risk score has been shown [72]. In particular, high levels of EMVs in diseases associated with vascular injury seem to reflect an inflammatory and prothrombotic process. EMVs may participate in the development and amplification of CVD through both cardiac and vascular cells. On the other hand, numerous studies have emphasized the effect of cardioprotective drugs on reducing concentrations of extracellular vesicles [73] which reinforces the evidence about the possible correlation of EMVs and vascular injury.
\nEMVs, and in general all extracellular vesicles, carry a specific load that is capable of delivering to other cells, even in remote locations. Extracellular vesicles share characteristics with their parental cells such as cell surface receptors, integral membrane proteins, cytosolic molecules, organelles, mRNAs, miRNAs or small amounts of DNA and proteins, including transcription factors, cytokines and growth factors [103]. Cell receptors and transmembrane proteins can help in the identification of EMVs, and also are indicative of the ability of vesicles to interact directly with receptors on the surface of target cells, resulting in an intracellular signal transmission. In addition to its effect on specific receptors, it has been shown that EMVs may be fused to the target cell and transfer its contents directly inside as a vehicle for transfer of genetic information [11, 67, 104, 105]. Extracellular vesicles are considered as the main source of miRNAs, released into the bloodstream during cell activation or apoptosis [106]. In fact, most miRNAs are associated with extracellular vesicles and only small amounts of them can be found free in plasma. It is thought that extracellular vesicles are necessary to protect circulating miRNAs from degradation by RNases, transferring safely functional miRNAs from the parental cells receptor cells. miRNAs act as regulatory molecules in endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, platelets and inflammatory cells that contribute to modulate the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. It is known that the release of miRNAs does not occur randomly but they are produced and released by controlled mechanisms [107, 108]. It has been described that there are several miRNAs involved in the regulation of vascular function and repair. It is expected that in the future, a better understanding of these molecules provides new options both diagnostic and therapeutic in the vascular pathology.
\nThe MVs from different sources such as endothelial cells, monocytes and lymphocytes can promote oxidative stress in the endothelium through processes that may involve several enzymatic systems [109]. The MVs can regulate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), although there are some discrepancies regarding ROS generation systems affected. These contradictory results may be due to the fact that MVs populations studied are from different sources or produced by different stimuli [105, 110]. From the biological point of view, these differences in the production of MVs have a significant for the potential to define MVs populations with different biological activities.
\nOne of the best-provided properties of MVs is its ability to promote coagulation [98]. In fact, the MVs are elevated in hypercoagulative disorders probably as a result of their active participation [98]. It is not clear how far MVs contribute to the
Chronic inflammation is a crucial factor in the development of atherosclerosis, and the effects of EMVs in inflammatory processes have been the subject of numerous studies since they may represent both a cause and a consequence of inflammation [12]. The MVs isolated from human atherosclerotic plaques can transfer intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) to endothelial cells and could increase the ability to recruit inflammatory cells in a manner dependent of phosphatidylserine, which may increase the progression of the atherosclerotic plaque. The most conclusive evidence of a proinflammatory role for EMVs is that the administration of exogenous EMVs to rats is associated with acute lung injury, with increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) and neutrophil infiltration on histological lesion perivascular space [111].
\nDifferent studies have described a role of MVs in the regulation of angiogenesis [112]. Platelet-derived MVs were first involved in the angiogenesis process since platelets contain at least 20 factors that regulate angiogenesis. Platelet-derived MVs stimulate proliferation, survival, migration, and formation of capillary-like structures in endothelial cells
In addition to being a potent stimulus for the formation of MVs, apoptosis can also be a consequence of MVs signaling [112]. Monocyte, erythrocytes, platelets and endothelial cells-derived MVs contain caspase-3. It is thought that the content of caspases may be a mechanism directed to control the apoptosis, suggesting that MVs could release caspase-3 into the target cells, participating in the induction of apoptosis. In addition, caspase-3 is implicated in numerous cellular processes, so the release of this protein could have an even more significant impact on the target cell.
\nThe MVs contain proteolytic enzymes, and then some of its effects could be attributed to alterations in the extracellular matrix or proteolytic cleavage of various signaling molecules. For example, the microvasculature-derived EMVs containing MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-13 and MMP-7, which degrade fibronectin
Initially, proliferation and migration of adjacent endothelial cells have been identified as a factor of endothelial repair, and subsequent studies have shown that the maintenance of the endothelial structure is associated with EPCs and their ability to differentiate and repair damaged endothelial tissue. Due to the importance of this repair mechanism in the maintenance of vascular homeostasis, it is logical to think about the existence of close communication between damaged endothelial cells and EPCs. Previous studies performed by our group suggest that plasma EMVs, both of healthy subjects and patients with CKD; participate in the activity of the EPCs [10]. Our hypothesis is that EMVs can be an essential and necessary physiological mechanism of signaling to initiate the recruitment of EPCs from bone marrow. In
Vascular calcification is an increasingly constant process in developed countries and can contribute significantly to increased cardiovascular risk. The processes and mechanisms involved in the formation of vascular calcifications are poorly understood and are needed to develop new therapeutic strategies to prevent or avoid calcification. Patients CKD have a higher incidence of vascular calcification, and our group has shown that EMVs are increased in patients with an elevated degree of calcification [10]. In
MVs have also been associated with endothelial senescence. As we said before, senescent cells release characteristic molecules and substances composing the SASP. However, some of those substances which are known to be part of this SASP cannot be released as soluble molecules due to their nature, as some transmembrane proteins [119]. It is known that the premature induction of cellular senescence
CVD seem to begin as a consequence of a damaging process and endothelial dysfunction, and there are pieces of evidence implying cellular senescence in the functional imbalance of the endothelium. Cellular senescence is a physiological mechanism which occurs as a consequence of aging, but under different pathologic conditions, its regulation is modified, as in CVD or CKD. Senescent endothelial cells change their morphological and functional characteristics (Figure 3) and cannot correctly regulate the repairing and regenerative activity of EPCs. In the endothelial senescence context, the role of EMVs appears to be important. EMVs are considered as biomarkers of endothelial injury and are associated with an inflammatory and prothrombotic state. However, the perspectives of their study are beyond their role as biomarkers, as they are capable of transmitting biologic information in several physiologic and physiopathologic processes. EMVs are increased in elderly, but also in patients with CVD and CKD. Many questions remain unresolved to understand the role of EMVs in the endothelial function and damage. To comprehend and characterize the mechanisms by which the senescent endothelial cells show an imbalanced functionality is of great interest, opening new perspectives to increase our knowledge and to identify useful biomarkers in the timely diagnostics and to design therapeutic objectives in CVD.
\nDifferent characteristics of young and senescent endothelial cells. Senescent cells undergo distinctive phenotypic, morphological alterations and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). The number of endothelial microvesicles (EMVs) of the senescent cells is greater than those derived from young cells. Also, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is higher in senescent endothelial cells compared with young endothelial cells. Moreover, the secretion of growth factors (GF) and proinflammatory cytokines (infl. cytokines) from senescent endothelial cells are reduced.
This work was supported by Plan Nacional Proyectos de Investigación en Salud of Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) Fondos Feder European Grants (PI14/00806 and PI17/01029); Red de Investigación Renal (REDinREN; RD16/0009/0034) Junta de Andalucía Grants, P12-CTS-7352 and Santander Universidad Complutense de Madrid PR41/17-20964. Matilde Alique is a fellow of the program “Ayuda Postdoctoral Programa Propio” from Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain. Rafael Ramírez-Carracedo is a fellow of the program FPI (Formación de Personal Universitario) from Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain”.
\nCognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is considered to be the most well-founded in terms of scientific support. It has been widely disseminated worldwide, through numerous training programs, workshops, conferences, and also through a large number of monographs and practical manuals for practitioners in the field of clinical psychology and psychotherapy [1]. The goal of this therapeutic approach is to restore mental health and address a number of issues faced by individuals, by focusing on cognitive dysfunctional patterns that cause emotional distress and dysfunctional behaviors. In a synthetic definition formulated by Amy Wenzel, CBT is considered an active, semi-structured, and time-sensitive psychotherapeutic strategy [2]. Its active character results from the way in which the two actors of the therapeutic act are involved, the psychotherapist and their client; both prepare for counseling sessions, contribute to the analysis and assessment of the client’s condition, and collaborate in the constructive approach to the problems they face. CBT is considered semi-structured, because the therapist, although flexibly positioned in relation to their client’s problems, usually prepares for each session a kind of organized scheme to guide the stages of the session, which ensures that the therapeutic process is targeted and effective. Finally, this approach is anchored temporarily/in a time-sensitive manner, in the sense that the clients assume, consciously and with motivation, the proposed therapeutic approach, anticipating that the treatment followed will have an end, that what happens in each session produces a positive development, that this development is noticeable after each session, and that they can implement therapeutic strategies in their daily lives without the need for permanent assistance from the therapist.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy is founded upon three central assumptions, which are as follows:
Cognitive activity influences our behavior
Cognitive activity can be monitored, but also modified
The behavioral changes we target can be achieved through cognitive changes.
The first of these assumptions is, in fact, a brief and up-to-date reformulation of the central thesis of the mediation model, proposed by Michael Mahoney. Since 1974, Mahoney has argued that changes in behavioral therapy necessarily require cognitive mediation. Today, there is an impressive body of empirical evidence indicating that cognitive assessments of life events affect our responses and that changes in the content of these assessments have an indisputable clinical value [3, 4, 5, 6].
The second thesis tacitly incorporates the assumption that we can have access to cognitive activity and that our cognitions can be known and evaluated. Undoubtedly, there are enough reasons to believe that our access to our own cognitions is not perfect and that people often report their mental activity based on the likelihood of thoughts occurring rather than their actual occurrence [7]. A corollary of this second assumption is that the assessment of cognitive activity is only a prelude to the changes we can make at this level. In other words, accessing and evaluating one’s own cognitions is necessary, but it does not automatically bring about the change we want.
Finally, the third assumption is a direct result of the adoption of the CBT in the model proposed by Mahoney. It explicitly states that the behavioral changes we seek to produce with our clients can only be achieved if we make cognitive changes. Specifically, although CBT theorists accept that a number of external, reinforcing contingencies can influence human behavior without direct cognitive intervention, this does not mean that they are independent and do not involve cognitive changes; moreover, the same changes, as well as others, can be produced by direct intervention on cognitions. To substantiate this assumption thoroughly, cognitive-behavioral researchers have collected a very large volume of experimental evidence.
There were several favorable circumstances that created adequate premises for the development of cognitive-behavioral therapy. Thus, since the 1950s, Hans Eysenck has published several studies that vehemently criticized one of the prevalent therapeutic approaches of the time, namely, psychoanalytic psychotherapy, proposing behavioral therapy as a more viable alternative. In his challenging attempts, Eysenck argued that the resolution of neuroses does not require a focus on intrapsychic conflicts and that they can be treated completely by a direct approach to the symptoms that portray them [8, 9]. As a result of these warnings and encouragements, in the late 1950s and early 1960s practitioners turned their attention to behavioral therapeutic approaches; these were based on direct behavioral changes, founded upon the two paradigms of learning—classical conditioning, respectively, operant conditioning. However, as interest and involvement in this new commitment grew, it became increasingly clear that a strictly behavioral conceptualization was insufficient for explaining the full spectrum of clinical problems that therapists were facing in their practice. Moreover, there was already evidence that an exclusively behavioral intervention would leave a significant number of issues uncovered, such as the obsessions that are part of obsessive-compulsive disorder, or paranoid ideation [9, 10, 11].
