Amyloid targeting clinical trials from 2005 to 2019.
\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Milestone",originalUrl:"/media/original/124"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"3751",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Machine Learning",title:"Machine Learning",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Machine learning techniques have the potential of alleviating the complexity of knowledge acquisition. This book presents today’s state and development tendencies of machine learning. It is a multi-author book. Taking into account the large amount of knowledge about machine learning and practice presented in the book, it is divided into three major parts: Introduction, Machine Learning Theory and Applications. Part I focuses on the introduction to machine learning. The author also attempts to promote a new design of thinking machines and development philosophy. Considering the growing complexity and serious difficulties of information processing in machine learning, in Part II of the book, the theoretical foundations of machine learning are considered, and they mainly include self-organizing maps (SOMs), clustering, artificial neural networks, nonlinear control, fuzzy system and knowledge-based system (KBS). Part III contains selected applications of various machine learning approaches, from flight delays, network intrusion, immune system, ship design to CT and RNA target prediction. The book will be of interest to industrial engineers and scientists as well as academics who wish to pursue machine learning. The book is intended for both graduate and postgraduate students in fields such as computer science, cybernetics, system sciences, engineering, statistics, and social sciences, and as a reference for software professionals and practitioners.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-033-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5899-8",doi:"10.5772/217",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"machine-learning",numberOfPages:446,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"5094182fa13e485c45ab489be59beed4",bookSignature:"Yagang Zhang",publishedDate:"February 1st 2010",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3751.jpg",numberOfDownloads:48761,numberOfWosCitations:34,numberOfCrossrefCitations:24,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:31,numberOfDimensionsCitations:47,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:28,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:105,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 22nd 2013",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 12th 2013",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 16th 2013",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 15th 2013",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 14th 2014",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"2987",title:"Dr.",name:"Yagang",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yagang-zhang",fullName:"Yagang Zhang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/2987/images/system/2987.jpg",biography:"Yagang Zhang received his Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the North China Electric Power University (NCEPU). He is currently working at State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, China. His research includes relay protection of power system, wind power and nonlinear complex system theory.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"North China Electric Power University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"515",title:"Computer Gaming",slug:"computer-gaming"}],chapters:[{id:"10447",title:"Machine Learning: When and Where the Horses Went Astray?",doi:"10.5772/9156",slug:"machine-learning-when-and-where-the-horses-went-astray-",totalDownloads:2312,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Emanuel Diamant",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10447",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10447",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10428",title:"SOMs for Machine Learning",doi:"10.5772/9137",slug:"soms-for-machine-learning",totalDownloads:2256,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Iren Valova, Derek Beaton and Daniel MacLean",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10428",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10428",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10446",title:"Relational Analysis for Clustering Consensus",doi:"10.5772/9155",slug:"relational-analysis-for-clustering-consensus",totalDownloads:1954,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Mustapha Lebbah, Younes Bennani, Nistor Grozavu and Hamid Benhadda",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10446",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10446",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10427",title:"A Classifier Fusion System with Verification Module for Improving Recognition Reliability",doi:"10.5772/9136",slug:"a-classifier-fusion-system-with-verification-module-for-improving-recognition-reliability",totalDownloads:2003,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ping Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10427",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10427",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10429",title:"Watermarking Representation for Adaptive Image Classification with Radial Basis Function Network",doi:"10.5772/9138",slug:"watermarking-representation-for-adaptive-image-classification-with-radial-basis-function-network",totalDownloads:1876,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Chi-Man Pun",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10429",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10429",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10442",title:"Recent Advances in Neural Networks Structural Risk Minimization Based on Multiobjective Complexity Control Algorithms",doi:"10.5772/9151",slug:"recent-advances-in-neural-networks-structural-risk-minimization-based-on-multiobjective-complexity-c",totalDownloads:1993,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"D.A.G. Vieira, J.A. Vasconcelos and R.R. Saldanha",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10442",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10442",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10436",title:"Statistics Character and Complexity in Nonlinear Systems",doi:"10.5772/9145",slug:"statistics-character-and-complexity-in-nonlinear-systems",totalDownloads:1825,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Yagang Zhang and Zengping Wang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10436",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10436",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10448",title:"Adaptive Basis Function Construction: An Approach for Adaptive Building of Sparse Polynomial Regression Models",doi:"10.5772/9157",slug:"adaptive-basis-function-construction-an-approach-for-adaptive-building-of-sparse-polynomial-regressi",totalDownloads:1999,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:19,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Gints Jekabsons",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10448",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10448",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10444",title:"On The Combination of Feature and Instance Selection",doi:"10.5772/9153",slug:"on-the-combination-of-feature-and-instance-selection",totalDownloads:2504,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Jerffeson Teixeira de Souza, Rafael Augusto Ferreira do Carmo and Gustavo Augusto Campos de Lima",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10444",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10444",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10440",title:"Fuzzy System with Positive and Negative Rules",doi:"10.5772/9149",slug:"fuzzy-system-with-positive-and-negative-rules",totalDownloads:3036,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Thanh Minh Nguyen and Q. M. Jonathan Wu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10440",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10440",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10434",title:"Automatic Construction of Knowledge-Based System Using Knowware System",doi:"10.5772/9143",slug:"automatic-construction-of-knowledge-based-system-using-knowware-system",totalDownloads:1864,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Sio-Long Lo and Liya Ding",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10434",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10434",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10430",title:"Applying Fuzzy Bayesian Maximum Entropy to Extrapolating Deterioration in Repairable Systems",doi:"10.5772/9139",slug:"applying-fuzzy-bayesian-maximum-entropy-to-extrapolating-deterioration-in-repairable-systems",totalDownloads:1895,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Chi-Chang Chang, Ruey-Shin Chen and Pei-Ran Sun",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10430",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10430",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10433",title:"Alarming Large Scale of Flight Delays: an Application of Machine Learning",doi:"10.5772/9142",slug:"alarming-large-scale-of-flight-delays-an-application-of-machine-learning",totalDownloads:2802,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Zonglei Lu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10433",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10433",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10437",title:"Machine Learning Tools for Geomorphic Mapping of Planetary Surfaces",doi:"10.5772/9146",slug:"machine-learning-tools-for-geomorphic-mapping-of-planetary-surfaces",totalDownloads:2672,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Tomasz F. Stepinski and Ricardo Vilalta",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10437",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10437",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10441",title:"Network Intrusion Detection using Machine Learning and Voting techniques",doi:"10.5772/9150",slug:"network-intrusion-detection-using-machine-learning-and-voting-techniques",totalDownloads:2377,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Tich Phuoc Tran, Pohsiang Tsai, Tony Jan and Xiaoying Kong",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10441",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10441",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10443",title:"Artificial Immune Network: Classification on Heterogeneous Data",doi:"10.5772/9152",slug:"artificial-immune-network-classification-on-heterogeneous-data",totalDownloads:2361,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Mazidah Puteh, Abdul Razak Hamdan, Khairuddin Omar and Mohd Tajul Hasnan Mohd Tajuddin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10443",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10443",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10439",title:"Modified Cascade Correlation Neural Network and its Applications to Multidisciplinary Analysis Design and Optimization in Ship Design",doi:"10.5772/9148",slug:"modified-cascade-correlation-neural-network-and-its-applications-to-multidisciplinary-analysis-desig",totalDownloads:2361,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Adeline Schmitz, Frederick Courouble, Hamid Hefazi and Eric Besnard",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10439",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10439",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10435",title:"Massive-Training Artificial Neural Networks (MTANN) in Computer-Aided Detection of Colorectal Polyps and Lung Nodules in CT",doi:"10.5772/9144",slug:"massive-training-artificial-neural-networks-mtann-in-computer-aided-detection-of-colorectal-polyps-a",totalDownloads:2878,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Kenji Suzuki Ph.D.",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10435",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10435",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10432",title:"Automated Detection and Analysis of Particle Beams in Laser-Plasman Accelerator Simulations",doi:"10.5772/9141",slug:"automated-detection-and-analysis-of-particle-beams-in-laser-plasman-accelerator-simulations",totalDownloads:2402,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Daniela M. Ushizima, Cameron G. Geddes, Estelle Cormier-Michel, E.Wes Bethel, Janet Jacobsen, Prabhat, Oliver Rubel, Gunther Weber, Bernd Hamann, Peter Messmer and Hans Haggen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10432",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10432",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10431",title:"Specificity Enhancement in microRNA Target Prediction through Knowledge Discovery",doi:"10.5772/9140",slug:"specificity-enhancement-in-microrna-target-prediction-through-knowledge-discovery",totalDownloads:1907,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Yanju Zhang, Jeroen S. de Bruin and Fons J. Verbeek",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10431",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10431",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10445",title:"Extraction Of Meaningful Rules In A Medical Database",doi:"10.5772/9154",slug:"extraction-of-meaningful-rules-in-a-medical-database",totalDownloads:1847,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Sang C. Suh, Nagendra B. Pabbisetty and Sri G. Anaparthi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10445",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10445",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10438",title:"Establishing and Retrieving Domain Knowledge from Semi-Structural Corpora",doi:"10.5772/9147",slug:"establishing-and-retrieving-domain-knowledge-from-semi-structural-corpora",totalDownloads:1645,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Hsien-Chang Wang, Pei-Chin Yang and Chen-Chieh Li",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10438",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10438",authors:[null],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3752",title:"New Advances in Machine Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5b5624fb61f120a1a6dbdecc4cc48dfb",slug:"new-advances-in-machine-learning",bookSignature:"Yagang Zhang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3752.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"2987",title:"Dr.",name:"Yagang",surname:"Zhang",slug:"yagang-zhang",fullName:"Yagang Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3790",title:"Application of Machine Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae9115b686e58a3f79ff6f9a19c67341",slug:"application-of-machine-learning",bookSignature:"Yagang Zhang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3790.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"2987",title:"Dr.",name:"Yagang",surname:"Zhang",slug:"yagang-zhang",fullName:"Yagang Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10272",title:"The Role of Gamification in Software Development Lifecycle",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2857c67077d5a86d7c54329f2aa2c575",slug:"the-role-of-gamification-in-software-development-lifecycle",bookSignature:"Christos Kalloniatis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10272.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"219671",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Christos",surname:"Kalloniatis",slug:"christos-kalloniatis",fullName:"Christos Kalloniatis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"correction-to-chemical-composition-and-biological-activities-of-mentha-species",title:"Correction to: Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Mentha Species",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/57158.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57158",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57158",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/57158",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/57158",chapter:{id:"54028",slug:"chemical-composition-and-biological-activities-of-mentha-species",signatures:"Fatiha Brahmi, Madani Khodir, Chibane Mohamed and Duez Pierre",dateSubmitted:"June 7th 2016",dateReviewed:"December 19th 2016",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"March 15th 2017",book:{id:"5612",title:"Aromatic and Medicinal Plants",subtitle:"Back to Nature",fullTitle:"Aromatic and Medicinal Plants - Back to Nature",slug:"aromatic-and-medicinal-plants-back-to-nature",publishedDate:"March 15th 2017",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5612.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"193281",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatiha",middleName:null,surname:"Brahmi",fullName:"Fatiha Brahmi",slug:"fatiha-brahmi",email:"fatiha.brahmi@univ-bejaia.dz",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Béjaïa",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Algeria"}}},{id:"199693",title:"Prof.",name:"Khodir",middleName:null,surname:"Madani",fullName:"Khodir Madani",slug:"khodir-madani",email:"madani28dz@yahoo.fr",position:null,institution:null},{id:"199694",title:"Prof.",name:"Pierre",middleName:null,surname:"Duez",fullName:"Pierre Duez",slug:"pierre-duez",email:"pduez@umons.be",position:null,institution:null},{id:"203738",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Chibane",fullName:"Mohamed Chibane",slug:"mohamed-chibane",email:"chibanem@yahoo.fr",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"54028",slug:"chemical-composition-and-biological-activities-of-mentha-species",signatures:"Fatiha Brahmi, Madani Khodir, Chibane Mohamed and Duez Pierre",dateSubmitted:"June 7th 2016",dateReviewed:"December 19th 2016",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"March 15th 2017",book:{id:"5612",title:"Aromatic and Medicinal Plants",subtitle:"Back to Nature",fullTitle:"Aromatic and Medicinal Plants - Back to Nature",slug:"aromatic-and-medicinal-plants-back-to-nature",publishedDate:"March 15th 2017",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5612.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"193281",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatiha",middleName:null,surname:"Brahmi",fullName:"Fatiha Brahmi",slug:"fatiha-brahmi",email:"fatiha.brahmi@univ-bejaia.dz",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Béjaïa",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Algeria"}}},{id:"199693",title:"Prof.",name:"Khodir",middleName:null,surname:"Madani",fullName:"Khodir Madani",slug:"khodir-madani",email:"madani28dz@yahoo.fr",position:null,institution:null},{id:"199694",title:"Prof.",name:"Pierre",middleName:null,surname:"Duez",fullName:"Pierre Duez",slug:"pierre-duez",email:"pduez@umons.be",position:null,institution:null},{id:"203738",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Chibane",fullName:"Mohamed Chibane",slug:"mohamed-chibane",email:"chibanem@yahoo.fr",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"5612",title:"Aromatic and Medicinal Plants",subtitle:"Back to Nature",fullTitle:"Aromatic and Medicinal Plants - Back to Nature",slug:"aromatic-and-medicinal-plants-back-to-nature",publishedDate:"March 15th 2017",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5612.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11778",leadTitle:null,title:"Correctional Facilities and Correctional Treatment - International Perspectives",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tThe book “Correctional Facilities and Correctional Treatment - International Perspectives” will focus on current issues related to the correctional system in a broader international approach, revisiting some of the well-known problems that prison and community sentences embrace in different countries. The presentation of different correctional systems together with their underlying penal laws will help the reader to conceive how crime and criminals are approached globally.
\r\n\r\n\tThe book intends to revisit some of the typical prison problems (e.g., overcrowding, violence, mental health, drugs, sexuality, suicide, etc) in light of recent research, also providing international indicators of how recidivism is influenced by the way governments change their penal laws. The efficacy of correctional treatment programs and community-based programs on offenders’ recidivism rates will be also discussed. Studies concerning specific groups of the prison population – female prisoners, young prisoners, lifers, but also guards, and other staff members – will be considered to allow the implementation of tailored interventions.
\r\n\r\n\tFinally, the discussion about the future of the prison system and the alternatives related to community sentences or other diversion strategies will be considered, in light of corrections’ sustainability and under the therapeutic justice paradigm.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-615-3",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-614-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-616-0",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"a933550a6966a04e4677a4c0aea8f5b2",bookSignature:"Prof. Rui Abrunhosa Gonçalves",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11778.jpg",keywords:"Correctional Facilities, Correctional Laws, Correctional Treatment, Recidivism, Prison Sentences Efficacy, Community Sentences Efficacy, Corrections and Therapeutic Justice, Overcrowding, Violence, Mental Health, Future Challenges, Economic Sustainability",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 31st 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 28th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 27th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 15th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 14th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"4 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A longtime researcher and therapist in the field of forensic and criminal psychology in the University of Minho, and considered one of the most prominent forensic psychologists in Portugal.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"198691",title:"Prof.",name:"Rui",middleName:null,surname:"Abrunhosa Gonçalves",slug:"rui-abrunhosa-goncalves",fullName:"Rui Abrunhosa Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Minho",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"23",title:"Social Sciences",slug:"social-sciences"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"247041",firstName:"Dolores",lastName:"Kuzelj",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/247041/images/7108_n.jpg",email:"dolores@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6942",title:"Global Social Work",subtitle:"Cutting Edge Issues and Critical Reflections",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"222c8a66edfc7a4a6537af7565bcb3de",slug:"global-social-work-cutting-edge-issues-and-critical-reflections",bookSignature:"Bala Raju Nikku",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6942.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"263576",title:"Dr.",name:"Bala",surname:"Nikku",slug:"bala-nikku",fullName:"Bala Nikku"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6926",title:"Biological Anthropology",subtitle:"Applications and Case Studies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5bbb192dffd37a257febf4acfde73bb8",slug:"biological-anthropology-applications-and-case-studies",bookSignature:"Alessio Vovlas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6926.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"313084",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessio",surname:"Vovlas",slug:"alessio-vovlas",fullName:"Alessio Vovlas"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"71014",title:"An Alternate View of Neuroprotection with Peptides in Alzheimer’s Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91065",slug:"an-alternate-view-of-neuroprotection-with-peptides-in-alzheimer-s-disease",body:'\nThe central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord, playing the role of control centre in the body. It is responsible for sending and integrating signals from around the body and coordinating activity. Protecting the CNS is crucial to sustaining life. Without this system, normal day-to-day functions such as breathing and eating would be compromised. Arguably, the most important organ in the CNS is the brain. This is protected from external physical injury by the skull and meninges, which provide a buffer against forceful trauma to the head. How does the brain protect itself from internal injury, such as a microbiological threat or other small molecules that invade the sterile environment? Bacteria, viruses and misfolded proteins are as much of a threat as physical impacts. However, there is no durable exterior to protect from these internal attacks. The next line of defence is the immune system, a complex network of specialised cells that aim to protect the body against these biological threats.
