Equipment and behavioral causes of noise in intensive care units [5].
\\n\\n
Dr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\\n\\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\\n\\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\\n\\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\\n\\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\\n\\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\\n\\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Preparation of Space Experiments edited by international leading expert Dr. Vladimir Pletser, Director of Space Training Operations at Blue Abyss is the 5,000th Open Access book published by IntechOpen and our milestone publication!
\n\n"This book presents some of the current trends in space microgravity research. The eleven chapters introduce various facets of space research in physical sciences, human physiology and technology developed using the microgravity environment not only to improve our fundamental understanding in these domains but also to adapt this new knowledge for application on earth." says the editor. Listen what else Dr. Pletser has to say...
\n\n\n\nDr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\n\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\n\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\n\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\n\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\n\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\n\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"},{slug:"intechopen-books-hosted-on-the-mathworks-book-program-20200819",title:"IntechOpen Books Hosted on the MathWorks Book Program"},{slug:"intechopen-s-chapter-awarded-the-guenther-von-pannewitz-preis-2020-20200715",title:"IntechOpen's Chapter Awarded the Günther-von-Pannewitz-Preis 2020"},{slug:"suf-and-intechopen-announce-collaboration-20200331",title:"SUF and IntechOpen Announce Collaboration"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"393",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Adaptive Filtering Applications",title:"Adaptive Filtering Applications",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Adaptive filtering is useful in any application where the signals or the modeled system vary over time. The configuration of the system and, in particular, the position where the adaptive processor is placed generate different areas or application fields such as: prediction, system identification and modeling, equalization, cancellation of interference, etc. which are very important in many disciplines such as control systems, communications, signal processing, acoustics, voice, sound and image, etc. The book consists of noise and echo cancellation, medical applications, communications systems and others hardly joined by their heterogeneity. Each application is a case study with rigor that shows weakness/strength of the method used, assesses its suitability and suggests new forms and areas of use. The problems are becoming increasingly complex and applications must be adapted to solve them. The adaptive filters have proven to be useful in these environments of multiple input/output, variant-time behaviors, and long and complex transfer functions effectively, but fundamentally they still have to evolve. This book is a demonstration of this and a small illustration of everything that is to come.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-306-4",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6016-8",doi:"10.5772/912",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"adaptive-filtering-applications",numberOfPages:412,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"fcca6dde43a408a5cc07096108c37ece",bookSignature:"Lino Garcia",publishedDate:"July 5th 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/393.jpg",numberOfDownloads:64679,numberOfWosCitations:34,numberOfCrossrefCitations:15,numberOfDimensionsCitations:53,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:102,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 7th 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 4th 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 9th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 10th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 24th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"682",title:"Dr.",name:"Lino",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Morales",slug:"lino-garcia-morales",fullName:"Lino Garcia Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/682/images/1688_n.jpg",biography:"Lino García Morales has graduated in Automatic Control Engineering at Polytechnic Institute “José A. Echeverría”. He has received a master’s degree in Systems and Communications Networks at Technical University of Madrid, PhD. in Communications Technologies and Systems at UPM, PhD. in Contemporary Artistic Practices and Art Theory at European University of Madrid. He has been professor at the Superior Institute of Art (ISA), Comillas Pontifical University (UPCO), Menéndez Pelayo International University (UIMP), Senior Lecturer of Higher Technical School (ESP) at UEM, Coordinator of Electronica and Digital Art Degree and Director of Master in Architectonic and Environmental Acoustic at UEM. At the moment he is professor at UPM. 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\r\n\tElectromagnetic imaging is an emerging biomedical imaging modality, which when matured, might present an effective supplement to current imaging technologies for non-invasive assessment of functional and pathological conditions of tissues. This book aims to provide a state-of-art for the most relevant advancements in the development of electromagnetic sensing and imaging for non-invasive detection, by covering all aspects related to the design, modeling, and experimentation. The authors are welcome to submit original research and review articles reporting recent advances in the application of electromagnetic waves technologies in industry and bioengineering.
\r\n\r\n\tThe scope of this book will be the collection of new and/or review results exploring the use of electromagnetic waves for industrial and biomedical applications with particular focus on inclusion detection and medical treatment as well as a diagnostic tool for disease detection. Potential topics include but are not limited to the following: Electromagnetic sensing and imaging for industry applications, Electromagnetic sensing and imaging for biomedical applications, Microwave sensing and imaging , Non-invasive electromagnetic diagnostic tools, Usage of electromagnetic waves for probing organs and advanced MRI techniques, Theoretical modeling of electromagnetic wave propagation, Application of electromagnetic waves in advanced MRI techniques, RF sensors and coils, Biomaterials for wearable sensors, In vitro and in vivo testing.
",isbn:"978-1-83968-582-8",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-581-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-583-5",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e57ef4b5bada0d966637cd303d76278f",bookSignature:"Distinguished Prof. Lulu Wang",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9878.jpg",keywords:"Electromagnetic Sensing, Imaging, Biomedical Applications, Electromagnetic Measurements, Conductivity, Electromagnetic Induction Tomography, Electric Impedance Imaging, Microwave Imaging, Biomaterials, RF Coils, Electromagnetic Scattering Problems, Integral Equations",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"August 26th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 3rd 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 2nd 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 23rd 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 22nd 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"With an M.E. (Hons.) and a Ph.D. degree from the Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand, Dr. Wang is the first author of over 60 peer-reviewed publications, received multiple national and international awards from various professional societies and organizations she is a member of (ASME, IEEE, AAAS, PSNZ, and IPENZ ).",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"lulu-wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/257388/images/system/257388.jpg",biography:"Lulu Wang is a Full Professor of Biomedical Engineering at Shenzhen Technology University in China. She received the M.E. (First class Hons.) and Ph.D. degrees from the Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand, in 2009 and 2013, respectively. From 2013 to 2015, she was a Research Fellow with the Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand. In 2015, Dr. Wang became an Associate Professor of biomedical engineering with the Hefei University of Technology. In 2019, she became a Full Professor of biomedical engineering with the College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University. Her research interests include medical devices, electromagnetic sensing and imaging, and computational mechanics. Over the past five years, Dr. Wang is the first author of 60 peer-reviewed publications, 2 ASME books, 7 book chapters, and 12 innovation patents. She has edited three books and two special issues of international journals. Dr. Wang is a member of ASME, IEEE, AAAS, PSNZ, and IPENZ. She has been an active scientific reviewer for numerous journals and international conferences. 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From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. 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Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"51955",title:"Noise Reduction and Control in Hospital Environment: Design of the NeoNoise Project",doi:"10.5772/64629",slug:"noise-reduction-and-control-in-hospital-environment-design-of-the-neonoise-project",body:'\nNoise is an environmental stressor that is known to have physiological and psychological effects. The body responds to noise in the same way it responds to stress and overtime has potential to impair health. In general, vulnerable groups are underrepresented in study populations. Although anyone might be adversely affected by noise exposure (environmental or occupational exposure), groups that are particularly vulnerable include neonates, infants, children, those with mental or physical illnesses, and the elderly. In hospital environment, excessive noise is not only annoying, but can also interfere with the proper performance of health care. Evidence shows that hospital noise levels often exceed those recommended by World Health Organization (WHO) [1] and other agencies. In hospitals, patient exposure has been studied more frequently over the years, than professional exposure. However, the particular case of neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) poses a new challenge, due to the “type” of patients involved—ill and/or premature infants. Newborn infants who need intensive medical attention are often admitted into an NICU. These units combine advanced technology and trained healthcare professionals to provide specialized care for ill and/or premature newborns. NICUs may also have intermediate or continuing care areas for babies who are not as sick but do need specialized health care. Noise production in NICU rooms and inside incubators is usually due to alarms produced by life support devices, flow of medical gas, communication among professionals/visitors and during activities of nursing care [2–4]. Table 1 shows the main causes of noise in NICU.
\nSource of noise | \n\n |
---|---|
Items falling onto the floor | \nUp to 92 dB(A) | \n
Equipment movement (e.g., bed) | \n90 dB(A) | \n
Connection of gas supply | \n88 dB(A) | \n
Door closure | \n85 dB(A) | \n
Pager | \n84 dB(A) | \n
Talking | \n75–85 dB(A) | \n
Ventilator alarm | \n70–85 dB(A) | \n
Nebulizer | \n80 dB(A) | \n
Telephone | \n70–80 dB(A) | \n
Television | \n79 dB(A) | \n
Oximeter | \n60–80 dB(A) | \n
Monitor alarm | \n79 dB(A) | \n
Ventilator | \n60–78 dB(A) | \n
IV infusion alarm | \n65–77 dB(A) | \n
Endotracheal aspiration unit | \n50–75 dB(A) | \n
Equipment and behavioral causes of noise in intensive care units [5].
