\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6332",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Thermal Power Plants - New Trends and Recent Developments",title:"Thermal Power Plants",subtitle:"New Trends and Recent Developments",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The demand for electricity and heat production is still largely covered by conventional thermal power plants based on fossil fuel combustion. Thermal power stations face a big challenge to meet the environmental requirements constantly keeping high process efficiency and avoiding lifetime shortening of critical components. In recent years, many activities have been observed to reduce pollutant emissions and optimize performance in thermal power plants. Increased share of renewable sources of energy in domestic markets enforces flexible operation and fast adjustment to actual demand. Gas power plants start to play a very important role in this process, allowing for rapid change of load and emission reduction. Operation under changing load together with keeping emissions at the accurate level requires constantly introducing new solutions and technologies as well as carrying out many research and development activities for optimization of the electricity and heat production process. The edited book is aimed to present new technologies, innovative solutions, measurement techniques, tools and computational methods dedicated to thermal power plants in the light of new trends and challenges.",isbn:"978-1-78923-079-6",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-078-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-408-3",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69696",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"thermal-power-plants-new-trends-and-recent-developments",numberOfPages:170,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"616ffd286d75ca988abf59b408880a98",bookSignature:"Pawe? Madejski",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6332.jpg",numberOfDownloads:8523,numberOfWosCitations:6,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:4,numberOfDimensionsCitations:7,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:8,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:15,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 16th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 6th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 10th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 10th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 10th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"179645",title:"Dr.",name:"Paweł",middleName:null,surname:"Madejski",slug:"pawel-madejski",fullName:"Paweł Madejski",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/179645/images/system/179645.jpg",biography:"Paweł Madejski, MSc, PhD, DSc is a Associate Professor at AGH University of Science and Technology in Kraków. Between 2010 and 2018, he was a Senior Specialist for Thermodynamic Research in Research and Development Department of EDF Poland and PGE Energia Ciepła Group. His research activities so far are mainly focused on the studies of the thermal energy technologies, steam boilers operation, combustion processes and heat transfer analysis, CFD modeling of boilers and heat exchangers, thermodynamic analysis and modeling of steam and gas cycles, development of models and systems to monitor boiler performances, improvement of efficiency and optimization of large steam boilers in Thermal Power Plants.\nIn 2020 he was awarded a post-doctoral degree of doctor habilitated conferment in Engineering and Technical Sciences in the discipline of Mechanical engineering. In 2014 he was awarded a Doctoral degree in Mechanical Engineering – Power Machines and Equipment at AGH University of Science and Technology in Kraków. In 2011 – 2013 he was a scholar of scholarship program organized by Małopolska Centre of Entrepreneurship.\nHe has co-authored over 60 papers, supervised and co-supervised Master students and industrial interns, and lectured on Thermodynamics, Energy Technologies, and Thermal Power Plants.",institutionString:"AGH University of Science and Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"AGH University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"803",title:"Power Plant Engineering",slug:"power-plant-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"59649",title:"Introductory Chapter: New Trends and Recent Developments for Thermal Power Plants",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74723",slug:"introductory-chapter-new-trends-and-recent-developments-for-thermal-power-plants",totalDownloads:1355,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Paweł Madejski",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59649",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59649",authors:[{id:"179645",title:"Dr.",name:"Paweł",surname:"Madejski",slug:"pawel-madejski",fullName:"Paweł Madejski"}],corrections:null},{id:"58563",title:"Analysis of Coal-Fired Power Unit Operation in Reduced Minimum Safe Load Regime",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72954",slug:"analysis-of-coal-fired-power-unit-operation-in-reduced-minimum-safe-load-regime",totalDownloads:1405,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Large coal-fired power plants were typically designed as a base load units. Any changes in load level, as well as start-up time, are noticeably slow on that kind of units. However, in order to adapt to changing market conditions with increasing number of renewable energy sources, coal-fired power plants need to improve their flexibility. In the paper, 200 MWe class unit has been taken into consideration. During the test campaign, a minimum safe load of the unit was decreased from 60 to 40%. Paper presents results of a model that was made using Ebsilon®Professional software. The simulation model is comprised of boiler and turbine part of the power unit. Obtained results were validated using measurements collected from the test campaign. Parameters important from the technical and economical point of view were investigated. Results revealed that simulation model can be utilised successfully to scrutinise coal-fired units under off-design operation conditions. As the outcome of the performed analysis, a number of issues related to low load operation of the coal-fired unit are presented and discussed. Paper indicates sensitive areas that need to be addressed when operation in decreased safe load is considered. Finally, overall potential for flexibility improvement for 200 MWe class coal-fired units has been evaluated.",signatures:"Piotr Żymełka, Maciej Żyrkowski and Maciej Bujalski",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58563",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58563",authors:[{id:"226919",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Maciej",surname:"Zyrkowski",slug:"maciej-zyrkowski",fullName:"Maciej Zyrkowski"},{id:"226920",title:"MSc.",name:"Piotr",surname:"Zymelka",slug:"piotr-zymelka",fullName:"Piotr Zymelka"},{id:"227184",title:"MSc.",name:"Maciej",surname:"Bujalski",slug:"maciej-bujalski",fullName:"Maciej Bujalski"}],corrections:null},{id:"58753",title:"Detection of Malfunctions and Abnormal Working Conditions of a Coal Mill",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72952",slug:"detection-of-malfunctions-and-abnormal-working-conditions-of-a-coal-mill",totalDownloads:1162,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Coal mill malfunctions are some of the most common causes of failing to keep the power plant crucial operating parameters or even unplanned power plant shutdowns. Therefore, an algorithm has been developed that enable online detection of abnormal conditions and malfunctions of an operating mill. Based on calculated diagnostic signals and defined thresholds, this algorithm informs about abnormal operating conditions. Diagnostic signals represent the difference between the measured and the modeled values of two selected mill operating parameters. Models of mill motor current and outlet temperature of pulverized fuel were developed based on the linear regression theory. Various data analysis and feature selection procedures have been performed to obtain the best possible model. The model based on linear regression has been compared with two alternative models. The algorithm validation was carried out based on historical data containing values of operating parameters from 10 months of mill operation. Historical data were downloaded from distributed control system (DCS) of a 200-MW coal-fired power plant. Tests carried out on historical data show that this algorithm can be successfully used to detect certain abnormal conditions and malfunctions of the operating mill, such as feeder blockage, lack of coal and mill overload.",signatures:"Teresa Kurek, Konrad Wojdan, Daniel Nabagło and Konrad Świrski",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58753",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58753",authors:[{id:"179942",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Nabagło",slug:"daniel-nabaglo",fullName:"Daniel Nabagło"},{id:"212957",title:"Dr.",name:"Teresa",surname:"Kurek",slug:"teresa-kurek",fullName:"Teresa Kurek"},{id:"212961",title:"Dr.",name:"Konrad",surname:"Wojdan",slug:"konrad-wojdan",fullName:"Konrad Wojdan"},{id:"212962",title:"Prof.",name:"Konrad",surname:"Świrski",slug:"konrad-swirski",fullName:"Konrad Świrski"},{id:"212963",title:"MSc.",name:"Łukasz",surname:"Śladewski",slug:"lukasz-sladewski",fullName:"Łukasz Śladewski"}],corrections:null},{id:"58917",title:"Numerical Modeling of Cyclic Creep-Fatigue Damage Development for Lifetime Assessment of Steam Turbine Components",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73186",slug:"numerical-modeling-of-cyclic-creep-fatigue-damage-development-for-lifetime-assessment-of-steam-turbi",totalDownloads:974,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The paper presents the results of numerical analysis of creep-fatigue damage development in a steam turbine rotor under cyclic duty. Investigations were performed for a full cycle representing the most accurate description of real operation and three simplified cycles representative of different levels of simplification in inelastic strains modeling. It was shown by numerical simulations that significant inaccuracies in creep-fatigue damage predictions, reaching an order of magnitude in deviation of inelastic strains, cannot be excluded when simplified models are used. It is thus concluded that full consideration of creep-fatigue damage at real operating conditions requires proper modeling of stress/strain histories using visco-elastic-plastic material models.",signatures:"Mariusz Banaszkiewicz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58917",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58917",authors:[{id:"224002",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Mariusz",surname:"Banaszkiewicz",slug:"mariusz-banaszkiewicz",fullName:"Mariusz Banaszkiewicz"}],corrections:null},{id:"58739",title:"Ti Microholes Potential for Thermal Power Plants Application Punched by WC/Co Micropunch",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73308",slug:"ti-microholes-potential-for-thermal-power-plants-application-punched-by-wc-co-micropunch",totalDownloads:880,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The use of microholes is a potential approach to enhance fluid flow and heat exchange within thermal power plants, especially for the turbines. Ascribed to eco environmental competition, micropunching is extremely suitable for the mass production of micro features with friendly eco effects. Therefore, the morphology variation of micropunch and microhole during the punching with WC/Co micropunches was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and confocal laser. Results reveal that due to the optimal joint contribution of WC and Co, the formed microholes satisfy with the practical requirements in the quasi stable period. Moreover, the serious wear of micropunch occurs with the wear loss both of Co and WC when the punching number exceeds 1525. With the further increment in punching numbers, the dominant factors of the wear loss would mainly rely on the easily peeled off WC due to the serious loss of Co. In addition, the microholes can be adequately processed after about 30 min by natural sand grains. The quality of the hole would decrease with further increase in processing time and sand accumulation becomes severe.",signatures:"Kelvii Wei Guo and Hon Yuen Tam",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58739",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58739",authors:[{id:"144895",title:"Prof.",name:"Kw",surname:"Guo",slug:"kw-guo",fullName:"Kw Guo"}],corrections:null},{id:"55178",title:"A Review on Supercritical Fluidization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68180",slug:"a-review-on-supercritical-fluidization",totalDownloads:982,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Supercritical water fluidized bed (SCWFB) has been used to gasify biomass, coal and solid waste to produce gas fuel. Supercritical carbon dioxide fluidized bed (SCCO2FB) was applied in the coating industry. Both the two fluidized bed treats the supercritical fluids as fluidization medium. The fluidization behaviours of particles in the supercritical fluids are quite important issues for achieving the basic two phase flow pattern. Few research institutions have conducted experimental and numerical investigations on the fluidization in supercritical conditions. The authors try to establish a comprehensive insight of fluid dynamics of the supercritical fluidized