\nThe immune response is key to maintaining the delicate environment of the CNS. However, the neuroprotective properties of the immune system may also be detrimental to the surrounding neurons. Immune cells release chemical mediators such as cytokines and histamine to damage foreign cells, but these mediators also damage sensitive structures that make up the brain. This process occurs in disorders where degeneration of cellular tissue in the brain is present. Disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD) and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) all exhibit progressive degeneration of specific neuronal cell populations [1, 2]. All four diseases are commonly found to exhibit misfolding, aggregation and accumulation of specific proteins. This hallmark feature is now widely accepted as a possible cause for these diseases and other neurodegenerative disorders [3, 4, 5]. Deposition of amyloid-forming proteins functions as the initiating step for neuroinflammation [6] activating pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on microglia, the resident macrophages in the brain [6, 7]. To protect the brain, microglia recognise fragments of these misfolded proteins and secrete cytokines and chemokines. The release of these pro-inflammatory immunomodulators mediates neuroinflammation, attracting other immune cells such as astrocytes and perivascular macrophages to aid in innate immunity [8]. In most cases, activated microglia will clear the build-up of the pathogenic proteins resolving the immune response and subsequent inflammation.
\nIn a typical immune response where resolution is achieved, clearance of the localised inflammation allows the surrounding tissue to return to normal conditions. When the immune response is not resolved, inflammation persists in the local area, potentially becoming toxic to neighbouring cells. Prolonged inflammation in a sensitive environment such as the CNS is highly likely to cause damage to neurons and other nearby cells, leading to local degeneration of tissue. Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) released from neurons in the inflamed area are recognised by PRRs on primed microglia. This further stimulates the release of pro-inflammatory molecules [9]. This persistent self-propagating cycle of inflammation and necrosis causes the chronic inflammation that exacerbates the pathology of the disease. The notion that neuroprotection does more damage than it prevents has been explored recently, with some proposing that inflammation is the causative agent of neurodegeneration [10, 11]. To prevent neurodegeneration found in diseases like AD, neuroprotective therapeutics must be developed in order to prevent further inflammation and damage from occurring.
\nAlois Alzheimer first discovered clusters of abnormal protein built up in the cerebral cortex of a patient in 1906. Alzheimer described these clusters as “thick bundles [that] appear at the surface of the cell”, noting specifically that neurons in the upper layers of tissue had “disappeared” [12]. These bundles were later identified as the two major hallmarks of AD, hyperphosphorylated tau and aggregated amyloid-beta (Aβ). Alzheimer also noted glial cells clustered around the plaques, concurrent with the theory of an immune response to the extracellular deposits of Aβ plaques and cellular death. In 2019, we are still no closer to mapping out the nature of this disease than Alois was in 1906, with the pathophysiology of the disease still debated: which came first, the tau or the plaques? There have been several hypotheses considered over the nature of the disease; however, the two major hallmarks remain the most probable causes.
\nTo describe the basis of the two major hypotheses is easy; the amyloid cascade involves the cleavage of a transmembrane protein known as amyloid-precursor protein (APP) by the aspartic-acid protease beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), which leads to the extracellular aggregation of a peptide called Aβ, whereas the neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) theory posits that AD is caused by the hyperphosphorylation of tau, a soluble microtubule-associated protein that can aggregate intracellularly into NFTs.
\nBefore establishing the effects of a therapeutic for neuroprotection in AD, the causative agent of neuronal death needs to be identified. Examining both hypotheses in detail reveals that the deposition of Aβ plaques has more of an effect on NFT formation than hyperphosphorylation of tau has on amyloid build-up [13, 14]. Arguments for both options are common place in discussion about AD; however, there are some key facts on why Aβ plaques are crucial in the development of neurodegeneration, and therefore the symptoms of AD. In transgenic mouse models, it has been shown that NFT formation succeeds Aβ deposition extracellularly [15, 16]. As a causal agent, tau is seen in other diseases such as frontotemporal lobar degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy and Pick’s disease. All of which form tau aggregates without an onset of Aβ deposition. The distinct immune response from Aβ plaque deposition indicates that the amyloid cascade is the driving factor of neurodegeneration in AD [10]. From a neuroprotective standpoint, preventing the amyloid cascade from generating and depositing Aβ plaques seems the most probable option for prevention of neurodegeneration from chronic neuroinflammation.
\nIn a 20-year period from 1998 to 2017, a total of 146 drugs in clinical trials were halted or had not received approval by the FDA [17]. In that same time, four cognitive-enhancing therapeutics had been approved, giving some hope that there is a chance to identify a therapeutic for AD. Therapeutics in the AD clinical trial pipeline are split into two major classes of mechanism of action (MOA): symptomatic treatments and disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). Symptomatic treatments aim to alleviate symptoms that are present with the onset of the disease easing the burden on the affected individuals. There are currently five therapies that have been approved for use in patients that exhibit symptoms derived from neurotransmitter disturbance in mild to severe cases of AD. Suppressing symptoms such as memory loss and cognitive decline do not address the underlying nature of the disease [18]. Symptomatic treatments are beneficial for family and friends, demonstrating modest and consistent benefits for cognition. However, the underlying cause of the disease remains unchanged in these therapies where the disease progresses into a more severe state. DMTs are treatments that alter the pathology of the disease, changing the long-term course of the disease. A large proportion of DMTs targets the major hallmarks of AD, NFTs and Aβ formation. Other DMTs are present that target alternative aspects of the disease; however, these alternative targets are mostly downstream effects of NFTs or Aβ plaques. Of major interest are DMTs that target the amyloid cascade, their primary goal is to reduce plaque load, clear plaque depositions, or reduce inflammation. The nature of this MOA is of a neuroprotective stance, theoretically with the ability to reduce the amount of neurodegeneration that occurs due to chronic inflammation from Aβ seeding in the extracellular space.
\nAs of February 2019, 132 therapeutics were in clinical trials for AD, 96 of those classed as DMTs presenting an increase of 25 DMTs from 2018 [19, 20]. Therapeutics labelled as neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and anti-amyloid in the 2019 cohort of clinical trials will be described as neuroprotective DMTs as they all target the amyloid cascade as the priming step of neuroinflammation. Neuroprotective DMTs are described as either prophylactic treatments or disease-clearing treatments. Prophylactic treatment of AD aims at preventing the onset of the disease by targeting the steps prior to amyloid deposition aiming to prevent the activation of microglia and subsequent neuroinflammation. Disease-clearing therapeutics target plaques deposited into the extracellular space. They focus on removing plaques and debris to prevent chronic inflammation. There is no clear current trend in neuroprotective DMTs, with a broad selection of therapeutics covering different targets from amyloid clearance using antibodies or vaccines to mark areas for the immune system, anti-aggregation of Aβ fibrils, or preventing the production of Aβ fragments by targeting BACE1 or alpha secretase.
\nWith such a broad range of therapeutics in clinical trials, it would be easy to assume that we are close to finding a treatment for AD, but we are not. In the 20 years spanning 1998 to 2017, almost 150 therapeutics in clinical development had stopped or not received regulatory approval [17]. The FDA approved only four therapeutics in that time leaving a lot to learn from past failures. Neuroprotective DMTs made up 34% of the therapeutics discontinued in this time, leaving in their wake a plethora of lessons that can be applied to upcoming therapeutics [21]. A shift in development from the conventional small molecule drug (SMD) to a biological approach has shown benefits. Increased knowledge on the effects of more potent and specific therapeutics has led to the identification of new targets for therapeutic development, specifically the amyloid cascade. Of the therapeutics active in clinical trials in the 15 years from 2005 to 2019, 79 targeted the amyloid cascade in a disease-modifying mechanism (Table 1). Moreover, of the 79 clinical trials, 20 have been discontinued (Table 1).
\nNCT number | \nDrug name | \nPhase | \nStatus | \nStart date | \nCompletion date | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NCT00303277 | \nSimvastatin & Pravastatin | \nIV | \nC | \n08/2002 | \n04/2005 | \n
NCT00479219 | \nGSI-953 | \nI | \nC | \n05/2007 | \n10/2007 | \n
NCT00765115 | \nLY450139 | \nI | \nC | \n07/2006 | \n09/2007 | \n
NCT0083808 | \nLY2811376 | \nI | \nC | \n12/2008 | \n06/2009 | \n
NCT00733642 | \nPF-04360365 | \nI | \nA, NLR | \n08/2008 | \n07/2009 | \n
NCT01125631 | \nPF-04360365 | \nI | \nC | \n05/2010 | \n08/2011 | \n
NCT01148498 | \nSolanezumab | \nII | \nC | \n08/2010 | \n08/2012 | \n
NCT01482013 | \nHPP854 | \nI | \nD | \n10/2011 | \n03/2012 | \n
NCT00464334 | \nV950 and ISCOMATRIXTM | \nI | \nC | \n03/2007 | \n01/2012 | \n
NCT00411580 | \nCAD106 | \nI | \nC | \n06/2005 | \n12/2008 | \n
NCT00945672 | \nPF-04360365 | \nII | \nC | \n08/2009 | \n06/2011 | \n
NCT01547169 | \nInsulin detemir | \nII | \nC | \n03/2011 | \n12/2012 | \n
NCT00500500 | \nEGb 761 | \nII | \nD | \n07/2005 | \n04/2008 | \n
NCT00739037 | \nPAZ-417 | \nI | \nD | \n08/2008 | \n12/2008 | \n
NCT01568086 | \nAffitope AD03 | \nI | \nD | \n12/2011 | \n10/2013 | \n
NCT01661673 | \nEVP 0962 | \nII | \nC | \n11/2012 | \n10/2013 | \n
NCT00812565 | \nImmune Globulin | \nII | \nC | \n02/2009 | \n09/2010 | \n
NCT00857506 | \nFlorbetapir F 18 | \nII | \nC | \n01/2009 | \n12/2011 | \n
NCT00397891 | \nBapineuzumab | \nI | \nC | \n10/2006 | \n02/2010 | \n
NCT01035138 | \nSemagacestat | \nIII | \nC | \n12/2009 | \n04/2011 | \n
NCT01669876 | \nAnatabine | \nII | \nD | \n08/2012 | \n02/2015 | \n
NCT01978548 | \nAtabecestat | \nI | \nC | \n12/2013 | \n04/2015 | \n
NCT02061878 | \nBexarotene | \nI | \nC | \n08/2014 | \n11/2014 | \n
NCT00486044 | \nSimvastatin | \nII | \nC | \n02/2005 | \n06/2009 | \n
NCT00711321 | \nAffitope AD02 & Aluminium hydroxide | \nI | \nC | \n11/2008 | \n04/2010 | \n
NCT01093664 | \nAffitope AD02 & Aluminium hydroxide | \nI | \nC | \n10/2009 | \n07/2010 | \n
NCT01357629 | \nAffitope AD02 & Aluminium hydroxide | \nI | \nD | \n07/2011 | \n11/2013 | \n
NCT00633841 | \nAffitope AD02 & Aluminium hydroxide | \nI | \nC | \n02/2008 | \n09/2009 | \n
NCT01782742 | \nBexarotene | \nII | \nC | \n02/2013 | \n12/2014 | \n
NCT02323334 | \nLY3202626 & Itraconazole | \nI | \nC | \n12/2014 | \n02/2016 | \n
NCT00722046 | \nPonezumab | \nII | \nC | \n12/2008 | \n08/2011 | \n
NCT00956410 | \nAmilomotide | \nII | \nC | \n09/2009 | \n06/2011 | \n
NCT00762411 | \nSemagacestat | \nIII | \nC | \n09/2008 | \n04/2011 | \n
NCT01097096 | \nAmilomotide | \nII | \nC | \n03/2010 | \n12/2012 | \n
NCT01928420 | \nPinitol | \nII | \nC | \n04/2007 | \n06/2014 | \n
NCT00329082 | \nSolanezumab | \nII | \nC | \n05/2006 | \n05/2008 | \n
NCT01600859 | \nElenbecestat | \nI | \nC | \n07/2012 | \n10/2013 | \n
NCT01297218 | \nhMSC Therapy | \nI | \nC | \n02/2011 | \n12/2011 | \n
NCT01193608 | \nAAB 003 | \nI | \nC | \n09/2010 | \n10/2013 | \n
NCT02260674 | \nAtabecestat | \nII | \nC | \n11/2014 | \n06/2016 | \n
NCT02033668 | \nGSK 933776 | \nI | \nC | \n01/2014 | \n07/2014 | \n
NCT01424436 | \nGSK 933776 | \nI | \nC | \n05/2010 | \n12/2011 | \n
NCT02576639 | \nUmibecestat | \nII | \nC | \n08/2015 | \n03/2016 | \n
NCT00904683 | \nSolanezumab | \nIII | \nC | \n05/2009 | \n06/2012 | \n
NCT02386306 | \nGC 021109 | \nI | \nC | \n02/2015 | \n10/2015 | \n
NCT01595646 | \nInsulin detemir | \nII | \nC | \n11/2011 | \n03/2015 | \n
NCT01561430 | \nLY 2886721 | \nI/II | \nD | \n03/2012 | \nJun 2013 | \n
NCT02551809 | \nUB 311 | \nII | \nC | \n10/2015 | \n08/2018 | \n
NCT03417986 | \nThiethylperazine | \nII | \nA, NLR | \n11/2017 | \n07/2021 | \n
NCT01056965 | \nDavunetide | \nI | \nC | \n01/2010 | \n12/2012 | \n
NCT01428453 | \nRilapladib | \nII | \nC | \n07/2011 | \n02/2013 | \n
NCT02036645 | \nMEDI 1814 | \nI | \nC | \n02/2014 | \n09/2016 | \n
NCT01397578 | \nCrenezumab | \nII | \nC | \n07/2011 | \n04/2014 | \n
NCT01127633 | \nSolanezumab | \nIII | \nD | \n11/2010 | \n02/2017 | \n
NCT02760602 | \nSolanezumab | \nIII | \nD | \n06/2016 | \n05/2017 | \n
NCT01900665 | \nSolanezumab | \nIII | \nD | \n07/2013 | \n02/2017 | \n
NCT02080364 | \nAzeliragon | \nIII | \nD | \n04/2015 | \n06/2018 | \n
NCT01807026 | \nLY 2886721 | \nI | \nC | \n03/2013 | \n05/2013 | \n
NCT02462161 | \nInsulin aspart | \nI | \nC | \n03/2015 | \n04/2019 | \n
NCT02899091 | \nCB-AC 02 | \nI/II | \nR | \n09/2016 | \n12/2021 | \n
NCT02614131 | \nLY 2599666 & Solanezumab | \nI | \nD | \n12/2015 | \n12/2016 | \n
NCT02406027 | \nAtabecestat | \nII | \nD | \n07/2015 | \n06/2018 | \n
NCT02051608 | \nGantenerumab | \nIII | \nA, NLR | \n03/2014 | \n04/2021 | \n
NCT03114657 | \nCrenezumab | \nIII | \nD | \n03/2017 | \n06/2019 | \n
NCT02565511 | \nAmilomotide & Umibecestat | \nII/III | \nD | \n11/2015 | \n03/2025 | \n
NCT01760005 | \nAtabecestat & Gantenerumab & Solanezumab | \nII/III | \nD | \n12/2012 | \n03/2021 | \n
NCT01224106 | \nGantenerumab | \nIII | \nA, NLR | \n11/2010 | \n08/2020 | \n
NCT01966666 | \nTPI 287 | \nI | \nA, NLR | \n11/2013 | \n11/2019 | \n
NCT00594568 | \nSemagacestat | \nIII | \nC | \n03/2008 | \n05/2011 | \n
NCT02719327 | \nE-EPA | \nII/III | \nR | \n06/2017 | \n11/2021 | \n
NCT02956486 | \nElenbecestat | \nIII | \nD | \n10/2016 | \n11/2023 | \n
NCT03036280 | \nElenbecestat | \nIII | \nD | \n12/2016 | \n11/2023 | \n
NCT02245737 | \nLanabecestat | \nII/III | \nD | \n09/2014 | \n10/2018 | \n
NCT03443973 | \nGantenerumab | \nIII | \nR | \n08/2018 | \n03/2023 | \n
NCT03444870 | \nGantenerumab | \nIII | \nR | \n06/2018 | \n03/2023 | \n
NCT00299988 | \nImmune Globulin | \nII | \nD | \n02/2006 | \n04/2010 | \n
NCT02600130 | \nhMSC Therapy-Longeveron | \nI | \nA, NLR | \n10/2016 | \n09/2020 | \n
NCT03402659 | \nNeflamapimod | \nII | \nC | \n12/2017 | \n07/2019 | \n
NCT03117738 | \nAdipose SC therapy-Anterogen | \nI/II | \nC | \n04/2017 | \n06/2019 | \n
Amyloid targeting clinical trials from 2005 to 2019.