Health professionals are aware about this issue and identified noise as an agent with a negative impact on work performance [6–8]. In fact, it is known that the hospital environment has many occupational health risks due to the variety of clinical and nonclinical tasks performed by healthcare workers. The exposures to psychosocial, chemical, physical, mechanical, and biological hazards are common in hospital units and predispose healthcare workers to different types of accidents [9]. However, the work performed in NICU can be particularly psychologically demanding which combined with noise exposure within the NICU can increase the risk of work accidents occurrence, with negative consequences for staff and also for patients. In fact, noise may induce extraauditory effects in professionals including burnout, stress, and fatigue [10]. There is some association between noise and some health outcomes such increases in blood pressure, heart rate, hypertension, and other cardiovascular diseases. Noise exposure can also stimulate the release of epinephrine (adrenaline), increase pain, and alter quality of sleep [11, 12]. Even in newborns these effects are being implicated and associated with noise [13]. Although, it is important to underline that the levels of noise exposures associated with these health effects range widely [14].
\nA literature review conducted by Konkani and Oakley [15] showed that several authors studied and characterized acoustic environment of intensive care units in hospitals. Studies measuring noise amplitude in dB or frequency analysis or through an approach combining noise measurements and patient or staff questionnaire surveys or interviews are quite usual in this domain. Dube et al. [16] surveyed patients to identify the noisiest time of the day, and were also asked to list the noises that they felt were annoying. Connor and Ortiz [17] conducted a survey where patients rated the noise level before and after a staff education program. However, to our knowledge in Portugal, until 2010 only one study was performed in intensive care units, namely in NICU. Nicolau et al. [13] characterized noise levels in six NICUs of Lisbon region, revealing that noise levels were above the recommended by international guidelines. They emphasized the need to train healthcare staff and include actively health professionals in noise reduction strategies. Due to the lack of data in Portugal, including lack of studies measuring the effectiveness of noise reduction strategies, the Research Group on Occupational and Environmental Health of the Research Center on Health and Environment (SOA/CISA), designed the “NeoNoise Project: Integrated Approach to Minimize Sound Pressure Levels in Neonatal Intensive Care Units.” NeoNoise project intends to be a contribution to understand the role of educational, environmental, and infrastructural factors on noise reduction and health promotion in neonatal intensive care units considering two major risk groups: premature infants and staff. The specific goals of the project are (1) to characterize sound pressure levels in different locations of NICU; (2) to determine the influence of these levels on health and well‐being of premature infants and health professionals (3) to identify staff perceptions regarding working conditions, comfort, and main noise sources in NICU; (4) to develop and implement a quiet time protocol in NICU; (5) to study the relationship between the previous factors; (6) to create a good practices guide for these environments, in order to control noise production and improve well‐being, comfort and satisfaction levels of professionals and patients; and finally (7) to suggest recommendations for health authorities, the scientific community and general public.
\nThe main goal of this work is to present and discuss the study design and protocol of the NeoNoise project, by reviewing its rationale and outlining methods that might be implemented by other researchers in this field.
\nThis project started in 2011 and is being conducted in three NICUs located in hospitals of the North of Portugal involving some tasks/activities that were or will be performed simultaneously in order to complete the study. NeoNoise was designed to be carried out in two different phases. The study protocol and the concluded and ongoing substages/studies (underlined in red) are presented in Figure 1.
\nNeoNoise protocol.
The north region of Portugal has six public hospitals with differentiated perinatal support. Five hospitals were contacted, and authorization to perform the study was given by three hospitals, after favorable statement by their Ethics Committee and approval by their respective administration boards. The study was carried out according to the Helsinki Declaration. Figure 2 shows the location of these three hospitals.
\nSpatial distribution of the three hospitals involved in the study (A and B in Porto and C in Vila Real, Portugal).
As shown in Figure 1, field investigations were transversal to the most of the substages of the project. They included walkthrough inspections and assessment of sound pressure levels in the different spaces of the selected NICU. Additionally, healthcare staff answered a self‐reporting questionnaire. In order to perform the ongoing tasks, some general considerations about methodological procedures are made below.
\nWalkthrough inspections were made by two trained researchers, in order to characterize the built environment and indoor spaces of the three NICUs under study. A checklist for this purpose was used. It should be noted, that since in Portugal there is no legislation related to NICU design for public institutions, the checklist was based on legal requirements applicable to private healthcare units, which have specific criteria for the design, conception, and equipment that should exist in NICU. Detailed information regarding the building environment such as traffic and rural/urban surroundings and other external noise sources, construction characteristics, among others, was gathered. Identification of all relevant information such as area, finishing materials, and conditions concerning floor, walls, ceiling, windows, and ground as well as equipment installed and healthcare routines was made. Partial information about the characteristics of NICU is presented in Table 2. Detailed information is given in [3, 18, 19].
\nNICU | \nGeneral characterization | \n
---|---|
A | \n14 incubators, 5 nurseries, 2 workstations, 4 sinks, 1 isolation room, 1 waste storage room, 1 storage room, 1 meeting room. | \n
B | \n6 (or 7)* incubators, 3 nurseries, 1 workstations, 5 sinks, 2 isolation room, 1 storage room, 1 meeting room. | \n
C | \n11 incubators, 8 nurseries, 2 workstations, 4 sinks, 1 milk preparation room, 1 WC, 1 storage room, 1 meeting room. | \n
General characteristics of the three NICUs.
Note. *When necessary, one more incubator can be installed.
The measurements were mostly carried out continuously over 24 hours, during seven days in each measurement place (work station, traffic zone, inside incubator). Inside the incubator, short measurements (5–10 min.) were also made. The measurement protocol was based on the orientations of previous studies [20]. In this sense, a preliminary survey was performed in order to identify noise sources. Measurements were performed using a sound level meter class 1 (01 dB®, model Solo‐Premium). The measurements of peak sound pressure level (Lp, Cpeak) were made using the C filter and the A‐weighted equivalent sound pressure level (LAeq) were obtained using the A filter, which is a frequency weighting filter that simulates human hearing. “C‐weighting” curve was used, providing a flat frequency response with slight attenuation for high and low frequencies. It is usual to measure the peak noise levels in hospitals environment in order to define improvements to the acoustical environment [21]. Slow response time averaging (1 s) was also used because it is the most appropriate response for the majority of the applications in hospitals and provides stable readings [22]. To ensure accurate measurement, recording was preceded by calibration of the sound level meter [23] with an acoustic calibrator class 1 (RION®, model NC‐74). In the analysis and interpretation of results reference values given by WHO [1], were used. Table 3 shows reference levels for hospitals, given by WHO and other organizations. After the field measurements, the data were transferred and processed in the dBTRAIT software, version 5.4.
\nOrganization | \nRecommended values | \n
---|---|
United States Environmental Protection Agency [24] | \n45 dBA daytime 35 dBA night | \n
World Health Organization [1] | \nFor areas where patients are treated or observed—35 dB LAeq For wardrooms in hospitals—30 dBA LAeq with a corresponding LAmax (maximum A‐weighted sound pressure level) of 40 dBA | \n
Committee on Environmental Health—American Academy of Pediatrics [25] | \n45 dBA | \n
Recommended noise levels in hospitals.
The analysis of staff noise perception in their workplaces involved the application of a questionnaire, in order to characterize working conditions, comfort, and the main noise sources. The questionnaire developed and tested in previous studies of this project, was divided into three main sections containing a total of 11 questions: (1) demographic information (sex, age, profession, years of work in NICU, shift); (2) judgment of personal acceptability of noise and comfort; and (3) judgment of the noisiest shift and main sources of noise in the NICU. There were no contacts between the researchers and the participants. The questionnaire was delivered and received by a nurse, responsible for the NICU. The questionnaire fulfillment was completely anonymous and confidential. This questionnaire was (and will be) used in different studies of the project. Information regarding noise perception by professionals during the completed stages is given by [18]. Other results and respective data analysis regarding questionnaire survey are being considered for another publication.
\nThis task consisted in a short systematic review, conducted in selected databases and based on PRISMA statement [26], to summarize studies characterizing noise levels in hospital NICUs, in the last 15 years (since the year 2000), to gather more relevant and recent information. Some of the keywords used were NICU, noise and hospital, noise, among others. It was an important study, in order to determine gaps in knowledge and to define the purpose and concept of the NeoNoise project, more accurately.
\nThe activities regarding behavioral changes were already performed. In this phase of the project measurements were made before and after a training program (TP) in one NICU. TP was conducted by three researchers. The TP was performed through a lecture of approximately 60 min and conducted by the investigators. To ensure that all the staff of the NICU under study such as physicians, nursing staff, and auxiliary staff attended the lecture (n = 79), 14 training sessions were given [2, 6]. The lecture included (1) general concepts of noise; (2) the results of the sound pressure levels obtained in the first phase and the comparison of these to the recommended values suggested by WHO and other regulatory agencies; (3) the negative impact of noise on health, both for neonates and professionals; and (4) some actions that needed to be implemented to ensure noise reduction were undertaken [6]. Regarding these actions, health professionals had a significant role in the development of an action plan to address specific noise issues. Detailed information is given in [6].
