Error description for one linear axis.
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IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7760",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Structure Processing Properties Relationships in Stoichiometric and Nonstoichiometric Oxides",title:"Structure Processing Properties Relationships in Stoichiometric and Nonstoichiometric Oxides",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The interrelation among composition, microstructure, and properties of stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric compounds is a major field of research for both scientific and technological reasons. As such, this book focuses on metal oxides, which present a large diversity of electrical, magnetic, optical, optoelectronic, thermal, electrochemical, and catalytic properties, making them suitable for a wide range of applications. By bringing together scientific contributions with special emphasis on the interrelations between materials chemistry, processing, microstructures, and properties of stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric metal oxides, this book highlights the importance of tightly integrating high-throughput experiments (including both synthesis and characterization) and efficient and robust theory for the design of advanced materials.",isbn:"978-1-78985-452-7",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-451-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-130-0",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77573",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"structure-processing-properties-relationships-in-stoichiometric-and-nonstoichiometric-oxides",numberOfPages:102,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"e41f9a3546e36dbf70a36974f74e9845",bookSignature:"Speranta Tanasescu",publishedDate:"November 4th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7760.jpg",numberOfDownloads:3902,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:8,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:11,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"January 28th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 14th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 13th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 1st 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 30th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"24934",title:"Dr.",name:"Speranta",middleName:null,surname:"Tanasescu",slug:"speranta-tanasescu",fullName:"Speranta Tanasescu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24934/images/system/24934.jpg",biography:"Speranta Tanasescu, PhD, is Senior Researcher I and head of the Laboratory of Chemical Thermodynamics in the “Ilie Murgulescu” Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest. Dr. Tanasescu obtained a PhD in Physical Chemistry from the Romanian Academy in 1979 and has served as a supervisor in chemistry since 2002. She received the “Gh. Spacu” Award from the Romanian Academy in 1972. Her thematic research focuses on activities with impact in the following domains: materials science, nanoscience and nanotechnologies, new sources of energies, nanosafety, and nanomedicine. Her research is significant for understanding processing-structure relationships as well as for finding key parameters in relation to bio-reactivity of the nanomaterials with impact in both nanosafety and nanomedicine research.",institutionString:"Ilie Murgulescu Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Romanian Academy",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Romanian Academy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"492",title:"Solid-State Chemistry",slug:"chemistry-inorganic-chemistry-solid-state-chemistry"}],chapters:[{id:"72732",title:"Introductory Chapter: Structure-Processing-Properties Relationships in Stoichiometric and Nonstoichiometric Oxides",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92861",slug:"introductory-chapter-structure-processing-properties-relationships-in-stoichiometric-and-nonstoichio",totalDownloads:483,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Speranta Tanasescu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72732",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72732",authors:[{id:"24934",title:"Dr.",name:"Speranta",surname:"Tanasescu",slug:"speranta-tanasescu",fullName:"Speranta Tanasescu"}],corrections:null},{id:"70119",title:"Role of Neutron Diffraction in Identifying Stoichiometry and Nonstoichiometry in the Compounds",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89461",slug:"role-of-neutron-diffraction-in-identifying-stoichiometry-and-nonstoichiometry-in-the-compounds",totalDownloads:655,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter we introduce stoichiometry and nonstoichiometry from crystal structure point of view along with some examples. We also discussed about the importance of nonstoichiometry in the application oriented research work and their use in the technological applications. We further discuss the ways to identify stoichiometry through various methods. We then introduce neutron diffraction and briefly describe how neutrons and X-ray interacts with matter and the difference in their interaction with matter. We then focus upon its (neutron) usability to identify nonstoichiometry by using some examples available in the literatures. High-temperature superconductivity-based research has seen the importance of neutron diffraction and scattering in identifying the structural modification which leads to superconductivity in the compounds.",signatures:"Som Datta Kaushik and Anil Kumar Singh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70119",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70119",authors:[{id:"298294",title:"Dr.",name:"S D",surname:"Kaushik",slug:"s-d-kaushik",fullName:"S D Kaushik"},{id:"313769",title:"Dr.",name:"A. K.",surname:"Singh",slug:"a.-k.-singh",fullName:"A. K. Singh"}],corrections:null},{id:"69391",title:"On Application of Hyperfree Energy for the Description of Thermodynamics of Mobile Components in Nonstoichiometric Partially Open Ceramic Systems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89584",slug:"on-application-of-hyperfree-energy-for-the-description-of-thermodynamics-of-mobile-components-in-non",totalDownloads:509,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Nonstoichiometric oxides form a new chapter in tailored materials. Founding and construction of thermodynamic functions related to solid (geologic, metallurgic) materials is traced showing interactions between Czech Professor F. Wald and Russians R.S. Kurnakov and D.S. Korzhinskiĭ and further developed by Czech P. Holba in the initial phase definition and related characterization of partially open systems. A gradual increase in thermodynamic concepts related to solid-state description is investigated in more detail. For the associated thermodynamic definition of the mobile component, the previously formulated hyperfree energy function, which was recently applied to several systems, was used. As a measure of the material disposition for the absorption of the free component, an innovative term of plutability is proposed, which allows the introduction of various forecaster variables such as temperature, pressure, and activity. Examples of practical application are examples of high-temperature superconducting materials, where the Czech school of thermodynamics is emphasized.",signatures:"Jaroslav Šesták",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69391",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69391",authors:[{id:"302126",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Jaroslav",surname:"Sestak",slug:"jaroslav-sestak",fullName:"Jaroslav Sestak"}],corrections:null},{id:"69496",title:"Nonstoichiometry Role on the Properties of Quantum-Paraelectric Ceramics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89499",slug:"nonstoichiometry-role-on-the-properties-of-quantum-paraelectric-ceramics",totalDownloads:638,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Among the lead-free perovskite-structure materials, strontium titanate (SrTiO3—ST) and potassium tantalate (KTaO3—KT), pure or modified, are of particular importance. They are both quantum paraelectrics with high dielectric permittivity and low losses that can find application in tunable microwave devices due to a dependence of the permittivity on the electric field. Factors as Sr/Ti and K/Ta ratio in ST and KT ceramics, respectively, can alter the defect chemistry of these materials and affect the microstructure. Therefore, if properly understood, cation stoichiometry variation may be intentionally used to tailor the electrical response of electroceramics. The scientific and technological importance of the stoichiometry variation in ST and KT ceramics is reviewed and compared in this chapter. The differences in crystallographic phase assemblage, grain size, and dielectric properties are described in detail. Although sharing crystal chemical similarities, the effect of the stoichiometry is markedly different. Even if the variation of Sr/Ti and K/Ta ratios did not change the quantum-paraelectric nature of ST and KT, Sr excess impedes the grain growth and decreases the dielectric permittivity in ST ceramics, while K excess promotes the grain growth and increases the dielectric permittivity in KT ceramics.",signatures:"Alexander Tkach and Paula