bed. For the SCWFB, the fluidization transitions of fixed bed, homogeneous bed expansion and bubbling were demarcated by discrimination number Dn. A flow pattern map of Reynolds number vs. Archimedes number was available for describing the flow patterns and their boundaries of the SCCO2FB. Ergun equation was acceptable for calculating the fixed bed pressure drop for both SCWFB and SCCO2FB. Wei and Lu correlations of the minimum fluidization velocity, minimum bubbling velocity and homogeneous bed expansion rate are suggested to design the SCWFB. Wen and Yu equation of the minimum fluidization velocity, Vogt et al. correlation of the homogeneous bed expansion rate and their method for determining the minimum bubbling velocity, Nakajima et al. equation of transition velocity, and Bi and Fan correlation of turbulent velocity were recommended to calculate SSCO2FB.",signatures:"Youjun Lu, Liping Wei and Jikai Huang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55178",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55178",authors:[{id:"11256",title:"Dr.",name:"Youjun",surname:"Lu",slug:"youjun-lu",fullName:"Youjun Lu"},{id:"201108",title:"Dr.",name:"Liping",surname:"Wei",slug:"liping-wei",fullName:"Liping Wei"},{id:"201109",title:"Dr.",name:"Jikai",surname:"Huang",slug:"jikai-huang",fullName:"Jikai Huang"}],corrections:null},{id:"54892",title:"Introductory Review on an Engineering Approach for Fast‐Bed Modeling in Mimic to Bubbling Bed Practice",doi:"10.5772/68107",slug:"introductory-review-on-an-engineering-approach-for-fast-bed-modeling-in-mimic-to-bubbling-bed-practi",totalDownloads:836,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Based on the downward‐penetrating particle flow through clusters and the analogy between a falling cluster and a rising bubble identified by the authors, a “type‐A‐choking‐oriented separate‐phase‐coexistence model” for the upper dilute region of fast beds was established first. Without any model parameter adjustment, the unified model predicted successfully the type C choking, the solids holdup of upper dilute region, and transitions to the high‐density fast bed and the dense suspension up‐flow.",signatures:"Ming‐Chuan Zhang and Chu Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54892",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54892",authors:[{id:"196301",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Ming-Chuan",surname:"Zhang",slug:"ming-chuan-zhang",fullName:"Ming-Chuan Zhang"},{id:"204621",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhu",surname:"Zhang",slug:"zhu-zhang",fullName:"Zhu Zhang"}],corrections:null},{id:"59411",title:"Economic Future of Concentrating Solar Power for Electricity Generation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74334",slug:"economic-future-of-concentrating-solar-power-for-electricity-generation",totalDownloads:930,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Worldwide, the climate change is a major universal concern. CO2 is the main cause of international warming, and at least 85% emission results of CO2 came from conventional energy depleted sources (oil, natural gas and coal) for energy generation. Hence, renewable energy has been the focal point of most regulations of governments to aim at greenhouse gas reduced. In Egypt, greenhouse gas emissions from rural activities amount to some 25% of national greenhouse gas emissions, amounting to approximately 27 million t CO2 equivalent annually. Moreover, these emissions are supposed to increase rapidly in the coming decades, more than doubling in the next 15 years, as rural populations grow and activities become increasingly energy intensive. The Mediterranean region embraces Europe, North Africa and Middle East and has enormous potential in solar energy. It has abundant solar radiation, cheap land and high electricity demand, which could make this region the universal hub for concentrating solar power (CSP) generation. This chapter discusses the Egypt market potential of CSP. The chapter covers recent CSP trends and discusses in detail the CSP market development. The chapter aims to obtain the data sources to compare the CSP and levelized electricity cost. Enas Shouman presents a strategy for CSP plant market entrance in Egypt and a comparison between the electricity cost for Egypt model case and the cost evolution of CSP plants on the basis of expectations for the expansion as an international level. This chapter proposes a concept strategy for management CSP in Egypt. The chapter included two applied parts. The first part is to calculate the generating electricity cost from conventional power sources and its expansion in the future. Then, the second part will be followed by identifying the CSP cost and its growth in the future.",signatures:"Enas Raafat Maamoun Shouman",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59411",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59411",authors:[{id:"222763",title:"Dr.",name:"Enas",surname:"Shouman",slug:"enas-shouman",fullName:"Enas Shouman"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5807",title:"Recent Improvements of Power Plants Management and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f357d049b0e0c8d41243c794ef8d923",slug:"recent-improvements-of-power-plants-management-and-technology",bookSignature:"Aleksandar B. Nikolic and Zarko S. 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In the same time, by modulating some target functions of the body, the food components might have benefic psychological and physiological effects, beside the nutritional ones, already accepted.
In fact, food must contribute to health improving/protection and sustain systems of defence against different aggressions. We are situated at a new frontier of nutrition, in which the foods are evaluated by their biological potential and by their ability to reduce the risk of developing certain diseases. We can talk today about the fact that food for health represent an expanding field:
In essence, probiotic functional food are products that, by their biological active compounds and consumed in current diets, contribute to optimal human physical and psihycal health.
The appearance and development of functional probiotic food are the response of production field to the results of cellular and molecular biology field research, which demonstrates the implication of food components in proper functioning cellules and subcelular structures. The importance of these studies is essential in contemporaneous context in which the environment assaults by many ways the human body, fully stressing it’s protection, adaption and equilibrium maintenance systems. By their specific action, the food components might contribute to the maintain the normal parameters of cellular edificium and of the human body equilibrium.
Nowadays we are assisting to an intensification of research in food – alimentation – health relationship field. The ideea that food might increase/defend health due to active biological components from it’s composition conquers more and more acceptability in the scientific community and there are many publication in this field. Unlike the last years, the customers from many countries become more and more interested in health beneficial determined by alimentation, including probiotic functional food. In Romania, even before the adherence to UE, there were registered studies concerning manufacturing of probiotic functional foods, especially in dairy industry and explaining the induced benefits for health.
In this trend of food science are included some of the studies developed over the years by researchers from Galati Food Science and Engineering Faculty.
The name probiotic comes from the Greek „
The term „probiotic“ was first used by [2] in 1965 to describe the „substances secreted by one microorganism that stimulate the growth of another“. A powerful evolution of this definition was coined by [3] in 1974, who proposed that probiotics are „organisms and substances which contribute to intestinal microbial balance“ [4]. In more modern definitions, the concept of an action on the gut microflora, and even that of live microorganisms disappeared [5] in 1998 defined probiotics as the „food which contains live bacteria beneficial to health“, whereas [6] in 2001 defined them as „microbial cell preparations or components of microbial cells that have a beneficial effect on the health and well-being“.
Some modern definitions include more precisely a preventive or therapeutic action of probiotics. [7] in 1997 for example, defined probiotics as „microorganisms which, when ingested, may have a positive effect in the prevention and treatment of a specific pathologic condition“. Finally, since probiotics have been found to be effective in the treatment of some gastrointestinal diseases [6], they can be considered to be therapeutic agents. It is clear that a number of definitions of the term „probiotic“ have been used over the years but the one derived by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization [8] and endorsed by the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics [9] best exemplifies the breadth and scope of probiotics as they are known today:“live microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host“.
This definition retains historical elements of the use of living organisms for health purposes but does not restrict the application of the term only to oral probiotics with intestinal outcomes [10]. Despite these numerous theoretical definitions, however, the practical question arises whether a given microorganism can be considered to be a probiotic or not.
Some strict criteria have been proposed. [11] in 1992, for example, proposed the following parameters to select a probiotic: total safety for the host, resistance to gastric acidity and pancreatic secretions, adhesion to epithelial cells, antimicrobial activity, inhibition of adhesion of pathogenic bacteria, evaluation of resistance to antibiotics, tolerance to food additives and stability in the food matrix.
The probiotics in use today have not been selected on the basis of all these criteria, but the most commonly used probiotics are the strains of lactic acid bacteria such as
The lactic acid bacteria are generally defined as a cluster of lactic acid-producing, low %G+C, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive rods and cocci that share many biochemical, physiological, and genetic properties. They are distinguished from other Gram positive bacteria that also produce lactic acid (e.g.,
Five sub-clusters are evident from this tree, including: (1) a
Seven of the twelve genera of lactic acid bacteria,
Importantly, some strains of
In the last decades consumer demands in the field of food production has changed considerably. Consumers more and more believe that foods contribute directly to their health [13, 14]. Today foods are not intended to only satisfy hunger and to provide necessary nutrients for humans but also to prevent nutrition-related diseases and improve physical and mental well-being of the consumers [15, 16].
1Adapted from [17]; 2Adapted from [18]; 3Refers to the general properties of the genus; some exceptions may exist; 4Species of
Genus | Cell morphology | Fermentation route | Growth at | Growth in NaCl at | Growth at pH | Lactic acid isomer | |||
10ºC | 45ºC | 6.5% | 18% | 4.4 | 9.6 | ||||
rods | homo/hetero4 | ±5 | ± | ± | - | ± | - | D, L, DL6 | |
cocci | homo | + | - | - | - | ± | - | L | |
cocci | hetero | + | - | ± | - | ± | - | D | |
cocci | hetero | + | + | ± | - | ± | - | D | |
cocci (tetrads) | homo | ± | ± | ± | - | + | - | D, L, DL | |
cocci | homo | - | + | - | - | - | - | L | |
cocci (tetrads) | homo | + | - | + | + | - | + | L | |
cocci (tetrads) | homo | + | - | + | - | - | + | L | |
rods | hetero | + | - | - | - | - | - | L | |
cocci | homo | + | + | + | - | + | + | L | |
cocci | homo | + | - | - | - | ± | - | L | |
coccoid | hetero | + | - | ± | - | ± | - | D, L, DL |
In this regard, functional foods play an outstanding role. The increasing demand on such foods can be explained by the increasing cost of healthcare, the steady increase in life expectancy, and the desire of older people for improved quality of their later years [19, 15, 20].
The term ‘‘functional food’’ itself was first used in Japan, in the 1980s, for food products fortified with special constituents that possess advantageous physiological effects [21, 22]. Functional foods may improve the general conditions of the body (e.g. pre- and probiotics), decrease the risk of some diseases (e.g. cholesterol-lowering products), and could even be used for curing some illnesses.
The European Commission’s Concerted Action on Functional Food Science in Europe (FuFoSE), coordinated by International Life Science Institute (ILSI) Europe defined functional food as follows: ‘‘a food product can only be considered functional if together with the basic nutritional impact it has beneficial effects on one or more functions of the human organism thus either improving the general and physical conditions or/and decreasing the risk of the evolution of diseases. The amount of intake and form of the functional food should be as it is normally expected for dietary purposes. Therefore, it could not be in the form of pill or capsule just as normal food form’’ [23].
European legislation however, does not consider functional foods as specific food categories, but rather a concept [22, 24]. Therefore, the rules to be applied are numerous and depend on the nature of the foodstuff. Functional foods have been developed in virtually all food categories. From a product point of view, the functional property can be included in numerous different ways as it can be seen in table 2.