A second favorable context was represented by the cognitive revolution, which started in the mid-1950s. Information processing models that began to attract the attention of contemporary psychologists in their attempts to explain psychic life and provide support to artificial intelligence specialists had made a significant contribution to the development of CBT. The new current, which had brought some fresh air to the field of psychology, through its emphasis on cognitive processes, greatly favored the inclusion of the cognitive component in traditional behavioral interventions. In the mid-1970s, a number of academics concerned with the development of therapeutic practice began to draw attention to the importance of the cognitive moment in our actions and propose a model of mediation in this regard. In this way, they explicitly advanced the idea that cognitive processes influence our emotions and behaviors and that cognitive intervention can lead to significant behavioral changes [2]. Once these premises had been accepted, the interest in cognitive-behavioral approaches increased considerably. As a result, a number of new psychotherapeutic approaches based on this new perspective have begun to develop. We mention here some of them: rational-emotive behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, schema-focused cognitive therapy, stress inoculation training, third wave therapies (acceptance and commitment therapy, dialectical behavior therapy, mindfulness therapy). Given the large and ever-increasing number of these new therapeutic guidelines, attempts have also been made to group them based on predefined criteria. Thus, toward the end of the 1980s, Mahoney and Arnkof proposed organizing them into three main categories: a. cognitive restructuring therapies; b. therapies focused on the development of coping strategies; c. problem-solving therapies. Cognitive restructuring therapies are based on the premise that emotional distress is the consequence of maladaptive thoughts. Therefore, clinical interventions aim at examining and replacing dysfunctional thought patterns with their adaptive variants. The second therapeutic category aims to develop a repertoire of skills designed to equip clients for coping with stressful life situations. Finally, the third group of therapies, those focused on problem solving, can be described as a combination of the first two. The latter emphasizes the importance of developing general strategies for the client to deal with a wide range of personal issues, emphasizing the importance of active collaboration between the therapist and their client in the planning of the corrective intervention program [1]. The first category is the most widely used in therapeutic practice, and the best-known paradigms of this family are—rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT), respectively, cognitive therapy (CT). We will briefly describe each of the two therapeutic approaches, placing more emphasis on REBT, which is also the central object of this chapter.
Chronologically, rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT) is considered to be the first of the cognitive-behavioral approaches in the category of those that focus, explicitly, on cognitive restructuring. Initially, it was called rational therapy, then rational-emotive therapy, and finally, starting in the 1990s, it became known as the rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT). The fundamental theoretical and practical principles of REBT were formulated by Albert Ellis, considered the father of REBT and, respectively, the grandfather of cognitive-behavioral therapies. Originally trained in the psychoanalytic school of psychotherapy, after only a few years of therapeutic practice, Albert Ellis began to doubt the quality and effectiveness of this approach. Less and less motivated to continue in the spirit of this school, Ellis successively tested different treatment techniques, most of which involved an active and a directive approach, respectively. The first results of these experiments allowed him to formulate a personal theory on the genesis of emotional disorders, as well as to develop a set of treatment methods. Although ardent proponents of the psychoanalytic paradigm considered the methods proposed by Ellis to be heretical, the advent of behavioral therapy in the 1960s and, above all, the gradual recognition of the fundamental role of cognition in understanding human behavior, led to the acceptance of REBT(at the time called RET) as a viable and credible alternative to classical models of psychotherapy.
The central assumption of this approach is the belief that human cognition (our thoughts) plays a key role in the genesis, maintenance, or modification of the emotional and/or behavioral responses we produce. To make this perspective concrete, Albert Ellis developed the ABC Model of the genesis of emotional responses. The three components of the model are operationalized as follows: A represents the activating element—life events together with our inferences about these events; B refers to the system of personal beliefs (inferences and evaluations) that generate consequences, that is, those that lead to our reactions; C represents the answers that a person produces as a result of the presence of specific beliefs, which can be of a wide variety—emotional (e.g., anxiety), behavioral (e.g., motor agitation), and cognitive (e.g., thoughts of helplessness) [12].
The central objective of REBT therapy is vulnerabilization, namely the elimination of the personal system of irrational (unhealthy) beliefs characterized by exaggeration and rigidity, followed by the adoption of a flexible belief system that promotes/enhances psychological health. In this sense, REBT involves a multidimensional approach that incorporates cognitive, emotional, and behavioral techniques. Of all these, the principal strategy of therapeutic intervention is a logical-empirical method of questioning, challenging, and scientifically disputing the unhealthy thoughts that Albert Ellis called irrational cognitions [13]. Beyond this main healing method, REBT individualizes its intervention strategy using a wide variety of techniques, such as rational-emotive imagery, operant conditioning, modeling, role play, shame attach exercises, thought monitoring, library therapy, and development of various skills and so on [14].
The father of cognitive therapy is Aaron Beck. Like Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck was originally trained in psychoanalysis, but he also became relatively dissatisfied with the conceptualizations that the psychodynamic paradigm offered for various emotional disorders [3]. For example, in the 1960s, Beck found that a number of cognitive factors frequently associated with depression were systematically ignored in favor of psychoanalytic conceptualizations that accentuated the motivational-affective dyad [1].
The cognitive model proposed by Aaron Beck emphasizes the idea that distorted thinking and unrealistic cognitive assessments can negatively affect our emotions and behaviors. Evaluations are pre-formed (shaped) by mental schemas, that is, cognitive structures that organize and process information taken from the outside. The cognitive patterns of mentally developed people allow/make realistic assessments of life events and lead to functional, healthy emotional experiences. In contrast, individuals who have developed dysfunction are primarily engaged in distorted assessments that lead to emotional dysfunction [5].
The central goal of cognitive therapy is to replace the distorted assessments that clients apply to life events with their realistic and adaptive variants. Cognitive-type therapeutic interventions are based on collaborative psycho-educational approaches and involve the design of specific learning experiences through which clients are guided/prepared:
to recognize the relationship between their thoughts and the emotions they experience, respectively, the behaviors attached to them.
monitor and control their automatic thoughts;
to verify the validity of automatic thinking;
to identify and then modify their beliefs, assumptions, or cognitive patterns that favor and support their engagement in psychopathogenic patterns of thinking [15].
Several reasons (arguments) can be identified that prove the possibility that REBT can be easily and elegantly adapted for the treatment of religious clients. In what follows, we present some of these synthetically [16].
First of all, REBT therapy has proven to be an excellent treatment for religious clients (practitioners) because it is a therapeutic strategy expressly focused on the beliefs of individuals [17, 18, 19, 20]. In particular, this approach bears a strong resemblance to the Christian perspective. More specifically, the REBT psychotherapeutic system proves a high convergence with many of the basic principles of the Christian tradition [21, 22, 23]. For example, the Christian view that people are all equally worthy and that all sins can be forgiven can serve as admirable support for REBT techniques focused on eliminating the tendency of human beings to appreciate their own worth, respectively, the worth of others. In addition, the position of the Christian Church regarding sin, more exactly, the fact that it condemns sin and not the sinner, is clearly found in the principles of REBT. Moreover, Ellis has explicitly iterated that REBT does not approve of immoral acts, but instead fully accepts the humanity and fallibility of those who commit such acts [24].
The ABC model, already discussed above, with its emphasis on the role of cognitions in the production but also the elimination of emotional-behavioral dysfunctions, is found in most religious doctrines. In fact, the principles of instilling, maintaining, or changing specific beliefs that are fundamental in most religions, can also be found, carrying equal importance, in the manner in which REBT examines and understands the role played by our cognitions in the genesis of emotional disorders. Furthermore, understanding religious beliefs, both in terms of content and personal quality and worth, is essential for a correct understanding of religion, both as a human phenomenon, and as a determining force in the client’s life. Both religious doctrines and REBT theory support and prove the centrality of beliefs in the emotional, behavioral, and cognitive life of the human being [19].
A second convergence between several religious traditions and REBT is their deeply existential and philosophical nature. Therefore, due to the fact that religious systems adhere firmly to the principle of free will, to the benefits and blessings of self-determined involvement in work, but also to the need to change erroneous (dysfunctional) beliefs, we can say with conviction that REBT elegantly meets all these objectives. More specifically, we can argue that religious clients are ideal for philosophical dispute strategies used by REBT therapists, whose major purpose is to change their philosophy of life. In fact, many clients who strongly believe in the strength (power) and usefulness of their religious beliefs are very receptive to the REBT perspective, which states that the deeper a belief is manifested, the more likely it is to manifest itself in the thinking, emotions, and behavior of a person [25].
The third similarity between REBT and the religious perspective concerns the ways in which fundamental principles are expressed. These take the form of behavioral tasks (canons/homework), beliefs, iconographic/pictographic representations, creative musical expressions, etc. In fact, REBT therapists often recommend to their clients that between therapy sessions (face to face or online) they complete/perform various home tasks; most of these topics are behavioral tasks that complement and promote cognitive change processes [26].
Finally, most religious traditions, beliefs, stories, and parables take the form of hymns and represent particular ways of expressing religious worship [27]. It is obvious that combining fundamental religious principles with melodic lines, rhythm and rhyme increases the possibility of making these principles easier to remember at the same time increasing their level of persuasion and emotional relevance [28]. In fact, the transmission of many of the central principles of REBT through therapeutic poems or songs has become a very common practice by therapists.
Considering the arguments regarding the convergences between organized religious systems and REBT theory, it is natural to think of concrete ways in which, at a practical-applied level, there is a possibility of integrating REBT intervention strategies with religious beliefs and practices, in particular, with Christian ones. A primary level of practical integration of the two approaches can be limited to highlighting elements extracted from the religious tradition of the denomination to which the client belongs that are overtly congruent with the specific principles and strategies of REBT intervention.
In fact, all modalities of integration will start by going over and understanding the ABC model that underpins REBT theory and practice. It must be read and interpreted both in the spirit of REBT’s central assumption (the emotions and behavioral disorders we experience are the results of our private interpretations and assessments) and of the philosophy behind the client’s religious system. For example, when we work with these clients, rather than threatening or undermining their religious beliefs, through REBT-type interventions we can help them to focus and boost the long-term strength and function of their faith by appealing to several strategies, such as (a) highlighting or reactivating components neglected by the customer [29, 30]; (b) reinterpretation/reconceptualization of some religious writings in the spirit of REBT; (c) disputation of rigid personal beliefs that overlap and interfere with the authentic religious ones and that can thus generate dysfunctionalities. For example, in the interpretive pattern of the religious client can be identified a series of irrational cognitions that have no basis in the Bible or in the Christian tradition, such as “God does not love me as much when I sin,” “Because I am a Christian, God will always guard me against bad things / events that may happen to me,” “Because I am a Christian, I should be perfect,” “I should condemn and hate myself when I sin because this is the only way I can be saved.” All these misinterpretations and misjudgments that religious clients may generate, after being identified, will be the subject of disputes (logical, functional, or empirical), so that they can be made vulnerable and then eliminated.
On the other hand, once the process of disputing erroneous beliefs has begun, the therapist must initiate and offer rational alternatives extracted from religious writings (Bible, Holy Fathers) or the oral religious tradition. Thus, from the very beginning, clients can be offered healthy thinking alternatives, by extracting Bible verses or statements made by credible (holy) religious authorities, that should serve as correct interpretive substitutes which can ensure a healthy and beneficial mental development for the client, from an emotional perspective [18, 31]. Here are some examples of irrational religious thinking: “Let this mind be in you, which was also in Christ Jesus” (Philippians 1,5), “The simple man has faith in every word, but the man of good sense gives thought to his footsteps”(Proverbs 14: 5), “For (man) as he thinks in his heart, so he is”(Proverbs 23: 7).