M. Vilarinho",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69496",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69496",authors:[{id:"24957",title:"Prof.",name:"Paula",surname:"Vilarinho",slug:"paula-vilarinho",fullName:"Paula Vilarinho"}],corrections:null},{id:"73533",title:"Thermodynamic Stability and Microscopic Behavior of BaxSr1-xCo1-yFeyO3-δ Perovskites",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94028",slug:"thermodynamic-stability-and-microscopic-behavior-of-ba-sub-x-sub-sr-sub-1-x-sub-co-sub-1-y-sub-fe-su",totalDownloads:417,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The mixed conducting perovskite-type oxides BaxSr1-xCo1-yFeyO3-δ (BSCF) are intensively studied as potential high-performance solid oxide fuel cell cathode materials. The effect of different compositional variables and oxygen stoichiometry on the structure and thermodynamic stability of the BaxSr1-xCo1-yFeyO3-δ (x = 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.8; y = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1) perovskite-type compositions were investigated by solid electrolyte electrochemical cells method and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The thermodynamic quantities represented by the partial molar free energies, enthalpies and entropies of oxygen dissolution in the perovskite phase, as well as the equilibrium partial pressures of oxygen were obtained in the temperature range of 823–1273 K. The in situ change of oxygen stoichiometry and the determination of thermodynamic parameters of the new oxygen-deficient BSCF compositions were studied via coulometric titration technique coupled with electromotive force (EMF) measurements. The effect of A- and B-site dopants concentration correlated to the variation of oxygen stoichiometry on the thermodynamic stability and morphology of the BSCF samples was evidenced.",signatures:"Florentina Maxim, Alina Botea-Petcu, Florina Teodorescu, Ludwig J. Gauckler and Speranta Tanasescu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73533",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73533",authors:[{id:"24934",title:"Dr.",name:"Speranta",surname:"Tanasescu",slug:"speranta-tanasescu",fullName:"Speranta Tanasescu"},{id:"321069",title:"Dr.",name:"Florina",surname:"Teodorescu",slug:"florina-teodorescu",fullName:"Florina Teodorescu"},{id:"323964",title:"Dr.",name:"Florentina",surname:"Maxim",slug:"florentina-maxim",fullName:"Florentina Maxim"},{id:"323965",title:"Dr.",name:"Alina",surname:"Botea-Petcu",slug:"alina-botea-petcu",fullName:"Alina Botea-Petcu"},{id:"323968",title:"Prof.",name:"Ludwig J.",surname:"Gauckler",slug:"ludwig-j.-gauckler",fullName:"Ludwig J. Gauckler"}],corrections:null},{id:"70161",title:"Stoichiometric and Nonstoichiometric Compounds",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89402",slug:"stoichiometric-and-nonstoichiometric-compounds",totalDownloads:1200,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter gives a general overview of synthesis and recent development of nickel oxide as a nonstoichiometric compound. We establish the synthesis chemistry of nickel oxide as a nonstoichiometric material, and hence successively introduce definitions and classifications of nonstoichiometric compounds as well as their point defects. The samples of nonstoichiometric nickel oxide are synthesized by thermal decomposition method. The nonstoichiometry of samples was then studied chemically by iodometric titration, and the results are further corroborated by excess oxygen obtained from the thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) techniques are used to analyze structural phase of nonstoichiometric nickel oxide. The change in oxidation state of nickel was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. The shift in antiferromagnetic ordering and transition temperature due to nonstoichiometry is studied by magnetic and specific heat capacity analysis.",signatures:"Paras Dubey and Netram Kaurav",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70161",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70161",authors:[{id:"277555",title:"Dr.",name:"Netram",surname:"Kaurav",slug:"netram-kaurav",fullName:"Netram Kaurav"},{id:"299545",title:"Mr.",name:"Paras",surname:"Dubey",slug:"paras-dubey",fullName:"Paras Dubey"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2283",title:"Advances in Crystallization Processes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fbac03612cea22d52fd05bd8ebace89c",slug:"advances-in-crystallization-processes",bookSignature:"Yitzhak Mastai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2283.jpg",editedByType:"Edited 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The contents of the book will be written by multiple authors and edited by experts in the field.",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"95389fcd878d0e929234c441744ba398",bookSignature:"",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11730.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 30th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 21st 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 20th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 10th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 9th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"8 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:1,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. 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The concept of failing organ replacement with the donor’s or an artificial one has found its way into literally every clinical field, where one or multiple organ insufficiency and eventual failure are concerned. Ever-increasing number of the patients on the waiting lists, rapidly growing demand for donor organs, already well-proved efficiency of organ transplantation as an ultimate treatment for end-stage organs’ failure, and ever-expanding infrastructure of transplantation industry are factors promoting the explosive growth of the transplantation industry. The foundation of this industry rests on two pillars: transplantation medicine and transplantation science, with substantial overlapping and blurred boundaries. The sheer immensity of transplantation industry may be best illustrated by very impressive statistics and facts, accomplishments, and ongoing research trends [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].
\nAt present, organ and tissue transplantation procedures of any kind are being performed in more than 111 countries, which cover about 81% of world population, and new countries are joining this club every year. Close to 140,000 organs are being transplanted every year worldwide. According to most recently published OPTN data (May 22, 2019), in the USA alone during the period of 31 years (from January 11, 1988 to April 30, 2019), close to half million (451,847, to be precise) kidney, 166,383 liver, 73,216 heart, 38,989 lung, 23,959 kidney-pancreas, and numerous other organ transplantations have been performed in more than 80 transplant programs, and the exponential increase of these numbers constitutes the current trend.
\nFifteen international and more than 140 local/countrywide organizations in more than 111 countries are incessantly doing a great job in coordinating efforts in the areas of research promotion, development, and improvement of practical aspects of organ donation and transplantation process. Dozens of scientific meetings in many countries worldwide provide stage for scientists and physicians to present results of research, share experience, and exchange opinions.
\nEver since the very first successful solid organ transplants (1954, first successful kidney transplant; 1967, first successful liver and heart transplants), transplantation science remains in the state of rapid exponential growth. Physicians and researchers from literally every imaginable specialty are getting more and more involved in transplantation medicine, which long ago overgrew the boundaries of one particular medical specialty and became a whole new field of medical science. Results of clinical and experimental research provide a plenty of material for myriad publications worldwide every year. There are easily more than 75 periodic issues, among which are more than 40 high-impact journals, publishing results of countless research works from all over the world. PubMed search alone returns about 800,000 titles of the indexed publications, pertinent to the field of transplantation, which covers approximately 70% of the total published works on the transplantation-related topics worldwide. There are also numerous books, book chapters, and other publications on these topics, that find their readers every year. Ongoing research is funded by tens of millions dollars and euros; these funds are coming from various government organizations and private investors, surpassed probably only by cancer and heart research funding.
\nAnd yet, among countless publications, covering most areas in this particular field, such a specific segment of key importance as perioperative care for the organ recipient remains underrepresented, and many topics of it still uncovered. The resulting lack of big, prospective studies, along with relative scarcity of conceptual level review articles, has prompted us to choose the main topic of this book, with the true intention to fill in the gap by collecting and presenting the articles dedicated to at least some of the under-covered problems.
\nPerioperative care for organ transplant candidate/recipient is an exceedingly complex and multifaceted enterprise. It comprises three main components.