Type of functional food | Definition | Example |
Fortified product | A food fortified with additional nutrients | Fruit juices fortified with vitamin C |
Enriched products | A food with added new nutrients or components not normally found in a particular food | Margarine with plant sterol ester, probiotics, prebiotics |
Altered products | A food from which a deleterious component has been removed, reduced or replaced with another substance with beneficial effects | Fibers as fat releasers in meat or ice cream products |
Enhanced commodities | A food in which one of the components has been naturally enhanced through special growing conditions, new feed composition, genetic manipulation, or otherwise | Eggs with increased omega-3 content achieved by altered chicken feed |
It should be emphasized however, that this is just one of the possible classifications. According to alternative classification, some functional products are (1) ‘‘add good to your life’’, e.g. improve the regular stomach and colon functions (pre- and probiotics) or ‘‘improve children’s life’’ by supporting their learning capability and behaviour. It is difficult, however to find good biomarkers for cognitive, behavioural and psychological, functions. Other group (2) of functional food is designed for reducing an existing health risk problem such as high cholesterol or high blood pressure. A third group (3) consists of those products, which ‘‘makes your life easier’’ (e.g. lactose-free, gluten-free products) [27].
These products have been mainly launched in the dairy-, confectionery-, soft-drinks-, bakery- and baby-food market [16, 20, 26].
Since Metchnikoff’s era, a number of health benefits have been contributed to products containing probiotic organisms. While some of these benefits have been well documented and established, others have shown a promising potential in animal models, with human studies required to substantiate these claims. More importantly, health benefits imparted by probiotic bacteria are very strain specific; therefore, there is no universal strain that would provide all proposed benefits, not even strains of the same species. Moreover, not all the strains of the same species are effective against defined health conditions. Some of these strain specific health effects are presented in figure 1.
Probiotic beneficial effects on human health [
Foods that affect specific functions or systems in the human body, providing health benefits beyond energy and nutrients—functional foods—have experienced rapid market growth in recent years. This growth is fueled by technological innovations, development of new products, and the increasing number of health-conscious consumers interested in products that improve life quality. Since the global market of functional foods is increasing annually, food product development is a key research priority and a challenge for both the industry and science sectors. Probiotics show considerable promise for the expansion of the dairy industry, especially in such specific sectors as yogurts, cheeses, beverages, ice creams, and other desserts. This book chapter presents an overview of functional foods and strategies for their development, with particular attention to probiotic dairy products.
The most common probiotic dairy products worldwide are various types of yogurt, other fermented dairy product, various lactic acid bacteria drinks and mixture of probiotic (fermented) milks and fruit juice. Probiotic cheese, both fresh and ripened, have also been launched recently. In table 3 are listed some dairy functional food products that have been developed recently in Faculty of Food Science and Engineering.
Fermented milks and beverages make up an important contribution to the human diet in many countries because fermentation is an inexpensive technology, which preserves the food, improves its nutritional value and enhances its sensory properties.
Type of dairy functional food products | Description/Name |
Fermented dairy products | Drink yogurts with La-5 and carrot juice/ BIOCOV |
Yogurt with La-5 and biomass of | |
Yogurt with BB 12 and biomass of | |
Yogurt with ABY 3/ABT 5 and medicinal plant extracts/ AFINOLACT | |
Yogurt with ABY 3/ABT 5 and medicinal plant extracts/ CATINOLACT | |
Yogurt with ABY 3/ABT 5 and medicinal plant extracts/ ROSALACT | |
Cheeses | Dessert based on fresh cheese and some fruit pulp |
Appetizer – type fresh cheese | |
Probiotic Telemea cheese |
[30, 31] in 2011, proposed the realization of a probiotic dairy drink with added carrot juice. This probiotic product was obtained using goat milk (fat = 3.63%, proteins = 3.05%, lactose = 4.55%, dry matter = 12.05% and density = 1.030 g mL-1) which has been pasteurized at a temperature of 72ºC, for 20 minutes, a probiotic culture type Nutrish containing
The addition of carrot juice (at a percentage of 10%) had a positive effect on physical – chemical and microbiological parameters of fermented dairy drink. Combining goat milk with carrot juice can get some food with potential therapeutic role.
As a result of the lactose fermentation, the titratable acidity increased fast during the incubation period. At the end of the storage period (after 5 days), the highest value of titratable acidity was 61 ºT. The pH of the obtained new product decreased during incubation period, and will stabilize during storage period, pH = 5.1 after 5 days of storage. The evolution of the number of microorganisms was analyzed for each sample during incubation and storage period. It was observed that the fermented dairy drink with added carrot juice product had been preserving its functional properties during storage (over 108 cfu mL-1 probiotic bacteria).
The products were analyzed in terms of fluid flow thus establishing their rheological behavior. The literature shows that the rheological properties of fermented dairy products depend on the development of lactic bacteria as a consequence of metabolic changes leading physicochemical substrate in milk.
In figure 2 is presented the variation of shearing stress (τ, Pa) according to the shearing rate (
For all samples, it was noted that for low values of shear rate, tangential shear stress variation depending on shear rate was increasing (regression coefficient R2 values varies from 0.962 and 0.995).
The shearing stress variation according to the shearing rate
To obtain yoghurt with
The inoculation of milk for obtaining these fermented dairy products is with a probiotic culture containing
After inoculation follows the distribution and packaging and incubation was made at 42°C for 6 hours in the thermostats set at the optimal temperature for the development of these bacteria. Meanwhile yoghurt gel gets a specific consistency. Cooling and storage of obtained yoghurts is performed at 6 °C for 15 days. In this storage period, coagulum is more compact, the flavor and taste become more pleasant. As a result of the lactose fermentation, the titratable acidity increased. This is slightly higher for the samples with La 5 from those with BB12.
All products with Spirulina platensis biomass have titratable acidity higher than control sample (1.1 times higher for samples with BB 12 and 1.2 times higher for samples with La 5).
The evolution of pH is correlated with lactose fermentation intensity and increased with titratable acidity, but in the same time it is influenced by the buffer substances that are found in
The addition of
Viable counts variation during storage period
At the end of the storage period (after 15th days) the number of probiotic lactic bacteria for both, control samples and samples with
Perhaps no other fermented food starts with such a simple raw material and ends up with products having such an incredible diversity of color, flavor, texture, and appearance as does cheese. It is even more remarkable that milk, pale in color and bland in flavor, can be transformed into literally hundreds of different types of flavorful, colorful cheeses by manipulating just a few critical steps.
Just what happened to cause the milk to become transformed into a product with such a decidedly different appearance, texture, and flavor? To answer that question, it is first necessary to compare the composition of the starting material, milk, to that of the product, the finished cheese (figure 4).
In an attempt to diversify the range of probiotic dairy products, there has been made a series of research on the introduction of probiotic bacteria in cheese. According to [33], cheese is an interesting way of supplying probiotic bacteria due to the chemical composition of the raw milk that encourages their growth, metabolism and viability and also due to their relatively low acidity compared to other food products. The most of research has been focused on fresh cheese, but there are published some results on probiotic brined or ripened cheese, too.
Partition of milk into cheese and whey (adapted from [
Fresh cheese, mixt coagulated, is the most suitable cheese to carry probiotic bacteria, due to the high composition of nutrients, low acidity and low salt content. In 2009, [34] used probiotic fresh cheese and peach pulp in order to obtain a dessert, according to figure 5. Probiotic bacteria,
The research of the above mentioned authors continued, in the attempt to obtain a similar product using goat milk [35]. The amount of nutrients increased, comparing to the previous product (proteins: 12.4...12.5%; fat: 10.1...12.2% and minerals: 2.1...2.4%) but the rheological behaviour was not affected. Although there was expected a reserved attitude of the consumer because of the unpleasant flavour of goat milk, this was not observed.
In 2010 a new probiotic product based on fresh cheese was obtained, by mixing fresh cheese with caraway, cream and salt. The probiotic bacteria (
Technological flowchart for manufacturing the new product – Dessert based on fresh cheese and peach pulp
Evolution of bacteria during storage period
[36] and [37] studied the viability of probiotic bacteria
Stage | ||||
Inoculated milk | 2.71 | 2.50 | 2.90 | 8 |
Milk, 10 minutes after renneting | 2.68 | 3.21 | 4 | 12 |
Coagulum, before pressing | 2.60 | 7.49 | 9.40 | 24.9 |
Pressed coagulum | 2.40 | 7.29 | 9.50 | 24.3 |
Salted coagulum | 2.20 | 7.20 | 9.60 | 22.1 |
Cheese ripened for 5 days | 1.84 | 6.90 | 8.90 | 15 |
Cheese ripened for 10 days | 1.75 | 6.36 | 8.40 | 14.2 |
Cheese ripened for 15 days | 1.65 | 4.67 | 7.30 | 13.4 |
Cheese ripened for 20 days | 1.57 | 4.21 | 6.70 | 12.6 |
Cheese ripened for 25 days | 1.48 | 3.48 | 5.30 | 11.3 |
Cheese ripened for 30 days | 1.41 | 2.90 | 4.20 | 9.1 |
Cheese ripened for 35 days | 0.99 | 2.31 | 3.90 | 7.2 |
Cheese ripened for 40 days | 0.60 | 2.21 | 3.50 | 6 |
There are registered many other studies about probiotic cheese and methods of manufacturing probiotic cheese. Most of them introduce probiotic bacteria in the milk maturation stage, but there are reports about introducing them after pressing [39] or immobilized on fruit pieces [40].
By sensorial analysis of several combinations milk-medicinal plants, as well as by physical and chemical analysis, there were selected the following medicinal plants: bilberry, sea-buckthorn, rosehip, liquorice, plants rich in active principles considered important for their pharmacological profile.
The research presented in this subchapter was realised on 14 variants of probiotic products (encoded according to table 5), manufactured from cow milk and medicinal plant extracts (bilberry, seabuckthorn, rosehip and liquorice), fermented by two types of probiotic cultures: ABY 3 (
Crt. No. | Product | Code | Culture | Description |
Control | M – 3 | ABY 3 | Milk + 0.02% DVS culture | |
Afinolact | A – 3 | Milk + 0.02% DVS culture + 6% bilberry extract | ||
LD+A – 3 | Milk + 0.02% DVS culture + 6% bilberry extract + 6% liquorice extract | |||
Cătinolact | C – 3 | Milk + 0.02% DVS culture + 6% seabuckthorn extract | ||
LD+C – 3 | Milk + 0.02% DVS culture + 6% seabuckthorn extract + 6% liquorice extract | |||
Rosalact | Mă– 3 | Milk + 0.02% DVS culture + 6% rosehip extract | ||
LD+Mă – 3 | Milk + 0.02% DVS culture + 6% rosehip extract + 6% liquorice extract | |||
Control | M – 5 | ABT 5 | Milk + 0.02% DVS culture | |
Afinolact | A – 5 | Milk + 0.02% DVS culture + 6% bilberry extract | ||
LD+A – 5 | Milk + 0.02% DVS culture + 6% bilberry extract + 6% liquorice extract | |||
Cătinolact | C – 5 | Milk + 0.02% DVS culture + 6% seabuckthorn extract | ||
LD+C – 5 | Milk + 0.02% DVS culture + 6% seabuckthorn extract + 6% liquorice extract | |||
Rosalact | Mă – 5 | Milk + 0.02% DVS culture + 6% rosehip extract | ||
LD+Mă – 5 | Milk + 0.02% DVS culture + 6% rosehip extract + 6% liquorice extract |
The addition of aqueous medicinal plants extract positively influenced the number of viable probiotic microorganisms. At the end of storage period the number of probiotic lactic bacteria is high for both control samples and samples with medicinal plants, meaning that the products maintain their functional character [31, 41-46].