Maria is a 31-year-old woman, single, with no children. Presently, she lives with her brother and his wife to be. She has a high school education and has worked in a beauty parlor since graduation.
Maria comes from a traditional family (i.e., mother, father, and two children). She describes her mother as “perfect housewife and professional.” At the same time, her mother believed that the best way to raise a child is to be critical of her/his mistakes and punish them right away. Rewards were considered to be “for the weak” and thus inappropriate for a child’s education. Because she worked hard to provide everything for her children, her mother believed they should always be obedient and respectful. Even now, as an adult, Maria says her mother is never wrong, and always knows everything better than anybody else. Maria’s father left when the children were young and stopped any relationship with his family. After graduating high school, Maria remained in her mother’s house, who instructed her to save money to buy things for her future home. Whenever Maria wanted to go out with some friends, her mother would correct her and force her to save all her income just to buy things. Moreover, even the things she bought for her future house were picked by her mother, regardless of her preferences. As a consequence, Maria did not date or make any friends.
Maria decided to see a mental health professional about 16 months ago. By the time she came to see this therapist, she had already been treated by other mental health professionals (psychologists and psychiatrists), whom she visited successively. At the time of her admission, Maria complained about her unsatisfactory relationships (“I have nobody to love and support me,” “My life is a mess,” “People around me cannot stand me anymore, although all I do is for their benefit”), her developing panic attacks (“I am so scared not to have another panic attack that I do not dare go to work anymore”), and her lack of pleasure in life (“There is nothing good now. I won’t be able to go to work, and that was the only place where I am appreciated”).
Maria has always been a person very different from her brother, her friends, and everybody around her. She does not believe she had ever been loved by her mother, whose affection had been constantly seeking since she was a baby. She feels permanently threatened by the prospect of being abandoned by her family and dreads the idea she would one day be forced to live alone. Because she believes her present problems are due to the fact she has a cold, insensitive mother who does not love her (only her brother), she tries to make up for maternal love by searching for surrogate mothers.
For quite a few years now she has been visiting a whole range of churches, believing she could find some priest or believer who could adopt her (“If I cannot be loved by my mother, I will find another one. Nothing can replace the love of a mother and I do not want to remain mutilated like this forever”). For a while, she found a woman (member of a nontraditional religious community) who agreed to “adopt her,” because her own daughter lived in another country and was more independent than she would have wanted. Maria remembers those moments as some of the best of her life. Eventually, one day the real daughter visited her mother; the woman informed Maria that she could not see her for a few days because she took a trip with her real daughter. At this point, Maria was so enraged that she entirely rejected her surrogate mother and told her she was no longer available as a daughter. Although they work together, the relationship between the two was distant ever since.
Following this episode, Maria joined a few Bible study groups, hoping people in these groups would love her “because they are Christians, and they should.” As soon as she realized her colleagues accept her but do not grant her their time exclusively, Maria started looking for someone else. She keeps going weekly to study the Bible because she believes God will be the one to love her forever—if and only if she struggles daily to become a good Christian. Meanwhile, while watching a TV show, she got the telephone number of a woman pretending to get rid of the bad spirits, curses, and malevolent forces residing in people’s houses. At this point, Maria was ready to believe her loneliness (she could never have a boyfriend) and lack of attraction was due to her aunt cursing her because she inherited some money from her grandmother. As soon as she called, the woman on the TV asked for a large sum of money for a “counter-spell” to help Maria get rid of the evil spirits. A long period of hope and despair, love and hate followed—either the woman would not be available for months, or she would be pointing to objects in Maria’s house, which should be destroyed because the evil spirits resided in them. Although Maria wanted to move away from her parents’ house, she could not stand to be alone, so her brother and his fiancée came to live with her. But their relationship, which has always had ups and downs because of Maria’s exaggerated need for attention, severely deteriorated when she started destroying the things in the house, in an attempt to remove evil spirits (as indicated by her “spiritual mother”). Just as Maria felt both loves and hate toward her mother, she began feeling love and extreme anger toward her brother. Arguments escalated when Maria threatened to throw the brother in the street because it was her house.
On the other hand, when he and his fiancée decided to move out, Maria was so desperate that she refused to eat, so they decided to stay. Presently, their relationship suffers because Maria believes she has to be perfect (“I must be perfect like my mother”) and every criticism from her brother is perceived as a disaster (“He should not say I am fat”). Trying to cope with the situation, she engages in frequent binge-eating episodes, which do not help her lose weight, a consequence that is very detrimental to her self-image: “Nobody will like me like this”.
Moving into a new house was also a stress factor for Maria; soon after moving in (and before her brother came to live with her) she started fighting with some of her neighbors over different issues, which was sorted out by police intervention. Although she really hates upsetting other people, Maria equally finds their lack of understanding for her unbearable.
The only place where she feels better is her work. Here Maria is appreciated and likes interacting with the clients. The main problems occur here when the customers demand some new, unusual procedure, which Maria perceives as a threat to her image as “perfect professional.” Because of this, at times she acts aggressively.
Recently, these episodes became more frequent and Maria started developing panic attacks related first to her workplace (then to other public places). At about the time she was supposed to go to work, Maria would feel dizzy, choke, have palpitations, lose her balance, and feel like fainting. She began to fear these symptoms and avoid going to work by calling in sick. At the same time, Maria developed feelings of sadness and depression because she believed she might lose her job, which was the only place she felt good. She started to believe the situation was not going to get better in the future, while her inability to control her feelings scared her immensely. For about 3 weeks before she began therapy, she was sad and depressed and had difficulties sleeping and concentrating.
Maria’s relationship with God is highly similar to the relationship she has with her mother. She craves love and acceptance she is deeply convinced she cannot obtain because she is not perfect. She perceives both God and her mother as demanding and punishing and the idea of unconditional love is very hard to understand and accept. As a consequence, all her efforts are devoted to behaving perfectly so can be accepted at last. When her efforts inevitably fail, she becomes angry first at herself, then at her mother and God, followed by a lot of guilt and remorse. In Maria’s case, a lot of negative dysfunctional emotions are a direct consequence of perceived disobedience and behaviors that go against her religious beliefs, evaluated irrationally.
Since religion and religious behaviors play such a major role in Maria’s life, many of her problems (both emotional and practical) revolve around her religious involvement. Her major life decisions are directly affected by her religious beliefs and the spiritual mentors she reveres at the time (although they change quite often). As such, challenging irrational beliefs, negative automatic thoughts, and maladaptive schemas might mean touching on some religious content Maria is sensitive about (e.g., God’s unconditional acceptance vs. His acceptance/punishment predicated on one’s behavior/decisions).
Maria exhibits mainly extrinsic religiousness; often using religion in an instrumental way to achieve company, assistance, approval, and status. She experiences joy, purpose, and well-being when her religious group admires her, approves of her behaviors, and takes her advice. For Maria, group approval is also the indicator that God himself approves of her. Quite often, Maria’s religiousness conflicts with her goals, relationships, well-being, and social and professional life. Following an idea, she likes or the suggestion of a spiritual leader, Maria would engage in behaviors that irritate her friends, family, and coworkers, which fuel conflicts and distress. These situations occur mostly because of Maria’s proclivity for understanding all concepts in black and white, interpreting all gray areas as sinful.
The evaluation revealed a few potential problems with Maria’s religiousness:
Using religion and religious behavior as a means to approach and solve everyday problems and initiate relationships with other people;
Using religion to explain lack of ability, poor decisions, and maladaptive behaviors by refusing responsibility and blaming mysterious spiritual forces;
Changing religious groups frequently when people do not respond to her needs according to her expectations and explaining her decisions based on doctrine and belief;
Obsessing over sin, mistakes, and being rejected by God because of imperfection while holding rigidly to poorly understood concepts.
In conclusion, Maria’s religious beliefs are usually formulated in very rigid terms, in an absolutistic and irrational manner. Moreover, she is focused on a small number of beliefs that contradict other major tenets of Christianity. (
As a consequence, conflict with other people (including her religious community) occurs frequently, which has a negative impact on her morale and well-being.
Since religion is at the core of Maria’s worldview, the conceptualization of her problems and the explanations offered to her will have to take into consideration her sensibilities regarding the subject. Also, the therapeutic objectives will be aimed at improving her ability to live a satisfactory practical and spiritual life.
Stress situations (like moving to a new house, having to face a demanding client, or being confronted by her brother on an important issue, etc.) are those in which the feelings of inadequacy and incompetence develop. Poor anger management abilities and the ensuing prospect of losing the job she liked precipitated the panic attacks. Overwhelmed, Maria began feeling depressed and desperate.
Core religious assumptions:
believing she must be virtuous to deserve God’s love and help;
believing in good and bad spiritual entities that can interfere with people’s lives (physically and spiritually);
believing people belonging to the religious group she is part of having a moral obligation to help her, accept her, love her and grant her their time and attention;
being convinced she is entitled to a priest’s/pastor’s/spiritual leader’s love and unconditional support (much like the relationship between parent-child);
associating sin with immediate punishment and rejection by God.
The typical situations when Maria’s beliefs are activated include challenging moments when she is facing activities she has never done before and negative evaluations from the others are possible (like moving to a new house or using new procedures at work). Also, her low frustration tolerance is most evident when people do not grant her the attention and the support, she demands from them. Another difficult situation for Maria is when, after losing her temper, she notices people are upset with her and less willing to interact with her when she experiences guilt and remorse. The possibility of losing her job because of aggressive behavior toward the clients is the main event that precipitated the development of panic attacks. Maria’s depression and sadness are mainly connected to her lack of ability to cope with the requirements of healthy human interaction.
While growing up, Maria learned she could always be abandoned by those she loved. Her father left the house when she was very young and made no attempts to restore any relationship with his children. Her mother was herself pretty unstable emotionally and refused to open up to her children, maybe for fear of getting herself hurt. Also, she held the belief a good education is incompatible with expressing affection and was exaggeratedly critical of any mistake her daughter made. Because her brother had better performances in school, he was always the mother’s favorite, who repeatedly pointed out how reliable he was as compared to Maria. Also, her grandmother believed the same and acted the same. As a consequence, Maria grew to believe that “They all abandon me because I am not lovable” (acceptance beliefs) and “I am inadequate” (adequacy beliefs). On the other hand, her mother constantly supported the idea of justice over forgiveness. Thus, Maria holds now very strongly the idea that “everybody should treat me fairly and respectfully, because I do the same for them” and “My brother and my mother should help me as I help them” (justice beliefs). At the same time, she hates dependency and believes that “being sick equals being weak and offending others” and that she “should always be in control” (responsibility and control beliefs).
Maria discovered religion on her own, as an adult, being both attracted to and intrigued by the idea of an almighty God that loves and accepts imperfect human beings and was willing to sacrifice his only son for them. While she is very enthusiastic about the idea of unconditional love, Maria is also unable to fully understand and apply this idea to life and human interaction.
As a method of diagnosis, we used interview, observation, and self-monitoring. So far we avoided administering tests or other questionnaires, which she associates with a “formal diagnosis” and therefore something to be ashamed of. Maria is aware of her social difficulties and motivated to change something in her life.
A comprehensive conceptualization—integrating cognitive distortions, selective religious beliefs, and poorly defined religious values to explain emotional and behavioral consequences.