Preoperative care begins from selection of the proper candidate. In today’s realm of organ transplantation, the current trend of performing combined, more complicated organ transplants on ever-increasing number of sick patients with severe cardiopulmonary, renal, endocrine co-morbidities, once considered as posing insurmountably high risk, prohibitive for surgery, is quickly becoming an everyday reality. At this stage, a person’s medical and surgical history and current disease status, treatment progress, success or lack thereof, and compliance with numerous medication regimes are being reviewed. The critical portion of the selection includes a great deal of current functional status assessment, ability to tolerate multiple challenges of organ transplant surgery and postoperative period, and, most importantly, prediction of outcome, immediate and long-term. There are numerous prediction algorithms and systems, such as MELD score for liver transplant candidates, for example. The degree of functional impairment (after all, majority of patients suffer from end-stage organ failure, sometimes severe multi-organ insufficiency) is a matter of continuous re-assessment and optimization, whenever appropriate and feasible, in preparation to actual organ transplantation surgery. Numerous diagnostic studies, some of which invasive, are employed at this stage to pinpoint the problem and track the treatment progress.
This stage also includes an assessment of patient’s mental status, habits, lifestyle, social and financial aspects, geographical factors, housing and transportation particulars, availability of family support in the posttransplant period, coping skills and intellectual capacity, illicit drug use and alcohol consumption, and many other pieces of the information, necessary to make an initial selection, and keep the candidacy active.
The organ transplant surgery is a culmination of the transplantation process, the central and most important part of the whole enterprise. The very possibility of the surgery is contingent on availability, oftentimes immediate, and proper quality of the donor organ. Current policies and practices of organ donation and sharing, procurement and conservation techniques comprise a huge field of scientific and practical knowledge, and their discussion is beyond the scope of this book.
Intraoperative care for organ transplant recipient, even in the relatively straightforward cases, is by far one of the most challenging tasks the anesthesiologist ever encounters in his/her practice. The spectrum of problems and challenges include choice of particular anesthesia technique (that depends on organ failure involved and other patient-related factors), significant, sometimes life-threatening hemodynamic disturbances and acid-base/electrolytes disbalance, major ongoing blood loss, massive blood products administration, coagulation deficit correction, necessity of temporary organ replacement techniques (such as intraoperative dialysis), use of case- and organ-specific technologies and modalities, such as use of vasoactive agents for hemodynamic optimization, TEE, ECMO, total circulatory arrest, and plenty more. Some of the most challenging aspects of anesthesia care for transplant recipient include unpredictability of the timing (it is literally 24/7, no exclusions) and length of procedures, and, with ever-growing body of practical experience, incidence of unanticipated, rare complications, such as stress cardiomyopathy or intraoperative myocardial infarction. For all these reasons, and more, transplant anesthesiology has been established as one of the major independent subspecialties in the field of anesthesiology.
Immediate postoperative care is an inseparable part of this stage. The challenges here, albeit quite similar to those encountered in the operating room, are different in many ways (time resolution, for one). The reasons of major morbidity and mortality of freshly transplanted patient include variety of cardiovascular complications; primary transplanted organ dis- and non-function; super-acute rejection; and numerous surgery-specific complications, such as hemorrhage, vascular thrombosis, dehiscence, bronchial anastomosis leaks, biliary leaks, wound infections/septic state, and also plenty of seemingly trivial, matter-of-everyday-practice problems, such as hemodynamic instability, blood glucose fluctuations, acid-base disturbances, ventilator-associated problems, pulmonary complications (pulmonary edema, ARDS, pneumonias, atelectasis), and early cognitive dysfunctions—all of which require immediate and apt attention and incessant efforts directed on correction, as soon and as complete as possible.
Later, posttransplant care encompasses the time period from recipient’s discharge form critical care unit until discharge from the hospital. The time frame for this stage varies (the range is from days to months), due to transplanted organ-, surgery-, related specifics, early complications and other medical conditions. At this stage, clinicians face quite different and very specific set of challenges, which includes choice and maintenance of immunosuppressive therapy; early, late, sub-acute, and chronic rejections; late organ dysfunctions; transition from pretransplant organ-specific hemodynamic profile to normalized one; wide variety of infectious complications (opportunistic bacterial, viral, and fungal infections); exacerbations of chronic diseases; early malignancies; PTSD and other mental, mood, and memory problems, and more. Albeit already not as acute and severe as major immediate perioperative problems, these conditions nevertheless remain as important and, oftentimes, as deadly, and certainly bear an enormous weight on the short- and long-term patient and organ survival and well-being.
Deep understanding and detailed knowledge of these components, their mutual influences, connections, and interactions are necessary conditions for any further progress in this particular field, both in scientific and practical aspects.
\nThe presented book is addressed to physicians and researchers, working in the ever-expanding research and practice fields of transplantation medicine.
\nThis book’s purpose is to present the transplantation community with the collection of works performed and articles written by prominent experts in the variety of transplant-related fields, encompassing most recent scientific and practical developments and accomplishments in the highly specialized segment of transplantation medicine, such as perioperative care for organ transplant candidate and recipient.
\nWhile considering the inclusion of broad, well-researched, albeit constantly discussed, topics, such as candidacy/selection criteria, indications for transplant, hemodynamic management, coagulopathy, renal failure, diabetes in transplant recipient and more, as undoubtedly beneficial, it should be stressed though, that the very intent of this book is rather to focus on problems and issues, encountered while providing intra-(anesthesia) and postoperative critical care for patients, undergoing single and combined organ transplant surgery.
\nConsidering and actually making a perioperative care specifically for organ transplant recipient a conceptual base for the selection of scientific, research- and practical-oriented articles is not an easy task. The amount of mutually influencing factors; interactions; and seemingly far-fetched, but, after close examination, very relevant pieces make such a selection work quite arduous, taking into account the sheer volume of already published excellent works in the field of transplantation science. It is our hope, however, that the collection of outstanding articles, containing most updated, pertinent, and highly relevant information, presented in this book, will help explore new horizons of knowledge, inspire new ideas for research projects, and promote practical improvements and developments.
\nThe production of geometrically and dimensionally defined workpieces is what the user expects from a machine tool. Deviations from these prescribed dimensions and geometry are due to machine inaccuracies. Therefore, it was necessary to develop trials and tests of machine tool properties and parameters that can detect these errors. Every new machine tool, a newly developed machine, or a machine overhauled is subjected to these tests [1].
\nTesting of machine tools is an important part of the product life cycle-machine tool. Tests of machine tools can be divided into three groups. The first group of tests is associated with a contractual obligation between the seller and the buyer of the machine. They are, therefore, a part of the contract. Acceptance tests usually take place in two steps—first, directly at the machine manufacturer and then, after the machine is assembled, at the customer. These tests aim to verify the declared properties of the machine. The prototype tests serve to verify the properties of newly designed and manufactured machines. Prototype tests extend the acceptance tests with a series of measurements to provide important information, especially to machine designers. The proposed and expected properties of the new product are examined and the unknown properties, which cannot be expected when the product is being developed, are revealed. Statistical acceptance (process competence test) is used for exacting customers, where it is necessary to maintain the quality of the workpiece in the long term [2].
\nHow to perform and evaluate these tests is determined and recommended primarily by standards and regulations. When testing the properties of machines, it is not only about knowing and being capable of how to measure machines (what kind of equipment to use, what method and procedure), but also how to analyze and apply the results in future. Is it necessary to do a mechanical intervention into the machine or is it sufficient to compensate the machine software? [1].