For the obtain products there was demonstrated the cytoprotective character, by studing the total antioxidant capacity, the total content of polyphenols, the superoxiddismutasic (SOD) activity, the minerals content, the ascorbic acid and anthocyaninis.
The results of the study reveal that probiotic dairy products with added medicinal plants contain a high level of total polyphenols and a high total antioxidant capacity. All these products are an excellent source of minerals with high biodisponibility in human diet. The addition of medicinal plants extract improved the SOD activity.
Medicinal plants are extremely valuable biological currants. The valorification of this potential represents a never-ending source of raw materials for pharmaceutics and food industry. World Health Organisation has recently announced that 75-80% of world’s population is treated with natural remedies.
The plants do not cure all the diseases but they might be extremely helpful in rational treating of some diseases and are not to dangerous. The plants have favourable effect to human body and unfavourable effect to some pathogen agents due to certain substances from their composition. In every plant species there must be known that substance or substances which assure them the therapeutic effect (the active principles).
In order to test the chemical composition of studied plants (bilberry, sea-buckthorn, rosehip and liquorice) there were determined by chemical analysis: ascorbic acid (for seabuckthorn and rosehip), glycyrrhizic acid (for liquorice) and anthocyaninis (for bilberry). The concentrations of the active principles in medicinal plants samples are reported in table 6.
The values were expressed in mean ± standard errors of regression and values in parenthesis indicate minimum and maximum level recorded.Medicinal plants Active principles | Bilberry ( | Sea-buckthorn ( | Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) | Rosehip ( |
Anthocyanins expressed as cyanidin-3-glucoside chloride | 0.38 ± 0.06* (0.32÷0.47) | - | - | - |
Ascorbic acid | - | 0.8 ± 0.09* (0.66÷0.89) | - | 1.24 ± 0.06* (1.18÷1.32) |
Glycyrrhizic acid | - | - | 5.03 ± 0.32* (4.6÷5.32) | - |
Regarding the active principles content there was demonstrated that all the analysed medicinal plants respect the values presented in European Pharmacopee, V edition: minimum 0.3% cyanidin–3–glucozide chloride in bilberry, the analysed probes having a maximum content of 0.47%. The ascorbic acid in seabuckthorn must be minimum in 0.5% and in rosehip minimum 1%. The analysed samples registered values of 0.66÷0.98% for seabuckthorn and 1,18% for rosehip. The glycyrrhizic acid, the main active principle in liquorice, must be minimum 4% (according to European Pharmacopee) and the determined values varied between 4.6 and 5.38% [31, 41-46].
To have a probiotic effect, the strains of probiotic bacteria must be present in the product enough number. It is generally considered that the daily dose of probiotic strains must be between 1 108 and 1 109 cells. A portion of 100 g, the probiotic product should contain between 106 and 107 cfu mL-1 product. The addition of aqueous medicinal plant extracts has positively influenced the number of viable probiotic microorganisms due to the presence of fermentable sugars and some growth factors (mineral salts, non-protein nitrogen). At the end of incubation period (after 5 hours), for the samples with medicinal plant extracts the lowest number of microorganisms has established for the samples: Mă–3 (7.8·108 cfu mL-1 probiotic bacteria) or A–5 and C–5 (1.8·109 cfu mL-1 probiotic bacteria) instead the higher number of probiotic bacteria was registered for LD+Mă–3 (4.5·109 cfu mL-1 probiotic bacteria) and LD+Mă–5 (5.4·109 cfu mL-1 probiotic bacteria).
After 8th days of storage period (table 7) the higher number of viable microorganisms was found in the sample with ABT 5 culture (LD+A–5: 2.6·108 cfu mL-1 probiotic bacteria), and lowest number of probiotic bacteria cells was recorded for sample with ABY 3 culture (C–3: 0.9·108 cfu mL-1 probiotic bacteria). The storage in refrigerated conditions causes a reduction of the number of probiotic bacteria up to 4.37 times in the products obtained with ABY 3 culture and 3.62 times for those with ABT 5.
Microbiological characteristics | ||||||
Sample code | cfu·mL-1 product | Sample code | cfu·mL-1 product | |||
M – 3 | 3·107 | M – 5 | 8·107 | |||
A – 3 | 1·108 | A – 5 | 1.4·108 | |||
LD+A – 3 | 1.8·108 | LD+A – 5 | 2.6·108 | |||
C – 3 | 9·107 | C – 5 | 1.1·108 | |||
LD+C – 3 | 1.9·108 | LD+C – 5 | 1.8·108 | |||
Mă – 3 | 1.2·108 | Mă – 5 | 1.3·108 | |||
LD+Mă – 3 | 2.2·108 | LD+Mă – 5 | 2.1·108 |
At the end of storage period, the number of probiotic lactic acid bacteria for both control samples and for samples with medicinal plant extracts is still high (1·107÷1·108 cfu mL-1 probiotic bacteria), which shows that the products has been preserving its functional properties during storage period. Both cultures can be used in the production of probiotic products [31, 41-46].
Besides the cytoprotective effect conferred by the presence of probiotic bacteria, research has shown that products with added medicinal plants have a increased cytoprotective nature and because the content of biologically active compounds. Experimental results showed that the probiotic fermented dairy product with added medicinal plant extracts have a high content of total polyphenols with beneficial effects on human health, which help to prevent various diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes [47, 48] and consequently a higher total antioxidant capacity.
The higher amount of total polyphenols (table 8) was determined for samples: LD+Mă–3 (280.78 μg mL-1) or LD+Mă–5 (285.56 μg mL-1).
Total polyphenols expressed as catechin, μg·mL-1 | |||||
Sample code | ABY 3 | Sample code | ABT 5 | ||
M – 3 | 62.086 | M – 5 | 82.086 | ||
A – 3 | 99.91 | A – 5 | 106 | ||
LD+A – 3 | 152.95 | LD+A – 5 | 158.6 | ||
C – 3 | 72.086 | C – 5 | 87.73 | ||
LD+C – 3 | 135.56 | LD+C – 5 | 147.3 | ||
Mă – 3 | 262.95 | Mă – 5 | 239.47 | ||
LD+Mă – 3 | 280.78 | LD+Mă – 5 | 285.56 |
Compared with control samples (not containing medicinal plant extracts) total antioxidant capacity (Table 9) increased by 3.25-9.94 times in products made with ABY 3 culture and 2.1-8.3 times the ABT 5 products.
TEAC, mM·L-1 | |||
Sample code | ABY 3 | Sample code | ABT 5 |
M – 3 | 0.16 | M – 5 | 0.2 |
A – 3 | 0.57 | A – 5 | 0.43 |
LD+A – 3 | 0.70 | LD+A – 5 | 0.73 |
C – 3 | 0.52 | C – 5 | 0.48 |
LD+C – 3 | 0.81 | LD+C – 5 | 0.62 |
Mă – 3 | 1.19 | Mă – 5 | 1.27 |
LD+Mă – 3 | 1.59 | LD+Mă – 5 | 1.66 |
For products manufactured with ABY 3 culture and those with ABT 5 was observed that the total antioxidant capacity and total polyphenols content is higher for mixtures with liquorice extract, from the rest of the samples tested, except for samples Mă–3 şi Mă–5.
In addition to being an excellent source of protein, probiotic dairy products based on milk and medicinal plant extracts are a good source of minerals, calcium, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc. The minerals in these products are from raw milk, and medicinal plant extracts. Because the extracts of bilberry, sea-buckthorn, rosehip and liquorice have different mineral content, the products made have a different content in some microelements.
Distribution of broad in probiotic dairy products based on milk and medicinal plant extracts depends on the content of plant extracts and reactions/associations that occur during the technological process. The results of measurements are presented in Tables 10 and 11.
Crt. No. | Sample name | Microelements content, mg/100g product | |||||||||
Ca | Mg | Na | K | Mn | Fe | Zn | Cu | Pb | Cd | ||
1. | M – 3 | 130 | 6 | 36 | 130 | - | 0.1 | 0.4 | ND | ND | ND |
2. | A – 3 | 135 | 7 | 39 | 115 | 0.1 | 0.15 | 0.45 | ND | ND | ND |
3. | C – 3 | 135 | 7.5 | 37.5 | 125 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.5 | ND | ND | ND |
4. | Mă – 3 | 137.5 | 9 | 41 | 135 | 0.1 | 0.27 | 0.5 | ND | ND | ND |
5. | LD+A – 3 | 140 | 7.8 | 47.5 | 135 | 0.1 | 0.21 | 0.5 | ND | ND | ND |
6. | LD+C – 3 | 141 | 7.8 | 40 | 140 | 0.1 | 0.25 | 0.5 | ND | ND | ND |
7. | LD+Mă - 3 | 139.5 | 9.3 | 46 | 150 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.5 | ND | ND | ND |
Crt. No. | Sample name | Microelements content, mg/100g product | |||||||||
Ca | Mg | Na | K | Mn | Fe | Zn | Cu | Pb | Cd | ||
1. | M – 5 | 130 | 6 | 36 | 130 | - | 0.1 | 0.4 | ND | ND | ND |
2. | A – 5 | 135 | 7 | 34.5 | 110 | 0.1 | 0.14 | 0.45 | ND | ND | ND |
3. | C – 5 | 140 | 7.8 | 32.5 | 115 | 0.1 | 0.21 | 0.5 | ND | ND | ND |
4. | Mă – 5 | 140 | 8 | 35 | 120 | 0.1 | 0.25 | 0.5 | ND | ND | ND |
5. | LD+A – 5 | 150 | 7.5 | 39.5 | 140 | 0.1 | 0.17 | 0.5 | ND | ND | ND |
6. | LD+C – 5 | 145 | 8 | 38 | 135 | 0.1 | 0.23 | 0.5 | ND | ND | ND |
7. | LD+Mă–5 | 147 | 9 | 41 | 140 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.5 | ND | ND | ND |
Mineral concentration of fermented dairy products with ABY 5 culture
Minerals in fermented dairy products based on milk and medicinal plant extract fulfill in human body the following functions:
Are composed of hard tissue: Ca and Mg contribute in a major portion at the formation of the skeleton and teeth. Ca is also one of the most sensitive elements that regulate cellular functions. Is the regulator of enzymes involved in carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism, is also involved in important physiological processes such as muscle contraction, blood coagulation, apoptosis and necrosis;
Are components of soft tissue: Fe and K in the form of organic compounds contribute to muscles, organs and blood. Fe are component of hemoglobin involved in oxygen transport, the of myoglobin, the body\'s oxygen tank. Fe is considered a major potential prooxidant metals from the human body;
Are regulators of biological functions: as solubilized salts in body fluids contribute to sensitivity of nervous stimulus, maintain muscle elasticity, adjustment of pH digestive fluids and other secretions, maintaining of osmotic pressure.