Maria’s core beliefs about acceptance and adequacy, justice, control, and responsibility, created in her insecure relationship with her mother and grandmother, are activated mostly in unstructured situations. The various unrealistic demands she has of herself and other people are often unmet and contribute to her poor self-image as inadequate and unlovable. The major lack of social and communication skills (due to prolonged social isolation) contributes negatively to her attempt to integrate socially as an adult. Her low frustration tolerance of the other persons’ unjust behavior triggers aggressiveness, which she later regrets; as a consequence, her negative self-image is being reinforced. Panic attacks are mainly related to her catastrophic evaluation of physiological symptoms in terms of weakness and inadequacy. Her lack of ability in properly handling difficult interpersonal interactions leads also to feelings of depression and sadness. In an attempt to cope and adjust, Maria turns to religion, conceptualized mostly as a parallel world where her worldview, expectations, and behaviors are supposed to work. Although she understands relatively well the tenets of Christianity, she arbitrarily selects and rigidly interprets those ideas and guidelines that serve her needs and alleviate her emotional pain. She uses religion in such a utilitarian manner without acknowledging or understanding the underlying problems.
Understanding that Maria’s worldview is organized around religious beliefs and practices, a main overarching objective of the psychotherapeutic intervention is to determine how her manner of belief impacts her social, relational, and occupational functioning. The truth of Christian ideas and tenets is acknowledged, while the therapist’s efforts are directed at pointing out contradictions in Maria’s thoughts, attitudes, and beliefs. The main concern is helping Maria articulate a comprehensive and coherent life philosophy that is equally true to Christian values and rational, realistic, and helpful.
The mutually agreed-upon list of problems including—(1) deficient social and communication skills, (2) deficient emotional regulation skills, (3) feelings of depression and guilt, (4) panic attacks and agoraphobic avoidance (mostly related to work), (5) binge eating, (6) socially unacceptable behavior/aggressive behavior (e.g., Throwing her and her brother’s things away because they were inhabited by evil spirits), and (7) deficient conflict management skills.
Among the most important treatment goals were—(1) building social and communication skills, (2) building emotion regulation skills, (3) reducing dysfunctional negative emotions (e.g., depression, guilt), (4) reducing panic attacks and agoraphobic avoidance, (5) eliminating binge eating and restructuring the eating behavior, (6) reducing socially unacceptable behavior and developing adaptive behaviors, and (7) building conflict management skills.
For panic attacks, we used a treatment package containing: cognitive restructuring techniques (Socratic dialog—pragmatic and empirical disputations) to reduce catastrophic interpretation and evaluation of her physiological symptoms, and a distraction technique to help her manage her distress when in the triggering situation (mostly before going to work). A significant beneficial effect was obtained after the cognitive restructuring of her beliefs that: “Having physical symptoms meant I am weak”, and “I must be perfect, otherwise I cannot stand it”. Systematic desensitization was also used to eliminate her agoraphobic avoidance.
For improving her deficient social and communication skills, we used assertiveness training and social skill training.
Her binge eating reduced considerably after starting to restructure the LFT (low frustration tolerance). No extra techniques were necessary; some overeating is still present in response to stressful situations. More effort is put into planning her eating habits.
REBT (cognitive restructuring, rational-emotive imagery, role-play, modeling, and behavioral experiments) was also used to restructure irrational beliefs and other distorted cognitions underlying panic, depression, and guilt and to help her learn unconditional self-acceptance. Also, a broader understanding of emotion regulation strategies was promoted based on the ABC model.
Behavioral analysis was used to develop an understanding of the causes of maladaptive behaviors and role-play and behavioral experiments help organize adaptive behaviors and build conflict management skills.
The therapeutic relationship was generally good with a few exceptions. First, Maria tried to manipulate the therapist into changing the agenda too often, by presenting different “emergencies” that had to be dealt with. Since this frequently happened at homework checkup time, the therapist decided to address Maria’s need for control and decision over the content, duration, and purpose of each task. After some guidelines were established that provided Maria with control over homework, the situation improved.
Several techniques and strategies were used to help achieve the therapeutic objectives.
Cognitive restructuring—challenging and restructuring maladaptive beliefs—core beliefs, automatic thoughts, and irrational beliefs using Bible verses. For instance, to dispute God’s conditional love and acceptance, Maria was asked to meditate on and explain verses like Romans 5:8 “But God commendeth his love toward us, in that, while we were yet sinners, Christ died for us”—pointing out the difference between a sinful behavior and a sinful, unworthy person. Also, when approaching core beliefs like abandonment and emotional deprivation, some verses can help partly cover the unmet childhood need: Romans 8:38–39 “For I am persuaded, that neither death, nor life, nor angels, nor principalities, nor powers, nor things present, nor things to come/Nor height, nor depth, nor any other creature, shall be able to separate us from the love of God, which is in Christ Jesus our Lord (Holy Bible, KJV).
Behavioral experiments—shame–attacking exercises, in which Maria chose to engage publicly in shameful behavior, were used to (1) expose her to criticism and (2) build tolerance for social rejection. Further discussion about the human value beyond social recognition also revolved around Bible verses. Fasting, as a religious behavior, was used as a means to consolidate frustration tolerance, experience and understand the distress and help control binge eating as a form of coping.
Prayer and meditation on God’s word were employed (1) to help articulate Maria’s religious worldview, (2) as a vehicle for remembering and rehearsing useful ways of thinking and behaving, and (3) rehearse and consolidate rational beliefs.
Rational-emotive imagery was used for changing emotions and coping with distress. Vivid images, including walking and talking with Jesus helped restructure cognitions and rehearse adaptive behaviors. Major distortions in Maria’s fantasies were used to identify irrational beliefs (e.g., Jesus would tell me to go away because I am weak”). This technique also helped create detailed scenarios of rational thoughts and adaptive behaviors that Maria was able to rehearse. Some of the early maladaptive schemas were approached by having Maria imagine Jesus responding to her mother’s actions when Maria was a baby.
Modeling and skill training helped in acquiring and using new social and communication skills and managing conflict. Maria observed people she appreciated (e.g., spiritual leaders) handle social interactions and conflict and took notes about their responses. Later on, she took on the role of a teacher for younger people in her prayer group, to demonstrate proper social skills (like Jesus did for us).
All techniques and strategies used were introduced taking into consideration Maria’s need to be successful and her difficulties in managing failure. They were initially discussed and demonstrated and rehearsed with the therapist until Maria was confident, she can be successful on her own.
The main obstacle was Maria’s resistance to structured homework and a structured approach to therapy. She always preferred to have some control over the strategy used and work in therapy (while supervised and helped by her therapist) and kept coming up with reasons to justify why she could not do the homework. Fragmenting tasks, reducing their difficulty and extent, and reinforcing even the slightest success, combined with carefully selected choices offered to her to validate her need for control helped, but this was an ongoing problem.
The intervention was extended over 40 sessions, once a week for 50 minutes. The main results concern the complete remission of panic attacks and avoidance. Maria is now able to go to work and has not had a panic attack for more than 6 months. Also, she has experienced less and less depression and there is an important reduction in binge eating (although she still overeats). After Maria stopped throwing things away her relationship with her brothers improved significantly, helped by the newly acquired communication skills.
Her religious worldview is more articulated than before and she is able to recognize the instances when her immediate needs take precedence over her relationship with God and over broader religious principles.
On the other hand, she still has quite severe feelings of sadness and depression, low unconditional self-acceptance, and has not succeeded in making new social relations.
IntechOpen books are published online and are accessible for free.
\r\n\r\nHowever, if you are interested in ordering your hardcover copy, you can do so by contacting our Print Sales Department at orders@intechopen.com. All IntechOpen books are printed on demand in full-colour and delivered in signature packaging through FREE DHL Express delivery.
\r\n\r\nFor a quote or assistance please contact us directly at orders@intechopen.com The quote will be sent to you within 1-2 business days.
\r\n\r\nOur entire portfolio of over 5,500 books is also available through Amazon.
',metaTitle:"Order and delivery",metaDescription:"Our books are published online and are accessible for free. However, if you are interested in ordering your hardcover copy, you can do so by contacting our Print Sales Department at orders@intechopen.com. All IntechOpen books are printed on demand in full-colour and delivered in signature packaging through free DHL Express delivery. A selection of our books in soft cover is also available through Amazon.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Our books are available hardcover, printed in full colour and produced to the highest standards on PEFC™ and FSC certified paper, complying with principles of responsible forestry worldwide. The paper size is 180 x 260 mm (7 x 10.2 inches).
\\n\\nIntechOpen works with award winning print-houses and we hold to the fact that all of our printed products are of the highest quality.
\\n\\nIntechOpen books retail price range is:
\\n\\n100 - 159 GBP ex. VAT (available in USD and EUR)
\\n\\nDiscounts available:
\\n\\nBulk discounts are granted for orders of 10 copies and more.
\\n\\nThere is no minimum or maximum threshold on the quantity of book orders.
\\n\\nOrders have to be paid in advance and before printing. We accept payment in GBP, EUR and USD.
\\n\\nWe currently accept the following payment options:
\\n\\nWhen paying with a credit card, you will be redirected to the PayPal.com online payment portal.
\\n\\nIntechOpen will help you complete your payment safely and securely, keeping your personal, professional and financial information safe.
\\n\\nIn accordance with the best security practice, we do not accept card orders via email.
\\n\\nThe combined printing and delivery time for orders vary from 7-15 business days, depending on the printed quantity and destination. This period does not include any customs clearance difficulties that may arise and that are beyond our control. Once your order has been printed and shipped, you will receive a confirmation email that includes your DHL tracking number. You can then track your order at www.dhl.com.
\\n\\nIf you do not receive your order within 30 days from the date your order is shipped, please contact us to inquire about the shipping status at orders@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nTax: Residents of European Union countries need to add a Book Value-Added Tax Rate based on their country of residence. Institutions and companies, registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state, will not pay VAT by providing IntechOpen with their VAT registration number. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\\n\\nCustoms: free shipping does not include any duties, taxes or clearing charges levied by the destination country. These charges are the responsibility of the customer and will vary from country to country.
\\n\\nP.O. Boxes cannot be used as a Ship-To Address.
\\n\\nIntechOpen partners do not provide shipping service from Europe to the countries listed below. Please refrain from mailing items addressed to the countries listed below, until further notice.
\\n\\nWhen ordering our books from the countries listed below, please provide an alternative mailing address. For any further assistance, please contact us at orders@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nRestricted Ship-to Countries:
\\n\\nPOD products are non-returnable and non-refundable, except in the event of poor print quality or an error in quantity. If we delivered the item to you in error or the item is faulty, please contact us.
\\n\\nInspect your order carefully when it arrives. Any problems should be immediately reported to orders@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nPrint copies of our publications are most often purchased by universities, libraries, institutions and academia personnel, hence increasing the visibility and outreach of our authors' published work among science communities and institutions.
\\n\\nOur books are available at our direct Print Sales Department and through selected representatives throughout the world.
\\n\\nBooks International
\\n\\nRepresentative for: Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam (ASEAN)
\\n\\nChina Publishers Services Ltd - CPS
\\n\\nRepresentative for: China, Taiwan, Hong Kong
\\n\\nIndia - CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd.
\\n\\nRepresentative for: India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Nepal, Maldives, Iran, Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Malta, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunis, United Arab Emirates and Yemen
\\n\\nLSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V
\\n\\nRepresentative for Mexico, Chile and Colombia
\\n\\nMissing Link Versandbuchhandlung eG
\\n\\nRepresentative for: Germany, Austria, Switzerland
\\n\\nKuba Libri, s.r.o.
\\n\\nRepresentative for: Czech Republic
\\n\\nFor partnership opportunities, please contact orders@intechopen.com.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Our books are available hardcover, printed in full colour and produced to the highest standards on PEFC™ and FSC certified paper, complying with principles of responsible forestry worldwide. The paper size is 180 x 260 mm (7 x 10.2 inches).
\n\nIntechOpen works with award winning print-houses and we hold to the fact that all of our printed products are of the highest quality.