Abbreviations: A, Active; NLR, no longer recruiting; C, Completed; D, Discontinued. NOTE: 79 trials were identified as amyloid targeting as of January 9, 2020, according to https://adisinsight.springer.com.
A shift in the type of therapeutic used in AD has given insights into how targets respond to certain molecules. A common issue encountered with amyloid targeting therapeutics is specificity, with off-target effects halting a few large-scale trials [22]. There are two major molecular classes present in amyloid targeting DMTs: small molecule, low molecular weight entities including chemical drugs and peptides, and biologics, larger structures such as proteins and antibodies.
\nThought of as the traditional form of therapeutic, small molecular entities (SMEs) are typically chemical in nature and mostly target molecules with deep catalytic channels or clefts such as enzymes or receptors [23]. The nature of these SMDs is to bind to the target and exert its effect, doing so until there is no more target available for binding or the drug is cleared from the body. This overzealous technique of SMDs poses the risk of long-term modulation on the target, whether it be positively or negatively, regardless of whether the disease state improves or not [24].
\nThe main target of an SME is commonly found in biological processes where a high amount of regulation is required, in the form of either enzymes or receptors [25]. The interaction that SMEs target is between an enzyme or receptor and its respective substrate, all of which are proteins. Referred to as protein–protein interactions (PPIs), they have gained popularity as a target for therapeutic intervention due to the control these interactions have on biological processes. Many PPIs have been identified as candidates targeting diseases similar to AD where a biological process has been altered resulting in disease [25].
\nAnalysis of SMEs targeting PPIs has shown that they do not observe standard drug-like properties, specifically surrounding their size, hydrophobicity and specificity [26, 27]. These properties all show mild increases, compared to conventional SMDs, proving that the chemistry of PPIs requires molecules to be selected more carefully rather than selecting the molecule with the highest potency.
\nBiologics fill the void of the upper end of the molecular weight scale, made up of antibodies, proteins and enzymes. Biological therapeutics like antibodies and vaccines aim to modulate the immune system to clear various threats from the body. Other therapies involve the replacement of an important molecule in a biological process, such as hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or lactose intolerance. Replacement therapies use therapeutics that mimic proteins in a healthy individual, usually using recombinant technology to produce the protein in different biological models.
\nThe PPIs mentioned above have important regulatory roles in biological processes, keeping them in check as cell signalling molecules [28]. Biological intervention with molecules that mimic or stop these interactions enables control over biological pathways similar to SMDs, however, giving the pathway some control over feedback [24]. Antibodies are an excellent example of controlling the immune system in AD to remove the build-up of deposited plaques, while allowing the body to exert control over the reaction of the immune response to these antibodies. This shows the benefit of using biologics in the development of therapeutic options for AD and other diseases.
\nA common issue that has arisen in the therapeutic development of biologics is the bioavailability and half-life of the therapeutic. Biologics are not well known for high bioavailability, particularly where the oral route is concerned, an issue that can be overcome using other forms of administration [29]. Following administration, biologics are subjected to proteases and harsh conditions in the stomach or other accessory organs that reduces the half-life dramatically [30]. Intravenous and intramuscular administration has improved the half-life of biologics; however, modification to the structure of the therapeutic may be required to reach the target from the blood stream or the tissue at the site of injection. Although there are common issues regarding ideal therapeutic properties of biologics, new technology is improving every day allowing therapeutic development of biologics to overcome what seems to be simple obstacles.
\nAs the step preceding neurodegeneration, inflammation is a clear target for therapeutic intervention. Neuroinflammation has been a target in therapeutic development after the increasing recognition that glial activation is an important step in the process of neurodegeneration. Therapeutics targeting neuroinflammation have been evaluated in previous cohorts of clinical trials, all producing similar results of ineffectiveness at slowing cognitive decline [31]. The principle of anti-inflammatory targeting aims to prevent the off-target damage to neighbouring neurons, delaying the onset of neurodegeneration. However, without removing the stimulus causing neuroinflammation, therapeutics are fighting a losing battle. Factors such as rate of cognitive decline, severity of the neuroinflammatory response, and disease state play a role in anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory drug discovery proving difficult as the timing of the intervention is critical [32]. Anti-inflammatory therapeutics made up 16% of therapeutics in clinical trials in 2019, many repurposed for AD [19]. As a sole therapeutic intervention for AD, anti-inflammatories are not ideal. Combined therapy using anti-inflammatories and a disease-clearing therapeutic will likely show a high rate of success in alleviating chronic inflammation caused by AD.
\nAβ is an attractive target for neuroprotection, with many possible angles to approach the underlying cause of the disease. Two methods aimed at targeting Aβ plaques have been employed in clinical trials: immunotherapy, targeting the plaques for removal by the immune system using a vaccine or monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), and anti-aggregation, preventing the Aβ fragments from forming the plaques. In 2019, nine immunotherapies were part of clinical trials: three active immunotherapies (vaccines), CAD106, ABvac40 and GV1001, and six passive immunotherapies (mAbs), aducanumab, crenezumab, gantenerumab, solanezumab, LY3002813 and LY3372993 [19].
\nThoroughly tested in animal models, Aβ vaccines exhibit the ability to prevent the formation of new Aβ plaques and contribute to the clearance of pre-deposited plaques [33]. Immunising an individual to Aβ grants the long-term effects of antibody production. However, immunisation can be difficult where adverse reactions in older individuals may occur due to inconsistent or lack of an immune system, as well as selecting a specific epitope that will not target similar structures [34]. Clinical trials into AN1792, an adjuvant vaccine of the full-length Aβ peptide and QS-21, were stopped due to development of meningoencephalitis in some patients [35]. Second-generation anti-Aβ vaccines such as CAD106 have proven to be efficacious in phase 2 clinical studies, eliciting Aβ-specific antibodies and showing long-term safety promising to be a valuable therapeutic option [36].
\nPassive immunotherapies have a major advantage over Aβ immunisation in that there is a consistent antibody titre [34]. Initial intravenous administration of immunoglobulin preparations containing high levels of human anti-Aβ42, which showed a significant improvement in cognition and lower levels of Aβ [33]. However, similar to the other discontinued anti-Aβ mAb therapies, large-scale testing proved efficacy to be low or non-existent. A risk found in trials with Bapineuzumab was the presence of abnormalities after imaging the brain, identifying the onset of vasogenic oedema in 3 of the 10 participants. These abnormalities were coined as ARIA-E, amyloid-relating imaging abnormalities-vasogenic effusions, and are seen as a risk in large-scale studies of mAb therapies [37]. Many mAbs in 2019 are still plagued with these obstacles, presenting safety concerns surrounding ARIA-E, although some mAbs in Phase 2/3 or 3 trials are looking closer than ever at slowing the progression of AD.
\nAs a target class, combined therapy of immunotherapeutics and anti-aggregates stand the highest chance of clearing deposited and newly generated Aβ fragments. Aggregation of Aβ monomers only make it more difficult to clear from the extracellular space with neuroprotective mechanisms naturally clearing monomers that build-up over time. From this perspective, Aβ is targeted as both monomers and plaques. Solanezumab targets Aβ monomers before they can aggregate. Targeting the causal feature of amyloid-based microglial activation, anti-aggregates prevent the conversion of Aβ monomers into oligomers or fibrils [38]. Many natural and synthetic compounds have been identified as potential anti-aggregates for Aβ; however, the only anti-aggregate for amyloidogenesis in clinical trials in 2019 is a combination therapy of polyphenol extract from grapeseeds and resveratrol [19]. The current cohort of anti-aggregates is not indicative of knowledge of the field, with other compounds such as epigallocatechin-3-gallate and curcumin showing promising results for both anti-aggregation and other purposes [39].
\nModulating the upstream step of plaque formation provides an encouraging target as prevention of deposition of Aβ fragments may stop the neuroinflammatory response before it starts. A “one size fits all” therapy for secretase modulation is not possible as all three secretase enzymes play different roles in the generation of Aβ fragments, each requiring a different form of modulation specific to their role in the processing of APP.
\nInhibitors of BACE1 and gamma secretase have thus far showed limited Aβ clearance in clinical trials, even after demonstration of excellent inhibition in preclinical animal models [40]. Studies into gamma secretase found that it was the last step in Aβ fragment generation and an ideal target to prevent the build-up of fragments and formation of plaques [41]. Semagacestat was identified as potential drug candidate for clinical trials in decreasing Aβ levels, only after Phase III in the IDENTITY trials was it found to have adverse effects on Notch signalling [42]. Identified as a drug with a higher selectivity for APP over Notch in preclinical studies, Avagacestat was another gamma secretase inhibitor that showed similar effects to Semagacestat forcing the discontinuation of the trials due to adverse dose-limiting effects [43]. The adverse effects and lack of efficacy had quashed further research into gamma secretase inhibitors; however, a new look into gamma secretase as a target has identified that it is available for modulation, specifically altering the cleavage site of the enzyme. NGP 555 is a promising SME gamma secretase modulator that has showed promising results
Alpha secretase as a therapeutic target for AD offers a novel approach of upregulating cleavage of APP rather than preventing it. By cleaving APP within the Aβ domain, alpha secretase prevents the generation of Aβ fragments instead releasing non-toxic p3 peptide following gamma secretase cleavage [45]. Modulation of alpha secretase is expected to increase its activity and reduce levels of Aβ, potentially increasing the levels of a neuroprotective product of alpha secretase cleavage of APP, sAPPα [46]. Alpha secretases belong to the ‘a disintegrin and metalloprotease’ (ADAM) family, which are found to play roles in cell adhesion, migration, proteolysis and signalling [47]. ADAM10 was found to be the alpha secretase relevant to APP cleavage in neurons, making it the target of modulation in AD [48]. Two therapeutics that have undergone clinical trials showing potential as alpha secretases enhancers are etazolate (EHT-0202) and bryostatin-1. Both stimulate alpha secretase to increase generation of sAPPα [49]. The potential of alpha secretase enhancers as a therapeutic for AD is likely. However, studies into the effects of enhancers on the other substrates of ADAM10 are required to identify any possible adverse effects [50].
\nTargeting BACE1 for therapeutic development in AD is ideal, as it is the determining step in the generation of Aβ fragments. Inhibition of BACE1 has shown to decrease levels of Aβ plaques. Studies in mouse models have proven that by removing BACE1 there is no generation of Aβ fragments, and subsequently no neurodegeneration and loss in cognitive abilities [51].
\nSince it was discovered to play a role in AD in 1999, BACE1 has been thoroughly researched as a potential target for AD. BACE1 has been an elusive target for inhibitors, its location in the brain, size of the active site, and similarity to other aspartic proteases making it difficult for the ideal therapeutic to be developed [52]. Initial inhibitors of BACE1 were non-cleavable peptide-based analogues, designed on the amino acid sequence of APP, which showed excellent inhibitory effects on BACE1. However, the size was too large to exhibit
In a similar pattern to other amyloid therapies, BACE1 inhibitors in other trials were halted or discontinued due to lack of efficacy or off-target effects. Only two BACE1 inhibitors were in the 2019 cohort of clinical trials: CNP520, discontinued in July 2019 due to worsening of cognitive function, and E2609, discontinued in September 2019 due to unfavourable risk–benefit ratio [54, 55]. Both compounds joining the list of lessons learnt from BACE1 inhibitors, along with Lanabecestat, Atabecestat and Verubecestat. All of which proved excellent in reducing Aβ; however, translation into clinical trials was not as smooth, lacking efficacy or displaying off-target effects [56].
\nWith no current curative treatments for AD available, previous cohorts of clinical trials are missing something vital. The types of therapeutics used and targets available explained above show that therapeutic discovery is not a simple task, particularly in a disease as complex as AD. The ideal neuroprotective therapeutic for combating AD is one that targets the initiating steps of amyloid development with high specificity and potency, while not disrupting other biological processes. An attractive initiating step of amyloid development is BACE1, discussed above as a promising target to prevent the generation of Aβ fragments responsible for the activation of microglia and subsequent development of neurodegeneration. Previous attempts at inhibiting BACE1 have shown mixed and unfavourable responses of properties such as specificity, bioavailability and efficacy. Both biologicals and SMEs cannot fill the requirements of such a specific therapeutic, requiring a molecule that has the ideal properties of both. Such a molecule is already being explored in therapeutic development for AD although it is still in its infancy as a class of therapeutic molecule for AD. Peptides are becoming more attractive as a therapeutic to target BACE1 with new technology altering their structure to better fit the required properties. Such research promises to pave new and exciting ways to developing refined peptide inhibitors of BACE1 with high efficacy and specificity, and thus prepare novel reagents for the prophylactic treatment of AD in the near future.
\nPeptides are small molecular biologicals that play a major role in the body as signalling molecules. Naturally occurring peptides in humans are commonly called hormones, acting as messengers utilising the blood stream and other extracellular spaces to regulate the many biological processes that keep us going [57]. Two of the most well-known peptides are glucagon and insulin, both playing large roles in homeostasis of blood-glucose levels. These hormones act on blood-glucose levels by targeting accessory organs and stimulating glucose production or glycogen storage, respectively. The action of glucose and insulin is a classic example of how peptides work in the body with high specificity and rapid onset of effect. Although commonly linked to hormones, peptides are also used as neurotransmitters, anti-infectives and growth factors [58].
\nPeptides range in length from 10 to 50 amino acids long, and can have a mass of up to 5 kDa, putting them between SMEs and proteins in terms of size and weight.
The nature of tasks that peptides perform in the body makes them an enticing molecule, as an opportunity to control biological processes in a similar way that hormones and other natural peptides control everyday life. Many consider peptides to be the inferior option for therapeutic development as they display low oral bioavailability and a tendency to be metabolised by proteolytic enzymes in the local environment leading to a short half-life
The specific nature of peptides is due to their ability to cover a larger area of the target site compared to SMDs, decreasing the risk of off-target effects that have halted previous clinical trials into AD therapeutics [60]. A benefit of peptides over SMDs is the relative inability to build-up toxicity due to the metabolic instability of the amide bonds that hold the peptide together, resulting in the release of amino acids that can be utilised by various systems [61]. These qualities of peptides are what make them ideal therapeutics for most biological process disorders, specifically those found in the CNS. The delicate environment of the CNS requires therapeutics that are highly specific so as not to affect the normal functioning of the brain, but also produce minimal toxicity to prevent damage to nearby neurons.
\nIn the 36 months that spanned 2016–2018, 8 peptide therapeutics were approved by the FDA making up just over 6% of the drugs approved in that time [62]. This can be looked at in both an optimistic and pessimistic view. However, looking at cumulative FDA approvals given since 1980, there is no denying that peptides have a place in therapeutic development. In 2018, there were over 70 peptides available for medical use in the United States, Europe and Japan, and more than 150 in clinical studies [63]. The most commonly used therapeutic peptides target biological processes in a similar way that biologics, such as proteins, do, replacing molecules that stimulate PPIs. Crucial hormones that were approved for therapeutic use are vasopressin, oxytocin, insulin, glucagon and corticotropin, all of which were approved last century yet still play a pivotal role in HRTs [63].
\nCurrently approved peptides cover a large range of therapeutic areas, such as oncology, metabolic diseases, haematology, respiratory disorders and gastroenterology. Of the peptides approved by the FDA, only three are approved for CNS indications: corticotropin, approved for use in inflammatory diseases; glatiramer, approved for use in MS; and taltirelin, approved for use in spinocerebellar degeneration. After the discovery of taltirelin in 2000, no other peptides have been approved for CNS indications, even though there have been over 30 new peptides approved for other indications since [63]. This begs the question on whether research has moved away from peptides for CNS indications due to their difficulty passing through the BBB, or whether the technology is only now catching up.
\nWith a variety of unfavourable characteristics, peptides require modification prior to clinical testing. The field of peptide synthesis has improved in the past two decades contributing to a rise in more effective peptide therapeutics available for clinical trials [64]. Many traits of peptides that were initially unfavourable have been resolved with new techniques in peptide synthesis. However, there remains the large issue of bioavailability that is restricting the use of peptides as therapeutics for the CNS. The biological nature of peptides reduces their bioavailability, their size making it difficult to cross membrane barriers and the structure of their bonds increasing the rate of degradation in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and plasma. Due to these features, most approved peptide therapeutics are parenterally administered, involving either intravenous or subcutaneous injections. Parenteral administration allows for the systemic distribution of a relatively large dose of the peptide providing high concentration of the therapeutic when it reaches its target, without having to cross any membrane barriers. The oral route does not allow for this as the conditions are acidic and tight mucosal barriers exist to protect the body from external threats [29].