Fermented dairy product based on milk and medicinal plant extracts had a higher superoxiddismutase activity. The relationship between the iron and SOD activity is presented in figures 7 and 8.
The relationship between SOD activity and iron content of products obtained with ABY 3 culture
For all samples of fermented dairy products with medicinal plant extracts is an increase in SOD activity compared with the control sample. Measured activity is total SOD-like activity (which contributes enzyme as such and superoxiddismutase-like activity of polyphenols and iron or zinc). SOD activity ranged from 11.142 to 12.857 IU mL-1 product; it was maximum for the sample LD+Mă–3. Samples obtained with ABY 3 culture had a higher SOD activity than samples with ABT 5.
To obtain the probiotic dairy products with medicinal plant extracts was used standardized cow milk to 1.5% fat. The technological process for production of fermented dairy products with medicinal plant extracts is presented in figure 8. The pasteurization of milk is achieved by maintaining standardized milk at 95 °C for 5 minutes. After pasteurization, milk is cooled to a temperature of 42 °C. Milk inoculation for these probiotic dairy products was made with two Probio-Tec probiotic cultures type: ABY 3 respectively ABT 5, at this time were added and aqueous extracts of medicinal plants (bilberries, sea-buckthorn, rosehip and liquorice) that have a number of characteristics presented in table 12.
The relationship between SOD activity and iron content of products obtained with ABY 5 culture
Sample Characteristics | Bilberries extract | Sea-buckthorn extract | Rosehip extract | Liquorice extract |
Dry matter, g/100g | 4.84 | 4.84 | 5.29 | 4 |
Ash insoluble in hydrochloric acid, g/100g | 0.74 | 0.83 | 0.67 | 0.81 |
Total carbohydrate, g/100g | 4.69 | 0.2 | 7.19 | 7.29 |
Total proteins, g/100g | 0.21 | 0.41 | 0.62 | 2.15 |
Calcium, mg/100g product | 13.2 | 4.4 | 34.5 | 30 |
Magnesium, mg/100g product | 15.4 | 4.4 | 13.8 | 60 |
Sodium, mg/100g product | 6.6 | 4.4 | 8.05 | 9 |
Potassium, mg/100g product | 132 | 110 | 300 | 230 |
Manganese, mg/100g product | 2.2 | 2.2 | 1.38 | 0.4 |
Iron, mg/100g product | 1.1 | 2.2 | 0.46 | 0.6 |
Zinc, mg/100g product | 0.66 | 0.44 | 0.69 | 0.6 |
Copper, mg/100g product | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.6 |
Lead, mg/100g product | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Cadmium, mg/100g product | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Caffeic Acid, g/100g | 1.47 | 1.69 | 1.63 | 0.54 |
Cyanidin-3-glucoside chloride, g/100g | 0.55 | - | - | - |
Ascorbic acid, g/100g | - | 0.26 | 0.18 | - |
Glycyrrhizic acid, g/100g | - | - | - | 1.96 |
Characteristics of concentrated medicinal plant extracts
After inoculation follows the distribution and packaging and incubation was made at 42°C for 6 hours in the thermostats set at the optimal temperature for the development of these bacteria. Meanwhile yoghurt gel gets a specific consistency. Cooling and storage of obtained yoghurts is performed at 6 °C for 8 days. In this storage period, coagulum is more compact, the flavor and taste become more pleasant.
Technological flowchart for manufacturing the new product – Probiotic yoghurt with added medicinal plant extracts
The characteristics of fermented dairy products studied, in terms of chemical properties are:
Total dry matter have values between 12.05% and 12.5% (lowest for products that contain liquorice extract), exceeding the minimum specified in Romanian standard for fermented dairy products (12%);
The fat content of the samples vary between 0.6% and 1.3% lowest in products with liquorice compared with other, because smaller proportions of milk of these products;
Lactic fermentation is faster for the samples with added plant extracts because of monosaccharides content (glucose, fructose, arabinose, xylose) and oligosaccharides (sucrose, raffinose, maltose, xiloglucan) from medicinal plants, which are fermented faster than lactose;
Titratable acidity at the end of incubation period is between 67ºT and 78ºT, with higher values for products liquorice extracts. After 8th days of storage period, the titratable acidity is between 84ºT and 97ºT;
The pH of products after incubation period varies between 5.035 and 5.287. After 8th days of storage it reaches values of 4.225-4.553, lowest value was obtained for the products with ABT 5 culture;
ABT 5 probiotic culture which contains
The established technological flowchart leads to obtaining some appropriate products in terms of physical-chemical characterization.
The researchers team of the Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, with many researchers in the scientific world, were concerned to investigate the possibility of obtaining probiotic products based on milk. Use milk as a vehicle for creating probiotic product was a constant concern of the staff of the Faculty of Food Science and Engineering in recent years. Probiotic character and functional role of probiotic products was obtained by adding fruit and vegetable juices, medicinal plant extracts, Spirulina platensis biomass, etc. We plan to continue research in this direction by investigating other products that may stimulate growth of probiotic bacteria.
Authors are grateful to the S.C. Hofigal Export – Import S.A. Bucharest for the material support of this work (medicinal plants, biomass of Spirulina platensis).
Endophytic microorganisms are microorganisms that live in the plant tissue beneath the epidermal cell layers without harming or infecting the host plant, endophytic microorganisms that live in the intercellular space of tissues and thereby they can invade living cells [1].
Endophytic fungi account for a high percentage of the current group of endophytic plant microorganisms. They are considered a source of many new substances, including many active substances with interesting biological effects. These fungal forms can be detected incidentally in the deep tissues of normally growing host plants. They are endogenous to the host plant and, thanks to their strong biosynthetic capacity, are able to produce a large number of metabolites. This may lead to the emergence of new bioactive substances and promises to develop production on an industrial scale. In addition, the substances produced by endophytic fungi are considered as an agent to help balance the microflora on the host plant to prevent pathogens [2, 3].
Endophytic fungi can be easily isolated from a surface-sterilized piece of plant tissue. The number of endophytic fungi found was also very variable when examining different plant samples, this number can range from one to several hundred strains.
The presence of endophytic fungi in plant tissues can be explained in many different ways. But perhaps the most plausible is the hypothesis that endophytic fungi arose from some plant pathology in the evolution of plants. The tree also has a microflora, in which there are strains that exist dormant and cause disease only when the tree is old and weak or facing adverse living conditions. The interaction between the host plant and the pathogenic microorganism during long-term development has resulted in genetic mutations from the pathogenic microorganisms to yield useful strains of endophytic fungi without causing disease [1].
Between endophytic fungi and host plants there is a symbiotic relationship, mutualism or mutualism, etc. The symbiotic or mutualistic relationship between endophytic fungi and plants is shown quite closely. At times they are closely linked as a single individual and contribute to the distinctive character of the tree.
Endophytic fungi promote ecological adaptation of host plants. In some plant species with endophytic fungi, it has been found that they have increased drought tolerance or tolerance of aluminum toxicity in water sources, in habitats, etc. In addition to protecting plants against a number of factors detrimental to the host such as herbivores or insects, many natural products produced by endophytic fungi have also been observed, monitored and concluded on the ability to prevent, inhibit or kill many different pathogens that invade plant tissues. That is also the reason why some endogenous fungal strains can produce phytochemicals that give the host plant a unique and distinctive character [3, 4].
For example: in the early 1990s, a novel taxol-producing endophytic fungus,
Young plant tissues are more suitable for isolating endophytic fungi than mature tissues because adult tissues often contain many different types of fungi, making isolation difficult. Collected plant samples should be stored at 4°C until endophytic fungi are isolated, and isolation should be carried out as soon as possible to avoid airborne bacterial contamination.
To obtain endophytic fungi with biological activity, it is necessary to select plant species that are outstanding in terms of biology, age, endemism, botanical history, and habitat of the host plant. Many studies have shown that medicinal plants and plants living in special environments are frequently studied to screen for endophytic fungi that produce antibiotic substances [1].
With these plants, the unusual environment and harsh natural conditions force the tree to survive, a special element is needed to make the plant highly resistant. And one would expect that factor to be beneficial endophytic fungi [4].
A number of plants have been used according to folk experience, from generation to generation for wound healing, antifungal, antibacterial, etc.
Plants with unusually long lifespans, growing in areas of great biological change, or living in ancient soils are also ideal research subjects to provide endogenous fungi new. Plants surrounded by plants infected with the pathogen, but not infected, are more likely to harbor endophytic fungi with antimicrobial activity than other host plants.
For example: 2008, Tuntiwachwuttikul et al., found an endogenous fungal that was active against pathogens on banana plant
Endemic plant species that have a normal lifespan, or occupy a certain area of land in the wild.
Endophytic fungi are very abundant, according to a study by Matsushima in 1971 conducted on some angiosperms and conifers in North America and Panama, which suggested that most of the endophytic fungi belong to the
2008, Huang et al. also found endogenous fungi present in 27/29 surveyed medicinal plants. The frequency of occurrence of endophytic fungi is relatively high, mainly the genera
Strains of class
According to the statistics of scientists studying three plant families in Southeast Arizona - USA, forests in North Carolina and Northern forests shows that:
Surveying the host plant representing the Fagaceae family obtained 44 endogenous fungal strains in which the genus
Surveying
Surveying plants
Many endogenous fungi in plants have been isolated, they have the ability to produce biologically active substances such as antibiotic, antibacterial, antifungal, tumor suppressor, antioxidant and other biological activities.
Many studies on antibacterial and antifungal activities are produced from endogenous fungi, mainly belonging to the following groups: alkaloids, peptides, steroids, terpenoids, phenols, quinines and flavonoids, etc. These compounds account for only a part small in the total number of active substances produced by endophytic fungal species, they are clearly an excellent and novel potential source for the production of new antibiotics. This holds great promise for solving the problem of drug resistance in bacteria because these antibiotics are novel and highly active compounds Table 1.
Endophytic fungi | Isolation source | Antibiotic | Antimicrobial effects | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pestalopyrone Hydroxypestalopyrone | Plant antibiotics | [4, 7] | ||
Trees that grow in the rivers of Papua New Guinea | Hydroxyl jesterone | Antifungal plant disease | [6] | |
Acid colletotric | Antimicrobial | [4] | ||
Metabolites | Antibacterial, anti-fungal that causes diseases for humans and plants | [4] | ||
Volatile matter | Inhibits bacteria and fungi | [4] | ||
CR 337: New pentaketide | [4] | |||
Pyrrocidines A, B | Fungi | [4] | ||
Cryptocandin Cryptocin | [4] | |||
8 types of medicinal plants found in 3 different regions of western India | Extract from fermented juice | [4] | ||
Lead of | Chaetoglobosin A and C | [4, 7] | ||
Mangroves | 7-epiaustdiol Stemphyperylenol Secalonic A | [4, 6] |
Antibiotic effects of some endogenous fungal species.