\n\nIntechOpen books retail price range is:
\n\n100 - 159 GBP ex. VAT (available in USD and EUR)
\n\nDiscounts available:
\n\nBulk discounts are granted for orders of 10 copies and more.
\n\nThere is no minimum or maximum threshold on the quantity of book orders.
\n\nOrders have to be paid in advance and before printing. We accept payment in GBP, EUR and USD.
\n\nWe currently accept the following payment options:
\n\nWhen paying with a credit card, you will be redirected to the PayPal.com online payment portal.
\n\nIntechOpen will help you complete your payment safely and securely, keeping your personal, professional and financial information safe.
\n\nIn accordance with the best security practice, we do not accept card orders via email.
\n\nThe combined printing and delivery time for orders vary from 7-15 business days, depending on the printed quantity and destination. This period does not include any customs clearance difficulties that may arise and that are beyond our control. Once your order has been printed and shipped, you will receive a confirmation email that includes your DHL tracking number. You can then track your order at www.dhl.com.
\n\nIf you do not receive your order within 30 days from the date your order is shipped, please contact us to inquire about the shipping status at orders@intechopen.com.
\n\nTax: Residents of European Union countries need to add a Book Value-Added Tax Rate based on their country of residence. Institutions and companies, registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state, will not pay VAT by providing IntechOpen with their VAT registration number. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\n\nCustoms: free shipping does not include any duties, taxes or clearing charges levied by the destination country. These charges are the responsibility of the customer and will vary from country to country.
\n\nP.O. Boxes cannot be used as a Ship-To Address.
\n\nIntechOpen partners do not provide shipping service from Europe to the countries listed below. Please refrain from mailing items addressed to the countries listed below, until further notice.
\n\nWhen ordering our books from the countries listed below, please provide an alternative mailing address. For any further assistance, please contact us at orders@intechopen.com.
\n\nRestricted Ship-to Countries:
\n\nPOD products are non-returnable and non-refundable, except in the event of poor print quality or an error in quantity. If we delivered the item to you in error or the item is faulty, please contact us.
\n\nInspect your order carefully when it arrives. Any problems should be immediately reported to orders@intechopen.com.
\n\nPrint copies of our publications are most often purchased by universities, libraries, institutions and academia personnel, hence increasing the visibility and outreach of our authors' published work among science communities and institutions.
\n\nOur books are available at our direct Print Sales Department and through selected representatives throughout the world.
\n\nBooks International
\n\nRepresentative for: Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam (ASEAN)
\n\nChina Publishers Services Ltd - CPS
\n\nRepresentative for: China, Taiwan, Hong Kong
\n\nIndia - CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd.
\n\nRepresentative for: India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Nepal, Maldives, Iran, Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Malta, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunis, United Arab Emirates and Yemen
\n\nLSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V
\n\nRepresentative for Mexico, Chile and Colombia
\n\nMissing Link Versandbuchhandlung eG
\n\nRepresentative for: Germany, Austria, Switzerland
\n\nKuba Libri, s.r.o.
\n\nRepresentative for: Czech Republic
\n\nFor partnership opportunities, please contact orders@intechopen.com.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6654},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5945},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2452},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12681},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1014},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17701}],offset:12,limit:12,total:133951},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"521"},books:[],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:40},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:66},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:26},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:124},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:0},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10787",title:"Hepatocellular Carcinoma",subtitle:"Challenges and Opportunities of a Multidisciplinary Approach",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc00a66513e51003e5dbbc0294e0fc3d",slug:"hepatocellular-carcinoma-challenges-and-opportunities-of-a-multidisciplinary-approach",bookSignature:"Georgios Tsoulfas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10787.jpg",editors:[{id:"57412",title:"Prof.",name:"Georgios",middleName:null,surname:"Tsoulfas",slug:"georgios-tsoulfas",fullName:"Georgios Tsoulfas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4e868cde273d65a7ff54b1817d640629",slug:"hydrolases",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider and Angel Catalá",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10797",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:"Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c628f4757f9639a4450728d839a7842",slug:"cell-culture-advanced-technology-and-applications-in-medical-and-life-sciences",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10193",title:"Multidisciplinary Experiences in Renal Replacement Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4738671bb3e815744d1e04df7ba879",slug:"multidisciplinary-experiences-in-renal-replacement-therapy",bookSignature:"Ane C.F. Nunes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10193.jpg",editors:[{id:"55270",title:"Prof.",name:"Ane",middleName:null,surname:"Claudia Fernandes Nunes",slug:"ane-claudia-fernandes-nunes",fullName:"Ane Claudia Fernandes Nunes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10983",title:"Conifers",subtitle:"Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3e524d29fc3f95c3389efbd41463dab6",slug:"conifers-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves and Teresa Fonseca",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10983.jpg",editors:[{id:"194484",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-cristina-goncalves",fullName:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10539",title:"Ginseng",subtitle:"Modern Aspects of the Famed Traditional Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f388543a066b617d2c52bd4c027c272",slug:"ginseng-modern-aspects-of-the-famed-traditional-medicine",bookSignature:"Christophe Hano and Jen-Tsung Chen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10539.jpg",editors:[{id:"313856",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",middleName:"F.E.",surname:"Hano",slug:"christophe-hano",fullName:"Christophe Hano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10881",title:"Drug Repurposing",subtitle:"Molecular Aspects and Therapeutic Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca3f2d5ca97b457d38a2442b36d3ac7",slug:"drug-repurposing-molecular-aspects-and-therapeutic-applications",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10881.jpg",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4423},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2204,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1182,editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10787",title:"Hepatocellular Carcinoma",subtitle:"Challenges and Opportunities of a Multidisciplinary Approach",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc00a66513e51003e5dbbc0294e0fc3d",slug:"hepatocellular-carcinoma-challenges-and-opportunities-of-a-multidisciplinary-approach",bookSignature:"Georgios Tsoulfas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10787.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1006,editors:[{id:"57412",title:"Prof.",name:"Georgios",middleName:null,surname:"Tsoulfas",slug:"georgios-tsoulfas",fullName:"Georgios Tsoulfas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4e868cde273d65a7ff54b1817d640629",slug:"hydrolases",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider and Angel Catalá",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:863,editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10797",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:"Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c628f4757f9639a4450728d839a7842",slug:"cell-culture-advanced-technology-and-applications-in-medical-and-life-sciences",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:793,editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10193",title:"Multidisciplinary Experiences in Renal Replacement Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4738671bb3e815744d1e04df7ba879",slug:"multidisciplinary-experiences-in-renal-replacement-therapy",bookSignature:"Ane C.F. Nunes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10193.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:730,editors:[{id:"55270",title:"Prof.",name:"Ane",middleName:null,surname:"Claudia Fernandes Nunes",slug:"ane-claudia-fernandes-nunes",fullName:"Ane Claudia Fernandes Nunes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2167,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10983",title:"Conifers",subtitle:"Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3e524d29fc3f95c3389efbd41463dab6",slug:"conifers-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves and Teresa Fonseca",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10983.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:600,editors:[{id:"194484",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-cristina-goncalves",fullName:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10539",title:"Ginseng",subtitle:"Modern Aspects of the Famed Traditional Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f388543a066b617d2c52bd4c027c272",slug:"ginseng-modern-aspects-of-the-famed-traditional-medicine",bookSignature:"Christophe Hano and Jen-Tsung Chen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10539.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:583,editors:[{id:"313856",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",middleName:"F.E.",surname:"Hano",slug:"christophe-hano",fullName:"Christophe Hano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10881",title:"Drug Repurposing",subtitle:"Molecular Aspects and Therapeutic Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca3f2d5ca97b457d38a2442b36d3ac7",slug:"drug-repurposing-molecular-aspects-and-therapeutic-applications",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10881.jpg",publishedDate:"June 1st 2022",numberOfDownloads:2231,editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10774",title:"Model Organisms in Plant Genetics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6624b58571ac10c9b636c5d85ec5e54",slug:"model-organisms-in-plant-genetics",bookSignature:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10774.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"213344",title:"Prof.",name:"Ibrokhim Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Abdurakhmonov",slug:"ibrokhim-y.-abdurakhmonov",fullName:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f1c0e4e0207fc45c936e7d22a5369c4",slug:"protein-detection",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar and Lütfi Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10696",title:"Applications of Calorimetry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c87f7e2199db33b5dd7181f56973a97",slug:"applications-of-calorimetry",bookSignature:"José Luis Rivera Armenta and Cynthia Graciela Flores Hernández",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10696.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"107855",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rivera Armenta",slug:"jose-luis-rivera-armenta",fullName:"Jose Luis Rivera Armenta"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"227",title:"Nuclear Physics",slug:"nuclear-physics",parent:{id:"20",title:"Physics",slug:"physics"},numberOfBooks:8,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:140,numberOfWosCitations:171,numberOfCrossrefCitations:112,numberOfDimensionsCitations:254,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"227",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10074",title:"Recent Techniques and Applications in Ionizing Radiation Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"129deeec2186f6392f154ed41f64477a",slug:"recent-techniques-and-applications-in-ionizing-radiation-research",bookSignature:"Ahmed M. Maghraby and Basim Almayyahi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10074.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"102209",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed M.",middleName:null,surname:"Maghraby",slug:"ahmed-m.-maghraby",fullName:"Ahmed M. Maghraby"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8437",title:"Fusion Energy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae4950c5b74da69a166ed0405f3f5ade",slug:"fusion-energy",bookSignature:"Aamir Shahzad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8437.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"288354",title:"Dr.",name:"Aamir",middleName:null,surname:"Shahzad",slug:"aamir-shahzad",fullName:"Aamir Shahzad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6607",title:"Ion Beam Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"53c2938c2e40ea953ca3cb4a686d348c",slug:"ion-beam-applications",bookSignature:"Ishaq Ahmad and Malik Maaza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6607.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"204045",title:"Dr.",name:"Ishaq",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"ishaq-ahmad",fullName:"Ishaq Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6149",title:"Ionizing Radiation Effects and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9d3bc531cb8e2ffbe4a436ab42b70653",slug:"ionizing-radiation-effects-and-applications",bookSignature:"Boualem Djezzar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6149.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"18189",title:"Prof.",name:"Boualem",middleName:null,surname:"Djezzar",slug:"boualem-djezzar",fullName:"Boualem Djezzar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5451",title:"New Insights on Gamma Rays",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0fe8c3174bbb6d68493d39220cdec7ca",slug:"new-insights-on-gamma-rays",bookSignature:"Ahmed M. Maghraby",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5451.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"102209",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed M.",middleName:null,surname:"Maghraby",slug:"ahmed-m.-maghraby",fullName:"Ahmed M. Maghraby"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5094",title:"Neutron Scattering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c7f3fac75e54e8345b01ca5cb1a4e68",slug:"neutron-scattering",bookSignature:"Waldemar Alfredo Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5094.