\nThe inspector should be able to answer these and other questions related to machine tool diagnostics. Machine diagnostics is not only a knowledge of the measurement method, but also a set of knowledge that the inspector must know. The first is the knowledge of the measuring equipment itself and its management, monitoring its properties, accuracy, and ensuring a regular calibration (if necessary). Next, it is the knowledge of working with these devices (procedures) and what standards and regulations apply to the measured quantity, the machine, and the device itself. However, it is also important to know the measured machine, without which we cannot adequately perform diagnostics and propose suitable measures to improve the accuracy of the machine [1].
\nThe publication [3] describes the effects of an improperly selected method of measuring the volumetric accuracy of a machine tool. Various methods of placing the temperature sensors on the machine were carried out. These are then reflected in the size of individual machine errors, but also in the resulting volumetric accuracy in the range of 8–12%. This is an example of a different approach to measuring of volumetric accuracy, which is, in this case, affected by the human factor.
\nThe machine tool must be seen as a technical system, which must always be considered in a comprehensive way, with all the impacting effects. In operation, the CNC machine tool is influenced by a number of effects. By this, we understand the effect not only of the ambient where it is installed, but also the influence of the operator on the machine itself and its impacts on the ambient. These influences affect the properties that all machine tool users call for, namely run stability, repeated machining accuracy, and trouble-free operation. We must assess machine tools in a comprehensive, hierarchical, and structured way. The deviations in the dimensions of the machined component provide the user with direct information on the accuracy of the parts from which the machine is assembled, on the care devoted to the assembly and, last but not least, on its construction. The workshop environment where the machine is installed affects the machine tool by [4]:
vibrations;
impurities;
heat.
On the other hand, the machine can have the same effects on the environment. The machine can cause vibrations (not common), exhaust gases from the supply of coolant and cutting fluid to the cutting site and can also cause ambient warming. By impurities we do not mean coarse dirt and excessive dust, but the standard ambient of normal workshop operation. Heat flow and radiation from the ambient have an immediate effect on the machine installation site and can adversely affect the machine operation. Coldness or sudden temperature changes are equally unfavorable. In cases where this does not impede the operation of the machine (e.g., thermal protection failure, functionality of motion mechanisms) and the temperature changes (sudden temperature difference) are not too high, the machine can be operated satisfactorily. This state can be compared to a temperature steady state (tempered state). Therefore, manufacturers usually report the temperature range at which their machine operates. Rather, a sudden change in the temperature field is detrimental [4].
\nIn addition to these external effects, several factors, referred to collectively as production accuracy (production uncertainty), affect the operation and, in particular, its machining accuracy. When machining a workpiece over time, its dimensions vary within or outside the given and permitted limits. Workpiece dimensional variations are caused by three main factors affecting the machine tool and the manufacturing process [4]:
temperature influence;
static rigidity of the machine-tool-workpiece system;
dynamic compliance of machine-tool-workpiece system.
Every CNC machine tool is exposed to temperature effects, both even and uneven, during its operation and also in its sleep mode. Due to this temperature effect, temperature deformations arise which lead to a change in the position of the workpiece relative to the tool and thus to inaccuracies. This will be striking if we are focused on the stability of the machined dimension in case of a smaller series of workpieces, respecting the shape and position errors defined on the machined parts. The causes of heating up the individual parts of the machine tool can be found either in the machine itself (passive resistors in the motion axes or the cutting process itself) or outside it. The thermal stability of machine tools today is one of the most important factors for maintaining the specified tolerances on the workpiece [5].
\nAlmost all the mechanical work that is done in the cutting process turns into heat. In addition, losses occur in the machine motion groups. Heat is dissipated from the place of origin (cutting process or in drives, guides) by [5]:
conduction;
convection;
radiation.
Heat dissipates from the cutting process by:
chip;
workpiece;
tool;
ambient.
It follows that almost all the heat is stored in the machine tool and must be dissipated or stabilized. Uneven heating up of machine tool parts can occur, which can lead to thermal expansion and deformation. This results in fluctuations of workpiece dimensions and tolerance variations in shape and position. All temperature effects cause a temperature increase during machine tool operation, which then stabilizes at a certain value—the so-called steady temperature, which is different for each machine. Therefore, some manufacturers insist on this condition and then recommend machining. However, they must ensure that there is no sudden change in temperature. The harm caused to the machining process may not be the temperature itself, but rather harms of temperature changes during machining. For this reason, in addition to efficient cooling, some manufacturers also heat their machines [5].
\nThis state is called a thermally stabilized machine tool. The cold machine tool heats up slowly, because we cannot achieve smooth operation and even workload of the machine tool at the beginning of machining. This is because machining must often be interrupted and this causes cooling. Therefore, at first, the machine is thermally stabilized by heating to the operating temperature and then by controlling and maintaining its temperature. Our aim is that, in spite of the thermally stabilized state of the machine, the changes in temperature and its manifestations of thermal deformation could affect as little as possible the position of the tool relative to the workpiece and thus the machining accuracy by [5]:
selecting a thermo-symmetrical machine design;
increasing the efficiency of all nodes and elements, thus minimizing losses that change into heat;
placing heat sources efficiently so that they do not affect the design of the machine;
dissipating the heat by cooling, chip removal, or by dimensioning the surfaces for efficient heat dissipation;
compensating the machine;
checking the air flow and its temperature, or shielding the external thermal radiation.
Undesirable and harmful side effects of time-varying loading can be vibrations, and thus also the accompanying phenomenon of these vibrations—noise of the machine or its parts. Vibrations deteriorate the working conditions of the working process, deteriorate the quality of machined surface, and reduce the tool edge life. The vibrations that occur in machine tools are called forced and self-excited vibration. The source of forced vibration in machine tools is the periodic force.
\nForced vibrations are dangerous for the machine construction itself if their frequencies or higher harmonic frequencies of this force, e.g., from the cutting process, are equal to the eigen frequencies of the machine-tool-workpiece system.
\nIf the source of the forced vibration is caused by the cutting process, the suppression of subsequent vibrations can be accomplished by selecting the cutting conditions. However, it should be borne in mind that, for example, the eigen frequencies of the workpiece can sometimes vary considerably depending on the depth of the chip being removed.
\nSimilarly, the eigen frequency of the machine or the eigen frequency of tool clamping in the spindle may not be suitable. Another way how to suppress the forced vibration is by fixing the machine on a flexible foundation or by using a vibration absorber. On the other hand, self-excited vibrations limit the machining quality. The self-excited vibration of the machine arises without an external power supply (excitation source), since this is due to the interaction between the workpiece and the tool. If there is an excess of energy obtained, i.e., if this energy is greater than the energy consumed, self-excited vibrations occur. This is manifested as a chatter of the machine; this is caused by a number of mechanisms. Self-excited vibrations occur during roughing and finishing operations. This does not mean that if less chip is removed, self-excited vibrations are avoided. For example, self-excited vibrations may occur when removing a chip of small depth on a vertical lathe (0.3 mm) with a large load of the ram on the tool tip (1500 mm) [5].
\nSelf-excited vibrations occur suddenly; stable conditions of cutting process can also suddenly change to unstable ones. Stable conditions become unstable when a certain value of chip depth, which is called a limit chip depth, is exceeded. The basics of the self-excited vibration theory were developed in the 1950s at VÚOSO Praha, founded by Tlustý, Poláček, and others. The theory was based on equality of energy in the feedback system. Energy is generated by the cutting process, which is the source of excitation, and consumed by vibrations (inertial mass, springs and absorbers that can replace the system) [5].