Besides,
Since 1990,
Many studies have demonstrated the importance of endophytic fungi in the production of insect repellents, which have many implications for crop protection and increase in agricultural yields Table 3.
Antioxidants are substances that react with free radicals generated during oxidation, thus preventing or slowing down this process. Antioxidants prevent and treat diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular (atherosclerosis, hypertension, ischemia), diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases (Parkinson’s disease), arthritis and aging, etc. Endophytic fungi in higher plants are a source of many new antioxidant active substances Table 4 [10, 11].
Endophytic fungi | Isolation source | Metabolites | Biological impact | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pestacine Isopestacine | Strong anti-oxidant Anti-fungal | [12] | ||
Graphislactone A | Stronger antioxidant than BHT and ascorbic acid | [13] | ||
Phenolic, flavonoid | Strong anti-oxidant | [13] | ||
Metabolites | Strong anti-oxidant | [13] |
Antioxidant effects of some endophytic fungal species.
Endogenous fungi are also known as a source of many other biological metabolites, such as anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, hypoglycemic, immunosuppressive, etc. used to prevent rejection in organ transplants and can be used to treat autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, insulin dependent diabetes also known from endogenous fungi.
Endophytic fungi of the genus
Endophytic fungi | Isolation source | Metabolites | Biological impact | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Plants in the African Rainforest | Nonpeptidal (L-783,281) | Lowers blood sugar with a mechanism similar to insulin but taken orally | [4] | |
Subglutinol A Subglutinol B | Decreased B and T lymphocytes (immunosuppression) | [4] | ||
NF-B inhibitor | Reduce the incidence of cancer | [4] | ||
Acid torreyanic | Anti-cancer agent | [4] | ||
Camptothecin | Anti-cancer compounds | [4] | ||
Cytoskyrin | Antimicrobial Potential agent for cancer treatment | [4] | ||
New isoflavone | Inhibits the growth of Hep-2 and Hep G2 cancer cells | [4] | ||
Hexaketide γ-lacton Oblongolides Z | Anti-herpes simplex virus type 1 | [4] | ||
Phomopsis-H76 A, B and C | Formation of vessels in the sub-intestinal vasculature | [4] |
Endogenous fungi producing other biologically active substances.
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Eurotiomycetes
Order: Eurotiales
Family: Trichocomaceae
Genus:
The characteristics of color (black, brown, yellow, red, white, blue, etc), growth rate, edge of mushroom cluster and surface texture of mushroom cluster vary depending on species and growing conditions. The mycelium of
The spore-bearing head includes the spores: spore, flask, vesicle and spore stalk. The properties of each component vary from species to species and are characteristics that help identify species. Most species have the same shape, size, and color of spore-bearing heads as the cluster Figure 2.
Structure of the asexual reproductive organs of
Some common
Endophytic fungi | Isolation source | Metabolites | Biological impact | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chlorophyll, flavonoids, carbohydrates, phenolics, total proteins contents | To improve the growth and the secondary metabolites contents of tomato | [16] | ||
Kojic acid | Antibacterial ( | [17] | ||
The ethyl acetate extract | Antifungal ( | [18] | ||
Lectin | Anti-cancer MCF7 | [19] | ||
Antibacteria ( | [20] | |||
Tropical Tree Species of India, Tectona | Duroquinone, Adamantine derivative, Dodecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, pentadecanoic acid and Myristic acid | Insecticidal | [21] | |
The ethyl acetate extract | Antifungal ( | [22] | ||
The ethyl acetate extract | Anticancer Promoted plant growth | [23] | ||
Gibberellins, indoleacetic acid | Antibacteria | [24] | ||
R7 | Linoleic acid | Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities | [25] | |
(Z)-N-(4-hydroxystyryl) formamide (NFA) | Improves drought resistance in rice as an antioxidant | [26] | ||
Flavonoid, terpenoid and saponin | Antibacteria | [27] | ||
The compounds into the fermentation broth under specific culture conditions | Antibacteria | [28] | ||
A new antibacterial polyketide (−) palitantin | Antibacteria ( | [29] | ||
KC 582297 | The seaweed | The ethyl acetate extract | [30] | |
(JAS-2) | The ethyl acetate extract | Antibacterial, antifungal and anti-oxidant | [31] | |
Terrequinon A Terrefuranon Na-Acetyl aszonalemin | Anti-cancer | [32] | ||
Dehydrocurvularin 11-methoxycurvularin 11-hydroxycurvularin | ||||
Improved plant biomass and other growth features under high temperature stress (40∘C) | Modulate host plants growth under heat stress | [33] | ||
The ethyl acetate extract | Increases biomass production, increases synthesize different enzymes | [34] | ||
Silymarin | [35] | |||
Secalonic acid | Anticancer (TNBC) cells. | [36] | ||
The ethyl acetate extract | Against | [37] | ||
Seven antibiotics | Antimicrobial | [38] | ||
Taxus yew barks | Taxol | Antitumor | [39] | |
The ethyl acetate extract | Antimicrobial | [40] |
Endophytic
In many plants, the microflora is entirely endophytic fungal. This suggests that endophytic fungi may have a more favorable biological interaction than endophytic bacteria with respect to host plants. The strains of endogenous fungi with active substances are very diverse in both morphology and reproduction, and some strains have very special forms of reproduction.
Identification of
Conditions affecting the biological activity of the endophytic fungus Aspergillus
pH: Importantly affects the growth, metabolism of fungi, enzyme activity, intermediate products, dissociation, dissolution, etc., thus affecting the biosynthesis of active ingredients antibacterial of fungi.
Temperature: Like other microorganisms, the temperature of the environment also greatly affects the growth and development of fungi.
Oxygen concentration: Oxygen concentration is very important and necessary for the survival and growth of aerobic microorganisms.
Carbon source-nitrogen source: The choice of carbon and nitrogen sources greatly affects the activity of secondary substances. Different carbon sources such as dextrose, lactose, sucrose, fructose, starch, molasses and glycerol are believed to be suitable carbon sources for metabolism in various fungi. Organic and inorganic nitrogen sources such as NaNO3, yeast extract, meat extract and soybean meal, NH4NO3, (NH4)2SO4, etc. can help increase biological activity in fungi [2, 41, 42].
All the optimization was performed based on % inhibition of bacterial growth when challenged with 10 μg/μl metabolite concentration. Among different media used, potato dextrose broth (PDB) and sabouraud’s dextrose broth (SDB) proven to be better media for growth of fungus as well as metabolites production 1% yeast extract and 4% dextrose resulted in higher cell inhibition. Ethyl acetate served as good extracting solvent [19].
Addition of vegetable oil to the environment: Vegetable oil can be used to supplement the carbon source during lovastatin production in
Trace elements: Fe and Zn are necessary for the biosynthesis of some antibiotics. It is possible that these two minerals have a positive effect on the antibiotic biosynthesis of
Salt concentration: Salt concentration affects the antibacterial activity of
Endophytic fungal populations of the genus
In the world, there are many studies on the role and application of biologically active substances produced by endogenous fungi. Some endophytic fungal strains have the ability to produce important antibiotics to prevent the invasion of pathogenic organisms to host plants, which are significant in the control of plant diseases and insect pests. Some endogenous fungi are able to synthesize biologically active substances used as anticancer drugs, produce tumor suppressor antibiotics, immunostimulants, and antioxidants, and have biological activities. These compounds mainly belong to the groups of alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids and terpenoid derivatives and other substances, etc. Endogenous fungi also perform a resistance mechanism against plant diseases by producing substance with antibacterial activity. Screening for antimicrobial compounds from endogenous fungi is a way to kill resistant bacteria in humans and plants. In addition, the natural metabolites of endogenous fungi also help to protect natural resources and meet the requirements of pharmaceutical production from plant origin by fermentation. Many biologically active substances are produced by endogenous fungi during growth and development. Finding and discovering those active ingredients is the goal that biopharmaceutical researchers are constantly reaching for.
There is a complex relationship between endophytic fungi and host plants, the interaction between host and endophytic fungi can be endogenous or symbiotic depending on genetic predisposition, developmental stage, nutritional status and environmental factors.
Commensalism helps the endogenous fungi to survive by being supplied with nutrients without affecting the host plant. Mutual beneficial relationships of endophytic fungi and host plants through the provision of energy, nutrients, shelter as well as protection under environmental stress. On the other hand, endophytic fungi indirectly benefit from host plant growth by producing secondary metabolites that help host plants adapt to abiotic factors such as light, drought and stress such as herbivores, insect and nematode attacks or pathogens.
Schulz and Boyle in 2005, the authors proposed that the endophysis of endophytic fungal is a balanced antagonism between host and endophytic fungi, and provided endogenous virulence and protective capacity of the balanced host plant showed no significant symptoms.
Once the host-endophytic interactions become imbalanced, or disease in the host plant or host defense tissues kills the pathogenic endophytic fungi. Whether the interaction is balanced or unbalanced depends on the host-endophytic condition, virulence of the fungi, host defenses, toxicity, environment, and nutritional status and growth stages of the host plant and endophytic fungi.
Therefore, commensal relationships require a balance between the defense responses of the host plant and the nutritional requirements of the endophytic fungi. In agreement with the 2006 study by Kogel et al., endophytic fungi share structural similarities with pathogens and both have many similar virulence factors, such as production of Metabolites and exoenzymes are required to infect and colonize the host plant, so endophytic fungi are subject to self-recognition, the host plant can respond to defensive responses as a disease agent. In addition, the cell wall of endogenous fungi is often associated with the production of macromolecular compounds in plants. Thus, endogenous fungi avoid or overcome nonspecific resistance to invasion by programming the invading cells to harbor pathogenic structures and to maintain integrity in the host cell for a long time [4, 46].
Isolation of endophytic fungi from medicinal and other plants may result in methods to produce biologically active agents for biological utilization on a large commercial scale as they are easily cultured in laboratory and fermentor instead of harvesting plants and affecting the environmental biodiversity.
IntechOpen - where academia and industry create content with global impact
",metaTitle:"Team",metaDescription:"Advancing discovery in Open Access for the scientists by the scientist",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"page/team",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Our business values are based on those any scientist applies to their research. We have created a culture of respect and collaboration within a relaxed, friendly and progressive atmosphere, while maintaining academic rigour.
\\n\\nCo-founded by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic: “We are passionate about the advancement of science. As Ph.D. researchers in Vienna, we found it difficult to access the scholarly research we needed. We created IntechOpen with the specific aim of putting the academic needs of the global research community before the business interests of publishers. Our Team is now a global one and includes highly-renowned scientists and publishers, as well as experts in disseminating your research.”
\\n\\nBut, one thing we have in common is -- we are all scientists at heart!