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"118821",title:"Dr.",name:"Waldemar Alfredo",middleName:null,surname:"Monteiro",slug:"waldemar-alfredo-monteiro",fullName:"Waldemar Alfredo Monteiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1616",title:"Particle Physics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"29e08be0c8877548d8d9daa55a06fe3b",slug:"particle-physics",bookSignature:"Eugene Kennedy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1616.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101837",title:"Dr.",name:"Eugene",middleName:null,surname:"Kennedy",slug:"eugene-kennedy",fullName:"Eugene Kennedy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1590",title:"Gamma Radiation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30f1336f3c9399366ea01d1f1a33f920",slug:"gamma-radiation",bookSignature:"Feriz Adrovic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1590.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"106756",title:"Prof.",name:"Feriz",middleName:null,surname:"Adrovic",slug:"feriz-adrovic",fullName:"Feriz Adrovic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:8,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"32842",doi:"10.5772/34901",title:"Sterilization by Gamma Irradiation",slug:"sterilization-by-gamma-irradiation",totalDownloads:74765,totalCrossrefCites:37,totalDimensionsCites:85,abstract:null,book:{id:"1590",slug:"gamma-radiation",title:"Gamma Radiation",fullTitle:"Gamma Radiation"},signatures:"Kátia Aparecida da Silva Aquino",authors:[{id:"102109",title:"Dr.",name:"Katia",middleName:"Aparecida Da S.",surname:"Aquino",slug:"katia-aquino",fullName:"Katia Aquino"}]},{id:"58998",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73234",title:"Ionizing Radiation-Induced Polymerization",slug:"ionizing-radiation-induced-polymerization",totalDownloads:1784,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"Ionizing radiation can induce some kinds of reactions, other than polymerization, such as dimerization, oligomerization, curing, and grafting. These reactions occur through a regular radical chain causing growth of polymer by three steps, namely, initiation, propagation, and termination. To understand ionizing radiation-induced polymerization, the water radiolysis must be taken into consideration. This chapter explores the mechanism of water molecules radiolysis paying especial attention to the basic regularities of solvent radicals’ interaction with the polymer molecules for forming the crosslinked polymer. Water radiolysis is the main engine of the polymerization processes, especially the “free-radical polymerization.” The mechanisms of the free-radical polymerization and crosslinking will be discussed in detail later. Since different polymers respond differently to radiation, it is useful to quantify the response, namely in terms of crosslinking and chain scission. A parameter called the G-value is frequently used for this purpose. It represents the chemical yield of crosslinks, scissions and double bonds, etc. For the crosslinked polymer, the crosslinking density increases with increasing the radiation dose, this is reflected by the swelling degree of the polymer while being immersed in a compatible solvent. If crosslinking predominates, the crosslinking density increases and the extent of swelling decreases. If chain scission predominates, the opposite occurs. A further detailed discussion of these aspects is presented throughout this chapter.",book:{id:"6149",slug:"ionizing-radiation-effects-and-applications",title:"Ionizing Radiation Effects and Applications",fullTitle:"Ionizing Radiation Effects and Applications"},signatures:"Mohamed Mohamady Ghobashy",authors:[{id:"212371",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamady Ghobashy",slug:"mohamed-mohamady-ghobashy",fullName:"Mohamed Mohamady Ghobashy"}]},{id:"53504",doi:"10.5772/66925",title:"Applications of Ionizing Radiation in Mutation Breeding",slug:"applications-of-ionizing-radiation-in-mutation-breeding",totalDownloads:3478,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"As a predicted result of increasing population worldwide, improvements in the breeding strategies in agriculture are valued as mandatory. The natural resources are limited, and due to the natural disasters like sudden and severe abiotic stress factors, excessive floods, etc., the production capacities are changed per year. In contrast, the yield potential should be significantly increased to cope with this problem. Despite rich genetic diversity, manipulation of the cultivars through alternative techniques such as mutation breeding becomes important. Radiation is proven as an effective method as a unique method to increase the genetic variability of the species. Gamma radiation is the most preferred physical mutagen by plant breeders. Several mutant varieties have been successfully introduced into commercial production by this method. Combinational use of in vitro tissue culture and mutation breeding methods makes a significant contribution to improve new crops. Large populations and the target mutations can be easily screened and identified by new methods. Marker assisted selection and advanced techniques such as microarray, next generation sequencing methods to detect a specific mutant in a large population will help to the plant breeders to use ionizing radiation efficiently in breeding programs.",book:{id:"5451",slug:"new-insights-on-gamma-rays",title:"New Insights on Gamma Rays",fullTitle:"New Insights on Gamma Rays"},signatures:"Özge Çelik and Çimen Atak",authors:[{id:"147362",title:"Dr.",name:"Özge",middleName:null,surname:"Çelik",slug:"ozge-celik",fullName:"Özge Çelik"},{id:"147364",title:"Prof.",name:"Çimen",middleName:null,surname:"Atak",slug:"cimen-atak",fullName:"Çimen Atak"}]},{id:"32846",doi:"10.5772/36950",title:"Current Importance and Potential Use of Low Doses of Gamma Radiation in Forest Species",slug:"current-importance-and-potential-use-of-low-doses-of-gamma-radiation-in-forest-species",totalDownloads:5277,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:null,book:{id:"1590",slug:"gamma-radiation",title:"Gamma Radiation",fullTitle:"Gamma Radiation"},signatures:"L. G. Iglesias-Andreu, P. Octavio-Aguilar and J. Bello-Bello",authors:[{id:"110581",title:"Dr.",name:"Lourdes",middleName:null,surname:"Iglesias-Andreu",slug:"lourdes-iglesias-andreu",fullName:"Lourdes Iglesias-Andreu"}]},{id:"58410",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72074",title:"Radiation-Induced Degradation of Organic Compounds and Radiation Technologies for Purification of Aqueous Systems",slug:"radiation-induced-degradation-of-organic-compounds-and-radiation-technologies-for-purification-of-aq",totalDownloads:1415,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"Environmental application of radiation technologies is an important part of radiation processing. Radiation treatment of aqueous systems contaminated with organic compounds is a promising method of water and wastewater purification and corresponding technologies are being developed. In this chapter, the following aspects of radiation treatment process are considered: sources of contamination and major contaminants of water and wastewater; primary processes in aqueous systems initiated by ionizing radiation; principal ways of contaminant conversion as consequences of primary processes (complete mineralization of organic compounds, partial decomposition of organic molecules resulted in detoxification, decolorization, disinfection of polluted water, and improvement in biological degradation of contaminant, polymerization of monomers’ contaminants, oxidation-reduction processes, and coagulation of colloids); sources of ionizing radiation; and main equipment applied in radiation technologies of aqueous system purification.",book:{id:"6149",slug:"ionizing-radiation-effects-and-applications",title:"Ionizing Radiation Effects and Applications",fullTitle:"Ionizing Radiation Effects and Applications"},signatures:"Igor E. Makarov and Alexander V. Ponomarev",authors:[{id:"213652",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:null,surname:"Makarov",slug:"igor-makarov",fullName:"Igor Makarov"},{id:"213657",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Ponomarev",slug:"alexander-ponomarev",fullName:"Alexander Ponomarev"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"32842",title:"Sterilization by Gamma Irradiation",slug:"sterilization-by-gamma-irradiation",totalDownloads:74761,totalCrossrefCites:36,totalDimensionsCites:85,abstract:null,book:{id:"1590",slug:"gamma-radiation",title:"Gamma Radiation",fullTitle:"Gamma Radiation"},signatures:"Kátia Aparecida da Silva Aquino",authors:[{id:"102109",title:"Dr.",name:"Katia",middleName:"Aparecida Da S.",surname:"Aquino",slug:"katia-aquino",fullName:"Katia Aquino"}]},{id:"32837",title:"Environmental Gamma-Ray Observation in Deep Sea",slug:"environmental-gamma-ray-observation-in-deep-sea-",totalDownloads:2913,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"1590",slug:"gamma-radiation",title:"Gamma Radiation",fullTitle:"Gamma Radiation"},signatures:"Hidenori Kumagai, Ryoichi Iwase, Masataka Kinoshita, Hideaki Machiyama, Mutsuo Hattori and Masaharu Okano",authors:[{id:"108174",title:"Dr.",name:"Hidenori",middleName:null,surname:"Kumagai",slug:"hidenori-kumagai",fullName:"Hidenori Kumagai"},{id:"108237",title:"Dr.",name:"Masa",middleName:null,surname:"Kinoshita",slug:"masa-kinoshita",fullName:"Masa Kinoshita"},{id:"137650",title:"Dr.",name:"Ryoichi",middleName:null,surname:"Iwase",slug:"ryoichi-iwase",fullName:"Ryoichi Iwase"},{id:"137656",title:"Dr.",name:"Hideaki",middleName:null,surname:"Machiyama",slug:"hideaki-machiyama",fullName:"Hideaki Machiyama"},{id:"146918",title:"Dr.",name:"Mutsuo",middleName:null,surname:"Hattori",slug:"mutsuo-hattori",fullName:"Mutsuo Hattori"},{id:"146919",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaharu",middleName:null,surname:"Okano",slug:"masaharu-okano",fullName:"Masaharu Okano"}]},{id:"58998",title:"Ionizing Radiation-Induced Polymerization",slug:"ionizing-radiation-induced-polymerization",totalDownloads:1780,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"Ionizing radiation can induce some kinds of reactions, other than polymerization, such as dimerization, oligomerization, curing, and grafting. These reactions occur through a regular radical chain causing growth of polymer by three steps, namely, initiation, propagation, and termination. To understand ionizing radiation-induced polymerization, the water radiolysis must be taken into consideration. This chapter explores the mechanism of water molecules radiolysis paying especial attention to the basic regularities of solvent radicals’ interaction with the polymer molecules for forming the crosslinked polymer. Water radiolysis is the main engine of the polymerization processes, especially the “free-radical polymerization.” The mechanisms of the free-radical polymerization and crosslinking will be discussed in detail later. Since different polymers respond differently to radiation, it is useful to quantify the response, namely in terms of crosslinking and chain scission. A parameter called the G-value is frequently used for this purpose. It represents the chemical yield of crosslinks, scissions and double bonds, etc. For the crosslinked polymer, the crosslinking density increases with increasing the radiation dose, this is reflected by the swelling degree of the polymer while being immersed in a compatible solvent. If crosslinking predominates, the crosslinking density increases and the extent of swelling decreases. If chain scission predominates, the opposite occurs. A further detailed discussion of these aspects is presented throughout this chapter.",book:{id:"6149",slug:"ionizing-radiation-effects-and-applications",title:"Ionizing Radiation Effects and Applications",fullTitle:"Ionizing Radiation Effects and Applications"},signatures:"Mohamed Mohamady Ghobashy",authors:[{id:"212371",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamady Ghobashy",slug:"mohamed-mohamady-ghobashy",fullName:"Mohamed Mohamady Ghobashy"}]},{id:"53780",title:"Gamma-Ray Spectrometry and the Investigation of Environmental and Food Samples",slug:"gamma-ray-spectrometry-and-the-investigation-of-environmental-and-food-samples",totalDownloads:2497,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Gamma radiation consists of high‐energy photons and penetrates matter. This is an advantage for the detection of gamma rays, as gamma spectrometry does not need the elimination of the matrix. The disadvantage is the need of shielding to protect against this radiation. Gamma rays are everywhere: in the atmosphere; gamma nuclides are produced by radiation of the sun; in the Earth, the primordial radioactive nuclides thorium and uranium are sources for gamma and other radiation. The technical enrichment and use of radioisotopes led to the unscrupulously use of radioactive material and to the Cold War, with over 900 bomb tests from 1945 to 1990, combined with global fallout over the northern hemisphere. The friendly use of radiation in medicine and for the production of energy at nuclear power plants (NPPs) has caused further expositions with ionising radiation. This chapter describes in a practical manner the instrumentation for the detection of gamma radiation and some results of the use of these techniques in environmental and food investigations.",book:{id:"5451",slug:"new-insights-on-gamma-rays",title:"New Insights on Gamma Rays",fullTitle:"New Insights on Gamma Rays"},signatures:"Markus R. Zehringer",authors:[{id:"311750",title:"Dr.",name:"Markus R.",middleName:null,surname:"Zehringer",slug:"markus-r.-zehringer",fullName:"Markus R. Zehringer"}]},{id:"54118",title:"Gamma Rays from Space",slug:"gamma-rays-from-space",totalDownloads:2045,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"An overview of gamma rays from space is presented. We highlight the most powerful astrophysical explosions, known as gamma-ray bursts. The main features observed in detectors onboard satellites are indicated. In addition, we also highlight a chronological description of the efforts made to observe their high energy counterpart at ground level. Some candidates of the GeV counterpart of gamma-ray bursts, observed by Tupi telescopes, are also presented.",book:{id:"5451",slug:"new-insights-on-gamma-rays",title:"New Insights on Gamma Rays",fullTitle:"New Insights on Gamma Rays"},signatures:"Carlos Navia and Marcel Nogueira de Oliveira",authors:[{id:"189908",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Navia",slug:"carlos-navia",fullName:"Carlos Navia"},{id:"243084",title:"MSc.",name:"Marcel",middleName:null,surname:"De Oliveira",slug:"marcel-de-oliveira",fullName:"Marcel De Oliveira"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"227",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:18,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",issn:null,scope:"\r\n\tEducation and Human Development is an interdisciplinary research area that aims to shed light on topics related to both learning and development. This Series is intended for researchers, practitioners, and students who are interested in understanding more about these fields and their applications.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/23.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 25th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"280770",title:"Dr.",name:"Katherine K.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Stavropoulos",slug:"katherine-k.m.