\nUnder the term accuracy of machine tools, you can imagine several partial features of the machine. Accuracy will be taken differently from the perspective of the designer and from the perspective of the metrologist. From the metrological point of view, accuracy describes how close the measurement result is to the true value of the quantity. In the field of machine tools, we can talk about several types of accuracy, while the determination of accuracy is only qualitative (small, medium, and high). These are
These basic three types of accuracy of CNC machine tools are complemented by other types of accuracy, namely
Geometric accuracy describes the geometric structure of a machine tool from which the properties of functional parts affecting its working accuracy can be evaluated. It also describes the production quality of the machine and its assembly in an unloaded state. The tests are carried out on machines working under no load or under finishing conditions of machining [6].
\nGeometric accuracy of axes, their measurement and evaluation are given by the standard ČSN ISO 230-1. This section applies only to accuracy tests. It does not deal with the functional tests of the machine (vibrations, jerky movements of parts, etc.) or the determination of characteristic parameters (revolutions, feeds), as these tests are to be performed prior to the accuracy tests. Geometric tests consist of verifying the dimensions, shapes, and positions of components and their relative alignment. They include all operations that affect a part of the machine, such as planeness, alignment, intersection of axes, parallelism, squareness of straight lines or planar surfaces. They relate only to dimensions, shapes, positions, and relative motions that may affect the accuracy of the machine operation [7].
\nAccording to the standard, there are six geometric errors in linear (according to ČSN ISO 230 - 1) and rotary (according to ČSN ISO 230 - 7) axes, namely three translational errors—positioning error, horizontal and vertical straightness error and three angular errors. A typical three-axis CNC machine tool contains 21 geometric errors—3 × 3 translation errors, 3 × 3 angular errors. To these errors, the errors of the relative squareness of the linear axes are added. All of these errors can adversely affect the overall positioning accuracy of the machine and thus also the accuracy of the machined parts. Errors usually occur when the actual position differs from the position displayed on the machine control unit. Errors increase with dynamic effects arising from the interpolation of axes [4].
\nIn the case of three-axis kinematics, we can find 21 error parameters, 18 translational errors and 3 parameters of squareness of individual machine axes. These errors, including spindle errors, are shown for the three-axis vertical milling machine in Figure 1. The kinematic chain of the three-axis machine tool presented below corresponds to W (Workpiece) -X-Y-Z-T (Tool) [8].
\nScheme of deviations of three-axis kinematics at the machine MCV 754 QUICK, KOVOSVIT-MAS [
The error description for one linear X-axis and one rotary C-axis is given in Table 1.
\nLinear axis X | \nRotary axis C | \n
---|---|
EXX – positioning error | \nEXC – radial motion in X direction | \n
EYX – straightness error in Y direction | \nEYC - radial motion in Y direction | \n
EZX - straightness error in Z direction | \nEZC - axial motion of C axis | \n
EAX – angular roll error | \nEAC - tilt error motion around the X of the C axis | \n
EBX - angular pitch error | \nEBC - tilt error motion around the Y of the C axis | \n
ECX - angular yaw error | \nECC - angular positioning error | \n
Error description for one linear axis.
As early as in 1932, German professor Georg Schlesinger published a book “Inspection Test on Machine Tools,” which became the basis for a unified system for assessing the accuracy of machine tools. In this book, he introduced guidelines for the use of devices and equipment for machine tool inspections. Measurement procedures and tolerances for permitted deviations are also given. The name of prof. Schlesinger is used to informally call the geometric accuracy tests of machine tools.
\nThe devices and aids most commonly used to measure geometric errors in machine tools are, for example, granite rulers and cubes, dial gauges, digital inclinometers, autocollimators or laser interferometers, which are increasingly used for measurement. The principle of light interference as a measuring tool dates back to 1880, when Albert Michelson developed interferometry. The Michelson interferometer consists of a light source of one wavelength (monochromatic light), a silver-coated mirror and two other mirrors. Although modern interferometers are more sophisticated and measure with accuracy of the order of 1 ppm and higher, they still use the basic principles of the Michelson interferometer [4].
\nThe straightness measurement shows deflection (bent component) or misalignment in the machine guides. This may be due to wear, an accident that may have damaged them, or poor machine foundations that cause the axis or the entire machine to drop.
\nSquareness is measured by comparing the straightness of two nominally orthogonal axes. Measurements can be carried out using different fixtures and devices with different arrangements. Measuring prisms, mandrels, or granite cubes may be included among fixtures while dial gauges and lasers among devices [4].
\nPlaneness measurement is performed to check the planeness of CMM tables and machine tools, plate fields and surfaces. It determines whether there are any significant peaks or valleys and quantifies them. If these errors are significant, corrective operations are required. A certain number of measuring lines are required to measure the planeness of the surface.
\nThis parameter describes the accuracy and repeatability of positioning in linear and rotary numerically controlled axes. “Determination of accuracy and repeatability of positioning in numerically controlled axes” is described in the standard ISO 230-2/6 (ISO 230-2 Test code for machine tools—Determination of accuracy and repeatability of positioning numerically controlled axes; ISO 230-6 Test code for machine tools—Determination of positioning accuracy on body and face diagonals), but very often the directive VDI/DGQ 3441is also used [6].
\nPositioning accuracy is the most common form of measurement made with a laser interferometer (Figure 2). The laser system measures linear positioning accuracy and repeatability by comparing the position displayed on the machine with the actual position measured by the laser system.
\nSetting of measuring system for measurement of positioning accuracy [Renishaw].
A more advanced device for measurement of positioning accuracy of the machine is the Laser Tracker, which allows for immediate evaluation of the x, y, and z deviations. The geometric accuracy of the machine and the accuracy of positioning can be evaluated simultaneously (Figure 3) for an already assembled and activated machine. For this reason, the aforementioned accuracies are usually considered simultaneously [9].
\nSynergy when evaluating geometric and positioning accuracy using a laser tracker [
Theoretically, if the CNC machines were perfectly accurate, then the circular path of the machine would exactly match the programmed circular path. In practice, however, any of the errors (measuring error, straightness, clearance, reverse error, etc.) will cause the radius of the circle to deviate from the programmed circle. If we are able to accurately measure the actual circular path and compare it with the programmed (nominal) path, we would get a scale of the machine tool accuracy. Measurement and evaluation of circular interpolation accuracy are the subject of, for example, the standard ČSN ISO 230-4. The aim of the tests is to provide a method for estimating the properties of contour forming of numerically controlled machine tools. These errors are affected by the geometric errors and dynamic behavior of the machine at the feed used. Results are visible on machined parts under ideal machining conditions if the diameter and feed are the same for both machining and interpolation testing [1, 7].
\nAdvanced and highly progressive methods include the assessment of volumetric accuracy and its subsequent compensation. The purpose of these advanced compensations is to minimize the tool center point (TCP) deviation at any point in the machine measured workspace. TCP volumetric deviation is defined as the sum of partial deviations in the individual axes [6].
\nVolumetric accuracy of machine tools is represented by a vector map of error deviations in the workspace. In the standard ISO 230-1, the concept of volumetric accuracy for a three-axis center is defined as the maximum range of relative deviations between the actual and ideal position in the X, Y, Z directions and the maximum range of deviations orientation for directions of A, B, C axes for motions in X, Y, Z axes in the specified volume, where the deviations are the relative deviations between the tool and the workpiece on the machine tool for specified alignment of the primary and secondary axes [1, 10].