\nAdministration directly into the blood stream works for many indications where the target is easily reached through diffusion across capillary walls; however, CNS indications are protected from standard blood flow by the BBB. Peptides targeting the CNS endure this extra barrier that acts as a neuroprotective wall, preventing unwanted molecules from entering the sterile and sensitive environment [65]. Studies in transport of drugs across the BBB have shown that there are multiple ways that can be exploited to deliver drugs to the CNS, specifically using transporter pathways that shuttle hormones such as insulin into the CNS [66]. Delivery of previous therapeutics for AD in clinical trials involved either disruption of the BBB, increasing lipid solubility of the molecules or using pre-existing transport systems, with mouse model studies showing effectiveness of the latter two [67]. An alternative route through the olfactory pathway may provide hope for delivering peptides to the CNS; however, intranasal delivery has demonstrated limited progress in clinical settings. Offering an attractive opportunity to bypass the BBB, intranasal delivery presents similar patterns in degradation to other routes of delivery [68].
\nAlthough an issue present in the delivery of peptides to the CNS, transport into the CNS is secondary to proteolytic degradation in terms of bioavailability of peptides, with a large proportion of peptide load being degraded before it can reach the target site. Widely accepted as techniques that decrease degradation is conjugation or the production of peptidomimetics, techniques used in peptide synthesis today. The most common conjugate for increasing bioavailability of a peptide is polyethylene glycol (PEG), a molecule that has shown to help prevent clearance of therapeutics. PEG increases the overall size of peptide therapeutics, making it too large for renal clearance and hindering proteolytic cleavage in plasma [30]. Peptidomimetics are a modified form of the peptide that is biologically similar while containing unnatural amino acids or modified peptide bonds [69]. Through the addition of unnatural amino acids and altered peptide bonds, proteolytic enzymes are incapable of cleaving peptidomimetics due to the unnatural nature of the molecule. The process of screening the effects of multiple modifications to the structure of the peptide has improved with the development of simple screening assays, increasing the output of peptidomimetic therapeutics.
\nAs a mechanism, neuroprotection in CNS indications where protein misfolding occurs is detrimental, exacerbating the disease by creating inflammation in the local area that leads to the degeneration of nearby neurons. In the case of AD, neuroinflammation occurs when Aβ plaques are recognised by circulating microglial cells, initiating an immune response and releasing pro-inflammatory molecules that lead to the neurodegeneration that is found in patients with AD. The neuroprotective response of microglia in effect begins the deterioration of the brain, calling for therapeutic intervention to aid in neuroprotection.
\nCurrent therapeutics used as therapy for AD are all neuromodulatory, addressing the symptoms related to the disease instead of the underlying mechanism. About 73% of the current cohort of therapeutics in clinical trials for AD is DMTs, indicating the need for a therapeutic that either slows or stops the progression of the disease. DMTs targeting the amyloid cascade are of particular interest from a neuroprotective standpoint due to Aβ plaques initiating neuroinflammation. Targeting inflammation and Aβ plaques and fragments will only slow the progression of the disease requiring a more robust target that can stop disease progression. The role of BACE1 in Aβ generation provides an ideal target for therapeutics although it has proved elusive in the past, with trials into SMD inhibitors for BACE1 being halted due to safety concerns from off-target effects.
\nTo develop an ideal therapeutic for BACE1, a molecule that lies somewhere between SMEs and biologics is required. Peptides offer attractive properties from both classes of therapeutic specifically a relative lack of toxicity and great specificity, both of which are ideal for combating CNS indications. Although peptides are seen as inadequate for use as therapeutics, many approved peptide therapies have shown the ability of peptides to be modified, improving qualities that were lacking initially. With further advancements in the field of peptide synthesis and modifications, the number of peptide therapeutics in clinical trials, not just for AD but other indications, will likely increase. Similarly, the number of approved therapies, offering a promising outlook for diseases where therapeutic needs are currently unmet, is likely to increase.
\nThe March of 2020 was the start of the most significant pandemic that the world has ever seen and unleashed a crisis of gigantic proportions. We never imagined that the so advanced human race would be defeated by a virus, impacting different aspects of human development such as education, health, income, well-being, etc. As news of the Covid-19 virus traveled from the Wuhan province of China to the rest of the world, national borders were closed overnight, flights suspended, and lockdowns imposed globally in the first attempt to contain the spread of the virus. The Covid-19 virus brought the entire world to a standstill. With many lost lives and livelihoods, we continue to fight the virus tooth and nail. The virus had a devastating impact on people, businesses, and economic systems, with the entire world, turned upside down. To ensure continuity in how we worked, learned, and lived, the world embraced digital transformation, overhauling systems over the next few months. Lockdown measure shifted many activities online. However, this adoption of technology brought the digital divide globally to the front. The World Economic Forum indicated that more than 4 billion people, mostly in developing countries, still do not have access to the Internet [1]. That is almost half of the world’s population. And, as expected, the impact was severe for people without Internet access. Even with technological advances, Internet access and availability are issues in several countries globally. Many rural and low-income communities worldwide, including those in large urban areas, lack reliable, affordable access. So, when schools and other educational institutions adopted online schooling to ensure learning continued, that was a start to one of the most prolific challenges and changes in the history of educational systems.
The pandemic brought about the most extensive disruption of education systems ever. The United Nations estimates that approximately 1.6 billion students in more than 190 countries were out of classrooms due to the lockdowns imposed by governments across many countries. Schools and other educational institutions closed overnight to contain the spread of the virus, impacting 94 percent of the world’s student population and up to 99 percent in low and lower-middle-income countries [2]. However, education systems worldwide were swift to react and digitally transform themselves. The crisis stimulated innovation within the education sector, with solutions previously thought difficult or impossible to implement were seamlessly adopted within the educational landscape. Educational stakeholders quickly developed distance learning solutions, with online learning becoming the new way of acquiring education from home. Though this shift to online learning mitigated the pandemic’s adverse effects on education, the entire experience also caused many students’ trauma and loss of knowledge, particularly in disadvantaged and vulnerable communities. For these students, the crisis exacerbated the already existing educational inequities globally. Without access to or availability of the Internet, electronic devices for learning or a home environment conducive to learning, students lose learning times. A lot of schools also lacked the infrastructure to help such students. According to the United Nations, the economic impact of the pandemic coupled with school closures could turn the learning crisis into a generational catastrophe impacting the future of many students. Nevertheless, the pandemic has taught us that while technology is here to stay, creating sustainable and resilient systems is required to overcome the challenges and avoid this crisis turning into a generational catastrophe.
According to UNESCO, millions of children do not go to school each day due to emergencies and ongoing humanitarian crises. Schools protect children from the physical dangers around them, provide food, water, health care and hygiene supplies, and ensure their physical and emotional well-being [3]. Education attainment is a significant factor in reducing poverty and increasing a student’s ability to lead a healthy life and participate in society. Despite the enormous benefits of education to children and communities, the United Nations points out that education is often the first service suspended and the last to be restored during a crisis. And this scenario is what we experienced during the Covid-19 pandemic. Though most students experienced the negative impact of the pandemic on their learning, the vulnerable ones before the pandemic were disproportionately affected widening the pre-existing opportunity and achievement gaps.
Schools are a source of daily meals and provide a safe and comforting environment for many students globally, alleviating the difficulties at home. While school closures led to the quick adoption of alternate learning modes, the prominent rise of online learning as a delivery model impacted students from different walks of life. The hardest hit were those from vulnerable and marginalized communities. Students from privileged backgrounds could find a way to work around the new learning systems with access to all or most of the resources required. However, many students from disadvantaged backgrounds lost access to education and other facilities when schools shut down. Students lost access to their meals, health facilities and other benefits apart from learning that schools provide. The Covid-19 pandemic exposed many shortcomings and inequities, such as; limited access to the internet and devices for learning, supportive home learning environment, putting many students at a further disadvantage. Furthermore, other students faced mental and emotional health issues due to social isolation from their friends and peers.
In the United States, the McKinsey & Company [4], analysis of schools showed that the impact of the pandemic on K–12 student learning was significant. Their research indicates that students, on average, were five months behind in mathematics and four months behind in reading by the end of the 2020–2021 school year. In math, students in most Black schools ended the year with six months of unfinished learning, and for students in low-income schools, the deficit was seven months. High schoolers have become more likely to drop out of school, and high school seniors, especially those from low-income families, are less likely to go on to postsecondary education. And the crisis had an impact on not just academics but also on the broader health and well-being of students. Students of color and low-income students suffered the most. Long-standing inequities such as disproportionate levels of punishment, suspensions, assignment to special education programs, inherent racism, stereotyping and social labeling have further compounded other pandemic-related factors such as social isolation and family economic losses. These challenges reiterate the urgent need to build educational systems that are resilient and sustainable and where every child can succeed, irrespective of their background.
Extant research since 2020 in the context of K-12 education examined the impact of Covid-19 on learning loss for students across different parts of the world. Several studies have brought to light the inequities and injustices faced by marginalized groups. Research has also revealed that systems and structures in educational institutions were under immense stress during this crisis. This time of global upheaval and uncertainty allows us to question the design of educational systems that perpetuate and aggravate historical barriers to equitable education. With several kinds of inequities within the educational systems brought to the front during the pandemic, we believe in the need to broaden the notions of academic resilience and bring about a remarkable transformation in the education landscape.
An important lesson from the pandemic is the realization that we as individuals do not exist in isolation, and we are all interconnected. The lesson that we argue can serve as a systematic transformation required to overhaul education systems and redesign them based on strong partnerships and collaborations among its stakeholders. We contend that such sustainable educational systems are required so that all students from every walk of life succeed at school and in life. We argue that creating such sustainable systems would require a mindset that we as a human race are connected, and in order to progress, we must do so together. We characterized this concept as “Ubuntu” mindset that is critical to understanding our interconnection with each other required to build strong partnerships to transform learning environments. Educational leadership and management can benefit from developing an Ubuntu mindset to bring about a transformation where every stakeholder works collaboratively to ensure that every student succeeds. This idea fulfills one of the fundamental principles of ‘transdisciplinary education,’ which scholars highly recommend as one way to accomplish sustainability goals.
The United Nations adopted the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global Goals, as a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that by 2030 all people enjoy peace and prosperity [5]. The movement serves as the blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all and address the global challenges we face: poverty, climate change, and educational inequity. The 17 SDGs aim to ensure that development must balance social, economic and environmental sustainability, given their interconnectedness. SDG 4 – Quality Education focuses on ‘
‘ESD for 2030’is the global framework for the implementation of Education for Sustainable Development from 2020 to 2030. The framework emphasizes education’s contribution to the achievement of the SDGs. It aims to review the “
Ubuntu is a philosophy that inspires the beliefs, values, norms and practices of different African societies [11] and is one of the “inspiring dimensions of life in Africa” [12]. Ramose [13] states that “Ubuntu is simultaneously the foundation and the edifice of African philosophy” (p. 49). The notion of Ubuntu has its roots in the sub-Saharan African culture and focuses on the interconnectedness and relationality amongst the human race [14]. The concept is indigenous to the African continent and one of the foundations of the different cultures across Africa. Ubuntu is one of the foundational tenets of African communal cultural life [15], and its meaning is often explained with the phrase “umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu”, which means “a person is a person through other people” [16]. Similarly, Mbigi [17] also stated that Ubuntu literally means “I am because you are – I can only be a person through others” (p. 6). According to Lutz [18], Ubuntu signifies the notion of one being truly human only as a part of the community rather than in isolation. This means that “people are not individuals, living in a state of independence, but part of a community, living in relationships and interdependence” ([19] p. 36). The basic concept is that our social and economic development evolves through relationships with the larger group. Malunga [20] describes Ubuntu as a cultural worldview that captures the essence of being human and humanity. According to Woermann and Engelbrecht [21], Ubuntu “addresses our interconnectedness, our common humanity and the responsibility to each other that flows from our deeply felt connection.”
Describing the core values of Ubuntu, Mangaliso et al. [11] stated vales that include harmony and solidarity, reciprocity, respect for elders, collaboration, mutual concern, compassion, consultation, and consensus”. Similarly, Horwitz [22] points out the significance of collective solidarity and interrelationships, stating that “values such as adherence to social obligations, collective trust, deference to rank and seniority, sanctity of reciprocity and good social and personal relations are relevant” (p. 2943). Ubuntu “addresses our interconnectedness, our common humanity and the responsibility to each other that flows from our deeply felt connection” ([12], p. 1). Oviawe [23] describes Ubuntu as “a philosophy of being that locates identity and meaning-making within a collective approach as opposed to an individualistic one” (p. 3).
Relationality and interconnectedness are central to the concept of Ubuntu. According to Nussbaum ([12], p. 1), “one of the ontological assumptions of Ubuntu is the communal or relational nature of being” The entire idea of Ubuntu is opposite to that of individualism, which characterizes many Western cultures. According to Hofstede [24], individualism can be defined as “a preference for a loosely-knit social framework in which individuals are expected to take care of only themselves and their immediate families” (p. 1). Contrarily, the central belief of Ubuntu is the fact that we are humans only because of the connection that we share with other human beings. Explaining the same, Mbigi ([17], p. 69) stated that, “I cannot separate my humanity from the humanity of those around me”. Pérezts et al. [14] reiterated the fact that “such a relational approach to morality and ethics grounded in harmony, and brings a different ethos to Western approaches, which prioritize utility, autonomy and capability” (p. 736). Ubuntu stresses “an I/we relationship as opposed to the Western I/you relationship with its emphasis on the individual” ([25], p. 21). An individual is bound by others and a sense of community and does not exist independently. Luthans et al. [26] stated, “under Ubuntu there is an individual existence of the self and the simultaneous existence for others” (p. 515).
In his book titled “Ubuntu: Shaping the Current Workplace with (African) Wisdom”, the author Vuyisile Msila [27] demystified the concept of Ubuntu and explained its meaning for everyday corporate life and organizations. He talks about the “five P’s in Ubuntu philosophy:
People-centeredness: Ubuntu emphasizes the role of the people within the organization. Without an interest in people, Ubuntu cannot be realized.
Permeable walls: communication in the organization is not restricted, and the walls are not opaque. All the members can communicate with one another without fear.
Partisanship: one of the most positive factors of the Ubuntu philosophy is loyalty. People communicate freely, making them feel closer to the organization.
Progeny: Ubuntu leadership promotes collective decision-making. However, effective leadership is respected, and the leader is respected.
Production: when the above characterizes the organization, production is guaranteed. The organization prospers when its members enjoy respect, loyalty and good leadership” (p. 15).
According to Mangaliso et al. [11] “a great deal of research on Ubuntu has offered positive vantage points for revaluing African philosophies and translating them into management practices, most notably in the field of human relations” (p. 4). Msila [28] stated that Ubuntu is a very crucial concept for many institutions in the society, including the understanding of leadership and management in varied organizations. Though Ubuntu might be an African philosophy, its basic ideas and ethos have a global appeal for leading and managing people and organizations effectively. According to Lutz [18], the first step in developing a leadership and management style based on upon the philosophy of Ubuntu, is to recognize the organization or institution as a community, where every individual is critical to the success of the community. According to Karsten and Illa [29] “Ubuntu provides a strong philosophical base for the community concept of management” (p. 6). Similarly, McFarlin et al. [30] state that the African management philosophy that “views the corporation as a community and can be summed up in one word – Ubuntu” (p. 71). The idea here is not about maximizing the value for only the owners or shareholders of the organization, but for the entire community and its members who are important stakeholders of the organization. The central idea of Ubuntu is interconnection between individuals. Ubuntu espouses the idea of the collective achievement of the goals of the organization. It does not relegate an individual’s own goal as secondary, but confirms to the idea of achievement of individual goals and the achievement of group goals are equally critical and go hand-in-hand. Ubuntu is about pursuing your own good through the common good [18].
To ensure that we overcome the barriers faced and become more resilient to such drastic effects on schooling systems, a systematic transformation is required. Scholars have indicated that traditional top-down hierarchical structures in school are rigid and not agile to change and adaption. Such hierarchical styles have resulted in dysfunctional schools and researchers call for the need to adopt newer and contemporary leadership and management styles in educational institutions. The pandemic brought to light the interdependence amongst educational stakeholders including children to overcome the difficulties faced during the pandemic. Collaboration, co-operation and partnerships were some of the basic qualities that helped schools overcome the challenges and ensured that there were no interruptions to learning. As we navigate an uncertain future, leading with such a people-centered and collaborative mindset is critical to developing resilience and sustainable education systems. And this is where an Ubuntu mindset comes into the picture. Msila [31] contends Ubuntu as a classic model for educational leadership and management. The communal nature of Ubuntu can help the success of any institution including educational leadership and management. He states that leading with an Ubuntu mindset would enable school leaders to lead school effectively with the resources at their disposal.