-stavropoulos",fullName:"Katherine K.M. Stavropoulos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRdFuQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-24T09:03:48.jpg",biography:"Katherine Stavropoulos received her BA in Psychology from Trinity College, in Connecticut, USA. Dr. Stavropoulos received her Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology from the University of California, San Diego. She completed her postdoctoral work at the Yale Child Study Center with Dr. James McPartland. Dr. Stavropoulos’ doctoral dissertation explored neural correlates of reward anticipation to social versus nonsocial stimuli in children with and without autism spectrum disorders (ASD). She has been a faculty member at the University of California, Riverside in the School of Education since 2016. Her research focuses on translational studies to explore the reward system in ASD, as well as how anxiety contributes to social challenges in ASD. She also investigates how behavioral interventions affect neural activity, behavior, and school performance in children with ASD. She is also involved in the diagnosis of children with ASD and is a licensed clinical psychologist in California. She is the Assistant Director of the SEARCH Center at UCR and is a Faculty member in the Graduate Program in Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of California, Riverside",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"89",title:"Education",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/89.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,editor:{id:"260066",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Michail",middleName:null,surname:"Kalogiannakis",slug:"michail-kalogiannakis",fullName:"Michail Kalogiannakis",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260066/images/system/260066.jpg",biography:"Michail Kalogiannakis is an Associate Professor of the Department of Preschool Education, University of Crete, and an Associate Tutor at School of Humanities at the Hellenic Open University. He graduated from the Physics Department of the University of Crete and continued his post-graduate studies at the University Paris 7-Denis Diderot (D.E.A. in Didactic of Physics), University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (D.E.A. in Science Education) and received his Ph.D. degree at the University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (PhD in Science Education). His research interests include science education in early childhood, science teaching and learning, e-learning, the use of ICT in science education, games simulations, and mobile learning. He has published over 120 articles in international conferences and journals and has served on the program committees of numerous international conferences.",institutionString:"University of Crete",institution:{name:"University of Crete",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:{id:"422488",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Ampartzaki",slug:"maria-ampartzaki",fullName:"Maria Ampartzaki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/422488/images/system/422488.jpg",biography:"Dr Maria Ampartzaki is an Assistant Professor in Early Childhood Education in the Department of Preschool Education at the University of Crete. Her research interests include ICT in education, science education in the early years, inquiry-based and art-based learning, teachers’ professional development, action research, and the Pedagogy of Multiliteracies, among others. She has run and participated in several funded and non-funded projects on the teaching of Science, Social Sciences, and ICT in education. She also has the experience of participating in five Erasmus+ projects.",institutionString:"University of Crete",institution:{name:"University of Crete",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"90",title:"Human Development",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/90.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"191040",title:"Dr.",name:"Tal",middleName:null,surname:"Dotan Ben-Soussan",slug:"tal-dotan-ben-soussan",fullName:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBf1QAG/Profile_Picture_2022-03-18T07:56:11.jpg",biography:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan, Ph.D., is the director of the Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics (RINED) – Paoletti Foundation. Ben-Soussan leads international studies on training and neuroplasticity from neurophysiological and psychobiological perspectives. As a neuroscientist and bio-psychologist, she has published numerous articles on neuroplasticity, movement and meditation. She acts as an editor and reviewer in several renowned journals and coordinates international conferences integrating theoretical, methodological and practical approaches on various topics, such as silence, logics and neuro-education. She lives in Assisi, Italy.",institutionString:"Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics, Patrizio Paoletti Foundation",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"82394",title:"Learning by Doing Active Social Learning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105523",signatures:"Anat Raviv",slug:"learning-by-doing-active-social-learning",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"82310",title:"Knowledge of Intergenerational Contact to Combat Ageism towards Older People",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105592",signatures:"Alice Nga Lai Kwong",slug:"knowledge-of-intergenerational-contact-to-combat-ageism-towards-older-people",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Social Aspects of Ageing - Selected Challenges, Analyses, and Solutions",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11479.jpg",subseries:{id:"90",title:"Human Development"}}},{id:"81993",title:"Emergent Chemistry: Using Visualizations to Develop Abstract Thinking and a Sense of Scale Within the Preschool Setting",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105216",signatures:"Karina Adbo",slug:"emergent-chemistry-using-visualizations-to-develop-abstract-thinking-and-a-sense-of-scale-within-the",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"82252",title:"Early Childhood: Enriched Environments and Roles of Caring Adults",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105157",signatures:"Analía Mignaton",slug:"early-childhood-enriched-environments-and-roles-of-caring-adults",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"11578",title:"Antibiotics and Probiotics in Animal Food - Impact and Regulation",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11578.jpg",hash:"3731c009f474c6ed4293f348ca7b27ac",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 3rd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"225390",title:"Dr.",name:"Asghar Ali",surname:"Kamboh",slug:"asghar-ali-kamboh",fullName:"Asghar Ali Kamboh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"12086",title:"Cattle Diseases - Molecular and Biochemical Approach",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12086.jpg",hash:"afdbf57e32d996556a94528c06623cf3",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 5th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11579",title:"Animal Welfare - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11579.jpg",hash:"12e4f41264cbe99028655e5463fa941a",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 8th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"51520",title:"Dr.",name:"Shao-Wen",surname:"Hung",slug:"shao-wen-hung",fullName:"Shao-Wen Hung"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. Kleczyk, Karin Hayes and Rajesh Mehta",slug:"evaluating-similarities-and-differences-between-machine-learning-and-traditional-statistical-modelin",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81557",title:"Object Tracking Using Adapted Optical Flow",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102863",signatures:"Ronaldo Ferreira, Joaquim José de Castro Ferreira and António José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"object-tracking-using-adapted-optical-flow",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81558",title:"Thresholding Image Techniques for Plant Segmentation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104587",signatures:"Miguel Ángel Castillo-Martínez, Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes, Blanca E. Carvajal-Gámez, Guillermo Urriolagoitia-Sosa and Alberto J. Rosales-Silva",slug:"thresholding-image-techniques-for-plant-segmentation",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81471",title:"Semantic Map: Bringing Together Groups and Discourses",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103818",signatures:"Theodore Chadjipadelis and Georgia Panagiotidou",slug:"semantic-map-bringing-together-groups-and-discourses",totalDownloads:19,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79491",title:"Fuzzy Perceptron Learning for Non-Linearly Separable Patterns",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101312",signatures:"Raja Kishor Duggirala",slug:"fuzzy-perceptron-learning-for-non-linearly-separable-patterns",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Raja Kishor",surname:"Duggirala"}],book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81234",title:"Cognitive Visual Tracking of Hand Gestures in Real-Time RGB Videos",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103170",signatures:"Richa Golash and Yogendra Kumar Jain",slug:"cognitive-visual-tracking-of-hand-gestures-in-real-time-rgb-videos",totalDownloads:38,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81331",title:"Machine Learning Algorithm-Based Contraceptive Practice among Ever-Married Women in Bangladesh: A Hierarchical Machine Learning Classification Approach",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103187",signatures:"Iqramul Haq, Md. Ismail Hossain, Md. Moshiur Rahman, Md. Injamul Haq Methun, Ashis Talukder, Md. Jakaria Habib and Md. Sanwar Hossain",slug:"machine-learning-algorithm-based-contraceptive-practice-among-ever-married-women-in-bangladesh-a-hie",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Applied Intelligence",value:22,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Computer Vision",value:24,count:8,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",value:26,count:10,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:8,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9493",title:"Periodontology",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Clinical Features",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9493.jpg",slug:"periodontology-fundamentals-and-clinical-features",publishedDate:"February 16th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Petra Surlin",hash:"dfe986c764d6c82ae820c2df5843a866",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Periodontology - Fundamentals and Clinical Features",editors:[{id:"171921",title:"Prof.",name:"Petra",middleName:null,surname:"Surlin",slug:"petra-surlin",fullName:"Petra Surlin",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institution:{name:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9588",title:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9588.jpg",slug:"clinical-concepts-and-practical-management-techniques-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Aneesa Moolla",hash:"42deab8d3bcf3edf64d1d9028d42efd1",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8202",title:"Periodontal Disease",subtitle:"Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8202.jpg",slug:"periodontal-disease-diagnostic-and-adjunctive-non-surgical-considerations",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif",hash:"0aee9799da7db2c732be44dd8fed16d8",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Periodontal Disease - Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",editors:[{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8837",title:"Human Teeth",subtitle:"Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8837.jpg",slug:"human-teeth-key-skills-and-clinical-illustrations",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan and Farid Bourzgui",hash:"ac055c5801032970123e0a196c2e1d32",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Human Teeth - Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:{id:"52177",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Bourzgui",slug:"farid-bourzgui",fullName:"Farid Bourzgui",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/52177/images/system/52177.png",biography:"Prof. Farid Bourzgui obtained his DMD and his DNSO option in Orthodontics at the School of Dental Medicine, Casablanca Hassan II University, Morocco, in 1995 and 2000, respectively. Currently, he is a professor of Orthodontics. He holds a Certificate of Advanced Study type A in Technology of Biomaterials used in Dentistry (1995); Certificate of Advanced Study type B in Dento-Facial Orthopaedics (1997) from the Faculty of Dental Surgery, University Denis Diderot-Paris VII, France; Diploma of Advanced Study (DESA) in Biocompatibility of Biomaterials from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2002); Certificate of Clinical Occlusodontics from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2004); University Diploma of Biostatistics and Perceptual Health Measurement from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2011); and a University Diploma of Pedagogy of Odontological Sciences from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2013). He is the author of several scientific articles, book chapters, and books.",institutionString:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Morocco"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7060",title:"Gingival Disease",subtitle:"A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7060.jpg",slug:"gingival-disease-a-professional-approach-for-treatment-and-prevention",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",hash:"b81d39988cba3a3cf746c1616912cf41",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Gingival Disease - A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",editors:[{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7572",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7572.jpg",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Serdar Gözler",hash:"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Trauma in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7139",title:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7139.jpg",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner",hash:"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6668",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6668.jpg",slug:"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan",hash:"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Dental Caries - Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",value:2,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Oral Health",value:1,count:6}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:301,paginationItems:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",biography:"Professor Nima Rezaei obtained an MD from Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"441116",title:"Dr.",name:"Jovanka M.",middleName:null,surname:"Voyich",slug:"jovanka-m.