\nThe LaserTRACER measuring device (Figure 4) is mainly used for measuring of volumetric accuracy and subsequent volumetric compensation. The principle of the LaserTRACER measurement is based on measurement of beam lengths (HeNe laser wavelengths, 632.8 nm) and calculation of the measured point in the workspace by the method of sequential multilateration.
\nPrinciple of measurement with LaserTRACER [etalon].
With this method, it is necessary to measure gradually from multiple locations on the machine (it is recommended to measure from at least four LaserTRACER positions). The method is presented as an analogy to the GPS system [10].
\nThis is a property of a machine tool that expresses the quality and productivity of a potential workpiece production. Working accuracy is expressed by the production of a test workpiece or a series of test workpieces. The working accuracy of the machine is affected by the accuracy of the relative tool path [6].
geometric accuracy of the machine;
tool positioning accuracy relative to the workpiece (positioning accuracy);
resistance of the machine to elastic deformations (caused by cutting forces, workpiece weight, etc.);
resistance of the machine to thermal expansion (“thermal stability”);
selection of cutting conditions, etc.
An overall summary of factors affecting the accuracy of the machine tool is shown in Figure 5. The resulting error in the Cartesian coordinate system is shown by Eq. (1) as a spatial error between the programmed and the actual TCP position [6].
\nOverview of the error budget in a machine tool and the factors affecting it [
Test workpieces to be tested for working accuracy are given, for example, by ISO 10791–7. Here, a test workpiece for three-axis machining is designed. Furthermore, test workpieces are aimed at continuous five-axis machining. An example is the test workpiece defined by the directive VDI NCG 5211-1.
\nProduction accuracy describes the production process accuracy evaluated on the workpiece. Production accuracy is influenced by geometrical accuracy, positioning accuracy, working accuracy, and also by the errors of machine operator (incorrectly adjusted tool, poorly clamped workpiece) and by changes of ambient conditions. Variations in the dimensions of the test workpieces during the production process provide direct information on production accuracy [6].
\nProduction accuracy is usually monitored by SPC (statistical process control). This method has already been overcome in some production processes with 100% product control. Due to the spectrum of workpieces of medium-sized and large CNC machine tools, the SPC method can still be considered valid [6].
\nThe three main influences that affect the machine tool and the production process and cause workpiece dimensional variations can be more closely assigned to [4]:
production technology 15%,
working accuracy of the machine 25%,
measurement 15%,
ambient conditions 20%,
machined part 5%,
machine operator 20%.
The above-mentioned partial accuracies of the machine tool can be divided into individual parts of the life cycle (Figure 6). Production accuracy can, therefore, be monitored at the phase of customer’s machine use and is influenced by both the working accuracy of the machine and long-term stability of geometric accuracy.
\nRelationships between individual accuracies of a CNC machine tool throughout its life cycle.
One of the possibilities of compensating the error of linear and rotary axis is to use the so-called interpolation compensations, which include the compensation of leadscrew errors and measuring system errors [12]. In the SIEMENS control system, errors are referred to as LEC and MSEC (
Only unidirectional compensations can be made by ENC_COMP compensation. In the event that a clearance error is found from the test, it is possible to use the Backlash compensation in combination with ENC_COMP.
\nDuring the transfer of force between the movable part of the machine and its drive—e.g., a ball screw and its mounting—there are clearances (gaps) at different load directions. Conversely, a complete clearance-free mechanical adjustment will dramatically increase machine wear and heat generation. Mechanical clearances cause deviations in the reverse path of axes or spindles with indirect measuring systems. This means that if the direction changes, the axis will travel depending on the gap size. These clearances are compensated by the function listed below as Backlash.
\nBacklash can be entered into the control system in several ways. The first option is to use the machine parameter and enter the value as a constant for the selected axis.
\nThe second option is to use the SAG compensations and the CEC table, which will be described in the next step and eliminate the clearance error by bidirectional compensation. The advantage of the first solution is to specify only one constant. In the case of non-linear behavior, it is preferable to enter the clearance in the form of a CEC table.
\nTo use the MSEC compensation, the table for the Siemens control system will be as follows:
In the previous paragraph, compensation in one MSEC axis was described [12]. In a large number of cases, MSEC compensation is insufficient and it is advisable to introduce corrections of two dependent axes. The sag compensation is performed when the weight of the individual machine elements leads to the positioning displacement and inclination of the moving parts, as this causes the related machine parts—including guide systems—to bend. The compensation error of angle is used when the motion axes are not properly aligned at the correct angle (e.g., vertical). As the deviation from the zero position increases, the positioning errors also increase. Both types of errors can occur as a result of shifting the weights of individual machine parts, replaceable heads, workpiece diversity, and machine compliance. Measured correction values are calculated based on the relevant standards or own algorithms and are stored in the machine control system in the form of a compensation table during commissioning.
\nDuring machine operation and motion of axes, the corresponding value is interpolated between the values of the “interpolation points” table. For each motion in a continuous path, there is always both the base axis and the compensation axis. If the perpendicular y-axis is not in the continuous path of the x-axis and the y-axis, this inaccuracy is compensated by the x-axis in the continuous path. Figure 7 shows the principle of compensation on an example of a horizontal machine tool. The straightness error of EYZ is largely due to the machine compliance, while, through the ram travel, the sag occurs which is caused by the load of the assembly spindle-ram-slide-accessory.
\nError EYZ of horizontal machine tool.
This compensation provides a wide range of options for elimination of geometric errors. Here, an example will be given to compensate a sag, e.g., caused by changing the load of the replaceable heads, where there may be significant differences in their weights. If the machine is without a replaceable head, the sag is shown in Figure 7. If a milling head with a certain weight is used, the travel will be more loaded; therefore, a greater deformation will occur.
\nTo use the SAG compensation for sagging compensations, the table for the Siemens control system will be as follows:
If we use the SAG compensations for bidirectional axis compensation, the table for the Siemens control system will be as follows. The parameters of both the base axis and the compensated axis will be the same and match the axis designation. The direction parameter will be first set to 1 and then to −1. As an example of a horizontal boring machine, for the Z axis of ram travel, it will be as follows.
Furthermore, SAG compensations are used to compensate squareness error. The squareness compensations of the Siemens control system are entered using CEC tables, where one axis is determined as the base axis and the other as compensated. An example will be given to compensate the squareness of, for example, the Y and Z axes of a horizontal machining center. From the measured values obtained, for example, from measurements with a laser interferometer, ballbar or calibration cubes and dial gauges, we obtain information on the size and orientation of squareness, which may be, for example, 22.4 μm/m. It is necessary to respect the machine coordinate system and orientation of axes when preparing the measurements. Otherwise, for the verification measurement, the resulting error value will be multiplied. For a ram travel (Z axis), this means that for a travel length of 750 mm, the measured error of 22.4 μm/m must first be converted by a ratio of 750/1000 mm. After multiplying by the measured value, we obtain the value for entering the correction into the machine control system. In this case, the value at the 750 mm position will be 16.8 μm.
\nFor the above example, the compensation table for travel of the ram axis Z will be as follows.