Extant research has established the benefits of leading with an Ubuntu mindset for educational leadership and management. The basic fundamental principles of Ubuntu, namely interconnectedness and relationality are important to cater to the diverse stakeholders in educational institutions. Schools have students with different nationalities, cultures, social class, language, values and belief systems. Ubuntu brings together people from different walks of life, to work and live harmoniously. Mbigi and Maree [32] explain that Ubuntu enables one to move towards a common goal based on the belief of collective shared values and solidarity with the group. Similarly, Ubuntu style of leading an organization involves “a departure from hierarchically structured management relations and rather introduces a cooperative and supportive form of leadership in which collective solidarity of the group is employed and respected” ([31], p. 149). Here the leader seeks co-operation and interdependence amongst members of the organization to achieve its goals. Collective solidarity amongst team members can enable the effective achievement of goals. Rather than a top-down management approach, Ubuntu is about shared decision-making, participation, collaboration, cooperation and a shared vision. It is about fostering a culture of collectivism among the organization and progressing the entire system with a ‘whole institution’ approach. Mboyo [33] reiterated how leadership and management of educational systems can benefit from the unique Ubuntu operational patterns such as understanding others’ needs, negotiating and prioritizing needs, assessing available resources, attending to others’ needs, and raised expectations and commitment to organizational goals.
Ubuntu as a philosophy not only helps leading and managing educational institutions, but also can be adopted as a teaching philosophy by teachers to reconstruct their behavior and effectiveness in schools [34]. Today’s culturally diverse societies are reflected in classrooms, where we have students from different walks of life. Ensuring the learning of diverse students requires teachers to adopt strategies that ensure inclusive education processes that help every learner succeed. Ubuntu as a philosophy that can assist teachers to manage classrooms effectively, as it encourages working together amongst people in various settings [35]. Broodryk [36] stated that underlying values of Ubuntu include that of humanness, trust, empathy, respect, tolerance and compassion. Embodying such values would help teachers connect better with their diverse students and this would make a significant difference in the school and student outcomes [37]. With students from marginalized and vulnerable communities facing racism within schools, educators with an Ubuntu mindset would help us address the systematic barriers within the school system. Given the benefits of adopting Ubuntu, Mutanga [38] called for teacher education premised on the indigenous Unhu/Ubuntu philosophy. Pather [39] contended that Ubuntu as a concept, encourages inclusion and cohesion in education, where there is a continued focus on a segregated approach to supporting children. According to Elder et al. [40], Ubuntu can help us with defining and understanding newer interpretations of inclusive education, where every child feels included and an important part of the classroom. Beets [41] recommended “infusing the principles of Ubuntu in the way teachers act, opens new possibilities for deepening the morality of their teaching practice - of how they, for example, use assessment to enhance both teaching and learning in the interests of each learner and ultimately society” (p. 70). Furthermore, Brock-Utne [42] calls for the need of an Ubuntu paradigm in curriculum work, language of instruction and assessment to redesign school systems based on the basic principle of humanity. Similarly, Nxumalo and Mncube [43] recommend the inclusion of Ubuntu philosophy in the school curriculum using indigenous games for teaching a decolonized curriculum content and instilling moral principles and cultural beliefs such as the value of communal identity.
In order to prepare students to cope with the challenges of an uncertain, volatile, ever-changing and a complex world, an approach to teaching needs to meet the ideals of ESD. Only academic or discipline knowledge is inadequate to prepare students to tackle sustainability challenges. Thus, ESD promotes an inter- and a transdisciplinary, learner-centered, participatory, and locally relevant approach to learning and teaching [44]. Sustainability problems are often acknowledged as complex or “wicked problems” that require a multifaceted approach, and this is where transdisciplinary education plays a pivotal role. Transdisciplinarity is characterized by its focus on “wicked problems” that need creative solutions, its reliance on stakeholder involvement, and engaged, socially responsible education [45]. According to UNESCO, “transdisciplinary approach is an approach to curriculum integration which dissolves the boundaries between the conventional disciplines and organizes teaching and learning around the construction of meaning in the context of real-world problems” [46]. This approach focuses on producing knowledge with the help of non-academic stakeholders who bring in practice-based, local and indigenous knowledges [47]. Mutual learning, collaboration, decision-making and problem solving amongst educational institutions, businesses, government and the society characterize transdisciplinarity in education. A transdisciplinary approach to education can “facilitate transformative learning through a focus on real-world challenges, complex systems thinking, the integration of diverse knowledges and reflexivity” ([48], p. 1). According to Kubisch et al. [44], “transdisciplinarity is characterized by three aspects:
The starting points are socially relevant issues, which are jointly identified and which are researched by means of integrative scientific methods, with the aim of developing interdisciplinary solutions or strategies for transformation;
during the whole research process there is an exchange between scientific and non-scientific partners, the latter, e.g., politicians, require the generated knowledge for decision-making;
integration of non-scientific partners, like citizens, to consider experiences and context-based knowledge” (p. 3).
We focus on one critical aspect of transdisciplinarity, that is, the integration of out-of-school partners or reliance on stakeholder involvement in achieving holistic education. This approach is emphasized in the concept of partnerships [49] and the Ubuntu mindset enables development of successful partnerships [50, 51].
Ubuntu can provide a theoretical foundation for adopting a transdisciplinary approach to education given the fact that community and partnerships are central to the Ubuntu mindset. Achieving the SDGs requires the co-production of knowledge between academic and non-academic actors [52]. Transdisciplinarity considers society as an equal partner and recommends the inclusion of practice-based, local and indigenous knowledges, and to “build capacity and consensus by mutual learning processes” ([47], p. 2). Developing an Ubuntu mindset can help educational institutions to develop strong partnerships with the community that can bring in diverse stakeholders and diverse knowledges within the ambit of learning. Building such partnerships with the community gives students an opportunity to actively conduct research on real-world problems and develop sustainable solutions with out-of-school partners [53]. It enables students to integrate knowledge from diverse domains, recognize real-world complexity and engage affected stakeholders in processes of mutual learning [54]. The inclusion of community partners in setting varied challenges for students provides an important source of practical and contextual knowledge, and helps them understand what they have learnt from a real-world perspective. In partnerships, dissimilarities in knowledge, know-hows, competencies and experiences are not considered as a deterrent but as a foundation of productive partnerships, whereby both students and out-of-school partners stand to gain [49]. Such collaborations offer students access to new and different types of knowledge, such as experiential knowledge and different disciplinary methods [55]. Furthermore, according to Rieckmann [56], partnerships enable students to learn “on the basis of a real societal challenge in local contexts” (p. 57). From an ESD perspective, collaboration with various stakeholders, both in and out-of-school, is desirable as it enables students to engage in competency and societal-oriented learning processes around a real-world sustainability problem. Developing an Ubuntu mindset puts collaboration at the heart of all activities within the school, which helps students learn from diverse stakeholders, value multiple perspectives, analyze their own viewpoints, and make informed sustainable decisions. Ubuntu emphasizes interdependence and relationality, and echoes the ideals of transdisciplinarity.
“
These words from the late Archbishop Tutu, the embodiment of Ubuntu, captures the essence of the need to re-imagine our individual selves connected to human development that support our collective survival leaving no one behind. This is an Ubuntu mindset that we have argued is needed to drive the transdisciplinary transformative processes required to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals and make the world a better place for us all.
Msengana [57] reiterated that adopting an Ubunutu mindset can help in building social relationships in a socially and racially divided organization. The author further stated that cultivating an Ubuntu mindset would help foster the spirit of harmony and reconciliation within the organization and society as a whole. Inequities, discrimination or biases, on the basis of race, gender, socioeconomic status, etc., existing in societies are replicated in schools as well Covid-19 has shaken up the entire education system globally and our traditionally entrenched ways of learning & schooling. Survival and resilience became the mantra of educational institutions and pushed all stakeholders to test their limits to ensure learning continued. While the pandemic opened up new possibilities, it also revealed several challenges and systematic barriers. To bring about a transformative change where every student can succeed, requires a mindset change. Desired organizational goals cannot be achieved in isolation but only through the collective efforts of all members of the organization. In a transformational change, people are the most important part of the system and hence, are critical partners in the process and the desired state. Achieving the desire state of change requires multiple partners who come together for a greater good. Such a transformation requires everyone to understand our interconnection and interdependence on each other in order to complete the bigger picture. An Ubuntu mindset is one such concept that would help bring these multiple stakeholders together and create sustainable and future-proof school systems based on a transdisciplinary approach to learning and teaching. Responses to Covid-19 have been an emergency fix to ensure there were no interruptions in schooling. So, as we move towards a new post-pandemic era, this necessitates recommitting and reimagining our humanity to inform the fundamental transformation required in our schooling systems, right from academic achievement to building inclusive education systems that leave no child behind.
Customer Satisfaction is of paramount importance at IntechOpen and we take all complaints very seriously. Our Authors, their institutions, and other purchasers, if dissatisfied with the service provided, or the product purchased, can file a written complaint to IntechOpen, 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ, UK or via the following e-mail address: info@intechopen.com.
',metaTitle:"Customer Complaints",metaDescription:"Our authors, their institutions and other purchasers, if unsatisfied with the service provided or the product purchased, can file a written complaint at IN TECH d.o.o offices at Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia, or via the following e-mail address: info@intechopen.com.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Receipt of complaints will be acknowledged in writing and Intech Limited will respond fully to concerns within 15 business days.
\\n\\nCustomers have the right to terminate the contract without giving any reason (written notice of termination). The deadline for said termination is fourteen (14) days from the date of receipt of goods. Returns are at the expense of the Customer and must be made within the fourteen (14) days from the date of the written notice of termination. Intech Limited will process refunds to the Customer without undue delay.
\\n\\nIn the event that the Publisher ships damaged or misbound copies of products, or duplicate or incorrect copies of the products are received by the Customer, the Publisher will accept returns at the Publisher's expense, provided notice of such damaged or incorrect shipment is given to the Publisher within fourteen (14) working days from the date of receipt.
\\n\\nPublishing errors, including but not limited to typographical errors, having no significant effect on the editorial content or design characteristics of the products, cannot be considered a reason for rejecting payment or, as the case may be, modifying the agreed price.
\\n\\nAt the Publisher's request, the customer should provide evidence of the damaged or incorrect shipment. The Publisher will refund or ship the ordered products without delays.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"Receipt of complaints will be acknowledged in writing and Intech Limited will respond fully to concerns within 15 business days.
\n\nCustomers have the right to terminate the contract without giving any reason (written notice of termination). The deadline for said termination is fourteen (14) days from the date of receipt of goods. Returns are at the expense of the Customer and must be made within the fourteen (14) days from the date of the written notice of termination. Intech Limited will process refunds to the Customer without undue delay.
\n\nIn the event that the Publisher ships damaged or misbound copies of products, or duplicate or incorrect copies of the products are received by the Customer, the Publisher will accept returns at the Publisher's expense, provided notice of such damaged or incorrect shipment is given to the Publisher within fourteen (14) working days from the date of receipt.
\n\nPublishing errors, including but not limited to typographical errors, having no significant effect on the editorial content or design characteristics of the products, cannot be considered a reason for rejecting payment or, as the case may be, modifying the agreed price.
\n\nAt the Publisher's request, the customer should provide evidence of the damaged or incorrect shipment. The Publisher will refund or ship the ordered products without delays.
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13389},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11661},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22334},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33642}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135275},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"16"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11697",title:"Scoliosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fa052443744b8f6ba5a87091e373bafe",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11697.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11699",title:"Neonatal Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e52adaee8e54f51c2ba4972daeb410f7",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11699.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11730",title:"Midwifery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"95389fcd878d0e929234c441744ba398",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11730.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11843",title:"Abortion Access",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e07ed1706ed2bf6ad56aa7399d9edf1a",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11843.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11850",title:"Systemic Sclerosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"df3f380c5949c8d8c977631cac330f67",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11850.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11818",title:"Uveitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f8c178e6f45ba7b500281005b5d5b67a",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11818.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11871",title:"Aortic Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6559d38b53bc671745ac8bf9ef2bd1f7",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11871.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11027",title:"Basics of Hypoglycemia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"98ebc1e36d02be82c204b8fd5d24f97a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Alok Raghav",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11027.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"334465",title:"Dr.",name:"Alok",surname:"Raghav",slug:"alok-raghav",fullName:"Alok Raghav"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12092",title:"Pancreatic Cancer",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"934ff1479446e52efd8d675a113fca63",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12092.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12093",title:"Germ Cell Tumors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a86ceba1cc2eddfb98df1f0bdd7970f3",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12093.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12114",title:"Bone Fractures",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"78d9847691b6f1a8454480e7c0dbaef4",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12114.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12095",title:"Radiation Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a4c8ee34ddd31ad65f143459a8f5300b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12095.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:26},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:41},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:66},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:145},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3737",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"Modelling, Programming and Simulations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"matlab-modelling-programming-and-simulations",bookSignature:"Emilson Pereira Leite",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3737.jpg",editors:[{id:"12051",title:"Prof.",name:"Emilson",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira Leite",slug:"emilson-pereira-leite",fullName:"Emilson Pereira Leite"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"1770",title:"Gel Electrophoresis",subtitle:"Principles and Basics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"279701f6c802cf02deef45103e0611ff",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-principles-and-basics",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1770.jpg",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4797},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7175,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1981,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2308,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1473,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318571,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271836,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",publishedDate:"July 1st 2013",numberOfDownloads:243450,editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1582,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2082,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",publishedDate:"October 17th 2012",numberOfDownloads:256294,editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"187",title:"Mental and Behavioural Disorders and Diseases of the Nervous System",slug:"mental-and-behavioural-disorders-and-diseases-of-the-nervous-system",parent:{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"},numberOfBooks:157,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:4327,numberOfWosCitations:2701,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1788,numberOfDimensionsCitations:4389,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"187",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10835",title:"Autonomic Nervous System",subtitle:"Special Interest Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"48ac242dc6c5073b2590a509c44628e2",slug:"autonomic-nervous-system-special-interest-topics",bookSignature:"Theodoros Aslanidis and Christos Nouris",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"200252",title:"Dr.",name:"Theodoros",middleName:null,surname:"Aslanidis",slug:"theodoros-aslanidis",fullName:"Theodoros Aslanidis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9625",title:"Spinocerebellar Ataxia",subtitle:"Concepts, Particularities and Generalities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"365a7025fd46eb45de2549bdd9d50b98",slug:"spinocerebellar-ataxia-concepts-particularities-and-generalities",bookSignature:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9625.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"221787",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Bozzetto Ambrosi",slug:"patricia-bozzetto-ambrosi",fullName:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10222",title:"Demyelination Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6c26ceccacdde70c41c587361bd5558",slug:"demyelination-disorders",bookSignature:"Stavros J. Baloyannis, Fabian H. Rossi and Welwin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10222.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"156098",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Stavros J.",middleName:"J.",surname:"Baloyannis",slug:"stavros-j.-baloyannis",fullName:"Stavros J. Baloyannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10334",title:"Dementia in Parkinson’s Disease",subtitle:"Everything you Need to Know",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3368e4a78022792496a7a727ac408f3a",slug:"dementia-in-parkinson-s-disease-everything-you-need-to-know",bookSignature:"Lin Zhang and John M. Olichney",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10334.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"182291",title:"Prof.",name:"Lin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"lin-zhang",fullName:"Lin Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10577",title:"Clinical and Basic Aspects of Neurofibromatosis Type 1",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fd58eec7a6f3e7980f183f7c9798f3bf",slug:"clinical-and-basic-aspects-of-neurofibromatosis-type-1",bookSignature:"Juichiro Nakayama and Yuichi Yoshida",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10577.