-voyich",fullName:"Jovanka M. Voyich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Montana State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"330412",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Farhab",slug:"muhammad-farhab",fullName:"Muhammad Farhab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"349495",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Ijaz",slug:"muhammad-ijaz",fullName:"Muhammad Ijaz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"12",type:"subseries",title:"Human Physiology",keywords:"Anatomy, Cells, Organs, Systems, Homeostasis, Functions",scope:"Human physiology is the scientific exploration of the various functions (physical, biochemical, and mechanical properties) of humans, their organs, and their constituent cells. The endocrine and nervous systems play important roles in maintaining homeostasis in the human body. Integration, which is the biological basis of physiology, is achieved through communication between the many overlapping functions of the human body's systems, which takes place through electrical and chemical means. Much of the basis of our knowledge of human physiology has been provided by animal experiments. Because of the close relationship between structure and function, studies in human physiology and anatomy seek to understand the mechanisms that help the human body function. The series on human physiology deals with the various mechanisms of interaction between the various organs, nerves, and cells in the human body.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11408,editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). His opinion is to attenuate sarcopenia by improving autophagic defects using nutrient- and pharmaceutical-based treatments.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"331519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"kotomi-sakai",fullName:"Kotomi Sakai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031QtFXQA0/Profile_Picture_1637053227318",biography:"Senior researcher Kotomi Sakai, Ph.D., MPH, works at the Research Organization of Science and Technology in Ritsumeikan University. She is a researcher in the geriatric rehabilitation and public health field. She received Ph.D. from Nihon University and MPH from St.Luke’s International University. Her main research interest is sarcopenia in older adults, especially its association with nutritional status. Additionally, to understand how to maintain and improve physical function in older adults, to conduct studies about the mechanism of sarcopenia and determine when possible interventions are needed.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ritsumeikan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"213786",title:"Dr.",name:"Henrique P.",middleName:null,surname:"Neiva",slug:"henrique-p.-neiva",fullName:"Henrique P. Neiva",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/213786/images/system/213786.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Beira Interior",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"39275",title:"Prof.",name:"Herbert Ryan",middleName:null,surname:"Marini",slug:"herbert-ryan-marini",fullName:"Herbert Ryan Marini",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/39275/images/9459_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Messina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"319576",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikolay",middleName:null,surname:"Boyadjiev",slug:"nikolay-boyadjiev",fullName:"Nikolay Boyadjiev",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v4b3cQAA/Profile_Picture_2022-06-07T08:30:58.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"196218",title:"Dr.",name:"Pasquale",middleName:null,surname:"Cianci",slug:"pasquale-cianci",fullName:"Pasquale Cianci",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196218/images/system/196218.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Foggia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:34,paginationItems:[{id:"81595",title:"Prosthetic Concepts in Dental Implantology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104725",signatures:"Ivica Pelivan",slug:"prosthetic-concepts-in-dental-implantology",totalDownloads:22,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"80963",title:"Pain Perception in Patients Treated with Ligating/Self-Ligating Brackets versus Patients Treated with Aligners",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102796",signatures:"Farid Bourzgui, Rania Fastani, Salwa Khairat, Samir Diouny, Mohamed El Had, Zineb Serhier and Mohamed Bennani Othmani",slug:"pain-perception-in-patients-treated-with-ligating-self-ligating-brackets-versus-patients-treated-wit",totalDownloads:21,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"80500",title:"Novel Dental Implants with Herbal Composites: A Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101489",signatures:"Gopathy Sridevi and Seshadri Srividya",slug:"novel-dental-implants-with-herbal-composites-a-review",totalDownloads:49,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"78320",title:"Implant-Retained Maxillary and Mandibular Overdentures - A Solution for Completely Edentulous Patients",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99575",signatures:"Dubravka Knezović Zlatarić, Robert Ćelić and Hrvoje Pezo",slug:"implant-retained-maxillary-and-mandibular-overdentures-a-solution-for-completely-edentulous-patients",totalDownloads:64,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"79724",title:"Implant Stability Quotient (ISQ): A Reliable Guide for Implant Treatment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101359",signatures:"Gaurav Gupta",slug:"implant-stability-quotient-isq-a-reliable-guide-for-implant-treatment",totalDownloads:59,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"80223",title:"Bridging the Gap: Nasoalveolar Moulding in Early Cleft Palate Rehabilitation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101986",signatures:"Amanda Nadia Ferreira",slug:"bridging-the-gap-nasoalveolar-moulding-in-early-cleft-palate-rehabilitation",totalDownloads:71,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"80186",title:"Effects of Various Dentofacial Orthopedic and Orthognathic Treatment Modalities on Pharyngeal Airway",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101719",signatures:"Tejashri Pradhan and Aarti Sethia",slug:"effects-of-various-dentofacial-orthopedic-and-orthognathic-treatment-modalities-on-pharyngeal-airway",totalDownloads:83,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"78834",title:"Current Methods for Acceleration of Orthodontic Tooth Movement",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100221",signatures:"Mehmet Akin and Leyla Cime Akbaydogan",slug:"current-methods-for-acceleration-of-orthodontic-tooth-movement",totalDownloads:127,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"79817",title:"Peri-Implant Soft Tissue Augmentation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101336",signatures:"Marko Blašković and Dorotea Blašković",slug:"peri-implant-soft-tissue-augmentation",totalDownloads:123,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Marko",surname:"Blašković"},{name:"Dorotea",surname:"Blaskovic"}],book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"79100",title:"Orthodontics and the Periodontium: A Symbiotic Relationship",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100801",signatures:"Betsy Sara Thomas and Mohan Alexander",slug:"orthodontics-and-the-periodontium-a-symbiotic-relationship",totalDownloads:72,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"79680",title:"Digital Workflow for Homemade Aligner",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100347",signatures:"Dalal Elmoutawakkil and Nabil Hacib",slug:"digital-workflow-for-homemade-aligner",totalDownloads:201,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"79611",title:"Growth Factors and Dental Implantology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101082",signatures:"Deeksha Gupta",slug:"growth-factors-and-dental-implantology",totalDownloads:103,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"79584",title:"Orthodontic Management of Adult Sleep Apnea: Clinical Case Reports",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101193",signatures:"Lahcen Ousehal, Soukaina Sahim, Hajar Bouzid, Hakima Aghoutan, Asmaa El Mabrak, Mohamed Mahtar and Mohamed El Fatmi Kadri Hassani",slug:"orthodontic-management-of-adult-sleep-apnea-clinical-case-reports",totalDownloads:86,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"78791",title:"Surface Modification of Titanium Orthodontic Implants",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100038",signatures:"Abdulqadir Rampurawala and Amol Patil",slug:"surface-modification-of-titanium-orthodontic-implants",totalDownloads:146,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"79334",title:"Orthodontic Therapeutic Biomarkers in Saliva and Gingival Crevicular Fluid",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100733",signatures:"Sagar S. Bhat, Ameet V. Revankar and Shrinivas M. Basavaraddi",slug:"orthodontic-therapeutic-biomarkers-in-saliva-and-gingival-crevicular-fluid",totalDownloads:127,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"78213",title:"A Review of Current Concepts in Full Arch Rehabilitation with Dental Implants",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99704",signatures:"Leandro Díez-Suárez",slug:"a-review-of-current-concepts-in-full-arch-rehabilitation-with-dental-implants",totalDownloads:137,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Leandro",surname:"Díez Suárez"}],book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:8,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7999",title:"Free Radical Medicine and Biology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7999.jpg",slug:"free-radical-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Kusal Das, Swastika Das, Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar, Varaprasad Bobbarala and S. Subba Tata",hash:"083e5d427097d368a3f8a02bd6c76bf8",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Free Radical Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8762",title:"Melatonin",subtitle:"The Hormone of Darkness and its Therapeutic Potential and Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8762.jpg",slug:"melatonin-the-hormone-of-darkness-and-its-therapeutic-potential-and-perspectives",publishedDate:"June 24th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marilena Vlachou",hash:"bfbc5538173f11acb0f9549a85b70489",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Melatonin - The Hormone of Darkness and its Therapeutic Potential and Perspectives",editors:[{id:"246279",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Marilena",middleName:null,surname:"Vlachou",slug:"marilena-vlachou",fullName:"Marilena Vlachou",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246279/images/system/246279.jpg",institutionString:"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens",institution:{name:"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8002",title:"Tumor Progression and Metastasis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8002.jpg",slug:"tumor-progression-and-metastasis",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Ahmed Lasfar and Karine Cohen-Solal",hash:"db17b0fe0a9b6e80ff02b81a93bafa4e",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Tumor Progression and Metastasis",editors:[{id:"32546",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Lasfar",slug:"ahmed-lasfar",fullName:"Ahmed Lasfar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32546/images/system/32546.png",institutionString:"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey",institution:{name:"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6897",title:"Biophysical Chemistry",subtitle:"Advance Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6897.jpg",slug:"biophysical-chemistry-advance-applications",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mohammed A. A. Khalid",hash:"0ad18ab382e2ffb9ff202d15282297eb",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Biophysical Chemistry - Advance Applications",editors:[{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8008",title:"Antioxidants",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8008.jpg",slug:"antioxidants",publishedDate:"November 6th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emad Shalaby",hash:"76361b4061e830906267933c1c670027",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Antioxidants",editors:[{id:"63600",title:"Prof.",name:"Emad",middleName:null,surname:"Shalaby",slug:"emad-shalaby",fullName:"Emad Shalaby",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63600/images/system/63600.png",institutionString:"Cairo University",institution:{name:"Cairo University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6924",title:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6924.jpg",slug:"adenosine-triphosphate-in-health-and-disease",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Gyula Mozsik",hash:"04106c232a3c68fec07ba7cf00d2522d",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",editors:[{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6925",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6925.jpg",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum",publishedDate:"April 17th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Angel Català",hash:"a9e90d2dbdbc46128dfe7dac9f87c6b4",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",editors:[{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7264",title:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7264.jpg",slug:"calcium-and-signal-transduction",publishedDate:"October 24th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"John N. Buchholz and Erik J. Behringer",hash:"e373a3d1123dbd45fddf75d90e3e7c38",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",editors:[{id:"89438",title:"Dr.",name:"John N.",middleName:null,surname:"Buchholz",slug:"john-n.-buchholz",fullName:"John N. Buchholz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89438/images/6463_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Loma Linda University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:16,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:4,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity",scope:"\r\n\tThe environment is subject to severe anthropic effects. Among them are those associated with pollution, resource extraction and overexploitation, loss of biodiversity, soil degradation, disorderly land occupation and planning, and many others. These anthropic effects could potentially be caused by any inadequate management of the environment. However, ecosystems have a resilience that makes them react to disturbances which mitigate the negative effects. It is critical to understand how ecosystems, natural and anthropized, including urban environments, respond to actions that have a negative influence and how they are managed. It is also important to establish when the limits marked by the resilience and the breaking point are achieved and when no return is possible. The main focus for the chapters is to cover the subjects such as understanding how the environment resilience works, the mechanisms involved, and how to manage them in order to improve our interactions with the environment and promote the use of adequate management practices such as those outlined in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/39.jpg",keywords:"Anthropic effects, Overexploitation, Biodiversity loss, Degradation, Inadequate Management, SDGs adequate practices"},{id:"38",title:"Pollution",scope:"\r\n\tPollution is caused by a wide variety of human activities and occurs in diverse forms, for example biological, chemical, et cetera. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/38.jpg",keywords:"Human activity, Pollutants, Reduced risks, Population growth, Waste disposal, Remediation, Clean environment"},{id:"41",title:"Water Science",scope:"