The DMU 75 monoBlock® machine (Figure 8) is kinematically adapted to have three linear motions in the tool (X = 750, Y = 650, Z = 560 mm) and two rotary motions in the workpiece (swinging about the X axis and rotation around the Z axis). It is equipped with the Heidenhain TNC 640 control system. This machine has a positioning accuracy of 8 μm per axis.
\nView of DMU 75 monoBlock ® [DMG Mori].
The measurement and compensation of the volumetric accuracy of the linear machine axes are shown in Figure 9. After compensation, the workspace was improved by approx. 60%.
\nResults of volumetric accuracy measurement of linear axes before and after compensation [
Before verification measurement of the volumetric accuracy, the machine was measured by a DBB device to verify the successful activation of volumetric compensation. Figure 10 shows an improvement in the accuracy of circular interpolation on the shape of roundness (especially squareness); therefore, the machine was verified by the LaserTRACER to detect an improvement in overall volumetric accuracy [13].
\nAccuracy of circular interpolation in XY plane before and after volumetric compensation [
After compensating the volumetric accuracy of the linear axes, the rotary axis that is the first in the kinematic chain from the workpiece to the tool, i.e., the C axis, must first be measured. This axis was measured with an example of the results in Figures 11 and 12 [13].
\nError of EAA axis A [
Error of EYA axis A [
The aforementioned accuracies are related to one another and it cannot be assumed, for example, that the desired working accuracy can be achieved by poor geometric accuracy. Figure 13 shows cascading of these accuracies.
\nCascading of accuracies in machine tools [
\nFigure 13 shows a machine tool with linear axes. If there are rotary axes on the machine, it is necessary to check the linear axes first and then check the rotary axes. These are also checked for geometrical, positioning, and volumetric accuracy. If all the accuracies are within the required tolerances, the working accuracy related to the machining of the workpiece can be stepped to. Individual accuracies are described in the following section.
\nThese results were obtained with the financial support of the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology (Grant No. FSI-S-20-6335).
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May 18, 2022 | 1:00 PM - 2:00 PM CEST
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. 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Important species in Chilean aquaculture include salmonids, algae, mollusks, and turbot. Salmonids are the dominant species in Chilean aquaculture for both harvest volume and export value, their production reaching greater than 800-thousand tons in 2015. However, this growth has been accompanied by an increase in disease presence, requiring greater drug use to control. This increase in drug use is an environmental and public health concern for the authorities, the salmon industry itself, and the destination markets. In this chapter, we review the literature on drug use, antibiotic resistance, regulatory framework, and alternatives, with focus on Chile.",book:{id:"6179",slug:"antibiotic-use-in-animals",title:"Antibiotic Use in Animals",fullTitle:"Antibiotic Use in Animals"},signatures:"Ivonne Lozano, Nelson F. Díaz, Susana Muñoz and Carlos Riquelme",authors:[{id:"208847",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivonne",middleName:null,surname:"Lozano",slug:"ivonne-lozano",fullName:"Ivonne Lozano"},{id:"208895",title:"Dr.",name:"Nelson F.",middleName:null,surname:"Díaz",slug:"nelson-f.-diaz",fullName:"Nelson F. Díaz"},{id:"208897",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Riquelme",slug:"carlos-riquelme",fullName:"Carlos Riquelme"},{id:"208898",title:"MSc.",name:"Susana",middleName:null,surname:"Muñoz",slug:"susana-munoz",fullName:"Susana Muñoz"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"56612",title:"Reproduction in Goats",slug:"reproduction-in-goats",totalDownloads:2892,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Reproductive activity of the goat begins when the females reach puberty, which happens at 5 months of age. The ovarian or estrous cycle is the period between two consecutive estrus. It is also the time that lasts the development of the follicle in the ovary, until rupture occurs and ovulation takes place, which coincides with the appearance of estrus. This chapter will describe the physiological and endocrinological bases of estrus in the goat. Likewise, factors affecting the presence of estrus and ovulation will be described. At another point, synchronization of estrus and ovulation, factors affecting the presence of estrus and external symptoms of estrus, will be described. To achieve synchronization of estrus or induction of ovulation within or outside the breeding season, it may be necessary to manage light hours, male effect, and/or use of hormones. The importance of artificial insemination is described, as well as the current situation of this technique worldwide. Currently, the techniques of artificial insemination in goats have been limited worldwide, due to the lack of resources of producers and trained technicians. The techniques of artificial insemination with estrous synchronization programs and ovulation with current research results will be described.",book:{id:"5987",slug:"goat-science",title:"Goat Science",fullTitle:"Goat Science"},signatures:"Fernando Sánchez Dávila, Alejandro Sergio del Bosque González\nand Hugo Bernal Barragán",authors:[{id:"201830",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:"Sanchez",surname:"Davila",slug:"fernando-davila",fullName:"Fernando Davila"},{id:"206127",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandro Sergio",middleName:null,surname:"Del Bosque-Gonzalez",slug:"alejandro-sergio-del-bosque-gonzalez",fullName:"Alejandro Sergio Del Bosque-Gonzalez"},{id:"206128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hugo",middleName:null,surname:"Bernal-Barragán",slug:"hugo-bernal-barragan",fullName:"Hugo Bernal-Barragán"}]},{id:"58095",title:"The Innovative Techniques in Animal Husbandry",slug:"the-innovative-techniques-in-animal-husbandry",totalDownloads:3766,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Technology is developing rapidly. In this development, the transfer of computer systems and software to the application has made an important contribution. Technologic instruments made farmers can work more comfortable and increased animal production efficiency and profitability. Therefore, technologic developments are the main research area for animal productivity and sustainability. Many technologic equipment and tools made animal husbandry easier and comfortable. Especially management decisions and applications are effected highly ratio with this rapid development. In animal husbandry management decisions that need to be done daily are configured according to the correctness of the decisions to be made. At this point, smart systems give many opportunities to farmers. Milking, feeding, environmental control, reproductive performance constitute everyday jobs most affected by correct management decisions. Human errors in this works and decisions made big effect on last product quality and profitability are not able to be risked. This chapter deal with valuable information on the latest challenges and key innovations affecting the animal husbandry. Also, innovative approaches and applications for animal husbandry are tried to be summarized with detail latest research results.",book:{id:"6384",slug:"animal-husbandry-and-nutrition",title:"Animal Husbandry and Nutrition",fullTitle:"Animal Husbandry and Nutrition"},signatures:"Serap Göncü and Cahit Güngör",authors:[{id:"215579",title:"Prof.",name:"Serap",middleName:null,surname:"Goncu",slug:"serap-goncu",fullName:"Serap Goncu"},{id:"218971",title:"Dr.",name:"Cahit",middleName:null,surname:"Güngör",slug:"cahit-gungor",fullName:"Cahit Güngör"}]},{id:"58486",title:"Quality of Chicken Meat",slug:"quality-of-chicken-meat",totalDownloads:3290,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:26,abstract:"Chicken meat is considered as an easily available source of high-quality protein and other nutrients that are necessary for proper body functioning. In order to meet the consumers’ growing demands for high-quality protein, the poultry industry focused on selection of fast-growing broilers, which reach a body mass of about 2.5 kg within 6-week-intensive fattening. Relatively low sales prices of chicken meat, in comparison to other types of meat, speak in favor of the increased chicken meat consumption. In addition, chicken meat is known by its nutritional quality, as it contains significant amount of high-quality and easily digestible protein and a low portion of saturated fat. Therefore, chicken meat is recommended for consumption by all age groups. The technological parameters of chicken meat quality are related to various factors (keeping conditions, feeding treatment, feed