\nThe tasks regarding the effectiveness of environmental or infrastructural modifications will be conducted in one NICU. As referred before, this field investigation will involve a walkthrough inspection by two trained researchers using a checklist and measurements for the assessment of the sound pressure levels. Some infrastructural modifications are being performed in the selected NICU for this study (B). Noise measurements were already made before and will be carried out after these modifications.
\nBased on acquired knowledge obtained in all the studies developed within the scope of NeoNoise project, it will be developed a quiet time protocol involving not only frequent and ongoing training sessions of healthcare staff, but also other good practices to control noise production and guarantee a quiet environment. Quiet times are designated hours where activity and conversation is minimized to allow patients to rest. Some authors referred the most effective model is to have a period in the afternoon and a period during the night, when quiet hours are observed. However the structure of the quiet times must to be defined taking into account shift changes, among other specific activities of the NICU. Quiet hours could be observed in many ways (when possible), such: conduct conversations in workstations and other areas in a hushed manner; encourage visitors to participate and also to take breaks to let patients rest; restrict phone conversations to designated areas of the NICU; minimize or eliminate clinical interventions (e.g., blood draws, etc.) during these hours, etc. The effectiveness of QTP will be tested in three NICUs, through noise measurements and questionnaire survey.
\nBased on previous phases of NeoNoise project and taking into account the reality of the Portuguese healthcare services, a manual will be developed and published. This will help health professionals in the adoption of efficient strategies to reduce the production of noise not only in NICU but also, in other intensive care units.
\nData gathered during the project is being managed and analyzed through IBM SPSS™ (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) 20th version and MS Excel® 2013 software\'s. Data obtained by measurements were transferred and processed in the dBTRAIT software version 5.4 and exported to MS Excel® 2013 for further analysis. Databases were developed specifically for the study by the research team in order to record the large amount of data. Data input was the responsibility of two researchers of the project. An exploratory analysis of the variables of interest was carried out using classic descriptive statistics to calculate frequencies, means, medians, and associated dispersion measures with analysis of LAeq and Lp, Cpeak values. Normality, parametric and nonparametric tests of hypothesis were also used as appropriate. All tests considered a 95% confidence interval.
\nAs previously mentioned, some studies within the scope of NeoNoise project were published or submitted for publication in international peer reviewed journals and presented at international scientific conferences. The results were communicated to the NICU responsibles to better understand noise production and its sources and to contribute for the development of preventive measures, through technical reports and short information sessions. Additionally, a final conference/seminar will be organized to disseminate results to the general public.
\nNeoNoise is the first Portuguese study addressing the effect of noise on premature infants and healthcare staff through objective measurements of sound pressure levels and subjective analysis by questionnaire surveys, and testing the effectiveness of different noise reduction strategies in the NICU. Data collection was carried out successfully (except for the stages that are not completed yet). Data analysis is still ongoing, but preliminary results were already presented at scientific meetings and published or accepted for publication. Formal recommendations to national authorities and public education materials will be made available in written documents.
\n\n | N (%) | \nMean (min‐max) | \n
---|---|---|
N | \n95 (100) | \n\n |
Sex | \n\n | – | \n
Male | \n9 (9.5) | \n|
Female | \n86 (90.5) | \n|
Age in years | \n\n | 40.4 (24–61) | \n
18–39 | \n45 (47.4) | \n|
40–59 | \n(48.4) | \n|
>60 | \n2 (2.1) | \n|
missings | \n2 (2.1) | \n\n |
Professional group | \n\n | – | \n
Operational assistants | \n24 (25.3) | \n|
Nurses | \n52 (54.7) | \n|
Physicians | \n17 (17.9) | \n|
missings | \n2 (2.1) | \n\n |
Years at NICU | \n\n | 10.1 (0.5–35) | \n
<5 | \n34 (35,8) | \n|
5–20 | \n47 (49.5) | \n|
>20 | \n9 (9.5) | \n|
missings | \n5 (5.3) | \n\n |
Shift | \n\n | ‐‐‐ | \n
Morning | \n53 (55.8) | \n|
Afternoon | \n24 (25.3) | \n|
Night | \n18 (18.9) | \n
Demographic characteristics of the sample (n = 95) [18].
In the exploratory study shown in Figure 1, Santos and Miguel [19] combined objective measurements of noise and a questionnaire survey in order to characterize noise levels in eight intensive care units (ICU) of a hospital, located in Porto, Portugal. The study also involved the application of the Ergonomic Workplace Analysis (EWA) methodology adapted by Miguel et al. [27] for the determination of risk level and intervention prioritization. The values of LAeq dBA obtained in the ICUs ranged from 50.0 to 65.0 dBA in the center of the units and between 57.8 and 67.1 dBA at the bedside of the patients. These values are above those recommended by WHO. Similar results were obtained by several authors in the same type of units [4, 8, 28, 29]. It is important to note that during the measurements, different operational equipment, including alarms, monitors, ventilators, infusion pumps, and nebulizers were operating. The conversation between the health professionals team at ICU was also identified as a possible source of noise that interfered the results. Comparing the results, it was found that the morning LAeq dBA values were higher than the afternoon ones, which may be related to the fact that during this period, medical examinations and hygiene of patients were more frequent. All ICUs had noise levels above the recommended and NICU was considered for further studies due to the patients involved: premature infants, who are not able to complain about noise. In fact, in Portugal there has been a considerable increase in preterm births, which in 2004 increased from 6.7 to 8.8% in 2009 [30]. Thus, it is essential to promote a quiet environment to reduce the impact of noise levels on health and well‐being of premature infants and health professionals. In this sense, Santos et al. [3] documented some preliminary results on noise levels and responses given by healthcare staff of a NICU. It was found that during the week, the mean values of LAeq dBA obtained in the evaluated rooms ranged from 48.3 to 82.5 dBA. The results demonstrated that Monday LAeq dBA values were higher than the others days of the week, ranging between 52.0 and 86.0 dBA. Furthermore, sound pressure levels were significantly higher on weekdays than on weekend days (p < 0.05). In general, mean values of LAeq were lower in night shift; such was already reported for other authors [31, 32]. Night period is characterized by fewer visitors and health professionals and low lighting, which might reduce conversation. Significant differences have been found between the morning and night shift (p < 0.05) and between the afternoon and night shift (p < 0.05). On the other side, no significant differences has been found between the morning and afternoon shift (p = 0.369). Questionnaire survey showed that patient care activities and conversation between staff and visitors were identified as an important source of noise. This study concluded that noise levels were above the recommended and that routine activity of healthcare professionals has been identified as a potential source of noise. It was emphasized that training the staff in order to implement quiet work behaviors is essential, but changing physical elements of a space can result in great noise reduction. Following those conclusions, Carvalhais et al. [6] conducted a pilot study regarding the effectiveness of a training program on noise reduction in an NICU. The results showed that after six months of TP implementation, there was no significant noise reduction in the NICU rooms and inside the incubator. The “Work Station” of Room A had a decrease on LAeq and Lp, Cpeak values, 71.7–58.8 dBA and 143.3–102.8 dBC, respectively. However, in the “Traffic Zone” of Room B, the noise level increase almost 6 dB after the TP, probably attributed to the presence of visitors and other staff (from ancillary departments that did not participated in the TP) and might be the source of this rise. The LAeq values obtained in the “Work Station” and “Traffic Zone” before and after the implementation of TP exceed the recommended values given by WHO for day and night periods, indicating more attention needs to be taken. A spectral analysis was also made. In this study healthcare professionals (n = 79) were asked to identify the main sources of noise. Visitors, equipment, healthcare procedures, and conversation among others, were generally the most referred sources.
\n\n\nThe workers perception in those environments is very important in the definition, development, and implementation of an intervention to reduce noise levels and to ensure that changes take place. In this sense, a questionnaire survey was performed in order to characterize health staff perceptions regarding noise in NICU [18]. A total of 95 professionals from three NICUs participated in this study. Table 4 shows the characteristics of the sample.
\nThe majority of the respondents (55.8%) found “equipment” (including telephones and the signals and sounds from medical devices) as the most annoying noise sources and the NICU environment regarding noise as “slightly uncomfortable” (41.1%). Since environmental modifications might effectively decrease noise levels [32–34], a study testing the effectiveness of those modifications is proposed in this project, as shown in Figure 1.
\nThe data gathered until now is still under analysis, but Table 5 shows the average noise levels by NICU (the noise levels inside incubators were not considered in this analysis).
\nNICU | \nLAeq (dB) Mean (min‐max) | \n
---|---|
A | \n59.0 (48.3–82.5) | \n
B | \n52.4 (38.9–71.3) | \n
C | \n55.8 (42.8–72.8) | \n
Average noise levels by NICU.
The noise levels in the three NICUs are higher than that recommended by WHO, which proposes that the average background noise in hospitals should not exceed 35 dB LAeq for areas where patients are treated or observed (Table 3). As concentration, precise communication and fast decisions are necessary in the hospital in general, the acoustical environment has to be considered an enormous strain for the staff and a potential risk [35].