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"182018",title:"Prof.",name:"Juichiro",middleName:null,surname:"Nakayama",slug:"juichiro-nakayama",fullName:"Juichiro Nakayama"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7829",title:"Psychosis",subtitle:"Phenomenology, Psychopathology and Pathophysiology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a211068a33e47af974e3823f33feaa43",slug:"psychosis-phenomenology-psychopathology-and-pathophysiology",bookSignature:"Kenjiro Fukao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7829.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenjiro",middleName:null,surname:"Fukao",slug:"kenjiro-fukao",fullName:"Kenjiro Fukao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11018",title:"Cerebrospinal Fluid",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"84f0493743795b6fadfbcec7e62872f9",slug:"cerebrospinal-fluid",bookSignature:"Pınar Kuru Bektaşoğlu and Bora Gürer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11018.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"95341",title:"Prof.",name:"Bora",middleName:null,surname:"Gürer",slug:"bora-gurer",fullName:"Bora Gürer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11019",title:"Hippocampus",subtitle:"Cytoarchitecture and Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a330e841c7798b2ae3774737ddd92960",slug:"hippocampus-cytoarchitecture-and-diseases",bookSignature:"Xinhua Zhang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11019.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"210183",title:"Prof.",name:"Xinhua",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"xinhua-zhang",fullName:"Xinhua Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10543",title:"Psychology and Pathophysiological Outcomes of Eating",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2464b5fb6a39df380e935096743410a0",slug:"psychology-and-pathophysiological-outcomes-of-eating",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada and Hubertus Himmerich",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10543.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9499",title:"ADHD",subtitle:"From Etiology to Comorbidity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"176f5275d9e1e06b24e0ae07b90c424f",slug:"adhd-from-etiology-to-comorbidity",bookSignature:"Hojka Gregorič Kumperščak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9499.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"53417",title:"Prof.",name:"Hojka",middleName:null,surname:"Gregoric Kumperscak",slug:"hojka-gregoric-kumperscak",fullName:"Hojka Gregoric Kumperscak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10574",title:"Moyamoya Disease",subtitle:"A Disease to Count On in Your Daily Practice",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"61ec2bad4fc3f7060fd64b91fa12e82c",slug:"moyamoya-disease-a-disease-to-count-on-in-your-daily-practice",bookSignature:"Vicente Vanaclocha",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10574.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"199099",title:"Dr.",name:"Vicente",middleName:null,surname:"Vanaclocha",slug:"vicente-vanaclocha",fullName:"Vicente Vanaclocha"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:157,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"25512",doi:"10.5772/30872",title:"Epidemiology of Psychological Distress",slug:"epidemiology-of-psychological-distress",totalDownloads:8820,totalCrossrefCites:95,totalDimensionsCites:257,abstract:null,book:{id:"727",slug:"mental-illnesses-understanding-prediction-and-control",title:"Mental Illnesses",fullTitle:"Mental Illnesses - Understanding, Prediction and Control"},signatures:"Aline Drapeau, Alain Marchand and Dominic Beaulieu-Prévost",authors:[{id:"84582",title:"Dr.",name:"Aline",middleName:null,surname:"Drapeau",slug:"aline-drapeau",fullName:"Aline Drapeau"},{id:"84605",title:"Dr.",name:"Alain",middleName:null,surname:"Marchand",slug:"alain-marchand",fullName:"Alain Marchand"},{id:"84606",title:"Dr.",name:"Dominic",middleName:null,surname:"Beaulieu-Prévost",slug:"dominic-beaulieu-prevost",fullName:"Dominic Beaulieu-Prévost"}]},{id:"30007",doi:"10.5772/31597",title:"Automated Epileptic Seizure Detection Methods: A Review Study",slug:"automated-epileptic-seizure-detection-methods-a-review-study",totalDownloads:9313,totalCrossrefCites:20,totalDimensionsCites:115,abstract:null,book:{id:"685",slug:"epilepsy-histological-electroencephalographic-and-psychological-aspects",title:"Epilepsy",fullTitle:"Epilepsy - Histological, Electroencephalographic and Psychological Aspects"},signatures:"Alexandros T. Tzallas, Markos G. Tsipouras, Dimitrios G. Tsalikakis, Evaggelos C. Karvounis, Loukas Astrakas, Spiros Konitsiotis and Margaret Tzaphlidou",authors:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",slug:"alexandros-tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas"},{id:"94709",title:"Dr.",name:"Markos",middleName:null,surname:"Tsipouras",slug:"markos-tsipouras",fullName:"Markos Tsipouras"},{id:"94710",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",middleName:null,surname:"Tsalikakis",slug:"dimitrios-tsalikakis",fullName:"Dimitrios Tsalikakis"},{id:"94712",title:"Dr.",name:"Loukas",middleName:null,surname:"Astrakas",slug:"loukas-astrakas",fullName:"Loukas Astrakas"},{id:"94714",title:"Dr.",name:"Spiros",middleName:null,surname:"Konitsiotis",slug:"spiros-konitsiotis",fullName:"Spiros Konitsiotis"},{id:"94873",title:"Prof.",name:"Margarita",middleName:null,surname:"Tzaphlidou",slug:"margarita-tzaphlidou",fullName:"Margarita Tzaphlidou"},{id:"128137",title:"Dr.",name:"Evaggelos",middleName:null,surname:"Karvounis",slug:"evaggelos-karvounis",fullName:"Evaggelos Karvounis"}]},{id:"26608",doi:"10.5772/28363",title:"Sex Differences in PTSD",slug:"sex-differences-in-ptsd",totalDownloads:5179,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:45,abstract:null,book:{id:"773",slug:"post-traumatic-stress-disorders-in-a-global-context",title:"Post Traumatic Stress Disorders in a Global Context",fullTitle:"Post Traumatic Stress Disorders in a Global Context"},signatures:"Dorte Christiansen and Ask Elklit",authors:[{id:"73642",title:"Prof.",name:"Ask",middleName:null,surname:"Elklit",slug:"ask-elklit",fullName:"Ask Elklit"},{id:"113525",title:"MSc.",name:"Dorte",middleName:null,surname:"M. Christiansen",slug:"dorte-m.-christiansen",fullName:"Dorte M. Christiansen"}]},{id:"51342",doi:"10.5772/63824",title:"Autoimmune Processes in Multiple Sclerosis: Production of Harmful Catalytic Antibodies Associated with Significant Changes in the Hematopoietic Stem Cell Differentiation and Proliferation",slug:"autoimmune-processes-in-multiple-sclerosis-production-of-harmful-catalytic-antibodies-associated-wit",totalDownloads:1406,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:34,abstract:"Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. MS pathogenesis is not clear. Destruction of myelin by inflammation caused by autoimmune reactions has been proposed. Interestingly, healthy humans usually do not develop abzymes (Abzs). It was shown that DNase and MBP-hydrolyzing Abzs are easily detectable at the beginning of autoimmune diseases (ADs) including MS, when concentrations of antibodies to autoantigens are not yet significantly increased and correspond to levels in healthy donors. In addition, the relative enzymatic activity of antibodies from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is ~50-fold higher than that from the sera of the same MS patients. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in C57BL/6 mice, a model mimicking relevant aspects of human MS was used. During development of spontaneous and MOG35-55-induced EAE in C57BL/6 mice, a specific reorganization of the immune system of mice was observed. It leads to a condition which was associated with the generation of catalytically active IgGs-hydrolyzing DNA, myelin basic protein (MBP), and MOG. Production of Abzs was associated with increased proteinuria, leading changes in differentiation of mice bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and an increase in proliferation of lymphocytes in bone marrow, spleen, and thymus as well as a significant suppression of cell apoptosis in these organs. Treatment of control non-autoimmune CBA mice with MOG led to the different differentiation and proliferation of HSCs comparing with EAE C57BL/6 mice. The treatment of EAE mice with cuprizone inducing demyelination lead to a significant decrease in the size of the brain corpus callosum, but do not significantly change the differentiation profile of HSCs differentiation when compared with untreated mice. It indicates that cuprizone treatment is associated with demyelination, but not autoimmune reactivity. The possible differences in immune system reorganizations during preclinical phases of the disease, acute and late EAE, leading to production of different autoantibodies and Abzs as well other changes are discussed.",book:{id:"5156",slug:"trending-topics-in-multiple-sclerosis",title:"Trending Topics in Multiple Sclerosis",fullTitle:"Trending Topics in Multiple Sclerosis"},signatures:"Georgy A. Nevinsky",authors:[{id:"47119",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgy",middleName:null,surname:"Nevinsky",slug:"georgy-nevinsky",fullName:"Georgy Nevinsky"}]},{id:"20033",doi:"10.5772/18507",title:"Parenting Stress in Mothers and Fathers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders",slug:"parenting-stress-in-mothers-and-fathers-of-children-with-autism-spectrum-disorders",totalDownloads:18764,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:31,abstract:null,book:{id:"463",slug:"a-comprehensive-book-on-autism-spectrum-disorders",title:"A Comprehensive Book on Autism Spectrum Disorders",fullTitle:"A Comprehensive Book on Autism Spectrum Disorders"},signatures:"Ewa Pisula",authors:[{id:"31714",title:"Prof.",name:"Ewa",middleName:null,surname:"Pisula",slug:"ewa-pisula",fullName:"Ewa Pisula"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"62216",title:"Subtypes of Psychotic-Like Experiences and Their Significance for Mental Health",slug:"subtypes-of-psychotic-like-experiences-and-their-significance-for-mental-health",totalDownloads:3190,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"More recently, the interest in studying subclinical psychosis has increased, as it might provide critical information regarding mechanisms that are implicated in the exacerbation of subclinical symptoms and the maintenance of mental health. However, psychosis research has tended to focus on clinical outcomes and not to differentiate between subtypes of psychotic-like experiences (PLE) that might differ regarding their psychopathological significance. Importantly, this might have obscured a more accurate picture of the complex structure of psychosis and the significance of particular risk and protective factors. Notably, while studies point toward a continuity of psychotic experiences and accompanying factors across the general population, there is evidence indicating that some PLE in healthy individuals might also be associated with a weaker expression of other subclinical symptoms, increased well-being and even resilience to some degree. Importantly, such findings might have implications on strategies in psychosis prevention and therapy, early detection, as well as the construction of continuum models of psychosis. The present chapter aims at drawing together findings that necessitate a more differentiated view and assessment of PLE. It intends to provoke new questions that might offer starting points for future investigations, such as longitudinal studies investigating the interplay of subclinical symptoms.",book:{id:"7117",slug:"psychosis-biopsychosocial-and-relational-perspectives",title:"Psychosis",fullTitle:"Psychosis - Biopsychosocial and Relational Perspectives"},signatures:"Lui Unterrassner",authors:[{id:"245870",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Lui",middleName:null,surname:"Unterrassner",slug:"lui-unterrassner",fullName:"Lui Unterrassner"}]},{id:"18334",title:"Challenges and Opportunities in Diagnosis and Management of Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Primary Care",slug:"challenges-and-opportunities-in-diagnosis-and-management-of-generalized-anxiety-disorder-in-primary-",totalDownloads:3937,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"236",slug:"anxiety-and-related-disorders",title:"Anxiety and Related Disorders",fullTitle:"Anxiety and Related Disorders"},signatures:"Mehtap Kartal",authors:[{id:"33369",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehtap",middleName:null,surname:"Kartal",slug:"mehtap-kartal",fullName:"Mehtap Kartal"}]},{id:"67627",title:"Borderline Personality Disorder and Childhood Trauma: The Posited Mechanisms of Symptoms Expression",slug:"borderline-personality-disorder-and-childhood-trauma-the-posited-mechanisms-of-symptoms-expression",totalDownloads:1282,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Traumatic events are reported in a large percentage of the population, however, only in some individuals it will lead to a diagnosable trauma-related disorder. Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is deemed to be a form of acute reaction to childhood trauma. Therein experiences of childhood abuse and neglect take on an important etiological role, generating severely disorganized attachment relationships, which in turn affect the development of emotional regulation systems, and significantly inhibit the development of mentalization and metacognitive skills. Furthermore, the last decade has seen important contribution of neuroscientific research in shedding light on the neurobiological correlates of traumatic experiences. A wealth of scientific literature links the onset of BPD to the combination between genetic and environmental factors (G×E), in particular between biological vulnerabilities and the exposure to traumatic experiences during childhood. Although no research can predict with certainty which trauma will translate into symptoms, there are indications as to who is more at risk of developing a trauma-related disorder. Herein we describe the psychological and epigenetic mechanisms affected by childhood trauma and altered in BPD patients.",book:{id:"7834",slug:"psychological-trauma",title:"Psychological Trauma",fullTitle:"Psychological Trauma"},signatures:"Maria Uscinska, Nicolo’ Gagliano, Andrea Polla Mattiot and Silvio Bellino",authors:[{id:"285336",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Uscinska",slug:"maria-uscinska",fullName:"Maria Uscinska"},{id:"288179",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Polla Mattiot",slug:"andrea-polla-mattiot",fullName:"Andrea Polla Mattiot"},{id:"302735",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolo'",middleName:null,surname:"Gagliano",slug:"nicolo'-gagliano",fullName:"Nicolo' Gagliano"}]},{id:"69569",title:"Introductory Chapter: Psychological Trauma",slug:"introductory-chapter-psychological-trauma",totalDownloads:1023,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"7834",slug:"psychological-trauma",title:"Psychological Trauma",fullTitle:"Psychological Trauma"},signatures:"Ana Starcevic",authors:[{id:"182584",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Starcevic",slug:"ana-starcevic",fullName:"Ana Starcevic"}]},{id:"71936",title:"Feeding and Eating Disorders",slug:"feeding-and-eating-disorders",totalDownloads:2195,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Eating disorders, which are well known as a substantial mental health problem in society, have been reclassified as feeding and eating disorders in DSM-5 and also in the 11th revision of ICD. The new classification includes binge eating disorder and avoidant-restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), in addition to anorexia and bulimia nervosa. They are considered serious disorders, with high morbidity and mortality risks, that affect the young community in particular. Current research shows increases in all genders and age groups. Various genetic and biologic factors, an insecure personality type, impulsive traits, dysfunctional emotion regulation, and society’s ideal of slimness have been found to play a role in the development of these disorders. A dual approach with focus on the symptom and the underlying problems is needed for all types of eating disorders throughout the psychotherapeutic interventions. Assessing comorbid psychiatric and medical symptoms is extremely important. Further research and new directions of treatment are needed with regard to the expanded classifications.",book:{id:"9489",slug:"neurological-and-mental-disorders",title:"Neurological and Mental Disorders",fullTitle:"Neurological and Mental Disorders"},signatures:"Bianca Suciu and Cătălina-Angela Crișan",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"187",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81721",title:"Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke",slug:"atrial-fibrillation-and-stroke",totalDownloads:5,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104619",abstract:"Atrial fibrillation (AF) represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality in adults, especially for its strong association with thromboembolism and stroke. In this chapter, we aim to provide an overview on this cardiac arrhythmia, addressing several important questions. Particularly, we faced the possible mechanisms leading to an increased risk of embolism in AF, emphasizing how Virchow’s triad for thrombogenesis is unable to fully explain this risk. Disentangling the risk of stroke caused by AF and by other associated vascular conditions is extremely challenging, and risk stratification of patients with AF into those at high and low risk of thromboembolism has become a crucial determinant of optimal antithrombotic prophylaxis. Moreover, we discuss the typical clinical and radiological characteristics of cardioembolic strokes, addressing acute, time-dependent reperfusional therapies in case of ischemic stroke. The role of anticoagulation in AF is also fully analyzed; the benefit of oral anticoagulation generally outweighs the risk of bleeding in AF patients, and a variety of scoring systems have been developed to improve clinical decision-making when initiating anticoagulation. With their predictable pharmacokinetic profiles, wide therapeutic windows, fewer drug–drug and drug-food interactions, and the non-vitamin K antagonist (VKA) oral anticoagulants (NOACs) have changed the landscape of thromboprophylaxis for AF patients, offering the opportunity to use effective anticoagulants without the need for intensive therapeutic drug monitoring.",book:{id:"10782",title:"Cerebrovascular Diseases - Elucidating Key Principles",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10782.jpg"},signatures:"Francesca Spagnolo, Vincenza Pinto and Augusto Maria Rini"},{id:"81639",title:"Atrial Cardiopathy and Cryptogenic Stroke",slug:"atrial-cardiopathy-and-cryptogenic-stroke",totalDownloads:24,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103736",abstract:"Cryptogenic stroke (CS) is defined as the presence of cerebral infarcts, the cause which has not been identified despite an appropriate diagnostic evaluation, and it accounts for approximately 30–40% of all ischemic strokes. There is a certain subgroup of CS with embolic characteristics on neuroimaging studies and no evidence of atrial fibrillation alternative or any alternative cause. Recent data suggest that disorders of the atrium, even without atrial fibrillation, could increase thromboembolic risk. The pathological atrial substrate, or atrial cardiopathy (AC), may be an important and underrecognized cause of cryptogenic strokes. This chapter will review the information on the rationale and data behind the concept of atrial cardiopathy, its pathophysiology, proposed biomarkers of atrial cardiopathy, and therapeutic implications.",book:{id:"10782",title:"Cerebrovascular Diseases - Elucidating Key Principles",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10782.jpg"},signatures:"Marianela López Armaretti, Natalia Romina Balian and María Cristina Zurrú"},{id:"81011",title:"Amino Acids as Neurotransmitters. The Balance between Excitation and Inhibition as a Background for Future Clinical Applications",slug:"amino-acids-as-neurotransmitters-the-balance-between-excitation-and-inhibition-as-a-background-for-f",totalDownloads:33,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103760",abstract:"For more than 30 years, amino acids have been well-known (and essential) participants in neurotransmission. They act as both neuromediators and metabolites in nervous tissue. Glycine and glutamic acid (glutamate) are prominent examples. These amino acids are agonists of inhibitory and excitatory membrane receptors, respectively. Moreover, they play essential roles in metabolic pathways and energy transformation in neurons and astrocytes. Despite their obvious effects on the brain, their potential role in therapeutic methods remains uncertain in clinical practice. In the current chapter, a comparison of the crosstalk between these two systems, which are responsible for excitation and inhibition in neurons, is presented. The interactions are discussed at the metabolic, receptor, and transport levels. Reaction-diffusion and a convectional flow into the interstitial fluid create a balanced distribution of glycine and glutamate. Indeed, the neurons’ final physiological state is a result of a balance between the excitatory and inhibitory influences. However, changes to the glycine and/or glutamate pools under pathological conditions can alter the state of nervous tissue. Thus, new therapies for various diseases may be developed on the basis of amino acid medication.",book:{id:"10890",title:"COVID-19, Neuroimmunology and Neural Function",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10890.jpg"},signatures:"Yaroslav R. Nartsissov"},{id:"80821",title:"Neuroimmunology and Neurological Manifestations of COVID-19",slug:"neuroimmunology-and-neurological-manifestations-of-covid-19",totalDownloads:59,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103026",abstract:"Infection with SARS-CoV-2 is causing coronavirus disease in 2019 (COVID-19). Besides respiratory symptoms due to an attack on the broncho-alveolar system, COVID-19, among others, can be accompanied by neurological symptoms because of the affection of the nervous system. These can be caused by intrusion by SARS-CoV-2 of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) and direct infection of local cells. In addition, neurological deterioration mediated by molecular mimicry to virus antigens or bystander activation in the context of immunological anti-virus defense can lead to tissue damage in the CNS and PNS. In addition, cytokine storm caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection in COVID-19 can lead to nervous system related symptoms. Endotheliitis of CNS vessels can lead to vessel occlusion and stroke. COVID-19 can also result in cerebral hemorrhage and sinus thrombosis possibly related to changes in clotting behavior. Vaccination is most important to prevent COVID-19 in the nervous system. There are symptomatic or/and curative therapeutic