\\n\\nSara Uhac, COO
\\n\\nSara Uhac was appointed Managing Director of IntechOpen at the beginning of 2014. She directs and controls the company’s operations. Sara joined IntechOpen in 2010 as Head of Journal Publishing, a new strategically underdeveloped department at that time. After obtaining a Master's degree in Media Management, she completed her Ph.D. at the University of Lugano, Switzerland. She holds a BA in Financial Market Management from the Bocconi University in Milan, Italy, where she started her career in the American publishing house Condé Nast and further collaborated with the UK-based publishing company Time Out. Sara was awarded a professional degree in Publishing from Yale University (2012). She is a member of the professional branch association of "Publishers, Designers and Graphic Artists" at the Croatian Chamber of Commerce.
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\\n\\nDr Alex Lazinica
\\n\\nAlex Lazinica is co-founder and Board member of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his Ph.D. in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. There, he worked as a robotics researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group, as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and, most importantly, co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, the world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career since it proved to be the pathway to the foundation of IntechOpen with its focus on addressing academic researchers’ needs. Alex personifies many of IntechOpen´s key values, including the commitment to developing mutual trust, openness, and a spirit of entrepreneurialism. Today, his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"Our business values are based on those any scientist applies to their research. We have created a culture of respect and collaboration within a relaxed, friendly and progressive atmosphere, while maintaining academic rigour.
\n\nCo-founded by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic: “We are passionate about the advancement of science. As Ph.D. researchers in Vienna, we found it difficult to access the scholarly research we needed. We created IntechOpen with the specific aim of putting the academic needs of the global research community before the business interests of publishers. Our Team is now a global one and includes highly-renowned scientists and publishers, as well as experts in disseminating your research.”
\n\nBut, one thing we have in common is -- we are all scientists at heart!
\n\nSara Uhac, COO
\n\nSara Uhac was appointed Managing Director of IntechOpen at the beginning of 2014. She directs and controls the company’s operations. Sara joined IntechOpen in 2010 as Head of Journal Publishing, a new strategically underdeveloped department at that time. After obtaining a Master's degree in Media Management, she completed her Ph.D. at the University of Lugano, Switzerland. She holds a BA in Financial Market Management from the Bocconi University in Milan, Italy, where she started her career in the American publishing house Condé Nast and further collaborated with the UK-based publishing company Time Out. Sara was awarded a professional degree in Publishing from Yale University (2012). She is a member of the professional branch association of "Publishers, Designers and Graphic Artists" at the Croatian Chamber of Commerce.
\n\nAdrian Assad De Marco
\n\nAdrian Assad De Marco joined the company as a Director in 2017. With his extensive experience in management, acquired while working for regional and global leaders, he took over direction and control of all the company's publishing processes. Adrian holds a degree in Economy and Management from the University of Zagreb, School of Economics, Croatia. A former sportsman, he continually strives to develop his skills through professional courses and specializations such as NLP (Neuro-linguistic programming).
\n\nDr Alex Lazinica
\n\nAlex Lazinica is co-founder and Board member of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his Ph.D. in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. There, he worked as a robotics researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group, as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and, most importantly, co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, the world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career since it proved to be the pathway to the foundation of IntechOpen with its focus on addressing academic researchers’ needs. Alex personifies many of IntechOpen´s key values, including the commitment to developing mutual trust, openness, and a spirit of entrepreneurialism. Today, his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.
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Toxic Aspects"},signatures:"Harsimran Kaur Gill and Harsh Garg",authors:[{id:"169137",title:"Dr.",name:"Harsh",middleName:null,surname:"Garg",slug:"harsh-garg",fullName:"Harsh Garg"},{id:"169846",title:"Dr.",name:"Harsimran",middleName:null,surname:"Gill",slug:"harsimran-gill",fullName:"Harsimran Gill"}]},{id:"43317",doi:"10.5772/54833",title:"Extreme Temperature Responses, Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense in Plants",slug:"extreme-temperature-responses-oxidative-stress-and-antioxidant-defense-in-plants",totalDownloads:11622,totalCrossrefCites:70,totalDimensionsCites:155,abstract:null,book:{id:"3226",slug:"abiotic-stress-plant-responses-and-applications-in-agriculture",title:"Abiotic Stress",fullTitle:"Abiotic Stress - Plant Responses and Applications in Agriculture"},signatures:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman, Kamrun Nahar and Masayuki Fujita",authors:[{id:"47687",title:"Prof.",name:"Masayuki",middleName:null,surname:"Fujita",slug:"masayuki-fujita",fullName:"Masayuki Fujita"},{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman"},{id:"166818",title:"MSc.",name:"Kamrun",middleName:null,surname:"Nahar",slug:"kamrun-nahar",fullName:"Kamrun Nahar"}]},{id:"21989",doi:"10.5772/17184",title:"Bacillus-Based Biological Control of Plant Diseases",slug:"bacillus-based-biological-control-of-plant-diseases",totalDownloads:17396,totalCrossrefCites:65,totalDimensionsCites:153,abstract:null,book:{id:"432",slug:"pesticides-in-the-modern-world-pesticides-use-and-management",title:"Pesticides in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Pesticides in the Modern World - Pesticides Use and Management"},signatures:"Hélène Cawoy, Wagner Bettiol, Patrick Fickers and Marc Ongena",authors:[{id:"27515",title:"Prof.",name:"Patrick",middleName:null,surname:"Fickers",slug:"patrick-fickers",fullName:"Patrick Fickers"},{id:"40395",title:"Dr.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Ongena",slug:"marc-ongena",fullName:"Marc Ongena"},{id:"108031",title:"Ms.",name:"Hélène",middleName:null,surname:"Cawoy",slug:"helene-cawoy",fullName:"Hélène Cawoy"},{id:"108032",title:"Dr.",name:"Wagner",middleName:null,surname:"Bettiol",slug:"wagner-bettiol",fullName:"Wagner Bettiol"}]},{id:"40178",doi:"10.5772/52583",title:"Molecular Markers and Marker-Assisted Breeding in Plants",slug:"molecular-markers-and-marker-assisted-breeding-in-plants",totalDownloads:23120,totalCrossrefCites:84,totalDimensionsCites:153,abstract:null,book:{id:"3060",slug:"plant-breeding-from-laboratories-to-fields",title:"Plant Breeding from Laboratories to Fields",fullTitle:"Plant Breeding from Laboratories to Fields"},signatures:"Guo-Liang Jiang",authors:[{id:"158810",title:"Dr.",name:"Guo-Liang",middleName:null,surname:"Jiang",slug:"guo-liang-jiang",fullName:"Guo-Liang Jiang"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"64570",title:"Banana Pseudo-Stem Fiber: Preparation, Characteristics, and Applications",slug:"banana-pseudo-stem-fiber-preparation-characteristics-and-applications",totalDownloads:9543,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:"Banana is one of the most well-known and useful plants in the world. Almost all the parts of this plant, that are, fruit, leaves, flower bud, trunk, and pseudo-stem, can be utilized. This chapter deals with the fiber extracted from the pseudo-stem of the banana plant. It discusses the production of banana pseudo-stem fiber, which includes plantation and harvesting; extraction of banana pseudo-stem fiber; retting; and degumming of the fiber. It also deals with the characteristics of the banana pseudo-stem fiber, such as morphological, physical and mechanical, durability, degradability, thermal, chemical, and antibacterial properties. Several potential applications of this fiber are also mentioned, such as the use of this fiber to fabricate rope, place mats, paper cardboard, string thread, tea bags, high-quality textile materials, absorbent, polymer/fiber composites, etc.",book:{id:"7544",slug:"banana-nutrition-function-and-processing-kinetics",title:"Banana Nutrition",fullTitle:"Banana Nutrition - Function and Processing Kinetics"},signatures:"Asmanto Subagyo and Achmad Chafidz",authors:[{id:"257742",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Achmad",middleName:null,surname:"Chafidz",slug:"achmad-chafidz",fullName:"Achmad Chafidz"},{id:"268400",title:"Mr.",name:"Asmanto",middleName:null,surname:"Subagyo",slug:"asmanto-subagyo",fullName:"Asmanto Subagyo"}]},{id:"40180",title:"Plant Tissue Culture: Current Status and Opportunities",slug:"plant-tissue-culture-current-status-and-opportunities",totalDownloads:66561,totalCrossrefCites:45,totalDimensionsCites:96,abstract:null,book:{id:"3568",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture"},signatures:"Altaf Hussain, Iqbal Ahmed Qarshi, Hummera Nazir and Ikram Ullah",authors:[{id:"147617",title:"Dr.",name:"Altaf",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"altaf-hussain",fullName:"Altaf Hussain"}]},{id:"66996",title:"Ethiopian Common Medicinal Plants: Their Parts and Uses in Traditional Medicine - Ecology and Quality Control",slug:"ethiopian-common-medicinal-plants-their-parts-and-uses-in-traditional-medicine-ecology-and-quality-c",totalDownloads:4172,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"The main purpose of this review is to document medicinal plants used for traditional treatments with their parts, use, ecology, and quality control. Accordingly, 80 medicinal plant species were reviewed; leaves and roots are the main parts of the plants used for preparation of traditional medicines. The local practitioners provided various traditional medications to their patients’ diseases such as stomachaches, asthma, dysentery, malaria, evil eyes, cancer, skin diseases, and headaches. The uses of medicinal plants for human and animal treatments are practiced from time immemorial. Stream/riverbanks, cultivated lands, disturbed sites, bushlands, forested areas and their margins, woodlands, grasslands, and home gardens are major habitats of medicinal plants. Generally, medicinal plants used for traditional medicine play a significant role in the healthcare of the majority of the people in Ethiopia. The major threats to medicinal plants are habitat destruction, urbanization, agricultural expansion, investment, road construction, and deforestation. Because of these, medicinal plants are being declined and lost with their habitats. Community- and research-based conservation mechanisms could be an appropriate approach for mitigating the problems pertinent to the loss of medicinal plants and their habitats and for documenting medicinal plants. Chromatography; electrophoretic, macroscopic, and microscopic techniques; and pharmaceutical practice are mainly used for quality control of herbal medicines.",book:{id:"8502",slug:"plant-science-structure-anatomy-and-physiology-in-plants-cultured-in-vivo-and-in-vitro",title:"Plant Science",fullTitle:"Plant Science - Structure, Anatomy and Physiology in Plants Cultured in Vivo and in Vitro"},signatures:"Admasu Moges and Yohannes Moges",authors:[{id:"249746",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Admasu",middleName:null,surname:"Moges",slug:"admasu-moges",fullName:"Admasu Moges"},{id:"297761",title:"MSc.",name:"Yohannes",middleName:null,surname:"Moges",slug:"yohannes-moges",fullName:"Yohannes Moges"}]},{id:"70658",title:"Factors Affecting Yield of Crops",slug:"factors-affecting-yield-of-crops",totalDownloads:4150,totalCrossrefCites:31,totalDimensionsCites:45,abstract:"A good understanding of dynamics involved in food production is critical for the improvement of food security. It has been demonstrated that an increase in crop yields significantly reduces poverty. Yield, the mass of harvest crop product in a specific area, is influenced by several factors. These factors are grouped in three basic categories known as technological (agricultural practices, managerial decision, etc.), biological (diseases, insects, pests, weeds) and environmental (climatic condition, soil fertility, topography, water quality, etc.). These factors account for yield differences from one region to another worldwide. The current chapter will discuss each of these three basic factors as well as providing some recommendations for overcoming them. In