\nThe main strength of NeoNoise is the combination of strategies to reduce noise levels that are being tested. Furthermore, the different types of studies and approaches, combining questionnaire surveys, educational interventions, and objective measurements provided the collection of a large variety of data, focusing on multiple aspects of staff perception and behavior, as well as factors related to the direct environment of the premature infants. The main concern in NeoNoise was to contribute and to promote healthier environments both for infants and healthcare professionals in hospitals. With that in mind, some particularly important outcomes of this project will be to contribute to educate healthcare staff and to make recommendations to reduce and control noise production in those environments. Health promotion programs should be the mainstream of all interventions and should integrate as much as possible, staff, patients, and visitors. Some limitations of the study are related to the challenge of working in an environment such a NICU, where the tasks and activities performed, are continuously changing due to the evolution of the infants health state.
\nThis work outlines the study design and methods that might be followed by future researchers conducting field studies regarding noise reduction in healthcare facilities. The preliminary findings are relevant to characterize noise exposure of premature infants and staff in NICU. So far, preliminary data analysis revealed that noise levels in the three NICU demonstrated to be higher than recommended. The next step in ongoing analysis is to develop and implement a quiet time protocol, assess its effectiveness and to produce a good practices guide to reduce noise production in a daily basis, improving work conditions as well.
\nThe authors would like to thank the assistance given by the Occupational Health Services of the Hospitals involved, as well as to the responsibles of the NICUs under study. The authors also thank to the undergraduate Environmental Health students Mara Nóia, Maria João Coelho, António Azevedo, Raquel Martins, Raquel Lázaro, and Cláudia Nunes (from the School of Allied Health Technologies of Polytechnic Institute of Porto (ESTSP.IPP)) for partial data collection and their support.
\nGas sensors are widely used in various industrial applications for evaluation of the main elements inside the gas mixture. In addition, this device is significant for detection of dangerous gas such as CO2, H2 and ammonia. In addition, gas sensors are widely used for the evaluation of the main products of the combustion. Since this instrument is a main element in the various applications, considerable researches and studies have been performed to develop new techniques for the detection of the various gases. Indeed, the present gas sensor is highly expensive and spacious and these disadvantages of the current sensors have motivated the researchers to develop a simple and cheap method for the gas detection [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].
\nVarious methods and techniques are applied for the gas sensors [7, 8, 9, 10]. However, current sensors could not perform in the micro scale. Recently, scientists and researchers have investigated molecular force which is produced by the temperature difference on the solid body in high Knudsen numbers. Since this force occurs in high Knudsen numbers, it is known as Knudsen force.
\nKnudsen number (Eq. (1)) is mainly defined as the ratio of the mean free path of gas (\n
In Eq. (1), the term of mean free path of gas (\n
Actually, thermal stresses are produced by the non-uniformity of the temperature within rarefied gases and create bulk fluid flows that could employ forces on solid body [17, 18]. Ketsdever et al. [17] presented broad literature reviews to reveal the origin of the Knudsen thermal force. They widely considered the technical remark of source of the Knudsen thermal force and active factor on the rate of induced forced. According to their findings, operative factors such as pressure of domain and gas component as well as the thermal gradient magnitude play significant role on the value of the exerted force. These characteristics enable researchers to apply this for the measurement of gas type.
\nOne of the effective methods to apply the Knudsen force is to reduce the size of the model and construct micro device [19]. Micro Knudsen gauge and microscale radiometric actuator are the main conventional devices that implement this technique for industrialized applications. Numerous studies have been directed to inspect and evaluate the key features of Knudsen force in these instruments [18]. Strongrich et al. [19] performed experimental work and numerical studies to calculate Knudsen force on a non-uniformly heated beam. They highly focused on this molecular force and finally offer their new micro gas sensor as Micro In-plane Knudsen Radiometric Actuator (MIKRA) as shown in \nFigure 1\n. This sensor could be used either detection of gas types or measurement of gauge pressure [20, 21]. One of the significant aspects of this micro gas sensor is the micro size of this device that enables it to work in the various operating condition. Since this device is highly significant, considerable works have been performed to evaluate this micro gas sensor [11, 12, 13]. In our these papers, the main characteristics of this sensor are investigated and the precision of measured Knudsen force for different gas mixtures, for instance, hydrogen, methane/helium, methane/SO2, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and inert gas. These researches are conducted to reveal the performance and capability of this micro gas sensor in diverse operating conditions [14, 15, 16, 17, 18]. These works have tried to disclose the influence of temperature difference of cold and hot arm, the gap size, and pressure of domain on the value of the exerted force on the cold side.
\nMicro In-plane Knudsen Radiometric Actuator (MIKRA) [21].
The physics of the Knudsen force in the Knudsen gage are widely investigated by the researchers and scholars. Passian et al. [22, 23, 24] as pioneer research group initiated to reveal the main characteristic of the Knudsen force at the microscale. They mainly studied on a micro cantilever which includes two surfaces with dissimilar temperatures separated by a gap in rarefied domain. Theoretical and experimental studies have been conducted via a U-shaped silicon microcantilever to disclose the main parameters. The impact of thermal difference on the Knudsen forces in the transitional regime is examined by Lereu et al. [25]. The measurement of these forces at ordinary environment on test configurations made by surface micromachining of polysilicon are done by Sista and Bhattacharya [26]. Kaajakari and Lal [27] studied Knudsen forces produced within molecular flow regime to examine surface micromachined hinged structure assembly. Furthermore, negative thermophoretic force is studied by different scholars [28] and the influence of valuable factors on radiometric force is disclosed [29, 30].
\nIn order to simulate the model, DSMC approach is a reliable technique for evaluation of the exerted Knudsen force in the rarefied domain. This method is highly popular and conventional for the simulation of the problems with low-pressure condition. Hence, numerous scholars and scientists [31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40] applied this for the simulation of scientific and engineering problems.
\nRecognition of the force value in the low-pressure domain is the primary challenge in this field. Indeed, scholars have performed various studies to obtain the reliable and comprehensive correlation which offers the main value of Knudsen force in various operating and geometrical conditions [41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46]. Following the above description and containing the historical perspective, the broadly established modern appreciative is such that the major force related to vane rotation is the force generated close to the edges of the vane, in a zone with the dimensions of a mean free path according to Einstein. At very low pressures, the mean free path is great and the entire area of the vane is involved in force generation. As the pressure rises and flow enters the transition regime, the mean free path shrinks and the effective force-producing area of the vane is reduced. At some pressure (where the free path is on the order of the vane thickness according to Einstein), a maximum is gotten and force generation thereafter initiates to weaken as thermal creep and then convective currents initiate to lead the flow. A brief visual summary of the expected force output of a Nichols radiometer vane in free-space is shown in \nFigure 2\n, where comparisons are made for several of the dominant theories of the previous century. Here, FM denotes free molecular, B&L denotes Brüche and Littwin experimental measurements and “Einstein” denotes his correlation.
\nNichols radiometer: force prediction.
For a Crookes type radiometer, Scandurra et al. [46] have offered a first expression for radiometric force that includes both pressure and shear components. For the normal force per unit area (pressure difference) on a thin vane, they offered
\nwhere \n
where τ is the vane thickness. One of the key assumptions of that work is constant pressure in the gas surrounding the heated vane.
\nFor a Crookes radiometer, practically, all earlier analytical estimates of the radiometric force, with the exception of the Brüche and Littwin bell-shaped correlation, were implicitly or explicitly assuming a collision-dominated flow, where the radiometer vane area is much larger than the gas mean free path. This is essentially a slip flow regime, where the impacts of the free molecular, area-related forces are relatively small. This explains that the proposed expressions depend on the perimeter of the radiometer vane, and not on its area. While this is a reasonable approach for many cases, where the velocity distribution function is close to equilibrium and the pressures at the centers of two sides of the radiometer are equilibrated, it is not obvious that such an approach is applicable to the regime where the flow is far from equilibrium, and both the area and the edge contribute to the radiometric forces.
\nThe authors of Ref. [47] used an assumption similar to Einstein’s, and calculated force with n = 1. They found that the radiometric force computed with this simple empirical expression gives surprisingly close agreement with experimental results, as shown in \nFigure 3\n. The assumption of n = 1 works very well, even though, the pressure imbalance occurs over a region of 10 mean free paths. The agreement is fairly good in the free molecular and nearly free molecular flows (pressures below or about 0.1 Pa, or Knudsen numbers above 0.5 that are characterized by a nearly linear increase in the radiometric force, and the area-related radiometric forces are dominant). Then, even though the empirical expression stems from the free molecular formula, the agreement is also quite reasonable in the transitional flow where the collisions start to reduce the radiometric force, and both area- and edge-related radiometric forces are important (Knudsen numbers between 0.5 and 0.05, where the maximum radiometric force is observed).
\nCrookes radiometer: force prediction and comparison with experimental data.