approaches to combat COVID-19 related nervous system damage that are partly still under study.",book:{id:"10890",title:"COVID-19, Neuroimmunology and Neural Function",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10890.jpg"},signatures:"Robert Weissert"},{id:"80005",title:"Infarct Stroke and Blood Glucose Associated with Food Consumption in Indonesia",slug:"infarct-stroke-and-blood-glucose-associated-with-food-consumption-in-indonesia",totalDownloads:62,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101548",abstract:"Stroke is the primary cause of death in adults. It is predicted that the death caused by stroke will increase twice in the next 30 years. In Indonesia, stroke is one of the diseases of the circulatory system, which has been taking the first place of causing death since 2007. Indonesia has rice as the main type of daily food consumed, which has higher glycemic index than other sources. This study aims to find the risk of blood glucose level that determines the incidence of infarct stroke. There were 164 patients enrolled in this study, 82 patients in each stroke and not stroke group. The blood examination is using the enzymatic method, which is the hexokinase method. The results of research revealed that indicators of high blood glucose level were found in infract stroke incidence, including casual blood glucose, fasting blood glucose, 2-h postprandial blood glucose, and glycated hemoglobin. These four indicators were found in a higher level in the infarct stroke than the non-stroke group. Other epidemiological studies have shown that diabetes is a risk factor for stroke. Therefore, education about food selection should be a priority in the effort to prevent infarct stroke and diabetes mellitus in Indonesia.",book:{id:"10782",title:"Cerebrovascular Diseases - Elucidating Key Principles",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10782.jpg"},signatures:"Santi Martini, Hermina Novida and Kuntoro"},{id:"80391",title:"COVID-19 and Seizures",slug:"covid-19-and-seizures",totalDownloads:59,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102540",abstract:"The past two years were deeply marked by the emergence of a global pandemic caused by the worldwide spread of the virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The plethora of repercussions on the health of those affected is extensive, ranging from asymptomatic individuals, mild flu-like disease, and severe respiratory failure, eventually leading to death. Despite this predilection for the respiratory system, the virus is responsible for multisystemic manifestations and soon became clear that neurological involvement was a frequent issue of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Much have been pointed out about the neurotropic nature of the virus, the ways by which it invades and targets specific structures of the central nervous system, and the physiopathology behind the neurologic manifestations associated with it (namely encephalomyelitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, lacunar infarcts, and vascular dysfunction, just to list a few). This chapter aims to raise light about the association between COVID-19 and the mechanisms of acute symptomatic seizures, through neurotropism and neuroinvasion features of SARS-CoV-2, and to review the variety of clinical presentations reported so far.",book:{id:"10890",title:"COVID-19, Neuroimmunology and Neural Function",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10890.jpg"},signatures:"Rafael Jesus, Carolina Azoia, Paulo Coelho and Pedro Guimarães"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:16},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:140,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",issn:"2631-6218",scope:"\r\n\tThis book series will offer a comprehensive overview of recent research trends as well as clinical applications within different specialties of dentistry. Topics will include overviews of the health of the oral cavity, from prevention and care to different treatments for the rehabilitation of problems that may affect the organs and/or tissues present. The different areas of dentistry will be explored, with the aim of disseminating knowledge and providing readers with new tools for the comprehensive treatment of their patients with greater safety and with current techniques. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This series of books will focus on various aspects of the properties and results obtained by the various treatments available, whether preventive or curative.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/3.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 14th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"1",title:"Oral Health",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/1.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"173955",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Marinho",slug:"sandra-marinho",fullName:"Sandra Marinho",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGYMQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-06-01T13:22:41.png",biography:"Dr. Sandra A. Marinho is an Associate Professor and Brazilian researcher at the State University of Paraíba (Universidade Estadual da Paraíba- UEPB), Campus VIII, located in Araruna, state of Paraíba since 2011. She holds a degree in Dentistry from the Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL), while her specialization and professional improvement in Stomatology took place at Hospital Heliopolis (São Paulo, SP). Her qualifications are: a specialist in Dental Imaging and Radiology, Master in Dentistry (Periodontics) from the University of São Paulo (FORP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP), and Doctor (Ph.D.) in Dentistry (Stomatology Clinic) from Hospital São Lucas of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (HSL-PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS). She held a postdoctoral internship at the Federal University from Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM, Diamantina, MG). She is currently a member of the Brazilian Society for Dental Research (SBPqO) and the Brazilian Society of Stomatology and Pathology (SOBEP). Dr. Marinho's experience in Dentistry mainly covers the following subjects: oral diagnosis, oral radiology; oral medicine; lesions and oral infections; oral pathology, laser therapy and epidemiological studies.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"State University of Paraíba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/2.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"179568",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Wen Lin",middleName:null,surname:"Chai",slug:"wen-lin-chai",fullName:"Wen Lin Chai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHGAQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-05-23T14:31:12.png",biography:"Professor Dr. Chai Wen Lin is currently a lecturer at the Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Malaya. She obtained a Master of Dental Science in 2006 and a Ph.D. in 2011. Her Ph.D. research work on the soft tissue-implant interface at the University of Sheffield has yielded several important publications in the key implant journals. She was awarded an Excellent Exchange Award by the University of Sheffield which gave her the opportunity to work at the famous Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden, under the tutelage of Prof. Peter Thomsen. In 2016, she was appointed as a visiting scholar at UCLA, USA, with attachment in Hospital Dentistry, and involvement in research work related to zirconia implant. In 2016, her contribution to dentistry was recognized by the Royal College of Surgeon of Edinburgh with her being awarded a Fellowship in Dental Surgery. She has authored numerous papers published both in local and international journals. She was the Editor of the Malaysian Dental Journal for several years. Her main research interests are implant-soft tissue interface, zirconia implant, photofunctionalization, 3D-oral mucosal model and pulpal regeneration.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},editorTwo:{id:"479686",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghee Seong",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"ghee-seong-lim",fullName:"Ghee Seong Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003ScjLZQAZ/Profile_Picture_2022-06-08T14:17:06.png",biography:"Assoc. Prof Dr. Lim Ghee Seong graduated with a Bachelor of Dental Surgery from University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur in 2008. He then pursued his Master in Clinical Dentistry, specializing in Restorative Dentistry at Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK, where he graduated with distinction. He has also been awarded the International Training Fellowship (Restorative Dentistry) from the Royal College of Surgeons. His passion for teaching then led him to join the faculty of dentistry at University Malaya and he has since became a valuable lecturer and clinical specialist in the Department of Restorative Dentistry. He is currently the removable prosthodontic undergraduate year 3 coordinator, head of the undergraduate module on occlusion and a member of the multidisciplinary team for the TMD clinic. He has previous membership in the British Society for Restorative Dentistry, the Malaysian Association of Aesthetic Dentistry and he is currently a lifetime member of the Malaysian Association for Prosthodontics. Currently, he is also the examiner for the Restorative Specialty Membership Examinations, Royal College of Surgeons, England. He has authored and co-authored handful of both local and international journal articles. His main interest is in prosthodontics, dental material, TMD and regenerative dentistry.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:49,paginationItems:[{id:"83087",title:"Role of Cellular Responses in Periodontal Tissue Destruction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106645",signatures:"Nam Cong-Nhat Huynh",slug:"role-of-cellular-responses-in-periodontal-tissue-destruction",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:null,authors:null,book:{title:"Periodontology - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11566.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"83073",title:"Dental and Orofacial Trauma Impacts on Oral-Health-Related—Quality of Life in Children: Low- and Middle-Income Countries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105845",signatures:"Yolanda Malele-Kolisa, Nazia Khan, Mpho P. Molete, Maphefo D. Thekiso and Mzubanzi Mabongo",slug:"dental-and-orofacial-trauma-impacts-on-oral-health-related-quality-of-life-in-children-low-and-middl",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"82938",title:"Trauma from Occlusion: Practical Management Guidelines",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105960",signatures:"Prashanth Shetty, Shweta Hegde, Shubham Chelkar, Rahul Chaturvedi, Shruti Pochhi, Aakanksha Shrivastava, Dudala Lakshmi, Shreya Mukherjee, Pankaj Bajaj and Shahzada Asif Raza",slug:"trauma-from-occlusion-practical-management-guidelines",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"82654",title:"Atraumatic Restorative Treatment: More than a Minimally Invasive Approach?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105623",signatures:"Manal A. Ablal",slug:"atraumatic-restorative-treatment-more-than-a-minimally-invasive-approach",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6668",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6668.jpg",slug:"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan",hash:"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Dental Caries - Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7139",title:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7139.jpg",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner",hash:"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7572",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7572.jpg",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Serdar Gözler",hash:"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Trauma in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7060",title:"Gingival Disease",subtitle:"A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7060.jpg",slug:"gingival-disease-a-professional-approach-for-treatment-and-prevention",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",hash:"b81d39988cba3a3cf746c1616912cf41",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Gingival Disease - A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",editors:[{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"11673",title:"Stem Cell Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11673.jpg",hash:"13092df328080c762dd9157be18ca38c",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 13th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"203598",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Diana",surname:"Kitala",slug:"diana-kitala",fullName:"Diana Kitala"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"12215",title:"Cell Death and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12215.jpg",hash:"dfd456a29478fccf4ebd3294137eb1e3",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 29th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:42,paginationItems:[{id:"82914",title:"Glance on the Critical Role of IL-23 Receptor Gene Variations in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105049",signatures:"Mohammed El-Gedamy",slug:"glance-on-the-critical-role-of-il-23-receptor-gene-variations-in-inflammation-induced-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"82875",title:"Lipidomics as a Tool in the Diagnosis and Clinical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105857",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",slug:"lipidomics-as-a-tool-in-the-diagnosis-and-clinical-therapy",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82440",title:"Lipid Metabolism and Associated Molecular Signaling Events in Autoimmune Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105746",signatures:"Mohan Vanditha, Sonu Das and Mathew John",slug:"lipid-metabolism-and-associated-molecular-signaling-events-in-autoimmune-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82483",title:"Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105891",signatures:"Laura Mourino-Alvarez, Tamara Sastre-Oliva, Nerea Corbacho-Alonso and Maria G. Barderas",slug:"oxidative-stress-in-cardiovascular-diseases",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Importance of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11671.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"82751",title:"Mitochondria-Endoplasmic Reticulum Interaction in Central Neurons",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105738",signatures:"Liliya Kushnireva and Eduard Korkotian",slug:"mitochondria-endoplasmic-reticulum-interaction-in-central-neurons",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82709",title:"Fatty Acid Metabolism as a Tumor Marker",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106072",signatures:"Gatot Nyarumenteng Adhipurnawan Winarno",slug:"fatty-acid-metabolism-as-a-tumor-marker",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82716",title:"Advanced glycation end product induced endothelial dysfunction through ER stress: Unravelling the role of Paraoxonase 2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106018",signatures:"Ramya Ravi and Bharathidevi Subramaniam Rajesh",slug:"advanced-glycation-end-product-induced-endothelial-dysfunction-through-er-stress-unravelling-the-rol",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82388",title:"Epigenetics: Science of Changes without Change in DNA Sequences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105039",signatures:"Jayisha Dhargawe, Rita Lakkakul and Pradip Hirapure",slug:"epigenetics-science-of-changes-without-change-in-dna-sequences",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Modifications of Biomolecules",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11098.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"82583",title:"Leukaemia: The Purinergic System and Small Extracellular Vesicles",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104326",signatures:"Arinzechukwu Ude and Kelechi Okeke",slug:"leukaemia-the-purinergic-system-and-small-extracellular-vesicles",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82531",title:"Abnormal Iron Metabolism and Its Effect on Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104502",signatures:"Chinmayee Dahihandekar and Sweta Kale Pisulkar",slug:"abnormal-iron-metabolism-and-its-effect-on-dentistry",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - A Double-Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:2,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:2,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:17,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:18,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/26946/images/system/26946.png",institutionString:"University of Zagreb",institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Croatia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9493",title:"Periodontology",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Clinical Features",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9493.jpg",slug:"periodontology-fundamentals-and-clinical-features",publishedDate:"February 16th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Petra Surlin",hash:"dfe986c764d6c82ae820c2df5843a866",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Periodontology - Fundamentals and Clinical Features",editors:[{id:"171921",title:"Prof.",name:"Petra",middleName:null,surname:"Surlin",slug:"petra-surlin",fullName:"Petra Surlin",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institution:{name:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9588",title:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9588.jpg",slug:"clinical-concepts-and-practical-management-techniques-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Aneesa Moolla",hash:"42deab8d3bcf3edf64d1d9028d42efd1",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8202",title:"Periodontal Disease",subtitle:"Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8202.jpg",slug:"periodontal-disease-diagnostic-and-adjunctive-non-surgical-considerations",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif",hash:"0aee9799da7db2c732be44dd8fed16d8",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Periodontal Disease - Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",editors:[{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8837",title:"Human Teeth",subtitle:"Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8837.jpg",slug:"human-teeth-key-skills-and-clinical-illustrations",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan and Farid Bourzgui",hash:"ac055c5801032970123e0a196c2e1d32",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Human Teeth - Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:{id:"52177",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Bourzgui",slug:"farid-bourzgui",fullName:"Farid Bourzgui",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/52177/images/system/52177.png",biography:"Prof. Farid Bourzgui obtained his DMD and his DNSO option in Orthodontics at the School of Dental Medicine, Casablanca Hassan II University, Morocco, in 1995 and 2000, respectively. Currently, he is a professor of Orthodontics. He holds a Certificate of Advanced Study type A in Technology of Biomaterials used in Dentistry (1995); Certificate of Advanced Study type B in Dento-Facial Orthopaedics (1997) from the Faculty of Dental Surgery, University Denis Diderot-Paris VII, France; Diploma of Advanced Study (DESA) in Biocompatibility of Biomaterials from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2002); Certificate of Clinical Occlusodontics from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2004); University Diploma of Biostatistics and Perceptual Health Measurement from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2011); and a University Diploma of Pedagogy of Odontological Sciences from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2013). He is the author of several scientific articles, book chapters, and books.",institutionString:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Morocco"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7060",title:"Gingival Disease",subtitle:"A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7060.jpg",slug:"gingival-disease-a-professional-approach-for-treatment-and-prevention",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",hash:"b81d39988cba3a3cf746c1616912cf41",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Gingival Disease - A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",editors:[{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7572",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7572.jpg",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Serdar Gözler",hash:"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Trauma in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7139",title:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7139.jpg",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner",hash:"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6668",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6668.jpg",slug:"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan",hash:"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Dental Caries - Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",value:2,count:3},{group:"subseries",caption:"Oral Health",value:1,count:6}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:245,paginationItems:[{id:"196707",title:"Prof.",name:"Mustafa Numan",middleName:null,surname:"Bucak",slug:"mustafa-numan-bucak",fullName:"Mustafa Numan Bucak",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196707/images/system/196707.png",biography:"Mustafa Numan Bucak received a bachelor’s degree from the Veterinary Faculty, Ankara University, Turkey, where he also obtained a Ph.D. in Sperm Cryobiology. He is an academic staff member of the Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Selçuk University, Turkey. He manages several studies on sperms and embryos and is an editorial board member for several international journals. His studies include sperm cryobiology, in vitro fertilization, and embryo production in animals.",institutionString:"Selçuk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine",institution:null},{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/90846/images/system/90846.jpg",biography:"Yusuf Bozkurt has a BSc, MSc, and Ph.D. from Ankara University, Turkey. He is currently a Professor of Biotechnology of Reproduction in the field of Aquaculture, İskenderun Technical University, Turkey. His research interests include reproductive biology and biotechnology with an emphasis on cryo-conservation. He is on the editorial board of several international peer-reviewed journals and has published many papers. Additionally, he has participated in many international and national congresses, seminars, and workshops with oral and poster presentations. He is an active member of many local and international organizations.",institutionString:"İskenderun Technical University",institution:{name:"İskenderun Technical University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61139/images/system/61139.png",biography:"Dr. Sergey Tkachev is a senior research scientist at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Russia, and at the Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia. He received his Ph.D. in Molecular Biology with his thesis “Genetic variability of the tick-borne encephalitis virus in natural foci of Novosibirsk city and its suburbs.” His primary field is molecular virology with research emphasis on vector-borne viruses, especially tick-borne encephalitis virus, Kemerovo virus and Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus, rabies virus, molecular genetics, biology, and epidemiology of virus pathogens.",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310962/images/system/310962.jpg",biography:"Amlan K. Patra, FRSB, obtained a Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition from Indian Veterinary Research Institute, India, in 2002. He is currently an associate professor at West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences. He has more than twenty years of research and teaching experience. He held previous positions at the American Institute for Goat Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA, and Free University of Berlin, Germany. His research focuses on animal nutrition, particularly ruminants and poultry nutrition, gastrointestinal electrophysiology, meta-analysis and modeling in nutrition, and livestock–environment interaction. He has authored around 175 articles in journals, book chapters, and proceedings. Dr. Patra serves on the editorial boards of several reputed journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53998/images/system/53998.png",biography:"László Babinszky is Professor Emeritus, Department of Animal Nutrition Physiology, University of Debrecen, Hungary. He has also worked in the Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Wageningen, Netherlands; the Institute for Livestock Feeding and Nutrition (IVVO), Lelystad, Netherlands; the Agricultural University of Vienna (BOKU); the Institute for Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Austria; and the Oscar Kellner Research Institute for Animal Nutrition, Rostock, Germany. In 1992, Dr. Babinszky obtained a Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition from the University of Wageningen. His main research areas are swine and poultry nutrition. He has authored more than 300 publications (papers, book chapters) and edited four books and fourteen international conference proceedings.",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"201830",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:"Sanchez",surname:"Davila",slug:"fernando-davila",fullName:"Fernando Davila",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201830/images/5017_n.jpg",biography:"I am a professor at UANL since 1988. My research lines are the development of reproductive techniques in small ruminants. We also conducted research on sexual and social behavior in males.