composition, transport, stress before slaughter, etc.). Composition of chicken meat can be influenced through modification of chicken feed composition (addition of different types of oils, vitamins, microelements and amino acids), to produce meat enriched with functional ingredients (n-3 PUFA, carnosine, selenium and vitamin E). By this way, chicken meat becomes a foodstuff with added value, which, in addition to high-quality nutritional composition, also contains ingredients that are beneficial to human health.",book:{id:"6384",slug:"animal-husbandry-and-nutrition",title:"Animal Husbandry and Nutrition",fullTitle:"Animal Husbandry and Nutrition"},signatures:"Gordana Kralik, Zlata Kralik, Manuela Grčević and Danica Hanžek",authors:[{id:"207236",title:"Dr.",name:"Gordana",middleName:null,surname:"Kralik",slug:"gordana-kralik",fullName:"Gordana Kralik"},{id:"227281",title:"Prof.",name:"Zlata",middleName:null,surname:"Kralik",slug:"zlata-kralik",fullName:"Zlata Kralik"},{id:"227283",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuela",middleName:null,surname:"Grčević",slug:"manuela-grcevic",fullName:"Manuela Grčević"},{id:"227284",title:"BSc.",name:"Danica",middleName:null,surname:"Hanžek",slug:"danica-hanzek",fullName:"Danica Hanžek"}]},{id:"56453",title:"Goat System Productions: Advantages and Disadvantages to the Animal, Environment and Farmer",slug:"goat-system-productions-advantages-and-disadvantages-to-the-animal-environment-and-farmer",totalDownloads:4328,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:"Goats have always been considered very useful animals. Goats success is related to its excellent adaptability to the difficult mountain conditions, extreme weather and low value feed acceptance, versatile habits and high production considering their size. These are some reasons because goats are among the first animals to be domesticated. In terms of evolution, goats could be separated by their dispersion area in three large groups: the European, the Asian, and the African. Global goat populations, mainly in Africa and in Asia, have increased for centuries but very strongly in the past decades, well above the world population growth. They are also used for forest grazing, an integrated and alternative production system, very useful to control weed growth reducing fire risk. Despite some exceptions, no large‐scale effort to professionalize this industry has been made so far. There are consumers for goat dairy products and there is enough global production, but misses a professional network between both. Regarding goat meat, the world leadership also stays in Africa and Asia, namely in China, and there is a new phenomenon, the spreading of goat meat tradition through Europe due to migrants from Africa and other places with strong goat meat consumption.",book:{id:"5987",slug:"goat-science",title:"Goat Science",fullTitle:"Goat Science"},signatures:"António Monteiro, José Manuel Costa and Maria João Lima",authors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Cardoso",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"},{id:"203680",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria João",middleName:null,surname:"Lima",slug:"maria-joao-lima",fullName:"Maria João Lima"},{id:"203683",title:"MSc.",name:"José Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Costa",slug:"jose-manuel-costa",fullName:"José Manuel Costa"}]},{id:"70760",title:"Induction and Synchronization of Estrus",slug:"induction-and-synchronization-of-estrus",totalDownloads:1716,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Estrus cycle is a rhythmic change that occur in the reproductive system of females starting from one estrus phase to another. The normal duration of estrus cycle is 21 days in cow, sow, and mare, 17 days in ewe, and 20 days in doe. The species which exhibit a single estrus cycle are known as monstrous and species which come into estrus twice or more are termed polyestrous animals. Among them some species have estrus cycles in a particular season and defined as seasonal polyestrous. It includes goats, sheep, and horses. On the other hand, cattle undergo estrus throughout the year. The estrus inducers can grossly be divided into two parts, that is, non-hormonal and hormonal. Non-hormonal treatments include plant-derived heat inducers, mineral supplementation, uterine and ovarian massage, and use of Lugol’s iodine. The hormones that are used in estrus induction are estrogen, progesterone, GnRH, prostaglandin, insulin, and anti-prolactin-based treatment. Synchronization can shorten the breeding period to less than 5 days, instead of females being bred over a 21-day period, depending on the treatment regimen. The combination of GnRH with the prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α)- and progesterone-based synchronization program has shown a novel direction in the estrus synchronization of cattle with the follicular development manipulation.",book:{id:"8545",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine"},signatures:"Prasanna Pal and Mohammad Rayees Dar",authors:[{id:"299126",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Rayees",middleName:null,surname:"Dar",slug:"mohammad-rayees-dar",fullName:"Mohammad Rayees Dar"},{id:"311663",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanna",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",slug:"prasanna-pal",fullName:"Prasanna Pal"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"25",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82457",title:"Canine Hearing Management",slug:"canine-hearing-management",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105515",abstract:"The United States military employs multipurpose canines as force multipliers. A newly developed baseline audiology program applicable to noise effects on the hearing threshold for these dogs has just been developed by the University of Cincinnati FETCHLAB using brainstem auditory evoked potentials to detect estimated threshold shifts in this population. Dogs that are routinely deployed are subject to consistent exposure to noise in the field. Few investigations have focused on the effects of transport noise on the auditory system in multipurpose dogs. The consequence of these dogs having a significant hearing threshold shift is a failure of the dog to properly respond to voice commands and to miss critical acoustic cues while on target. This chapter specifically discusses the baseline protocol for audiological testing of special operations’ multipurpose canines related to helicopter transport.",book:{id:"11580",title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg"},signatures:"Peter M. 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The improved understanding of the metabolism of vector genomes and the mechanism of transduction by AAV vectors is leading to advancement in the development of more sophisticated AAV vectors. The in-depth studies of AAV vector biology is opening avenues for more robust design of AAV vectors that have potentially increased transduction efficiency, increased specificity in cellular targeting, and an increased payload capacity. 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CPV-2 infects a diverse range of wild animals, and the newer variants of CPV-2 have expanded their host range to include felines. Despite the availability of highly specific diagnostics and efficacious vaccines, CPV-2 outbreaks have been reported globally due to the emergence of newer antigenic variants, expansion of the viral host range, and vaccination failures. The present chapter describes the latest information pertaining to virus properties and replication, disease manifestations in animals, and an additional recent updates on diagnostic, prevention and control strategies of CPV-2.",book:{id:"11580",title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg"},signatures:"Mithilesh Singh, Rajendran Manikandan, Ujjwal Kumar De, Vishal Chander, Babul Rudra Paul, Saravanan Ramakrishnan and Darshini Maramreddy"},{id:"81271",title:"The Diversity of Parvovirus Telomeres",slug:"the-diversity-of-parvovirus-telomeres",totalDownloads:38,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102684",abstract:"Parvoviridae are small viruses composed of a 4–6 kb linear single-stranded DNA protected by an icosahedral capsid. The viral genes coding non-structural (NS), capsid, and accessory proteins are flanked by intriguing sequences, namely the telomeres. 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In the veterinary field, retrospective studies and several case reports have been published to describe these rare congenital cardiovascular diseases in several species. More cases are need for better understanding their clinical manifestation, treatment options and outcomes.",book:{id:"10665",title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg"},signatures:"Chan I-Ping and Hsueh Tung"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:13},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. 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