The recognition of the main effective term on this type of sensor is highly significant for the evaluation and performance analysis of this device. According to previous works, three main flow patterns are recognized in this model. As shown in \nFigure 4\n, the Molecular force Known as thermal stress is the main effective factor that produce the Knudsen force within the gap of two arms. The direction of this force is from hot to cold side. The second dominant term in this model is known as thermal creeping. This flow pattern is produce shear force on the top of cold arm and the direction of this flow is from cold to hot side. The least important flow pattern is thermal edge flow which occurs in the vicinity of the sharp edge with high temperature. In the following, comprehensive details of each factor will be explained.
\nFlow feature and main stream inside the MIKRA [10].
In the following, the governing equations and the main technical approach for the simulation of this micro gas sensor is presented. In addition, the boundary condition of this model according to the real working condition is defined. Then, the results of various codes are compared to evaluate the performance of each methods. In the next step, the main flow feature inside the model is studied to define the impact of main parameters. Moreover, the effect of the pressure and temperature difference of the hot and cold arm is determined. Finally, the performance of this sensor in detection of gas mixture will be explained.
\nIn order to simulate the flow inside the rarified gas, Navier-Stokes equations are not valid and consequently, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approaches is applicable. In fact, the continuity is not governed in low-pressure free molecular regime to near-continuum. Therefore, high order equation of Boltzmann equation should be solved to obtain the flow pattern in molecular regime. In followings, Boltzmann equation is presented.
\nwhere n,\nc, and f are number density, molecular velocity, and velocity distribution function, respectively. In addition, \n
Since solving the Boltzmann equation is hard, researchers try to find approaches that present similar results to that of Boltzmann equations. DSMC technique of Bird [48], as a particle method based on kinetic theory, is a reliable approach for simulation of rarefied gases. There are some software packages such as OpenFOAM and SPARTA in which DSMC method is developed for the simulation of the engineering problems. OpenFOAM is open-source code is proficient and flexible software for simulation of complex models [49].
\nIn order to perform the DSMC simulations, some assumptions are made. For modeling of the collision, the variable hard sphere (VHS) collision model is used. Collision pairs are chosen based on the no time counter (NTC) method, in which the computational time is proportional to the number of simulator particles [36].
\nIn this type of the sensor, the gap (distance between the heater and shuttle arms) is recognized as the characteristic length (L) and it is 20 μm. In this model, it is recommended to initiate 20 particles in each cell to minimize the statistical scatter.
\n\n\nFigure 5\n illustrates the generated grid and the boundary condition applied on the model. The size of the domain is \n
The boundary condition and grid of the present model [12].
The free domain condition is applied on the top of domain while the side of the domain is symmetry. Constant temperature is applied to the hot and cold arms. The pressure of the domain varied from 0.465 to 11.2 Torr, meaning the Knudsen number varied from 4.64 to 0.19, respectively. The bottom of the domain is at constant temperature (T = 298 K). The simulations are performed for single gas of nitrogen. In this research, two types of the temperature condition (real and constant temperature) are applied on the cold and hot arm. In constant type, it is assumed that the temperature of hot and cold arm is fixed with variation of pressure and effect of four constant temperature differences (310–300, 330–300, 350–300 and 400–300 K) is investigated. In the real temperature type, the temperature of the cold and hot arm varies with the pressure of the domain. In order to valid our results, the temperature variation of the cold and hot arm is obtained from experimental data of Strongrich et al. [21] and presented in \nTable 1\n.
\nPressure | \nKn | \nHot arm | \nCold arm | \n
---|---|---|---|
(Pa) | \n— | \n(K) | \n(K) | \n
62 | \n4.48 | \n353 | \n303 | \n
155 | \n1.8 | \n350 | \n303 | \n
387 | \n0.72 | \n347 | \n303 | \n
966 | \n0.29 | \n325 | \n302 | \n
1500 | \n0.18 | \n315 | \n300 | \n
Temperature of the cold and hot arm (real temperature).
In order to evaluate the precision and correctness of the numerical results, it is highly significant to compare simulation with experimental data. As mentioned in the previous section, the results of the SPARTA and DSMC are compared with experimental data (\nFigure 6\n). The comparison of results of simulations with that of experimental data of Strongrich et al. [21] for various pressure conditions shows that applied assumptions and procedures is logic and reasonable. In addition, obtained results of the SPARTA-DSMC code [21] also confirm the correctness of our results. The evaluation displays a worthy agreement of our work with other techniques.
\nComparison of the obtained results (dsmcfoam) with experimental and numerical of Strongrich et al. [21].
In order to realize the main mechanism of this new gas sensor, the flow feature and temperature distribution inside the micro gas sensor are illustrated in \nFigure 7\nwhen the real temperature is applied on the arms. As shown in the figures, the main characteristics of the flow feature significantly varies with change of the temperature. Since the main difference of flow structure inside the model is related to the temperature distribution, this study also considers the temperature distributions as well as flow pattern.
\nFlow pattern and temperature distribution inside the MIKRA for different pressure conditions with real arm temperature [11].
In low pressure (P = 62 Pa), one big circulation as well as a few small ones are noticed. As the pressure of the domain increases, three main circulations are observed in which two of them is on the top of the hot arm. The main circulation fully covered the whole domain. It is significant to note that the temperature diffusion strengthen as the pressure of the domain is raised. In high pressure (P = 966 Pa), the temperature of the hot arm is not high enough and the number of the particles considerably increases. Due to these reasons, the diffusion of the temperature inside the domain highly declines. Therefore, the temperature gradient as the main source of the circulation reduces.
\nAs mentioned in the previous section, the effect of the temperature is significant in the performance of this type of micro gas sensor. In order to recognize the main effect of the temperature, constant temperature is applied for all pressure to investigate the effect of pressure (or number of particles) in the performance of the system. \nFigure 4\n compares the temperature contour along with streamline patterns for various operating pressures when the temperature of the hot and cold arm is fixed 350 and 300 K for all pressure domains, respectively. In this figure, hot arms are colored according to the temperature of particles in the vicinity of arms, while the temperature of the hot solid arm is 350 K. This coloring method improves the perceptibility of the temperature difference in various pressures.
\nAs shown in \nFigure 8\n, the temperature diffusion to particles that exist in the vicinity of the hot arm increases by raising the pressure of the domain. Indeed, the number of the particles increases when the pressure is raised. Therefore, the particles interaction to hot surface increases in high pressure. The evaluation of the flow feature inside the micro gas sensor will reveal significant results. The main circulation inside domain occurs due to thermal creeping. As the pressure increases inside the model, the main circulation moves to the right side on the top of the gap. Contours clearly show that the strength of the circulation intensifies by growing the pressure till 387 Pa. Then, the circulation weakens inside the domain.
\nFlow pattern and temperature distribution inside the MIKRA for different pressure conditions (Thot = 350, Tcold = 300) [10].
The temperature gradient alters meaningfully from the high pressure (P = 966 Pa) situation to rigorously rarefied (P = 62 Pa) case where noticeable kinks in the contour lines are perceived. These kinks are originated at the sharp angles on the top of the arms. Dissimilar to the high-pressure conditions wherein intermolecular collisions promptly smooth out those kinks in the gap of the arms, the absence of adequate intermolecular collisions in the rarefied situations lets these kinks to diffuse much additional away from the hot arms as displayed in \nFigure 7\n. Therefore, the temperature of hot arm simply enters inside the domain and the noticeable temperature gradient observed in the vicinity of hot arm. In the next sections, it will be clarified how this temperature gradient influences on the induced flow field.
\nIn order to recognize the main impact of the temperature in our problem, \nFigure 9\n illustrates the flow structure and temperature distribution inside the micro gas sensor in various temperature differences of 10, 30, 50, and 100 K at pressure of 387 Pa. Our findings reveal that the strength of the main circulation intensifies as the temperature difference of the hot and cold arm increases. It was predicted that this would occurs as the temperature gradient inside the model increases. One of important findings of this contour is the temperature penetration. In fact, temperature difference plays significant role on the particles direction. \nFigure 10\n shows the temperature distribution in the vicinity of the arms. The figure displays that the temperature gradient is intensive on the edges of the hot arm. In order to distinguish the induced flow pattern nearby of the edge, it is supposed that molecules within a mean free path away from this area arrive at the surface without experiencing any intermolecular collision. As is shown in \nFigure 6\n, the temperature molecules coming from points B and C is high, while those from point A have low temperatures. Since the diffuse condition is applied as a function of the wall, the tangential velocity of the molecules after collision with the wall is related to the wall temperature. Hence, the tangential velocity of the cold molecules (A) highly increases while hot molecules (B and C) do not experience any change in their velocity. Therefore, the direction of cold molecules after collision is more dominant and they induce a vortex (blue lines) in the edge of the hot arm. Since the temperature of the cold arm is not varied, this flow is not observed on top of the cold arm.
\nFlow pattern and temperature distribution inside the MIKRA for different temperature differences (P = 387 Pa) [11].
Schematic illustration of the flow feature in the vicinity of the arms [11].
\n\nFigure 11\n plots the variation of the net force on the cold arm for various temperature differences of 10, 30, 50, and 100 K. Obtained results clearly demonstrate that main inflation occurs in the maximum Knudsen force.