\nI am Mexican and study my professional career as an engineer in agriculture and animal science at UANL. Then take a masters degree in science in Germany (Animal breeding). Take a doctorate in animal science at the UANL.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"309250",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Quaresma",slug:"miguel-quaresma",fullName:"Miguel Quaresma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309250/images/9059_n.jpg",biography:"Miguel Nuno Pinheiro Quaresma was born on May 26, 1974 in Dili, Timor Island. He is married with two children: a boy and a girl, and he is a resident in Vila Real, Portugal. He graduated in Veterinary Medicine in August 1998 and obtained his Ph.D. degree in Veterinary Sciences -Clinical Area in February 2015, both from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. He is currently enrolled in the Alternative Residency of the European College of Animal Reproduction. He works as a Senior Clinician at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of UTAD (HVUTAD) with a role in clinical activity in the area of livestock and equine species as well as to support teaching and research in related areas. He teaches as an Invited Professor in Reproduction Medicine I and II of the Master\\'s in Veterinary Medicine degree at UTAD. Currently, he holds the position of Chairman of the Portuguese Buiatrics Association. He is a member of the Consultive Group on Production Animals of the OMV. He has 19 publications in indexed international journals (ISIS), as well as over 60 publications and oral presentations in both Portuguese and international journals and congresses.",institutionString:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"283019",title:"Dr.",name:"Oudessa",middleName:null,surname:"Kerro Dego",slug:"oudessa-kerro-dego",fullName:"Oudessa Kerro Dego",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/283019/images/system/283019.png",biography:"Dr. Kerro Dego is a veterinary microbiologist with training in veterinary medicine, microbiology, and anatomic pathology. Dr. Kerro Dego is an assistant professor of dairy health in the department of animal science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. He received his D.V.M. (1997), M.S. (2002), and Ph.D. (2008) degrees in Veterinary Medicine, Animal Pathology and Veterinary Microbiology from College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; College of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands and Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada respectively. He did his Postdoctoral training in microbial pathogenesis (2009 - 2015) in the Department of Animal Science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. Dr. Kerro Dego’s research focuses on the prevention and control of infectious diseases of farm animals, particularly mastitis, improving dairy food safety, and mitigation of antimicrobial resistance. Dr. Kerro Dego has extensive experience in studying the pathogenesis of bacterial infections, identification of virulence factors, and vaccine development and efficacy testing against major bacterial mastitis pathogens. Dr. Kerro Dego conducted numerous controlled experimental and field vaccine efficacy studies, vaccination, and evaluation of immunological responses in several species of animals, including rodents (mice) and large animals (bovine and ovine).",institutionString:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",institution:{name:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón Poggi",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon-poggi",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",biography:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi received University degree from the Faculty of Agrarian Science in Argentina, in 1983. Also he received Masters Degree and PhD from Córdoba University, Spain. He is currently a Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery. He teaches diverse courses in the field of Animal Reproduction and he is the Director of the Veterinary Farm. He also participates in academic postgraduate activities at the Veterinary Faculty of Murcia University, Spain. His research areas include animal physiology, physiology and biotechnology of reproduction either in males or females, the study of gametes under in vitro conditions and the use of ultrasound as a complement to physiological studies and development of applied biotechnologies. Routinely, he supervises students preparing their doctoral, master thesis or final degree projects.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"309529",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Rizvanov",slug:"albert-rizvanov",fullName:"Albert Rizvanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309529/images/9189_n.jpg",biography:'Albert A. Rizvanov is a Professor and Director of the Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University (KFU), Russia. He is the Head of the Center of Excellence “Regenerative Medicine” and Vice-Director of Strategic Academic Unit \\"Translational 7P Medicine\\". Albert completed his Ph.D. at the University of Nevada, Reno, USA and Dr.Sci. at KFU. He is a corresponding member of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation. Albert is an author of more than 300 peer-reviewed journal articles and 22 patents. He has supervised 11 Ph.D. and 2 Dr.Sci. dissertations. Albert is the Head of the Dissertation Committee on Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Genetics at KFU.\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-5739\nWebsite https://kpfu.ru/Albert.Rizvanov?p_lang=2',institutionString:"Kazan Federal University",institution:{name:"Kazan Federal University",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"210551",title:"Dr.",name:"Arbab",middleName:null,surname:"Sikandar",slug:"arbab-sikandar",fullName:"Arbab Sikandar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210551/images/system/210551.jpg",biography:"Dr. Arbab Sikandar, PhD, M. Phil, DVM was born on April 05, 1981. He is currently working at the College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences as an Assistant Professor. He previously worked as a lecturer at the same University. \nHe is a Member/Secretory of Ethics committee (No. CVAS-9377 dated 18-04-18), Member of the QEC committee CVAS, Jhang (Regr/Gen/69/873, dated 26-10-2017), Member, Board of studies of Department of Basic Sciences (No. CVAS. 2851 Dated. 12-04-13, and No. CVAS, 9024 dated 20/11/17), Member of Academic Committee, CVAS, Jhang (No. CVAS/2004, Dated, 25-08-12), Member of the technical committee (No. CVAS/ 4085, dated 20,03, 2010 till 2016).\n\nDr. Arbab Sikandar contributed in five days hands-on-training on Histopathology at the Department of Pathology, UVAS from 12-16 June 2017. He received a Certificate of appreciation for contributions for Popularization of Science and Technology in the Society on 17-11-15. He was the resource person in the lecture series- ‘scientific writing’ at the Department of Anatomy and Histology, UVAS, Lahore on 29th October 2015. He won a full fellowship as a principal candidate for the year 2015 in the field of Agriculture, EICA, Egypt with ref. to the Notification No. 12(11) ACS/Egypt/2014 from 10 July 2015 to 25th September 2015.; he received a grant of Rs. 55000/- as research incentives from Director, Advanced Studies and Research, UVAS, Lahore upon publications of research papers in IF Journals (DR/215, dated 19-5-2014.. He obtained his PhD by winning a HEC Pakistan indigenous Scholarship, ‘Ph.D. fellowship for 5000 scholars – Phase II’ (2av1-147), 17-6/HEC/HRD/IS-II/12, November 15, 2012. \n\nDr. Sikandar is a member of numerous societies: Registered Veterinary Medical Practitioner (life member) and Registered Veterinary Medical Faculty of Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council. The Registration code of PVMC is RVMP/4298 and RVMF/ 0102.; Life member of the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Alumni Association with S# 664, dated: 6-4-12. ; Member 'Vets Care Organization Pakistan” with Reference No. VCO-605-149, dated 05-04-06. :Member 'Vet Crescent” (Society of Animal Health and Production), UVAS, Lahore.",institutionString:"University of Veterinary & Animal Science",institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"311663",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanna",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",slug:"prasanna-pal",fullName:"Prasanna Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311663/images/13261_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Dairy Research Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"283315",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"El-Gendy",slug:"samir-el-gendy",fullName:"Samir El-Gendy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRduYQAS/Profile_Picture_1606215849748",biography:"Samir El-Gendy is a Professor of anatomy and embryology at the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt. Samir obtained his PhD in veterinary science in 2007 from the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University and has been a professor since 2017. Samir is an author on 24 articles at Scopus and 12 articles within local journals and 2 books/book chapters. His research focuses on applied anatomy, imaging techniques and computed tomography. Samir worked as a member of different local projects on E-learning and he is a board member of the African Association of Veterinary Anatomists and of anatomy societies and as an associated author at local and international journals. Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6180-389X",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"246149",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Kubale",slug:"valentina-kubale",fullName:"Valentina Kubale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246149/images/system/246149.jpg",biography:"Valentina Kubale is Associate Professor of Veterinary Medicine at the Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Since graduating from the Veterinary faculty she obtained her PhD in 2007, performed collaboration with the Department of Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. She continued as a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Copenhagen with a Lundbeck foundation fellowship. She is the editor of three books and author/coauthor of 23 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, 16 book chapters, and 68 communications at scientific congresses. Since 2008 she has been the Editor Assistant for the Slovenian Veterinary Research journal. She is a member of Slovenian Biochemical Society, The Endocrine Society, European Association of Veterinary Anatomists and Society for Laboratory Animals, where she is board member.",institutionString:"University of Ljubljana",institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",biography:"Dr. Fonseca-Alves earned his DVM from Federal University of Goias – UFG in 2008. He completed an internship in small animal internal medicine at UPIS university in 2011, earned his MSc in 2013 and PhD in 2015 both in Veterinary Medicine at Sao Paulo State University – UNESP. Dr. Fonseca-Alves currently serves as an Assistant Professor at Paulista University – UNIP teaching small animal internal medicine.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"245306",title:"Dr.",name:"María Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Pardo",slug:"maria-luz-garcia-pardo",fullName:"María Luz Garcia Pardo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245306/images/system/245306.png",biography:"María de la Luz García Pardo is an agricultural engineer from Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain. She has a Ph.D. in Animal Genetics. Currently, she is a lecturer at the Agrofood Technology Department of Miguel Hernández University, Spain. Her research is focused on genetics and reproduction in rabbits. The major goal of her research is the genetics of litter size through novel methods such as selection by the environmental sensibility of litter size, with forays into the field of animal welfare by analysing the impact on the susceptibility to diseases and stress of the does. Details of her publications can be found at https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9504-8290.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"350704",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Camila",middleName:"Silva Costa",surname:"Ferreira",slug:"camila-ferreira",fullName:"Camila Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/350704/images/17280_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Veterinary Medicine at the Fluminense Federal University, specialist in Equine Reproduction at the Brazilian Veterinary Institute (IBVET) and Master in Clinical Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction at the Fluminense Federal University. She has experience in analyzing zootechnical indices in dairy cattle and organizing events related to Veterinary Medicine through extension grants. I have experience in the field of diagnostic imaging and animal reproduction in veterinary medicine through monitoring and scientific initiation scholarships. I worked at the Equus Central Reproduction Equine located in Santo Antônio de Jesus – BA in the 2016/2017 breeding season. I am currently a doctoral student with a scholarship from CAPES of the Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (Pathology and Clinical Sciences) at the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ) with a research project with an emphasis on equine endometritis.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"41319",title:"Prof.",name:"Lung-Kwang",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"lung-kwang-pan",fullName:"Lung-Kwang Pan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41319/images/84_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"125292",title:"Dr.",name:"Katy",middleName:null,surname:"Satué Ambrojo",slug:"katy-satue-ambrojo",fullName:"Katy Satué Ambrojo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125292/images/system/125292.jpeg",biography:"Katy Satué Ambrojo received her Veterinary Medicine degree, Master degree in Equine Technology and doctorate in Veterinary Medicine from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in Valencia, Spain.Dr. Satué is accredited as a Private University Doctor Professor, Doctor Assistant, and Contracted Doctor by AVAP (Agència Valenciana d'Avaluació i Prospectiva) and currently, as a full professor by ANECA (since January 2022). To date, Katy has taught 22 years in the Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery at the CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in undergraduate courses in Veterinary Medicine (General Pathology, integrated into the Applied Basis of Veterinary Medicine module of the 2nd year, Clinical Equine I of 3rd year, and Equine Clinic II of 4th year). Dr. Satué research activity is in the field of Endocrinology, Hematology, Biochemistry, and Immunology in the Spanish Purebred mare. She has directed 5 Doctoral Theses and 5 Diplomas of Advanced Studies, and participated in 11 research projects as a collaborating researcher. She has written 2 books and 14 book chapters in international publishers related to the area, and 68 scientific publications in international journals. Dr. Satué has attended 63 congresses, participating with 132 communications in international congresses and 19 in national congresses related to the area. Dr. Satué is a scientific reviewer for various prestigious international journals such as Animals, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, Reproduction in Domestic Animals, Research Veterinary Science, Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Livestock Production Science and Theriogenology, among others. Since 2014 she has been responsible for the Clinical Analysis Laboratory of the CEU-Cardenal Herrera University Veterinary Clinical Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"201721",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Funiciello",slug:"beatrice-funiciello",fullName:"Beatrice Funiciello",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201721/images/11089_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated from the University of Milan in 2011, my post-graduate education included CertAVP modules mainly on equines (dermatology and internal medicine) and a few on small animal (dermatology and anaesthesia) at the University of Liverpool. After a general CertAVP (2015) I gained the designated Certificate in Veterinary Dermatology (2017) after taking the synoptic examination and then applied for the RCVS ADvanced Practitioner status. After that, I completed the Postgraduate Diploma in Veterinary Professional Studies at the University of Liverpool (2018). My main area of work is cross-species veterinary dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"291226",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Cassel",slug:"monica-cassel",fullName:"Monica Cassel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/291226/images/8232_n.jpg",biography:'Degree in Biological Sciences at the Federal University of Mato Grosso with scholarship for Scientific Initiation by FAPEMAT (2008/1) and CNPq (2008/2-2009/2): Project \\"Histological evidence of reproductive activity in lizards of the Manso region, Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brazil\\". Master\\\'s degree in Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation at Federal University of Mato Grosso with a scholarship by CAPES/REUNI program: Project \\"Reproductive biology of Melanorivulus punctatus\\". PhD\\\'s degree in Science (Cell and Tissue Biology Area) \n at University of Sao Paulo with scholarship granted by FAPESP; Project \\"Development of morphofunctional changes in ovary of Astyanax altiparanae Garutti & Britski, 2000 (Teleostei, Characidae)\\". She has experience in Reproduction of vertebrates and Morphology, with emphasis in Cellular Biology and Histology. She is currently a teacher in the medium / technical level courses at IFMT-Alta Floresta, as well as in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Animal Science and in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Business.',institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442807",title:"Dr.",name:"Busani",middleName:null,surname:"Moyo",slug:"busani-moyo",fullName:"Busani Moyo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gwanda State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"439435",title:"Dr.",name:"Feda S.",middleName:null,surname:"Aljaser",slug:"feda-s.-aljaser",fullName:"Feda S. Aljaser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"423023",title:"Dr.",name:"Yosra",middleName:null,surname:"Soltan",slug:"yosra-soltan",fullName:"Yosra Soltan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"349788",title:"Dr.",name:"Florencia Nery",middleName:null,surname:"Sompie",slug:"florencia-nery-sompie",fullName:"Florencia Nery Sompie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sam Ratulangi University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"428600",title:"MSc.",name:"Adriana",middleName:null,surname:"García-Alarcón",slug:"adriana-garcia-alarcon",fullName:"Adriana García-Alarcón",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"428599",title:"MSc.",name:"Gabino",middleName:null,surname:"De La Rosa-Cruz",slug:"gabino-de-la-rosa-cruz",fullName:"Gabino De La Rosa-Cruz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"428601",title:"MSc.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Campuzano-Caballero",slug:"juan-carlos-campuzano-caballero",fullName:"Juan Carlos Campuzano-Caballero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"95",type:"subseries",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",keywords:"Circular Economy, Contingency Planning and Response to Disasters, Ecosystem Services, Integrated Urban Water Management, Nature-based Solutions, Sustainable Urban Development, Urban Green Spaces",scope:"