Chapters authored
Nosocomial Urinary Tract Infections
Part of the book: Clinical Management of Complicated Urinary Tract Infection
Invasive Candidiasis: Epidemiology and Risk Factors
Invasive candidiasis is a severe infection caused by the yeast of the genus Candida. This highly lethal infection can affect any organs, but it is usually identified by the growth of the yeast in bloodstream samples. Although C. albicans was the most frequently found species, there has been a global trend to the non-albicans isolates. The appearance of C. auris, a newly identified species around the world, is a cause of concern because of resistance to antifungals. In this chapter, the epidemiology and risk factors for the acquisition of candidemia and other forms of invasive candidiasis are reviewed, while showing the current knowledge of worldwide epidemiology.
Part of the book: Fungal Infection
Non-Microbiological Tests for the Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Infection
After clinical evaluation, suspicion of urinary tract infection might be modified by different tests that have the ability to augment (or diminish) the probability of a positive urinary culture and a confirmed diagnosis. In this review, we evaluate the possible role of different non microbiological test for the diagnosis of an urinary tract infection. Some of them might be easily available in the office or a busy emergency room, while others require more sophisticated infrastructure. Due to the high frequency of urinary tract infections, the diversity of symptoms, the difficulty of the diagnosis in some group of patients (e.g., older patients, those with dementia, etc.), and the lack of a gold standard, those non-microbiological tests might contribute to a correct diagnosis and a proper use of antibiotics in difficult cases.
Part of the book: Advances and Challenges in Urine Laboratory Analysis