\nVariation of the thermal Knudsen force in various temperature differences [11].
In order to evaluate the primary factors on this micro gas sensor, the effect of force on the both sides of the cold arm is investigated. Since the exerted force should be normalized, Eq. (3) is applied to compare the change of the force as the ratio to exerted force when temperature difference is 10 K.
\n\n\nFigure 12\n illustrates the variation of the FR for various pressures of domain when the temperature of the hot arm is 30, 50, and 100 K. Comparison of the Knudsen force on both sides of the cold arm clearly reveals that FR declines on right side as the pressure of the domain is increased. This shows that the effect of molecular thermal force within gap is limited due to high interactions of molecules. On the other side, the Knudsen force on the left side of the increases with rising of the pressure of domain. This confirms that the influence of the thermal creeping on the left side is strengthened. Obtained results also indicate that the rate of FR augments with rising of the temperature difference of the hot and cold arm.
\nVariation of the exerted force on hot and cold side [11].
In order to determine the main characteristics of the each term, the pressure of the domain is normalized by the average pressure of domain as follows:
\nSince the gap size is crucial in the main characteristics of our problem, the impact of gap size on the normalized pressure and flow structure are depicted in \nFigure 13a\n and \nb\n, respectively. As the gap size increases in our model, the thermal creeping effect declines due to high gap of the hot and cold arm. Meanwhile, the number of small circulations increases inside the model.
\nComparison of (a) normalized pressure (b) flow pattern and temperature distribution in various gap sizes [12].
\n\nFigure 14\n illustrates the variation of the Knudsen thermal force on the cold arm. Our findings show that increasing the gap size declines the value of the exerted Knudsen force on the model. The variation of the Knudsen force on cold arm presents significant note about the value of the Knudsen number. Since the gap size is known as the specific length (l) in our model, change of this size significantly influence on the value and pressure of the maximum Knudsen force. In low gap size (10 μm), the maximum Knudsen force occurs at 600 Pa while it declines as the gap size is increased to 50 μm. The main impact of gap size on the Knudsen force could be noticed in the pressure distribution. As shown in \nFigure 13a\n, the pressure gradient hardly reach to the cold arm. This confirms that the pressure gradient is considerably significant on the exerted force.
\nComparison of applied Knudsen force on the cold arm for various gap sizes [12].
In this study, a DSMC technique is used to investigate rarefied gas inside the low-pressure micro gas sensor. This research has dedicated on the impact of pressure in the flow structure and force generation mechanism. In order to simulate the defined model, Boltzmann equations as governing equations of the present problem are introduced and DSMC method as accessible and robust approach is then offered. The two main key factors are flow patterns and temperature distribution. In this work, these main parameters are compared in various pressures with different temperature of hot and cold arm. Moreover, inclusive physical details on the appliance of Knudsen force production as well as flow structure inside the micro gas actuator are offered. Our findings display that the performance of micro gas sensor highly relies on the temperature difference between hot and cold arms, and the maximum force occurs in specific pressure value for all different temperature difference. On the other side, the effect of gap size is considerable different. Obtained results show that the maximum force occurs in lower pressure as the size of gap is increased. It is also observed that the value of Knudsen force significantly declines when the gap size rises. According to our findings, application of the Knudsen force for the measurement of the gas pressure is a reliable technique and this micro gas actuator could be develop for possible detection of the gas component.
\nThere is no conflict of interest in this paper.
IntechOpen implements a robust policy to minimize and deal with instances of fraud or misconduct. As part of our general commitment to transparency and openness, and in order to maintain high scientific standards, we have a well-defined editorial policy regarding Retractions and Corrections.
",metaTitle:"Retraction and Correction Policy",metaDescription:"Retraction and Correction Policy",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/retraction-and-correction-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"IntechOpen’s Retraction and Correction Policy has been developed in accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) publication guidelines relating to scientific misconduct and research ethics:
\\n\\n1. RETRACTIONS
\\n\\nA Retraction of a Chapter will be issued by the Academic Editor, either following an Author’s request to do so or when there is a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct. Upon receipt of a report by a 3rd party, the Academic Editor will investigate any allegations of scientific misconduct, working in cooperation with the Author(s) and their institution(s).
\\n\\nA formal Retraction will be issued when there is clear and conclusive evidence of any of the following:
\\n\\nPublishing of a Retraction Notice will adhere to the following guidelines:
\\n\\n1.2. REMOVALS AND CANCELLATIONS
\\n\\n2. STATEMENTS OF CONCERN
\\n\\nA Statement of Concern detailing alleged misconduct will be issued by the Academic Editor or publisher following a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct when:
\\n\\nIntechOpen believes that the number of occasions on which a Statement of Concern is issued will be very few in number. In all cases when such a decision has been taken by the Academic Editor the decision will be reviewed by another editor to whom the author can make representations.
\\n\\n3. CORRECTIONS
\\n\\nA Correction will be issued by the Academic Editor when:
\\n\\n3.1. ERRATUM
\\n\\nAn Erratum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter originates from the production process handled by the publisher.
\\n\\nA published Erratum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\\n\\n3.2. CORRIGENDUM
\\n\\nA Corrigendum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter is a result of an Author’s miscalculation or oversight. A published Corrigendum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\\n\\n4. FINAL REMARKS
\\n\\nIntechOpen wishes to emphasize that the final decision on whether a Retraction, Statement of Concern, or a Correction will be issued rests with the Academic Editor. The publisher is obliged to act upon any reports of scientific misconduct in its publications and to make a reasonable effort to facilitate any subsequent investigation of such claims.
\\n\\nIn the case of Retraction or removal of the Work, the publisher will be under no obligation to refund the APC.
\\n\\nThe general principles set out above apply to Retractions and Corrections issued in all IntechOpen publications.
\\n\\nAny suggestions or comments on this Policy are welcome and may be sent to permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2017-09-11
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen’s Retraction and Correction Policy has been developed in accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) publication guidelines relating to scientific misconduct and research ethics:
\n\n1. RETRACTIONS
\n\nA Retraction of a Chapter will be issued by the Academic Editor, either following an Author’s request to do so or when there is a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct. Upon receipt of a report by a 3rd party, the Academic Editor will investigate any allegations of scientific misconduct, working in cooperation with the Author(s) and their institution(s).
\n\nA formal Retraction will be issued when there is clear and conclusive evidence of any of the following:
\n\nPublishing of a Retraction Notice will adhere to the following guidelines:
\n\n1.2. REMOVALS AND CANCELLATIONS
\n\n2. STATEMENTS OF CONCERN
\n\nA Statement of Concern detailing alleged misconduct will be issued by the Academic Editor or publisher following a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct when:
\n\nIntechOpen believes that the number of occasions on which a Statement of Concern is issued will be very few in number. In all cases when such a decision has been taken by the Academic Editor the decision will be reviewed by another editor to whom the author can make representations.
\n\n3. CORRECTIONS
\n\nA Correction will be issued by the Academic Editor when:
\n\n3.1. ERRATUM
\n\nAn Erratum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter originates from the production process handled by the publisher.
\n\nA published Erratum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\n\n3.2. CORRIGENDUM
\n\nA Corrigendum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter is a result of an Author’s miscalculation or oversight. A published Corrigendum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\n\n4. FINAL REMARKS
\n\nIntechOpen wishes to emphasize that the final decision on whether a Retraction, Statement of Concern, or a Correction will be issued rests with the Academic Editor. The publisher is obliged to act upon any reports of scientific misconduct in its publications and to make a reasonable effort to facilitate any subsequent investigation of such claims.
\n\nIn the case of Retraction or removal of the Work, the publisher will be under no obligation to refund the APC.
\n\nThe general principles set out above apply to Retractions and Corrections issued in all IntechOpen publications.