addition, it will provide the importance of climate-smart agriculture in the increase of crop yields while facilitating the achievement of crop production in safe environment. This goes in line with the second goal of 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development of United Nations in transforming our world formulated as end hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture.",book:{id:"8153",slug:"agronomy-climate-change-food-security",title:"Agronomy",fullTitle:"Agronomy - Climate Change & Food Security"},signatures:"Tandzi Ngoune Liliane and Mutengwa Shelton Charles",authors:[{id:"313819",title:"Dr.",name:"Liliane",middleName:null,surname:"Tandzi",slug:"liliane-tandzi",fullName:"Liliane Tandzi"},{id:"314316",title:"Prof.",name:"Charles Shelton",middleName:null,surname:"Mutengwa",slug:"charles-shelton-mutengwa",fullName:"Charles Shelton Mutengwa"}]},{id:"59402",title:"Robotic Harvesting of Fruiting Vegetables: A Simulation Approach in V-REP, ROS and MATLAB",slug:"robotic-harvesting-of-fruiting-vegetables-a-simulation-approach-in-v-rep-ros-and-matlab",totalDownloads:2813,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"In modern agriculture, there is a high demand to move from tedious manual harvesting to a continuously automated operation. This chapter reports on designing a simulation and control platform in V-REP, ROS, and MATLAB for experimenting with sensors and manipulators in robotic harvesting of sweet pepper. The objective was to provide a completely simulated environment for improvement of visual servoing task through easy testing and debugging of control algorithms with zero damage risk to the real robot and to the actual equipment. A simulated workspace, including an exact replica of different robot manipulators, sensing mechanisms, and sweet pepper plant, and fruit system was created in V-REP. Image moment method visual servoing with eye-in-hand configuration was implemented in MATLAB, and was tested on four robotic platforms including Fanuc LR Mate 200iD, NOVABOT, multiple linear actuators, and multiple SCARA arms. Data from simulation experiments were used as inputs of the control algorithm in MATLAB, whose outputs were sent back to the simulated workspace and to the actual robots. ROS was used for exchanging data between the simulated environment and the real workspace via its publish-and-subscribe architecture. Results provided a framework for experimenting with different sensing and acting scenarios, and verified the performance functionality of the simulator.",book:{id:"6265",slug:"automation-in-agriculture-securing-food-supplies-for-future-generations",title:"Automation in Agriculture",fullTitle:"Automation in Agriculture - Securing Food Supplies for Future Generations"},signatures:"Redmond R. Shamshiri, Ibrahim A. Hameed, Manoj Karkee and\nCornelia Weltzien",authors:[{id:"182449",title:"Prof.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:"A.",surname:"Hameed",slug:"ibrahim-hameed",fullName:"Ibrahim Hameed"},{id:"203413",title:"Dr.",name:"Redmond R.",middleName:null,surname:"Shamshiri",slug:"redmond-r.-shamshiri",fullName:"Redmond R. Shamshiri"},{id:"241193",title:"Dr.",name:"Manoj",middleName:null,surname:"Karkee",slug:"manoj-karkee",fullName:"Manoj Karkee"},{id:"241194",title:"Dr.",name:"Cornelia",middleName:null,surname:"Weltzien",slug:"cornelia-weltzien",fullName:"Cornelia Weltzien"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"5",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"79168",title:"Pulses: A Potential Source of Valuable Protein for Human Diet",slug:"pulses-a-potential-source-of-valuable-protein-for-human-diet",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99980",abstract:"Nutritional profile of pulses has significant importance in human diet with respect to protein and mineral quality and bioavailability. Protein energy malnutrition is widespread throughout the world especially among the developing countries. Pulses being rich in macronutrients such as protein from 20 to 26% and low in calories are most suitable for product development for target-oriented population. During last decade, the demand for pulse-based products with high protein and fiber, low glycemic index, and gluten free with more antioxidant showed increasing trend by the consumers. Drift of end-use application of pulses generated interest for research in all disciplines such as breeding, agronomy, food, and nutrition, etc. A great share of plant protein in human diet may be a critical step for reducing dependence on animal origin protein source. This chapter will review contribution or choice of plant-based protein from legumes or pulses with good-quality protein based on amino acid composition. Additionally, this overview can give insight into the development of new product with balanced nutritional quality and high protein contents as a potential protein supply for malnourished population.",book:{id:"12236",title:"Legumes Research- Volume 2",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12236.jpg"},signatures:"Saima Parveen, Amina Jamil, Imran Pasha and Farah Ahmad"},{id:"83012",title:"Cotton Based Cellulose Nanocomposites: Synthesis and Application",slug:"cotton-based-cellulose-nanocomposites-synthesis-and-application",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106473",abstract:"Nanocellulose is a renewable natural biomaterial which has risen to prominence due to its biodegradability and physiochemical properties making it a promising candidate to replace non-biodegradable synthetic fibers. Due to its profound qualities, nanocellulose extracted from cotton fibers have tremendous application potential and have been intensively studied particularly in the generation of nanofillers and as reinforcement components in polymer matrixes. Deposition of inorganic nanoparticles on cotton fabric result in antimicrobial textiles with multifunctional use particularly in manufacture of PPE and as filtration devices against environmental pollutants and pathogens. This chapter compiles three main sections. The first section gives an overview of the extent of work done in the creation and application potential of cotton-based nanocomposites. The second section describes the in situ and ex situ methods of nanoparticle deposition and self assembly on cotton fabrics to generate multifunctional cotton-based nanocomposites with antimicrobial potential while the final section describes the incorporation of cotton nanofibers in polymer matrices, their reinforcing properties, as well as surface modification to assist their incorporation. Finally in the conclusion, a summary of the up-to-date challenges and progresses is presented postulating the undiscovered arenas and future undertakings of this venture.",book:{id:"11362",title:"Cotton",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11362.jpg"},signatures:"Patricia Jayshree Samuel Jacob"},{id:"82476",title:"Joint Action of Herbicides on Weeds and Their Risk Assessment on Earthworm (Eisenia fetida L.)",slug:"joint-action-of-herbicides-on-weeds-and-their-risk-assessment-on-earthworm-eisenia-fetida-l",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105462",abstract:"Frequent and intensive use of similar modes of action herbicides increases selection pressure resulting in nature adapt and a number of herbicide-resistant weeds. The most effective methods to prevent and delay herbicide-resistant weeds are herbicide tank mixture and adjuvant mixed herbicides. This chapter intends to explain the advantages of herbicide tank mixture and adjuvant mixed herbicides. In addition, the models of estimated herbicide mixture interaction response have been explained. Although herbicide mixtures have benefits, they may present risks leading to soil pollution and affecting soil fauna such as earthworms. Therefore, we discussed the negative effect of mixture herbicides on Eisenia fetida. On the other hand, various models to calculate mixture herbicide toxicity on earthworms will be present in this chapter.",book:{id:"11610",title:"New Insights in Herbicide Science",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11610.jpg"},signatures:"Mohammad Taghi Alebrahim, Elham Samadi Kalkhoran and Te-Ming Paul Tseng"},{id:"82937",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-1",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105944",abstract:"Stress in plants refers to external conditions, which drastically affect the growth, development, or productivity of plants. Stress triggers a wide range of plant responses, such as altered gene expression, cellular metabolism, changes in growth rates, and crop yields. Some abiotic stresses, such as low or high temperature, deficient water, and ultraviolet radiation, make plant growth and development unfavorable, leading to a fall in crop yield worldwide. The following writeup incorporated the abiotic stress factors related to the growth and development of plants, such as temperature, drought, heat, cold, and many more. Abiotic stress factors are the nonliving factors influencing the metabolism, growth, and development of the plant tissues at that particular time when such abiotic stress affects them. As a result of such abiotic stresses, the plants have generated many stress tolerance factors. Various stress-responsive genes are thus being formulated in response to the abiotic stresses, so the plants can survive even in such extreme conditions as well. Henceforth, it can be concluded that the abiotic stress factors imposed on the plants adversely impact their growth and developmental procedures, and at the same time, they also produce some stress tolerance factors to minimize the damage.",book:{id:"11330",title:"Plant Response Mechanisms to Abiotic Stresses",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11330.jpg"},signatures:"Shubham Dey and Ayan Raichaudhuri"},{id:"82943",title:"Laboratory Diagnosis of Candidiasis",slug:"laboratory-diagnosis-of-candidiasis",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106359",abstract:"The burden of Candidiasis continues to increase and so does the Candida species. Although Candida species are closely similar phenotypically, they differ from each other in terms of epidemiology, genetic characteristics, antifungal susceptibility and virulence profile. Therefore, reliable and accurate laboratory methods for identification of Candida species can determine the Candidiasis burden and enable the administration of the most appropriate antifungal drug therapy to reduce fungal mortality rates. Conventional and biochemical methods are often used in identification of Candida species. However, these techniques are specific and sensitive enough in detecting the non albicans candida (NAC) species. Molecular techniques have improved the laboratory diagnosis and management of Candidiasis due to improved sensitivity and specificity threshold. This chapter provides an overview of different laboratory methods for diagnosis of Candidiasis.",book:{id:"11608",title:"Candida and Candidiasis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11608.jpg"},signatures:"Benson Musinguzi, Obondo J. Sande, Gerald Mboowa, Andrew Baguma, Herbert Itabangi and Beatrice Achan"},{id:"82732",title:"Role of Microorganisms in Alleviating the Abiotic Stress Conditions Affecting Plant Growth",slug:"role-of-microorganisms-in-alleviating-the-abiotic-stress-conditions-affecting-plant-growth",totalDownloads:5,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105943",abstract:"Agriculture is one of the main sectors that participate in building up world economy, and offers the main source of food, income, and employment to their rural populations. Despite the necessity of doubling agricultural production, quantitatively and qualitatively, to cope with the worsening increase in the global population and to meet the increasing humanitarian needs, the agricultural sector faces many abiotic stress conditions. Additionally, the great climate changes lead to an increase in the negative impact of these stressors. There are many conventional and nonconventional ways that could directly or indirectly mitigate the adverse effects of these stressors, each of them has its advantages and disadvantages. The biological tool is one of the promising methods; it depends on the effective use of beneficial microorganisms to alleviate stress conditions that affect plant growth, development, and therefore productivity. This method is economically inexpensive and eco-friendly toward the environment. Beneficial soil microorganisms such as PGPRs and AMF colonize the root zone of many plant species and help to enhance plant growth and development. Thus, this chapter is aiming to highlight the role of microorganisms in alleviating the abiotic stress conditions affecting in plant growth.",book:{id:"11330",title:"Plant Response Mechanisms to Abiotic Stresses",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11330.jpg"},signatures:"Talaat El Sebai and Maha Abdallah"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:322},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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