\n\nAny suggestions or comments on this Policy are welcome and may be sent to permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2017-09-11
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"105746",title:"Dr.",name:"A.W.M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Koopman-van Gemert",slug:"a.w.m.m.-koopman-van-gemert",fullName:"A.W.M.M. Koopman-van Gemert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/105746/images/5803_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Anna Wilhelmina Margaretha Maria Koopman-van Gemert MD, PhD, became anaesthesiologist-intensivist from the Radboud University Nijmegen (the Netherlands) in 1987. She worked for a couple of years also as a blood bank director in Nijmegen and introduced in the Netherlands the Cell Saver and blood transfusion alternatives. She performed research in perioperative autotransfusion and obtained the degree of PhD in 1993 publishing Peri-operative autotransfusion by means of a blood cell separator.\nBlood transfusion had her special interest being the president of the Haemovigilance Chamber TRIP and performing several tasks in local and national blood bank and anticoagulant-blood transfusion guidelines committees. Currently, she is working as an associate professor and up till recently was the dean at the Albert Schweitzer Hospital Dordrecht. She performed (inter)national tasks as vice-president of the Concilium Anaesthesia and related committees. \nShe performed research in several fields, with over 100 publications in (inter)national journals and numerous papers on scientific conferences. \nShe received several awards and is a member of Honour of the Dutch Society of Anaesthesia.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Albert Schweitzer Hospital",country:{name:"Gabon"}}},{id:"83089",title:"Prof.",name:"Aaron",middleName:null,surname:"Ojule",slug:"aaron-ojule",fullName:"Aaron Ojule",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Port Harcourt",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"295748",title:"Mr.",name:"Abayomi",middleName:null,surname:"Modupe",slug:"abayomi-modupe",fullName:"Abayomi Modupe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/no_image.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Landmark University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"94191",title:"Prof.",name:"Abbas",middleName:null,surname:"Moustafa",slug:"abbas-moustafa",fullName:"Abbas Moustafa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94191/images/96_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Moustafa got his doctoral degree in earthquake engineering and structural safety from Indian Institute of Science in 2002. He is currently an associate professor at Department of Civil Engineering, Minia University, Egypt and the chairman of Department of Civil Engineering, High Institute of Engineering and Technology, Giza, Egypt. He is also a consultant engineer and head of structural group at Hamza Associates, Giza, Egypt. Dr. Moustafa was a senior research associate at Vanderbilt University and a JSPS fellow at Kyoto and Nagasaki Universities. He has more than 40 research papers published in international journals and conferences. He acts as an editorial board member and a reviewer for several regional and international journals. His research interest includes earthquake engineering, seismic design, nonlinear dynamics, random vibration, structural reliability, structural health monitoring and uncertainty modeling.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Minia University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"84562",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbyssinia",middleName:null,surname:"Mushunje",slug:"abbyssinia-mushunje",fullName:"Abbyssinia Mushunje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Fort Hare",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"202206",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Abd Elmoniem",middleName:"Ahmed",surname:"Elzain",slug:"abd-elmoniem-elzain",fullName:"Abd Elmoniem Elzain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kassala University",country:{name:"Sudan"}}},{id:"98127",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdallah",middleName:null,surname:"Handoura",slug:"abdallah-handoura",fullName:"Abdallah Handoura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"École Supérieure des Télécommunications",country:{name:"Morocco"}}},{id:"91404",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdecharif",middleName:null,surname:"Boumaza",slug:"abdecharif-boumaza",fullName:"Abdecharif Boumaza",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Abbès Laghrour University of Khenchela",country:{name:"Algeria"}}},{id:"105795",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdel Ghani",middleName:null,surname:"Aissaoui",slug:"abdel-ghani-aissaoui",fullName:"Abdel Ghani Aissaoui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/105795/images/system/105795.jpeg",biography:"Abdel Ghani AISSAOUI is a Full Professor of electrical engineering at University of Bechar (ALGERIA). He was born in 1969 in Naama, Algeria. He received his BS degree in 1993, the MS degree in 1997, the PhD degree in 2007 from the Electrical Engineering Institute of Djilali Liabes University of Sidi Bel Abbes (ALGERIA). He is an active member of IRECOM (Interaction Réseaux Electriques - COnvertisseurs Machines) Laboratory and IEEE senior member. He is an editor member for many international journals (IJET, RSE, MER, IJECE, etc.), he serves as a reviewer in international journals (IJAC, ECPS, COMPEL, etc.). He serves as member in technical committee (TPC) and reviewer in international conferences (CHUSER 2011, SHUSER 2012, PECON 2012, SAI 2013, SCSE2013, SDM2014, SEB2014, PEMC2014, PEAM2014, SEB (2014, 2015), ICRERA (2015, 2016, 2017, 2018,-2019), etc.). His current research interest includes power electronics, control of electrical machines, artificial intelligence and Renewable energies.",institutionString:"University of Béchar",institution:{name:"University of Béchar",country:{name:"Algeria"}}},{id:"99749",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdel Hafid",middleName:null,surname:"Essadki",slug:"abdel-hafid-essadki",fullName:"Abdel Hafid Essadki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"École Nationale Supérieure de Technologie",country:{name:"Algeria"}}},{id:"101208",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdel Karim",middleName:"Mohamad",surname:"El Hemaly",slug:"abdel-karim-el-hemaly",fullName:"Abdel Karim El Hemaly",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/101208/images/733_n.jpg",biography:"OBGYN.net Editorial Advisor Urogynecology.\nAbdel Karim M. A. El-Hemaly, MRCOG, FRCS � Egypt.\n \nAbdel Karim M. A. El-Hemaly\nProfessor OB/GYN & Urogynecology\nFaculty of medicine, Al-Azhar University \nPersonal Information: \nMarried with two children\nWife: Professor Laila A. Moussa MD.\nSons: Mohamad A. M. El-Hemaly Jr. MD. Died March 25-2007\nMostafa A. M. El-Hemaly, Computer Scientist working at Microsoft Seatle, USA. \nQualifications: \n1.\tM.B.-Bch Cairo Univ. June 1963. \n2.\tDiploma Ob./Gyn. Cairo Univ. April 1966. \n3.\tDiploma Surgery Cairo Univ. Oct. 1966. \n4.\tMRCOG London Feb. 1975. \n5.\tF.R.C.S. Glasgow June 1976. \n6.\tPopulation Study Johns Hopkins 1981. \n7.\tGyn. Oncology Johns Hopkins 1983. \n8.\tAdvanced Laparoscopic Surgery, with Prof. Paulson, Alexandria, Virginia USA 1993. \nSocieties & Associations: \n1.\t Member of the Royal College of Ob./Gyn. London. \n2.\tFellow of the Royal College of Surgeons Glasgow UK. \n3.\tMember of the advisory board on urogyn. FIGO. \n4.\tMember of the New York Academy of Sciences. \n5.\tMember of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. \n6.\tFeatured in �Who is Who in the World� from the 16th edition to the 20th edition. \n7.\tFeatured in �Who is Who in Science and Engineering� in the 7th edition. \n8.\tMember of the Egyptian Fertility & Sterility Society. \n9.\tMember of the Egyptian Society of Ob./Gyn. \n10.\tMember of the Egyptian Society of Urogyn. \n\nScientific Publications & Communications:\n1- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Asim Kurjak, Ahmad G. Serour, Laila A. S. Mousa, Amr M. Zaied, Khalid Z. El Sheikha. \nImaging the Internal Urethral Sphincter and the Vagina in Normal Women and Women Suffering from Stress Urinary Incontinence and Vaginal Prolapse. Gynaecologia Et Perinatologia, Vol18, No 4; 169-286 October-December 2009.\n2- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Laila A. S. Mousa Ibrahim M. Kandil, Fatma S. El Sokkary, Ahmad G. Serour, Hossam Hussein.\nFecal Incontinence, A Novel Concept: The Role of the internal Anal sphincter (IAS) in defecation and fecal incontinence. Gynaecologia Et Perinatologia, Vol19, No 2; 79-85 April -June 2010.\n3- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Laila A. S. Mousa Ibrahim M. Kandil, Fatma S. El Sokkary, Ahmad G. Serour, Hossam Hussein.\nSurgical Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence, Fecal Incontinence and Vaginal Prolapse By A Novel Operation \n"Urethro-Ano-Vaginoplasty"\n Gynaecologia Et Perinatologia, Vol19, No 3; 129-188 July-September 2010.\n4- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Laila A. S. Mousa and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\nUrethro-vaginoplasty, an innovated operation for the treatment of: Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI), Detursor Overactivity (DO), Mixed Urinary Incontinence and Anterior Vaginal Wall Descent. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/ urethro-vaginoplasty_01\n\n5- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamed M. Radwan.\n Urethro-raphy a new technique for surgical management of Stress Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/\nnew-tech-urethro\n\n6- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk, Nabil Abdel Maksoud H., Mohamad M. Radwan, Khalid Z. El Shieka, Mohamad A. K. M. El Hemaly, and Ahmad T. El Saban.\nUrethro-raphy The New Operation for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence, SUI, detrusor instability, DI, and mixed-type of urinary incontinence; short and long term results. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=urogyn/articles/\nurethroraphy-09280\n\n7-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. Menopause, and Voiding troubles. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly03/el-hemaly03-ss\n\n8-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A. Micturition and Urinary\tContinence. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1996; 42: 291-2. \n\n9-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly.\n Urinary incontinence in gynecology, a review article.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/abs-urinary_incotinence_gyn_ehemaly \n\n10-El Hemaly AKMA. Nocturnal Enuresis: Pathogenesis and Treatment. \nInt Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1998;9: 129-31.\n \n11-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A.E. Stress Urinary Incontinence, a New Concept. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1996; 68: 129-35. \n\n12- El Hemaly AKMA, Kandil I. M. Stress Urinary Incontinence SUI facts and fiction. Is SUI a puzzle?! http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly/el-hemaly-ss\n\n13-Abdel Karim El Hemaly, Nabil Abdel Maksoud, Laila A. Mousa, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Asem Anwar, M.A.K El Hemaly and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. \nEvidence based Facts on the Pathogenesis and Management of SUI. http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly02/el-hemaly02-ss\n\n14- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\n Urethro-plasty, a Novel Operation based on a New Concept, for the Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence, S.U.I., Detrusor Instability, D.I., and Mixed-type of Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/urethro-plasty_01\n\n15-Ibrahim M. Kandil, Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Mohamad M. Radwan: Ultrasonic Assessment of the Internal Urethral Sphincter in Stress Urinary Incontinence. The Internet Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2003. Volume 2 Number 1. \n\n\n16-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. Nocturnal Enureses: A Novel Concept on its pathogenesis and Treatment.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogynecolgy/?page=articles/nocturnal_enuresis\n\n17- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. Nocturnal Enureses: An Update on the pathogenesis and Treatment.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogynecology/?page=/ENHLIDH/PUBD/FEATURES/\nPresentations/ Nocturnal_Enuresis/nocturnal_enuresis\n\n18-Maternal Mortality in Egypt, a cry for help and attention. The Second International Conference of the African Society of Organization & Gestosis, 1998, 3rd Annual International Conference of Ob/Gyn Department � Sohag Faculty of Medicine University. Feb. 11-13. Luxor, Egypt. \n19-Postmenopausal Osteprosis. The 2nd annual conference of Health Insurance Organization on Family Planning and its role in primary health care. Zagaziz, Egypt, February 26-27, 1997, Center of Complementary Services for Maternity and childhood care. \n20-Laparoscopic Assisted vaginal hysterectomy. 10th International Annual Congress Modern Trends in Reproductive Techniques 23-24 March 1995. Alexandria, Egypt. \n21-Immunological Studies in Pre-eclamptic Toxaemia. Proceedings of 10th Annual Ain Shams Medical Congress. Cairo, Egypt, March 6-10, 1987. \n22-Socio-demographic factorse affecting acceptability of the long-acting contraceptive injections in a rural Egyptian community. Journal of Biosocial Science 29:305, 1987. \n23-Plasma fibronectin levels hypertension during pregnancy. The Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 13:1, 17-21, Jan. 1987. \n24-Effect of smoking on pregnancy. Journal of Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:3, 111-121, Sept 1986. \n25-Socio-demographic aspects of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:3, 35-42, Sept. 1986. \n26-Effect of intrapartum oxygen inhalation on maternofetal blood gases and pH. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:3, 57-64, Sept. 1986. \n27-The effect of severe pre-eclampsia on serum transaminases. The Egypt. J. Med. Sci. 7(2): 479-485, 1986. \n28-A study of placental immunoreceptors in pre-eclampsia. The Egypt. J. Med. Sci. 7(2): 211-216, 1986. \n29-Serum human placental lactogen (hpl) in normal, toxaemic and diabetic pregnant women, during pregnancy and its relation to the outcome of pregnancy. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:2, 11-23, May 1986. \n30-Pregnancy specific B1 Glycoprotein and free estriol in the serum of normal, toxaemic and diabetic pregnant women during pregnancy and after delivery. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:1, 63-70, Jan. 1986. Also was accepted and presented at Xith World Congress of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Berlin (West), September 15-20, 1985. \n31-Pregnancy and labor in women over the age of forty years. Accepted and presented at Al-Azhar International Medical Conference, Cairo 28-31 Dec. 1985. \n32-Effect of Copper T intra-uterine device on cervico-vaginal flora. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. 23:2, 153-156, April 1985. \n33-Factors affecting the occurrence of post-Caesarean section febrile morbidity. Population Sciences, 6, 139-149, 1985. \n34-Pre-eclamptic toxaemia and its relation to H.L.A. system. Population Sciences, 6, 131-139, 1985. \n35-The menstrual pattern and occurrence of pregnancy one year after discontinuation of Depo-medroxy progesterone acetate as a postpartum contraceptive. Population Sciences, 6, 105-111, 1985. \n36-The menstrual pattern and side effects of Depo-medroxy progesterone acetate as postpartum contraceptive. Population Sciences, 6, 97-105, 1985. \n37-Actinomyces in the vaginas of women with and without intrauterine contraceptive devices. Population Sciences, 6, 77-85, 1985. \n38-Comparative efficacy of ibuprofen and etamsylate in the treatment of I.U.D. menorrhagia. Population Sciences, 6, 63-77, 1985. \n39-Changes in cervical mucus copper and zinc in women using I.U.D.�s. Population Sciences, 6, 35-41, 1985. \n40-Histochemical study of the endometrium of infertile women. Egypt. J. Histol. 8(1) 63-66, 1985. \n41-Genital flora in pre- and post-menopausal women. Egypt. J. Med. Sci. 4(2), 165-172, 1983. \n42-Evaluation of the vaginal rugae and thickness in 8 different groups. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 9:2, 101-114, May 1983. \n43-The effect of menopausal status and conjugated oestrogen therapy on serum cholesterol, triglycerides and electrophoretic lipoprotein patterns. Al-Azhar Medical Journal, 12:2, 113-119, April 1983. \n44-Laparoscopic ventrosuspension: A New Technique. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet., 20, 129-31, 1982. \n45-The laparoscope: A useful diagnostic tool in general surgery. Al-Azhar Medical Journal, 11:4, 397-401, Oct. 1982. \n46-The value of the laparoscope in the diagnosis of polycystic ovary. Al-Azhar Medical Journal, 11:2, 153-159, April 1982. \n47-An anaesthetic approach to the management of eclampsia. Ain Shams Medical Journal, accepted for publication 1981. \n48-Laparoscopy on patients with previous lower abdominal surgery. Fertility management edited by E. Osman and M. Wahba 1981. \n49-Heart diseases with pregnancy. Population Sciences, 11, 121-130, 1981. \n50-A study of the biosocial factors affecting perinatal mortality in an Egyptian maternity hospital. Population Sciences, 6, 71-90, 1981. \n51-Pregnancy Wastage. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 11:3, 57-67, Sept. 1980. \n52-Analysis of maternal deaths in Egyptian maternity hospitals. Population Sciences, 1, 59-65, 1979. \nArticles published on OBGYN.net: \n1- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Laila A. S. Mousa and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\nUrethro-vaginoplasty, an innovated operation for the treatment of: Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI), Detursor Overactivity (DO), Mixed Urinary Incontinence and Anterior Vaginal Wall Descent. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/ urethro-vaginoplasty_01\n\n2- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamed M. Radwan.\n Urethro-raphy a new technique for surgical management of Stress Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/\nnew-tech-urethro\n\n3- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk, Nabil Abdel Maksoud H., Mohamad M. Radwan, Khalid Z. El Shieka, Mohamad A. K. M. El Hemaly, and Ahmad T. El Saban.\nUrethro-raphy The New Operation for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence, SUI, detrusor instability, DI, and mixed-type of urinary incontinence; short and long term results. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=urogyn/articles/\nurethroraphy-09280\n\n4-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. Menopause, and Voiding troubles. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly03/el-hemaly03-ss\n\n5-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A. Micturition and Urinary\tContinence. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1996; 42: 291-2. \n\n6-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly.\n Urinary incontinence in gynecology, a review article.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/abs-urinary_incotinence_gyn_ehemaly \n\n7-El Hemaly AKMA. Nocturnal Enuresis: Pathogenesis and Treatment. \nInt Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1998;9: 129-31.\n \n8-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A.E. Stress Urinary Incontinence, a New Concept. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1996; 68: 129-35. \n\n9- El Hemaly AKMA, Kandil I. M. Stress Urinary Incontinence SUI facts and fiction. Is SUI a puzzle?! http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly/el-hemaly-ss\n\n10-Abdel Karim El Hemaly, Nabil Abdel Maksoud, Laila A. Mousa, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Asem Anwar, M.A.K El Hemaly and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. \nEvidence based Facts on the Pathogenesis and Management of SUI. http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly02/el-hemaly02-ss\n\n11- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\n Urethro-plasty, a Novel Operation based on a New Concept, for the Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence, S.U.I., Detrusor Instability, D.I., and Mixed-type of Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/urethro-plasty_01\n\n12-Ibrahim M. Kandil, Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Mohamad M. Radwan: Ultrasonic Assessment of the Internal Urethral Sphincter in Stress Urinary Incontinence. The Internet Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2003. Volume 2 Number 1. \n\n13-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. Nocturnal Enureses: A Novel Concept on its pathogenesis and Treatment.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogynecolgy/?page=articles/nocturnal_enuresis\n\n14- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. Nocturnal Enureses: An Update on the pathogenesis and Treatment.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogynecology/?page=/ENHLIDH/PUBD/FEATURES/\nPresentations/ Nocturnal_Enuresis/nocturnal_enuresis",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Al Azhar University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"113313",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdel-Aal",middleName:null,surname:"Mantawy",slug:"abdel-aal-mantawy",fullName:"Abdel-Aal Mantawy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5681},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5161},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1683},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10200},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:886},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15610}],offset:12,limit:12,total:1683},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"qngrRaqGuveqFgrcChoyvfu"},books:[],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:63},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. 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